Fairmont Creamery Company v. Minnesota (274 U.S. 1)/Opinion of the Court
The Supreme Court of Minnesota sustained the conviction of plaintiff in error, a corporation of that state charged with violating section 1, chapter 305, Laws 1921, as amended by chapter 120, Laws 1923 (G. S. Minn. 1923, § 3907), which follows:

'Any person, firm, copartnership or corporation engaged in      the business of buying milk, cream or butter fat for      manufacture or for sale of such milk, cream or butter fat,      who shall discriminate between different sections,      localities, communities or cities of this state, by      purchasing such commodity at a higher price or rate in one      locality than is paid for the same commodity by said person, firm, copartnership or corporation in another locality, after      making due allowance for the difference, if any, in the      actual cost of transportation from the locality of purchase      to the locality of manufacture or locality of sale of such      milk, cream or butter fat, shall be deemed guilty of unfair      discrimination, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be      punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, or by      imprisonment in the county jail for not exceeding 90 days.'

Chapter 468, Laws 1909, prohibited discrimination in prices between localities 'with the intention of creating a monopoly or destroying the business of a competitor.' The act of 1921 forbade such discrimination with 'the purpose of creating a monopoly, or to restrain trade, or to prevent or limit competition, or to destroy the business of a competitor.' Section 1. The act of 1923, supra, eliminated purpose as an element of the offense.

The cause was begun in Cottonwood county by a complaint which alleged: That the Fairmont Creamery Company on June 11, 1923, at the village of Bingham Lake, Cottonwood county, committed the crime of unfair discrimination in the purchase of butter fat for manufacture and sale, in the manner following: Said company, while engaged in the business of buying milk, cream, and butter fat for manufacture and sale and while maintaining regularly-established stations for purchases at Madelia, Mountain Lake, Bingham Lake, and other villages for shipment to Sioux City, Iowa, there to be manufactured and sold, did wrongfully, unlawfully, and unfairly discriminate between said localities by paying a higher price for butter fat at some stations than at others, after due allowance for transportation costs. And, more particularly, on June 11, 1923, the company purchased cream at Madelia for 38 cents per pound, and on the same day purchased cream of like quality at Mountain Lake and Bingham Lake for 35 cents per pound, all being intended for transportation to Sioux City, Iowa, there to be manufactured and sold. On that day the cost of transportation from Madelia to Sioux City was higher than from the other places.

Bingham Lake, Mountain Lake (in Cottonwood county), and Madelia (in Watonwan) are villages of Southern Minnesota, about 120, 130, and 160 miles, respectively, northeast of Sioux City, and are connected therewith by a single direct railroad line.

At the trial the accused company offered testimony to show:

'That during the last nine years, the price paid for butter      fat in the southern half of Minnesota, at the different      towns, has varied in each town; that the variation has been      from one cent to eight cents; that such price is exclusive of      transportation charges; that such variation is the normal      condition of the market in the sale of cream and butter fat,      and is the result entirely of competitive conditions; that in      certain localities there are many more competitors than there      are in others; that the quality of cream differs in different      localities; that the equipment and efficiency of creameries      in the various localities differ, and that each of these      things enters into the price that is paid for the butter fat      in the particular locality where the sale is made, and that      this variation in price, in each town, in the southern half      of Minnesota, existed on the 11th day of June, 1923; and that      such variation is constant, and has existed for nine years      previous to that time, and that these variations in price are      due entirely to the economic conditions in each locality, and      to competition.'

The trial court excluded this evidence as immaterial, and the Supreme Court approved. We may therefore treat the facts stated as though established and held to have no bearing on the question of guilt or the validity of the enactment.

Defense was made on several grounds: That the venue was improperly laid in Cottonwood county; that the statute conflicted with the federal Constitution, by denying equal protection of the laws and liberty to contract; and that it unduly interfered with interstate commerce.

The cause has been before the Supreme Court of Minnesota three times. 162 Minn. 146, 202 N. W. 714, 42 A. L. R. 548; 210 N. W. 163 (August 27, 1926); 210 N. W. 608 (October 29, 1926). Two opinions discuss the merits of the controversy; the last affirmed conviction upon the earlier ones.

Replying to the objection that venue was improperly laid in Cottonwood county, locality of the lower price, the Supreme Court said:

'The gist of the offense is the discrimination between      different localities by paying different prices in different      localities after making due allowance for the cost of      transportation from the point of purchase to the point of      sale or manufacture. The statute chooses to define the      offense by referring to a higher price at one point than at      another. It might define it by referring to the payment of a      lower price at one point than another. The offending fact is      that the same. * * * The offending fact is that there are      sales at different prices and thereby discrimination.'

