Behn Meyer Company v. Miller/Opinion of the Court
Since December, 1905, the appellant, Behn, Meyer & Co., Limited, has been a corporation organized under the laws of the Straits Settlements, a crown colony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It has never been a resident of nor has it done business within the territory of any nation at war with the United States since April 6, 1917, or an ally of such nation. Prior to February, 1918, under the supervision of Menzi, a stockholder and citizen of Switzerland, it carried on business in the Philippine Islands. During that month, and while subjects of Germany held most of its stock, the Alien Property Custodian, claiming authority under the Trading with the Enemy Act, seized and converted into cash the corporation's assets found in those islands. The proceeds are held by him or by the Treasurer of the United States.

Alleging that its property had been improperly seized and the proceeds were being unjustly withheld, the company brought suit to recover them in the Supreme Court, District of Columbia, July 28, 1922. Upon motion the trial court dismissed the petition and the Court of Appeals affirmed the decree.

Following much consideration, Congress passed the original Trading with the Enemy Act, approved October 6, 1917 (40 Stat. 411, c. 106 [Comp. St. 1918, Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1919, §§ 3115 1/2 a-3115 1/2 ff, 3115 1/2 g-3115 1/2 j]). It is long (19 sections), rather complicated, and evinces the purpose to clothe the President with definitely restricted powers in respect of seizing property of those designated as enemies. It has been amended several times but has always contained the original provisions (section 9 [section 3115 1/2 e]) allowing recovery of seized property which did not in fact belong to an enemy. 'By section 9, as twice amended, any one, 'not an enemy or ally of enemy,' claiming any interest, right or title in any money or other property so sequestered and held may give notice of his claim and institute a suit in equity. * * * [The act] distinctly reserves to any claimant who is neither an enemy nor an ally of an enemy a right to assert and establish his claim by a suit in equity unembarrassed by the precedent executive determination. Not only so, but pending the suit, which the claimant may bring as promptly after the seizure as he chooses, the property is to be retained by the Custodian to abide the result and, if the claimant prevails, is to be forthwith returned to him. Thus there is provision for the return of property mistakenly sequestered; and we have no hesitation in pronouncing it adequate, for it enables the claimant, as of right, to obtain a full hearing on his claim in a court having power to enforce it if found meritorious.' Stoeher v. Wallace, 255 U.S. 239, 243, 246, 41 S.C.t. 293, 295, 296 (65 L. Ed. 604); Central Union Trust Co. v. Garvan, 254 U.S. 554, 41 S.C.t. 214, 65 L. Ed. 403; Commercial Trust Co. v. Miller, 262 U.S. 51, 43 S.C.t. 486, 67 L. Ed. 858.

Section 2 (section 3115 1/2 aa), which has remained unchanged, declares that 'person' shall include corporation or body politic and the word 'enemy' shall be deemed to mean:

'(a) Any individual, partnership, or other body of      individuals, of any nationality, resident within the      territory (including that occupied by the military and naval      forces) of any nation with which the United States is at war,      or resident outside the United States and doing business      within such territory, and any corporation incorporated      within such territory of any nation with which the United      States is at war or incorporated within any country other      than the United States and doing business within such      territory.

'(b) The government of any nation with which the United      States is at war, or any political or municipal subdivision thereof, or any officer, official, agent, or agency thereof.

'(c) Such other individuals, or body or class of individuals,      as may be natives, citizens, or subjects of any nation with      which the United States is at war, other than citizens of the      United States, wherever resident or wherever doing business,      as the President, if he shall find the safety of the United      States or the successful prosecution of the war shall so      require, may, by proclamation, include within the term      'enemy."

Also, the words 'ally of enemy' shall be deemed to mean:

'(a) Any individual, partnership, or other body of      individuals, of any nationality, resident within the      territory (including that occupied by the military and naval      forces) of any nation which is an ally of a nation with which      the United States is a war, or resident outside the United      States and doing business within such territory, and any      corporation incorporated within such territory of such ally      nation, or incorporated within any country other than the      United States and doing business within such territory.

'(b) The government of any nation which is an ally of a      nation with which the United States is at war, or any      political or municipal subdivision of such ally nation, or      any officer, official, agent, or agency thereof.

'(c) Such other individuals, or body or class of individuals,      as may be natives, citizens, or subjects of any nation which      is an ally of a nation with which the United States is at      war, other than citizens of the United States, wherever      resident or wherever doing business, as the President, if he      shall find the safety of the United States or the successful      prosecution of the war shall so require, may, by      proclamation, include within the term 'ally of enemy."

