Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe Railway Company v. Harold/Opinion of the Court
We are of the opinion that a motion to dismiss is without merit, but the reasons which lead us to that conclusion will be more clearly appreciated after we have made a statement of the case. Until that is done we hence postpone the subject.

J. Bell & Son, having sold a carload of bulk corn to the C. V. Fisher Grain Company, residing and doing business at Kansas City, Missouri, on September 21, 1910, shipped the same from Yanka, Nebraska, over the Union Pacific Railroad. The bill of lading identified the car as L. W. No. 33,791, containing 100,420 pounds of corn, and the same was consigned to Topeka, Kansas, to the order of the consignors (Bell & Son), with a direction, however, in the bill of lading, to 'notify C. V. Fisher Grain Company, care of Santa Fe, for shipment.' A draft for the purchase price of the corn was mailed to Kansas City, Missouri, accompanied with the bill of lading, indorsed over to the order of the Fisher Grain Company, and on the presentation of this draft to the Grain Company at Kansas City, Missouri, while the car was yet in transit, it paid the same and became the possessor and owner of the bill of lading. On the 24th of September the Grain Company surrendered to an agent of the Santa Fe at Kansas City, Missouri, the Yanka bill of lading which it had thus acquired, and took in exchange for it another bill, consigning the identical car to their own order at Elk Falls, Kansas, a place on the Santa Fe road, with a direction, however, to notify at Elk Falls the Nevling Elevator Company. This bill of lading was dated the same day as the original bill for which it was exchanged; that is, September 21st, although it was in fact only signed and issued on the 24th of that month; and although on its face it treated the car as being at Kansas City, in reality the car was in transit from yanka, not having yet reached Topeka.

Harold, the defendant in error, a grain dealer at Wichita, Kansas, who had sold on September 15th a carload of corn to Shoe & Jackson at Elk Falls, to be shipped or delivered in a stated number of days, bought the carload of corn described by the bill of lading issued at Kansas City, and, paying a draft for the purchase price drawn by Fisher Grain Company, with the bill annexed, he became the owner of the bill, and directed that delivery of the corn be made to Shoe & Jackson. The car from Yanka had then not yet been delivered to the Santa Fe at Topeka, having reached that point only on the 28th of September, on which day it was offered to the Santa Fe for carriage and delivery at Elk Falls. Finding that the car was in bad order, the delivery was declined, and the car turned back to the Union Pacific. That road, discovering that the damage was such that the car could not be repaired while it was loaded, sent it to an elevator, transferred the grain to another car, S. P. No. 85,721, and turned that car over to the Santa Fe. The new car, however, did not contain the exact quantity of grain originally shipped from Yanka, as one of the defects in the old car was a leaky door, and several hundred pounds of the corn had been lost in transit. The car was promptly carried by the Santa Fe to Elk Falls and offered for delivery, but as the period for the fulfilment by Harold of his contract with Shoe & Jackson had elapsed, and there had been a decline in the market price of corn, the latter refused to take the car. Thereupon this suit against the Santa Fe was commenced by Harold to recover the loss which he had suffered by the alleged unreasonable delay in delivery at Elk Falls, consisting of three items: first, the difference between the price at which the corn had been contracted to be sold to Shoe & Jackson and the market price at the date the car was offered for delivery; second, the amount of the freight paid on the corn which had been lost; and third, a reasonable attorney's fee which it was alleged a statute of the state of Kansas authorized to be recovered in case of delay of a carrier in the delivery of grain.

In its defense the company alleged the shipment over the Union Pacific from Yanka, averred that the corn was received by it at Topeka in order to complete the transportation to Elk Falls, and charged that, by a condition of the bill of lading issued at Kansas City, as the delay had been wholly caused by the Union Pacific, there was no liability on the part of the Santa Fe, and that, besides, that company was not liable, because of a failure to give a notice of claim in compliance with a condition which was also contained in the Kansas City bill of lading. There was judgment in the trial court for the plaintiff, and the judgment of the court below, affirming such action, is the one now under review.