It next held that the statute did not deny equal protection to those engaged in buying cream for manufacture or sale, since they properly might be treated as a distinct class and subjected to peculiar regulations.

Concerning the claim that the statute undertakes to deprive plaintiff in error or property and liberty of contract without due process of law, contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment, the court said:

'There have developed in the state a large number of      so-called centralized creameries, which buy in different      localities. We take it that the defendant is one. In      addition, there are co-operative creameries and independent      creameries, not usually maintaining other buying stations, though some may. There is in the law nothing to prevent them      doing so. We do not understand that the buying stations are      commonly localized plants. (Counsel for the state say that      creamery statistics for 1923 show then operating in the state      628 co-operative creameries, 127 independent or individual      ones, and 48 'centralizers.') Often the buyer represents the      creamery as an adjunct of his other business. Often his      compensation is through a commission. He may have a place to      receive the product, or it may be delivered directly to the      railroad station. A centralized creamery, supplied with ample      capital and facilities, has the ability and meets the      temptation to destroy competition at a buying station by      overbidding, absorbing the resultant losses, if any, through      the profits of its general business, and, when competition is      ended, to buy on a non-competitive basis. If it does all this      successfully, it has a monopoly, and may or may not treat      producers justly. The statute seeks to prevent the      destruction of competition by forbidding overbidding, unless      the dealer makes prices at other buying points correspond,      after proper allowances for the cost of transportation. If      the statute is obeyed, destroying competition is expensive.      The statute limits the right of the creamery to contract at      its buying points on a basis satisfactory to itself and its      patrons. The state must concede this, and it does. * * *

'The dairy industry, measured in money, is a large, perhaps      just now the largest, productive industry of the state. * * *      It is not surprising that in the marketing of so great a      product, coming from so wide an area of production, under      conditions such as obtain, those engaged in the industry      claim abuses for which they seek legislative remedy. The      exercise of the police power is not confined to measures      having in view health or morals of the community. The welfare      of a great industry and the people engaged in it may be      guarded.' To the contention that the statute unduly burdens interstate commerce, the court replied:

'A statute may indirectly or incidentally affect interstate      commerce, as local police measures frequently do, without      offending the commerce clause. * * * The defendant is a      Minnesota corporation. The product which it purchased might      have gone as well to a point in Minnesota for manufacture or      resale. It so happened that it went to Iowa. The statute is      not unconstitutional as an interference with interstate      commerce.'

Counsel for the state concede that the statute requires buyers to pay the same price for like commodities at all points of purchase, after proper allowances for transportation; also, that it inhibits plaintiff in error from meeting local competition by increasing the price only at that place; also, from varying purchase prices to meet normal trade conditions.

They further admit that the state may not arbitrarily interfere with the right of one conducting a lawful business to contract at will; but they say that the federal Constitution does not guarantee absolute freedom of contract and the state may prohibit transactions not in themselves objectionable when within reason this may seem necessary in order to suppress substantial evil.

It seems plain enough that the real evil supposed to threaten the cream business was payment of excessive prices by powerful buyers for the purpose of destroying competition. To prevent this the statute undertook to require every buyer to adhere to a uniform price fixed by a single transaction.

As the inhibition of the statute applies irrespective of motive, we have an obvious attempt to destroy plaintiff in error's liberty to enter into normal contracts, long regarded, not only as essential to the freedom of trade and commerce, but also as beneficial to the public. Buyers in competitive markets must accommodate their bids to prices offered by others, and the payment of different prices at different places is the ordinary consequent. Enforcement of the statute would amount to fixing the price at which plaintiff in error may buy, since one purchase would establish this for all points, without regard to ordinary trade conditions.

The real question comes to this: May the state, in order to prevent some strong buyers of cream from doing things which may tend to monopoly, inhibit plaintiff in error from carrying on its business in the usual way heretofore regarded as both moral and beneficial to the public and not shown now to be accompanied by evil results as ordinary incidents? Former decisions here require a negative answer. We think the inhibition of the statute has no reasonable relation to the anticipated evil-high bidding by some with purpose to monopolize or destroy competition. Looking through form to substance, it clearly and unmistakably infringes private rights, whose exercise does not ordinarily produce evil consequences, but the reverse.