After prohibiting trade with, for or on account of any enemy or ally of enemy, and making sundry provisions for licenses, appointment of an Alien Property Custodian, reports to him, etc., etc., the original act provided:

'Sec. 7(c). If the President shall so require, any money or      other property owing or belonging to or held for, by, on      account of, or on behalf of, or for the benefit of an enemy      or ally of enemy not holding a license granted by the      President hereunder, which the President after investigation      shall determine is so owing or so belongs or is so held,      shall be conveyed, transferred, assigned, delivered, or paid      over to the Alien Property Custodian.'  Section 3115 1/2 d.

'Sec. 9. That any person, not an enemy, or ally of enemy      claiming any interest, right, or title in any money or other      property which may have been conveyed, transferred, assigned,      delivered, or paid to the Alien Property Custodian hereunder,      and held by him or by the Treasurer of the United States * *      * may file with the said Custodian a notice of his claim      under oath and in such form and containing such particulars      as the said Custodian shall require; and the President, if      application is made therefor by the claimant, may, with the      assent of the owner of said property and of all persons      claiming any right, title, or interest therein, order the      payment, conveyance, transfer, assignment or delivery to said      claimant of the money or other property so held by the Alien      Property Custodian or by the Treasurer of the United States or of the interest therein to which the President shall      determine said claimant is entitled. * * * If the President      shall not so order within sixty days after the filing of such      application, or if the claimant shall have filed the notice      as above required and shall have made no application to the      President, said claimant may, at any time before the      expiration of six months [enlarged to eighteen months by Act      Dec. 21, 1921, c. 13, 42 Stat. 351 (Comp. St. Ann. Supp.      1923, § 3115 1/2 e)] after the end of the war, institute a      suit in equity in the Supreme Court of the District of      Columbia [Act July 11, 1919, c. 6, 41 Stat. 35] or in the      District Court of the United States for the district in which      such claimant resides, or, if a corporation, where it has its      principal place of business (to which suit the Alien Property      Custodian or the Treasurer of the United States, as the case      may be, shall be made a party defendant), to establish the      interest, right, title, or debt so claimed. * * *' Section      31151/2 e.

Section 9 was materially amended by the Act of June 5, 1920, c. 241, 41 Stat. 977. The original section, quoted above, was reenacted as subsection (a). It provides for recovery when the seized property belonged to one not an 'enemy or ally of enemy,' where the taking was in fact without warrant of law. Six subsections-(b), (c), (d), (e), (f), and (g)-were added. Subsection (b) permits recovery by some within the definition of 'enemy' whose properly had been lawfully seized. Each of its eight numbered paragraphs include such persons. Subsection (c) and those parts of subsection (b) here specially important follow. All of subsection (b) is printed below. 

'Sec. 9, subsec. (b) In respect of all money or other   property conveyed, transferred, assigned, delivered, or   paid to the Alien Property Custodian or seized by him   hereunder and held by him or by the Treasurer of the   United States, if the President shall determine that the   owner thereof at the time such money or other property   was required to be so conveyed, transferred, assigned,   delivered, or paid to the Alien Property Custodian or at   the time when it was voluntarily delivered to him or was   seized by him was-* * *

'Par. (6) A partnership, association, or other unincorporated      body of individuals outside the United States, or a corporation incorporated within any country other than      the United States, and was entirely owned at such time by      subjects or citizens of nations, states, or free cities other      than Germany or Austria or Hungary or Austria-Hungary and is      so owned at the time of the return of its money or other      property hereunder; * * * Then the President, without any      application being made therefor, may order the payment,      conveyance, transfer, assignment, or delivery of such money      or other property held by the Alien Property Custodian or by      the Treasurer of the United States, or of the interest      therein to which the President shall determine such person entitled, either to the said owner or to the person by whom      said property was conveyed, transferred, assigned, delivered,      or paid over to the Alien Property Custodian. * * *

'Subsec. (c) Any person whose property the President is      authorized to return under the provisions of subsection (b)      hereof may file notice of claim for the return of such      property, as provided in subsection (a) hereof, and      thereafter may make application to the President for      allowance of such claim and/or may institute suit in equity      to recover such property, as provided in said subsection, and      with like effect. The President or the court, as the case may be, may make the same      determinations with respect to citizenship and other relevant      facts that the President is authorized to make under the      provisions of subsection (b) hereof.'

