Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company v. Mottley/Opinion of the Court
Two questions of law were raised by the demurrer to the bill, were brought here by appeal, and have been argued before us. They are, first, whether that part of the act of Congress of June 29, 1906 (34 Stat. at L. 584, chap. 3591, U.S.C.omp. Stat. Supp. 1907, p. 892), which forbids the giving of free passes or the collection of any different compensation for transportation of passengers than that specified in the tariff filed, makes it unlawful to perform a contract for transportation of persons who, in good faith, before the passage of the act, had accepted such contract in satisfaction of a valid cause of action against the railroad; and, second, whether the statute, if it should be construed to render such a contract unlawful, is in violation of the 5th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. We do not deem it necessary, however, to consider either of these questions, because, in our opinion, the court below was without jurisdiction of the cause. Neither party has questioned that jurisdiction, but it is the duty of this court to see to it that the jurisdiction of the circuit court, which is defined and limited by statute, is not exceeded. This duty we have frequently performed of our own motion. Mansfield, C. & L. M. R. Co. v. Swan, 111 U.S. 379, 382, 28 L. ed. 462, 463, 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 510; King Iron Bridge & Mfg. Co. v. Otoe County, 120 U.S. 225, 30 L. ed. 623, Sup. Ct. Rep. 552; Blacklock v. Small, 127 U.S. 96, 105, 32 L. ed. 70, 73, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1096; Cameron v. Hodges, 127 U.S. 322, 326, 32 L. ed. 132, 134, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1154; Metcalf v. Watertown, 128 U.S. 586, 587, 32 L. ed. 543, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 173; Continental Nat. Bank v. Buford, 191 U.S. 120, 48 L. ed. 119, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 54.

There was no diversity of citizenship, and it is not and cannot be suggested that there was any ground of jurisdiction, except that the case was § 'suit . . . arising under the Constitution or laws of the United States.' 25 Stat. at L. 434, chap. 866, U.S.C.omp. Stat. 1901, p. 509. It is the settled interpretation of these words, as used in this statute, conferring jurisdiction, that a suit arises under the Constitution and laws of the United States only when the plaintiff's statement of his own cause of action shows that it is based upon those laws or that Constitution. It is not enough that the plaintiff alleges some anticipated defense to his cause of action, and asserts that the defense is invalidated by some provision of the Constitution of the United States. Although such allegations show that very likely, in the course of the litigation, a question under the Constitution would arise, they do not show that the suit, that is, the plaintiff's original cause of action, arises under the Constitution. In Tennessee v. Union & Planters' Bank, 152 U.S. 454, 38 L. ed. 511, 14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 654, the plaintiff, the state of Tennessee, brought suit in the circuit court of the United States to recover from the defendant certain taxes alleged to be due under the laws of the state. The plaintiff alleged that the defendant claimed an immunity from the taxation by virtue of its charter, and that therefore the tax was void, because in violation of the provision of the Constitution of the United States, which forbids any state from passing a law impairing the obligation of contracts. The cause was held to be beyond the jurisdiction of the circuit court, the court saying, by Mr. Justice Gray (p. 464): 'A suggestion of one party, that the other will or may set up a claim under the Constitution or laws of the United States, does not make the suit one arising under that Constitution or those laws.' Again, in Boston & M. Consol. Copper & S. Min. Co. v. Montana Ore Purchasing Co. 188 U.S. 632, 47 L. ed. 626, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 434, the plaintiff brought suit in the circuit court of the United States for the conversion of copper ore and for an injunction against its continuance. The plaintiff then alleged, for the purpose of showing jurisdiction, in substance, that the defendant would set up in defense certain laws of the United States. The cause was held to be beyond the jurisdiction of the circuit court, the court saying, by Mr. Justice Peckham (pp. 638, 639):

'It would be wholly unnecessary and improper, in order to prove complainant's cause of action, to go into any matters of defense which the defendants might possibly set up, and then attempt to reply to such defense, and thus, if possible, to show that a Federal question might or probably would arise in the course of the trial of the case. To allege such defense and then make an answer to it before the defendant has the opportunity to itself plead or prove its own defense is inconsistent with any known rule of pleading, so far as we are aware, and is improper.

'The rule is a reasonable and just one that the complainant in the first instance shall be confined to a statement of its cause of action, leaving to the defendant to set up in his answer what his defense is, and, if anything more than a denial of complainant's cause of action, imposing upon the defendant the burden of proving such defense.

'Conforming itself to that rule, the complainant would not, in the assertion or proof of its cause of action, bring up a single Federal question. The presentation of its cause of action would not show that it was one arising under the Constitution or laws of the United States.

'The only way in which it might be claimed that a Federal question was presented would be in the complainant's statement of what the defense of defendants would be, and complainant's answer to such defense. Under these circumstances the case is brought within the rule laid down in Tennessee v. Union & Planters' Bank, supra. That case has been cited and approved many times since.'

The interpretation of the act which we have stated was first announced in Metcalf v. Watertown, 128 U.S. 286, 32 L. ed. 543, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 173, and has since been repeated and applied in Colorado Cent. Consol. Min. Co. v. Turck, 150 U.S. 138, 142, 37 L. ed. 1030, 1031, 14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 35; Tennessee v. Union & Planters' Bank, 152 U.S. 454, 459, 38 L. ed. 511, 513, 14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 654; Chappell v. Waterworth, 155 U.S. 102, 107, 39 L. ed. 85, 87, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 34; Postal Teleg. Cable Co. v. United States (Postal Teleg. Cable Co. v. Alabama) 155 U.S. 482, 487, 39 L. ed. 231, 232, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 192; Oregon Short Line & U. N. R. Co. v. Skottowe, 162 U.S. 490, 494, 40 L. ed. 1048, 1049, 16 Sup. Ct. Rep. 869; Walker v. Collins, 167 U.S. 57, 59, 42 L. ed. 76, 77, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 738; Muse v. Arlington Hotel Co. 168 U.S. 430, 436, 42 L. ed. 531, 533, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 109; Galveston, H. & S. A. R. Co. v. Texas, 170 U.S. 226, 236, 42 L. ed. 1017, 1020, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 603; Third Street & Suburban R. Co. v. Lewis, 173 U.S. 457, 460, 43 L. ed. 766, 767, 19 Sup. Ct. Rep. 421; Florida C. & P. R. Co. v. Bell, 176 U.S. 321, 327, 44 L. ed. 486, 489, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 399; Houston & T. C. R. Co. v. Texas, 177 U.S. 66, 78, 44 L. ed. 673, 680, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 545; Arkansas v. Kansas & T. Coal Co. 183 U.S. 185, 188, 46 L. ed. 144, 146, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 47; Vicksburg Waterworks Co. v. Vicksburg, 185 U.S. 65, 68, 46 L. ed. 808, 809, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 585; Boston & M. Consol. Copper & S. Min. Co. v. Montana Ore Purchasing Co. 188 U.S. 632, 639, 47 L. ed. 626, 631, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 434; Minnesota v. Northern Securities Co. 194 U.S. 48, 63, 48 L. ed. 870, 877, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 598; Joy v. St. Louis, 201 U.S. 332, 340, 50 L. ed. 776, 780, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 478; Devine v. Los Angeles, 202 U.S. 313, 334, 50 L. ed. 1046, 1053, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 652. The application of this rule to the case at bar is decisive against the jurisdiction of the circuit court.

It is ordered that the judgment be reversed and the case remitted to the circuit court with instructions to dismiss the suit for want of jurisdiction. 

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