In Adams v. Tanner, 244 U.S. 590, 594, 37 S.C.t. 662, 664 (61 L. Ed. 1336, L. R. A. 1917 F, 1163, Ann. Cas. 1917D, 973), this court said:

'Because abuses may, and probably do, grow up in connection      with this business, is adequate reason for hedging it about      by proper regulations. But this is not enough to justify      destruction of one's right to follow a distinctly useful      calling in an upright way. Certainly there is no profession,      possibly no business, which does not offer peculiar      opportunities for reprehensible practices; and as to every      one of them, no doubt, some can be found quite ready      earnestly to maintain that its suppression would be in the      public interest. Skillfully directed agitation might also      bring about apparent condemnation of any one of them by the      public. Happily for all, the fundamental guaranties of the      Constitution cannot be freely submerged, if and whenever some      ostensible justification is advanced and the police power      invoked.' Concerning a price-fixing statute, Tyson & Bro. v. Banton et al., 273 U.S. 418, 47 S.C.t. 426, 71 L. Ed.-(Feb. 28, 1927), recently declared:

'It is urged that the statutory provision under review may be      upheld as an appropriate method of preventing fraud,      extortion, collusive arrangements between the management and      those engaged in reselling tickets, and the like. That such      evils exist in some degree in connection with the theatrical      business and its ally, the ticket broker, is undoubtedly      true, as it unfortunately is true in respect of the same or      similar evils in other kinds of business. But evils are to be      suppressed or prevented by legislation which comports with      the Constitution, and not by such as strikes down those      essential rights of private property protected by that      instrument against undue governmental interference. One vice      of the contention is that the statute itself ignores the      righteous distinction between guilt and innocence, since it      applies wholly irrespective of the existence of fraud,      collusion, or extortion (if that word can have any legal      significance as applied to transactions of the kind here      dealt with-Commonwealth v. O'Brien & others, 12 Cush. (Mass.)      84, 90), and fixes the resale price as well where the evils      are absent as where they are present. It is not permissible      to enact a law which, in effect, spreads an all-inclusive net      for the feet of everybody, upon the chance that, while the      innocent will surely be entangled in its meshes, some      wrongdoers also may be caught.'

And see Adkins v. Children's Hospital, 261 U.S. 525, 43 S.C.t. 394, 67 L. Ed. 785, 24 A. L. R. 1238; Wolff Co. v. Industrial Court, 262 U.S. 522, 537, 43 S.C.t. 630, 67 L. Ed. 1103, 27 A. L. R. 1280. Booth v. Illinois, 184 U.S. 425, 22 S.C.t. 425, 46 L. Ed. 623, much relied upon by counsel for the state, sustained the validity of an act forbidding options to sell or buy property at a future time, ultimate delivery being intended. The evident purpose was to prevent gambling contracts. The Supreme Court of Illinois pointed out that gambling was commonly incidental to dealings in futures, and held the Legislature might properly conclude that the public interest demanded their suppression as a class in order to avert this evil. This court said:

'A calling may not in itself be immoral, and yet the tendency      of what is generally or ordinarily or often done in pursuing      that calling may be towards that which is admittedly immoral      or pernicious. If, looking at all the circumstances that      attend, or which may ordinarily attend, the pursuit of a      particular calling, the state thinks that certain admitted      evils cannot be successfully reached unless that calling be      actually prohibited, the courts cannot interfere, unless,      looking through mere forms and at the substance of the      matter, they can say that the statute enacted professedly to      protect the public morals has no real or substantial relation      to that object, but is a clear, unmistakable infringement of      rights secured by the fundamental law.'

The state also relies upon Otis v. Parker, 187 U.S. 606, 23 S.C.t. 168, 47 L. Ed. 323, Purity Extract Co. v. Lynch, 226 U.S. 192, 33 S.C.t. 44, 57 L. Ed. 184, Rast v. Van Deman & Lewis, 240 U.S. 342, 36 S.C.t. 370, 60 L. Ed. 679, L. R. A. 1917A, 421, Ann. Cas. 1917B, 455, and Merrick v. Halsey & Co., 242 U.S. 568, 37 S.C.t. 227, 61 L. Ed. 498. But all those cases recognize the duty of the court to inquire into the real effect of any statute duly challenged because of interference with freedom of contract guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment, and to declare it invalid when without substantial relation to some evil within the power of the state to suppress and a clear infringement of private rights.

We need not consider other points advanced by plaintiff in error.

The judgment of the court below must be reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

Mr. Justice HOLMES, Mr. Justice BRANDEIS, and Mr. Justice STONE dissent. 

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