Section 9 was further amended by the Act of March 4, 1923, c. 285, 42 Stat. 1511, 1512, 1513, by adding to subsection (b) three new paragraphs-9, 10, and 11. Each of these empowers certain persons to recover property or funds held by the Alien Property Custodian and is broad enough to include some always within the general definition of 'enemy.' Paragraph 11 follows:

'Subsec. (b), par. (11) A partnership, association, or other      unincorporated body of individuals, having its principal      place of business within any country other than Germany,      Austria, Hungary, or Austria-Hungary, or a corporation,      organized or incorporated within any country other than      Germany, Austria, Hungary, or Austria-Hungary, and that the      control of, or more than 50 percentum of the interests or voting power in, any such partnership,      association, other unincorporated body of individuals, or      corporation, was at such time, and is at the time of the      return of any money or other property, vested in citizens or      subjects of nations, States, or free cities other than      Germany, Austria, Hungary, or Austria-Hungary: Provided,      however, that this subsection shall not affect any rights      which any citizen or subject may have under paragraph (1) of      this subsection.'

Appellant maintains that it was never an enemy or ally of enemy within the statutory definitions; that only property of persons so described was properly subject to seizure; and, as it was neither enemy nor ally of enemy, the provisions of section 9, subsection (a) (always part of the act) in plain terms permit it to recover unlawfully seized property or the proceeds.

On the other side the insistence is that subsection (c) of section 7 permitted seizure of appellant's property because held 'on account of, or on behalf of, or for the benefit of' stockholders, the majority of whom were enemy subjects of Germany. Further, that although appellant's property may have been taken originally without authority, return of it is now impliedly prohibited by subsection (b) of section 9, as amended (acts of 1920 and 1923), since this subsection applies in terms to 'all money or other property conveyed transferred, assigned, delivered, or paid to the Alien Property Custodian or seized by him hereunder and held by him or by the Treasurer of the United States,' whether taken lawfully or no. Paragraphs 6 and 11 are specially relied upon, and it is said that they specify the only classes of corporations now permitted to recover and do not include appellant.

We think subsection (a) of section 9 gives now, as the same words gave from the first, the right of recovery to any person never 'an enemy or ally of enemy,' within the statutory definitions. Stoehr v. Wallace, supra. The contrary view, urged by appellees, would greatly qualify, perhaps delete, this subsection, and would place the United States in the unenviable position of positively refusing, after hostilities had ended, to give up property which had been taken contrary to their own laws. It would require very clear words to convince us that Congress intended any such thing.

Subsection (b) adds to those allowed to recover from the first a considerable number always within the definition of 'enemy' and affords to them the measure of relief which Congress deemed proper long after peace had been actually restored. And this accords with the spirit of the provision in section 12 (Comp. St. 1918, Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1919, § 3115 1/2 ff):

'After the end of the war any claim of any enemy or of an      ally of enemy to any money or other property received and      held by the Alien Property Custodian or deposited in the      United States Treasury, shall be settled as Congress shall      direct.'

Before its passage the original Trading with the Enemy Act was considered in the light of difficulties certain to follow disregard of corporate identity and efforts to fix the status of corporations as enemy or not according to the nationality of stockholders. These had been plainly indicated by the diverse opinions in Daimler Company, Limited, v. Continental Tyre & Rubber Company, etc., 2 A. C. (1916) 307, decided June 30, 1916.

Section 7, subsection (c), was never intended, we think, to empower the President to seize corporate property merely because of enemy stockholders' interests therein. Corporations are brought within the carefully framed definitions (section 2) of 'enemy' and 'ally of enemy' by the words: Any corporation incorporated within such territory of any nation with which the United States is at war [or any nation which is an ally of such nation] or incorporated within any country other than the United States and doing business within such territory. And we find no adequate support for the suggestion that Congress authorized the taking of property of other corporations because one or more stockholders were enemies. Logically carried out this view would have permitted the seizure of all property of companies incorporated by any associated power-e. g., Great Britain-solely because some German held one share of the many thousands. The result indicates that the premise is bad. What the President might do was plainly set down in well-considered words.

The challenged decree must be reversed and the cause will be remanded to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion. 