The court, after referring to the bill of lading sued on (the one issued at Kansas City), and after stating that 'the shipment intended to be described in the bill of lading originated at Yanka, Nebraska, on the Union Pacific Railway,' proceeded to state the facts which we have recapitulated, and which had been admitted in evidence without objection. In substance conceding that if the facts stated were made the test of the rights of the parties the judgment under review was wrong, because there had been, as a matter of fact, no unreasonable delay in delivering the corn by the Santa Fe, it was held that the judgment rendered was right, since the plaintiff below, as the purchaser of a bill of lading for value, had a right to rely upon the face of the bill, to treat the corn as having been received by the carrier at Kansas City on the date the bill of lading was issued, and therefore to recover for the unreasonable delay in delivery which necessarily would result from excluding from view the facts concerning the movement of the corn from Yanka, Nebraska, and the date of its delivery at Topeka to the Santa Fe. The essence of the opinion was aptly summed up in the syllabus which preceded it, drawn by the court, which is as follows:

'1. The rule which invests the innocent holder of a bill of lading with rights not available to the shipper, declared in Wichita Sav. Bank v. Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co. 20 Kan. 519; Missouri, K. & T. R. Co. v. Hutchings, 78 Kan. 758, 99 Pac. 230; and Hutchings v. Missouri, K. & T. R. Co. (Sealy v. Missouri, K. & T. R. Co.) 84 Kan. 479, 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 500, 114 Pac. 1079, is followed in a case where the plaintiff purchased corn described in a bill of lading, and paid the shipper's draft attached to the bill in the usual course of business.' [93 Kan. 456, 144 Pac. 823.]

In addition, the allowance of the attorney's fees under the Kansas statute was upheld on the ground that the statute was within the legitimate police power of the state to enact, and not repugnant to the state or Federal Constitution.

The motion to dismiss, referred to at the outset, is based on the ground that the action of the court involved no question of interstate, but purely one of intrastate, commerce. But this disregards the fact that the bill of lading which was sued upon was an interstate commerce bill covering a shipment from Kansas City, Missouri, to Elk Falls, Kansas. True, it is urged that that bill of lading is not the test of whether there is jurisdiction, because it was shown that in reality the shipment was an intrastate one from Topeka, Kansas, to Elk Falls in that state. But this assumes that although the judgment rests upon the conception that the previous movement of the corn from Yanka could not be considered as against the plaintiff because he was an innocent third holder of the bill of lading issued at Kansas City, nevertheless, for the purpose of determining whether jurisdiction exists, the facts as to the shipment from Yanka must be treated as relevant. Leaving aside, however, this contradiction, and considering the facts as to the movement of the grain from its inception, we are of opinion that, from that point of view, it was clearly established that the grain moved in a continuous interstate commerce shipment from the date of its departure from Yanka to the termination of the transit at Elk Falls, and that the delivery of the car to the Santa Fe at Topeka for further movement was therefore not a new and distinct shipment in intrastate commerce. We reach this conclusion in view of the place of business of the Fisher Grain Company (Kansas City, Missouri), of the fact that there was no person at Topeka to whom the grain was consigned, of the indorsement of the bill of lading to the Fisher Grain Company, and the annexing to it of a draft drawn on that company at Kansas City for the purchase price, and because the order on the face of the bill of lading to 'notify C. V. Fisher Grain Company, care of Santa Fe for shipment' made it apparent that it was not contemplated that the interstate shipment should terminate at Topeka, but that the car should move on as the result of such direction as might be given while it was in transit by the Fisher Grain Company at Kansas City, Missouri.

But, further, it is said that granting there was a Federal question, as it was not asserted of relied upon until application for a rehearing, it is not open for consideration. The answer, however, is that the court considered and disposed of the question by holding that the facts which were otherwise pertinent and controlling must be put out of view because the interstate commerce bill of lading in the hands of Harold, the purchaser, was in fact negotiable paper, giving greater rights to such purchaser than could be enjoyed by the shipper, or by the one from whom he had acquired the bill. It is obvious, therefore, that this was a decision of a Federal question which we have power to dispose of as such, and we come to consider it.

