Fleitas v. Richardson (147 U.S. 550)/Opinion of the Court
The law of Louisiana as to the rights of married women, which must have a controlling influence on the decision of this case, differs widely from the common law, and a statement of some of its principal rules cannot well be avoided.

By the law of Louisiana, persons contracting marriage may, by antenuptial contract before a notary public, and in the presence of two witnesses, make such agreements as they please (not affecting the legal order of descents) concerning the title and enjoyment of their property, and of donations made to them by third persons in consideration of the marriage, Rev. Civil Code, arts. 2325, (2305,) 2328, (2308,) 2329, (2309,) 2331, (2311,) and the partnership or community of acquets and gains exists between them by operation of law, unless otherwise stipulated in the contract. Articles 2332, (2312,) 2399, (2369.)

The separate property of the wife is that which she 'brings into the marriage, or acquires during the marriage by inheritance or by donation made to her particularly,' and 'is divided into dotal and extradotal. Dotal property is that which the wife brings to the husband to assist him in bearing the expenses of the marriage establishment. Extradotal property, otherwise called 'paraphernal property,' is that which forms no part of the dowry.' Articles 2334, (2314,) 2335, (2315.)

'The wife has a legal mortgage on the property of her husband' for the restitution or reinvestment of the dotal property or dewry, and 'for the restitution and reinvestment of her paraphernal property.' Article 3319, (3287.) The marriage contract, out of which this mortgage arises, is required to be recorded in the parish where the husband's property is. Article 3349; Rev. St. La. § 2381. Such a mortgage is not required, like ordinary mortgages, to be reinscribed every 10 years. Rev. Civil Code, art. 3369, (3333.) It attaches to any lands acquired by the husband during coverture, and while his liability to the wife continues to exist. Johnson v. Pilster, 4 Rob. (La.) 71, 76.

As a general rule, contracts of sale between husband and wife are prohibited; but one of the exceptions to this rule is that he may transfer property to her in settlement of claims arising out of her separate property. Rev. Civil Code, art. 2446, (2421.)

The wife has no estate of dower in the lands of her husband, nor any right corresponding or equivalent to dower at common law. The decision in Porter v. Lazear, 109 U.S. 84, 3 Sup. Ct. Rep. 58, therefore, has no application to this case.

The liability of the husband to the wife for her separate property received by him under the marriage contract is in the nature of a debt secured by mortgage of his lands, and may be enforced by her by direct suit against him.

Although the wife cannot maintain an action, in relation either to her dotal or to her paraphernal property, against a third person, unless authorized by her husband, or, if he fails to do it, by a judge, yet she may, with the authorization of the court in which she brings the action, sue her husband 'for the separation of property, or for the restitution and enjoyment of her paraphernal property.' Code Pr. arts. 105-108. The object of the provision requiring the wife to obtain the authorization of the court is to protect the husband against vexatious and unadvised family suits, and the want of such authorization is waived if the husband accepts service without taking the objection. Le Blanc v. Dubroca, 6 La. Ann. 360; Spivey v. Wilson, 31 La. Ann. 653.

The wife may, at any time during the marriage, sue the husband for a separation of property, 'when the disorder of his affairs induces her to believe that his estate may not be sufficient to meet her rights and claims.' Rev. Civil Code, art. 2425, (2399.) Consequently a transfer of property, or a confession of judgment, by an insolvent husband to his wife, in settlement of her claims, is good against his creditors. Lehman v. Levy, 30 La. Ann. 745, 750; Levi v. Morgan, 33 La. Ann. 532; Thompson v. Freeman, 34 La. Ann. 992.

Besides the power which the wife has to sue her husband for a separation of property when the disorder of his affairs endangers her rights, she has the absolute right, at any time, and at her own discretion, without regard to the condition of the husband's affairs, to resume the sole possession and administration of her paraphernal property, and to maintain a suit against him for that purpose. Rev. Civil Code, arts. 2384, (2361,) 2385, (2362,) 2387, (2364,) 2391, (2368;) Brooks v. Wigginton, 14 La. Ann. 676; Joly v. Weber, 35 La. Ann. 806, 809, and cases cited; Burns v. Thompson, 39 La. Ann. 377, 1 South. Rep. 913.