Notes

(1) A citizen or subject of any nation or State or free city other than Germany or Austria or Hungary, or Austria-Hungary, and is at the time of the return of such money or other property hereunder a citizen or subject of any such nation or State or free city; or

(2) A woman who at the time of her marriage was a subject or citizen of a nation which has remained neutral in the war, or of a nation which was associated with the United States in the prosecution of said war, and who prior to April 6, 1917, intermarried with a subject or citizen of Germany or Austria-Hungary and that the money or other property concerned was not acquired by such woman either directly or indirectly from any subject or citizen of Germany or Austria-Hungary; or

(3) A woman who at the time of her marriage was a citizen of the United States (said citizenship having been acquired by birth in the United States), and who prior to April 6, 1917, intermarried with a subject or citizen of Germany or Austria-Hungary, and that the money or other property concerned was not acquired by such woman either directly or indirectly from any subject or citizen of Germany or Austria-Hungary; or

(4) A citizen or subject of Germany or Austria or Hungary or Austria-Hungary and was, at the time of the severance of diplomatic relations between the United States and such nations, respectively, accredited to the United States as a diplomatic or consular officer of any such nation, or the wife or minor child of such officer, and that the money or other property concerned was within the territory of the United States by reason of the service of such officer in such capacity; or

(5) A citizen or subject of Germany or Austria-Hungary, who by virtue of the provisions of sections 4067, 4068, 4069, and 4070 of the Revised Statutes, and of the proclamations and regulations thereunder, was transferred, after arrest, into the custody of the War Department of the United States for detention during the war and is at the time of the return of his money or other property hereunder living within the United States; or

(6) A partnership, association, or other unincorporated body of individuals outside the United States, or a corporation incorporated within any country other than the United States, and was entirely owned at such time by subjects or citizens of nations, States, or free cities other than Germany or Austria or Hungary or Austria-Hungary and is so owned at the time of the return of its money or other property hereunder; or

(7) The government of Buglaria or Turkey, or any political or municipal subdivision thereof; or

(8) The government of Germany or Austria or Hungary or Austria-Hungary, and that the money or other property concerned was the diplomatic or consular property of such government; or

(9) [Added by Act March 4, 1923.] An individual who was at such time a citizen or subject of Germany, Austria, Hungary, or Austria-Hungary, or who is not a citizen or subject of any nation, State, or free city, and that such money or other property, or the proceeds thereof, if the same has been converted, does not exceed in value the sum of $10,000, or although exceeding in value the sum of $10,000 is nevertheless susceptible of division, and the part thereof to be returned hereunder does not exceed in value the sum of $10,000: Provided, that an individual shall not be entitled, under

this paragraph, to the return of any money or other property owned by a partnership, association, unincorporated body of individuals, or corporation at the time it was conveyed, transferred, assigned, delivered, or paid to the Alien Property Custodian, or seized by him hereunder: or

(10) [Added by Act March 4, 1923.] A partnership, association, other unincorporated body of individuals, or corporation, and that it is not otherwise entitled to the return of its money or other property, or any part thereof, under this section, and that such money or other property, or the proceeds thereof, if the same has been converted, does not exceed in value the sum of $10,000 or although exceeding in value the sum of $10,000 is nevertheless susceptible of division, and the part thereof to be returned hereunder does not exceed in value the sum of $10,000: Provided, that no insurance partnership, association, or corporation, against which any claim or claims may be filed by any citizen of the United States with the Alien Property Custodian within sixty days after the time this paragraph takes effect, whether such claim appears to be barred by the statute of limitations or not, shall be entitled to avail itself of the provisions of this paragraph until such claim or claims are satisfied; or

(11) [Added by Act March 4, 1923.] A partnership, association, or other unincorporated body of individuals, having its principal place of business within any country other than Germany, Austria, Hungary, or Austria-Hungary, or a corporation, organized or incorporated within any country other than Germany, Austria, Hungary, or Austria-Hungary, and that the control of, or more than 50 per centum of the interests or voting power in, any such partnership,

association, other unincorporated body of individuals, or corporation, was at such time, and is at the time of the return of any money or other property, vested in citizens or subjects of nations, States, or free cities other than Germany, Austria, Hungary, or Austria-Hungary: Provided, however, that this subsection shall not affect any rights which any citizen or subject may have under paragraph (1) of this subsection,--

Then the President, without any application being made therefor, may order the payment, conveyance, transfer, assignment, or delivery of such money or other property held by the Alien Property Custodian or by the Treasurer of the United States, or of the interest therein to which the President shall determine such person entitled, either to the said owned or to the person by whom said property was conveyed, transferred, assigned, delivered, or paid over to the Alien Property Custodian: * * * Provided further, however, that except as herein provided no such action by the President shall bar any person from the prosecution of any suit at law or in equity to establish any right, title, or interest which he may have therein.