That the local rule applied by the court below was in direct conflict with the general commercial law on the subject, as repeatedly settled by this court, is plain. Shaw v. North Pennsylvania R. Co. (Shaw v. Merchants' Nat. Bank) 101 U.S. 557, 25 L. ed. 892; Pollard v. Vinton, 105 U.S. 7, 26 L. ed. 998; St. Louis, I. M. & S. R. Co. v. Knight, 122 U.S. 79, 30 L. ed. 1077, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1132; Friedlander v. Texas & P. R. Co. 130 U.S. 416, 32 L. ed. 991, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 570; Missouri P. R. Co. v. McFadden, 154 U.S. 155, 38 L. ed. 944, 14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 990; The Carlos F. Roses, 177 U.S. 655, 665, 44 L. ed. 929, 933, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 803.

Nothing could better point out the irreconcilable conflict between the local doctrine applied by the court below and the general law, as illustrated in the cases cited, than does the following statement in the opinion in the Roses Case, last cited (p. 665):

'A pledgee to whom a bill of lading is given as security gets the legal title to the goods and the right of possession only if such is the intention of the parties, and that intention is open to explanation. Inquiry into the transaction in which the bill originated is not precluded because it came into the hands of persons who may have innocently paid value for it.'

Whether, in the absence of legislation by Congress, the attributing to an interstate bill of lading of the exceptional and local characteristic applied by the court below, in conflict with the general commercial rule, constituted a direct burden on interstate commerce, and was therefore void, need not now be considered. This is so because, irrespective of that question, and, indeed, without stopping to consider the general provisions of the act to regulate commerce, it is not disputable that what is known as the Carmack amendment to the act to regulate commerce (act of June 29, 1906, chap. 3591, § 7, 34 Stat. at L. 593, Comp. Stat. 1913, § 8592) was an assertion of the power of Congress over the subject of interstate shipments, the duty to issue bills of lading, and the responsibilities thereunder, which, in the nature of things, excluded state action. Adams Exp. Co. v. Croninger, 226 U.S. 491, 505, 506, 57 L. ed. 314, 319, 320, 44 L.R.A.(N.S.) 257, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 148; Missouri, K. & T. R. Co. v. Harriman, 227 U.S. 657, 671, 672, 57 L. ed. 690, 697, 698, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 397; Boston & M. R. Co. v. Hooker, 233 U.S. 97, 110, 58 L. ed. 868, 875, L.R.A. 1915B, 450, Ann. Cas. 1915D, 593; Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co. v. Robinson, 233 U.S. 173, 180, 58 L. ed. 901, 905, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 556; Cleveland, & St. L. R. Co. v. Dettlebach, 239 U.S. 588, 60 L. ed. --, 36 Sup. Ct. Rep. 177; Georgia, F. & A. R. Co. v. Blish Mill. Co. 241 U.S. 190, 60 L. ed. --, 36 Sup. Ct. Rep. 541.

Indeed, in the argument it is frankly conceded that, as the subject of a carrier's liability for loss or damage to goods moving in interstate commerce under a bill of lading is embraced by the Carmack amendment, state legislation on that subject has been excluded. It is insisted, however, that this does not exclude liability for error in the bill of lading purporting to cover an interstate shipment, because 'Congress has legislated relative to the one, but not relative to the other.' But this ignores the view expressly pointed out in the previous decisions dealing with the Carmack amendment, that its prime object was to bring about a uniform rule of responsibility as to interstate commerce and interstate commerce bills of lading,-a purpose which would be wholly frustrated if the proposition relied upon were upheld. The principal subject of responsibility embraced by the act of Congress carried with it necessarily the incidents thereto. See the subject aptly and clearly illustrated by St. Louis & S. F. R. Co. v. Woodruff Mills, 105 Miss. 214, 62 So. 171, where a statute of the state of Mississippi, accomplishing the very result applied by the court below, was decided to be no longer applicable to interstate commerce because of the taking possession by Congress of the field by virtue of the amendment referred to.

As it follows from what we have said that the court below erred in applying the local law to the interstate commerce shipment under consideration, its judgment must be reversed and the case remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

And it is so ordered. 

Notes