Harris v. District of Columbia/Opinion of the Court
The Court of Appeals, District of Columbia, has certified the following question (Judicial Code, § 251 [Comp. St. § 1228]):

'Is the sprinkling of the streets to keep down dust for the      purpose of the comfort and health of the general public, a      public or governmental act as contradistinguished from a      private or municipal act, which exempts the District of      Columbia from liability for the injuries caused by one of its      employees engaged therein?' In order to prepare the streets of Washington for sweeping, it was the practice to sprinkle them from portable tanks. While filling one of these tanks through a hose connected to a water plug, a corporate employee negligently dropped the plug cover and injured Adelbert Harris, a young child. He brought suit against the District of Columbia for damages. db[1] It is established doctrine that when acting in good faith municipal corporations are not liable for the manner in which they exercise discretionary powers of a public or legislative character. A different rule generally prevails as to their private or corporate powers. Dillon on Municipal Corporations (5th Ed.) § 1626 et seq., and cases cited.

Application of these general principles to the facts of particular cases has occasioned much difficulty. The circumstances being stated, it is not always easy to determine what power a municipal corporation is exercising. But, nothing else appearing, we are of opinion that, when sweeping the streets, a municipality is exercising its discretionary powers to protect public health and comfort and is not performing a special corporate or municipal duty to keep them in repair. This conclusion, we think, accords with common observation, harmonizes with what has been declared heretofore concerning liability of the District of Columbia for torts, and is supported by well-considered cases. Weightman v. Corporation of Washington (1861) 1 Black, 39, 17 L. Ed. 52; Barnes v. District of Columbia (1875) 91 U.S. 540, 551, 23 L. Ed. 440; District of Columbia v. Woodbury (1890) 136 U.S. 450, 10 Sup. Ct. 990, 34 L. Ed. 472; Love v. City of Atlanta, 95 Ga. 129, 22 S. E. 29, 51 Am. St. Rep. 64; Conelly v. Nashville, 100 Tenn. 262, 46 S. W. 565; Haley v. City of Boston, 191 Mass. 291, 77 N. E. 888, 5 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1005; Bruhnke v. La Crosse, 155 Wis. 485, 144 N. W. 1100, 50 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1147.

In Weightman v. Corporation of Washington, supra, the corporation was held liable for injuries resulting from an insecure bridge placed by the charter under its exclusive control and management. Among other things, through Mr. Justice Clifford, this was said:

'Municipal corporations undoubtedly are invested with certain      powers, which, from their nature, are discretionary, such as      the power to adopt regulations or by-laws for the management      of their own affairs, or for the preservation of the public      health, or to pass ordinances prescribing and regulating the      duties of policemen and firemen, and for many other useful      and important objects within the scope of their charters.      Such powers are generally regarded as discretionary, because,      in their nature, they are legislative; and although it is the      duty of such corporations to carry out the powers so granted      and make them beneficial, still it has never been held that      an action on the case would lie against the corporation, at      the suit of an individual, for the failure on their part to      perform such a duty. * * * Whether the action in this case is      maintainable against the defendants or not, depends upon the      terms and conditions of their charter, as is obvious from the      views already advanced.'

Barnes v. District of Columbia, supra, presented a case of injury arising from a defective street. The District was held liable and, for the court Mr. Justice Hunt said, concerning the point presently important:

'Some cases hold that the adoption of a plan of such a work      is a judicial act; and, if injury arises from the mere      execution of that plan, no liability exists. Child v. City of      Boston, 4 Allen, 41; Thayer v. Boston, 19 Pick. 511. Other      cases hold that for its negligent execution of a plan good in      itself, or for mere negligence in the care of its streets or      other works, a municipal corporation cannot be charged. City      of Detroit v. Blackely, 21 Mich. 84, is of the latter class,      where it was held that the city was not liable for an injury      arising from its neglect to keep its sidewalks in repair.

'The authorities establishing the contrary doctrine that a      city is responsible for its mere negligence, are so numerous and so well considered, that the law must be deemed      to be settled in accordance with them' (citing many cases).

District of Columbia v. Woodbury, supra. Woodbury claimed damages for injuries resulting from a sidewalk, negligently permitted to remain out of repair. Held, that the principle of Barnes v. District of Columbia applies, notwithstanding the form of the District government had been changed.

In Roth v. District of Columbia, 16 App. D. C. 323, Brown v. District of Columbia, 29 App. D. C. 273, 25 L. R. A. (N. S.) 98, District of Columbia v. Tyrrell, 41 App. D. C. 463, and Coates v. District of Columbia, 42 App. D. C. 194, freedom of the District of Columbia from liability on account of matters within its governmental powers is recognized.

Workman v. New York City, 179 U.S. 552, 21 Sup. Ct. 212, 45 L. Ed. 314, is not applicable. The proceeding being in admiralty, rights and liabilities of the parties depended upon the maritime code and not upon local laws of New York. Here common-law principles apply. See Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen, 244 U.S. 205, 37 Sup. Ct. 524, 61 L. Ed. 1086, L. R. A. 1918C, 451, Ann. Cas. 1917E, 900.

The certified question must be answered in the affirmative.

Mr. Justice HOLMES, Mr. Justice BRANDEIS, and Mr. Justice CLARKE dissent. 

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