When there is a community of acquets and gains, the fruits and income of the wife's paraphernal property administered by the husband belong to the conjugal partnership or community. Rev. Civil Code, arts. 2386, (2363,) 2402, (2371.) The husband may appropriate such fruits and income to his own use. Wimbish v. Gray, 10 Rob. (La.) 46; Miltenberger v. Keys, 25 La. Ann. 287. He is not liable to her for neglecting to collect them. Wallace v. McCullough, 20 La. Ann. 301. Nor is he liable for interest on the debt to his wife, except after she has obtained judgment against him. Burns v. Thompson, 39 La. Ann. 377, 1 South. Rep. 913.

The debt of the husband to the wife is so like an ordinary debt that it may be seized and sold on execution against her, (Hawes v. Bryan, 10 La. 136;) and in proceedings in insolvency in invitum against the husband under a statute of the state she may prove and vote upon her paraphernal claim, even if she has not renounced the community of acquets and gains, (Planters' Bank v. Lanusse, 10 Mart. [La.] 690, and 12 Mart. [La.] 157.)

Where, after a wife had recovered a judgment of separation of property, and an execution thereon had been partly satisfied, the husband went into bankruptcy, and obtained a discharge, the supreme court of Louisiana held that her debt was barred, and could not be enforced against property subsequently acquired by him; and said that it must 'regard the balance of the debt due by the husband to his wife as extinguished by the discharge in bankruptcy, and that consequently she had, no longer a right to issue an execution; that any property acquired by him afterwards was free from any claim on her part; and that, in truth, the community had ceased to exist.' Alling v. Egan, 11 Rob. (La.) 244, 245.

Such being the nature of the liability of the husband to the wife for her paraphernal property under the law of Louisiana, it was clearly provable by her against him as a debt under the bankrupt act of the United States. Rev. St. § 5067; In re Bigelow, 3 Ben. 198; In re Blandin, 1 Low. 543; In re Jones, 6 Biss. 68, 78.

It is equally clear that it has none of the elements of a trust, certainly not of such a technical trust as to make it a fiduciary debt, within the meaning of that act; and that consequently it was barred by his discharge in bankruptcy. Rev. St. §§ 5117, 5119; Hennequin v. Clews, 111 U.S. 676, 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 576; Upshur v. Briscoe, 138 U.S. 365, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 313.

The remaining question is whether the appellees can avail themselves of that discharge. The dates bearing upon this question are as follows: The marriage contract, out of which the plaintiff's mortgage arose, was made in 1868, and recorded in 1870. The husband's discharge in bankruptcy was obtained in 1877 from all debts due at the commencement of proceedings in 1876, including his liability to his wife. She had, as yet, no mortgage on these lands, because they were not his property. After this he purchased the lands, and in 1884 mortgaged them to the appellees. In 1887 the wife sued the husband, and obtained a judgment for a separation of property, declaring a mortgage in her favor as of the date of the recording of the marriage contract; and upon that judgment took out execution, under which the sheriff levied upon the lands, and sold them to her.

Under these circumstances, by the law of Louisiana, the debt of the husband to the wife was extinguished by his discharge in bankruptcy; and thereupon her mortgage, which was but a security for that debt, disappeared with it, and could not attach to these lands upon his subsequently purchasing them; and the appellees, claiming as his creditors under the mortgage from him to them, were entitled to set up his discharge in bankruptcy against any lien claimed by her upon the lands. Rev. Civil Code, arts. 3278. (3245,) 3285, (3252,) 3466, (3429;) Alling v. Egan, 11 Rob. (La.) 244; Upshur v. Briscoe, 37 La. Ann. 138, 153, 138 U.S. 365, 379, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 313; Larthet v. Hogan, 1 La. Ann. 330; New Orleans Canal, etc., Co. v. Recorder of Mortgages, 27 La. Ann. 291; Klotz v. Macready, 44 La. Ann. 166, 10 South. Rep. 706.

Neither the omission of the husband to plead his discharge in bankruptcy in his wife's suit against him nor the judgment recovered by her in that suit can affect the title of the appellees (who were not parties to that suit) under the previous mortgage to them.

Judgment affirmed.

Mr. Justice SHIRAS, not having been a member of the court when this case was argued, took no part in its decision. 

Notes