Live Oak Water Users' Association v. Railroad Commission of California/Opinion of the Court
The Sutter-Butte Canal Company, a public service corporation of California, has long supplied water for irrigation in the Sacramento Valley. Before 1913 petitioners or their predecessors severally contracted with it for water to be used during long terms, on definitely described parcels of land, at prices based upon their total areas, at specified rates per acre, whether actually consumed or not. Payment of the stipulated sums was secured by liens on the entire tracts; rights so acquired were appurtenant to the land, and constituted a servitude upon the water. Other stipulations concerned lateral ditches, etc. Those who held these agreements are referred to as contract customers. Other parties-noncontract customers-were supplied and charged according to number of acres actually irrigated from year to year.

In 1918 the Railroad Commission permitted a general increase of rates, but gave contract customers somewhat lower ones than those prescribed for others. Thereafter the company continued to demand and receive from all contract customers yearly sums, reckoned according to entire acreage.

April 26, 1922, the Commission granted another increase of rates, again giving lower ones to contract customers. Plaintiffs in error obtained from the court below a review of this order. Their petition therefor asked:

'That upon such review such order and decision of said      Railroad Commission be annulled and set aside, in so far as      the same makes provision for the collection of rates upon any      acreage other than that upon which water may be desired by      these petitioners.'

That court first held the challenged order produced unlawful inequalities between contract and noncontract customers, contrary to the law of the state, and therefore should be set aside. 65 Cal. Dec. 69. Having granted a rehearing, it declared the inequalities were not unreasonable, and affirmed the order. 192 Cal. 132, 219 P. 65.

The cause is here upon writ of error. Considering the circumstances disclosed by the record, we have no jurisdiction, unless it affirmatively appears that in the court below there was duly drawn in question the validity of a statute of or an authority exercised under the state, because or repugnance to the Constitution, treaties, or laws of the United States. Judicial Code, § 237, as amended September 6, 1916 (Comp. St. § 1214). Under repeated rulings here, for jurisdictional purposes the order of the Commission must be treated as though an act of the Legislature. Lake Erie & West. R. R. Co. v. State Public Utilities Commission ex rel. Cameron, 249 U.S. 422, 424, 39 S.C.t. 345, 63 L. Ed. 684, and cases there cited. The brief for plaintiffs in error declares:

'The plaintiffs in error maintain that by the judgment of the      Supreme Court of California the obligations of their      contracts have been impaired, that their property has been      taken without due process of law, that they have been denied      the equal protection of the laws, and that the California      court has denied and renounced its power to protect the      plaintiffs in error in their claims of rights, privileges,      and immunities secured by the Constitution of the United      States.'

This statement shows no jurisdiction here under the writ of error, although it specifies a federal question justiciable by certiorari. Something more than a claim of federal right is necessary; the attack must be upon the validity of the order, not merely upon the court's judgment.

The brief further states that by the application to the Railroad Commission for rehearing, and in the petition to the Supreme Court of California for review, plaintiffs in error set up their federal claims. No citations to the record accompany this statement, as our rules require. Rule 25, 2(c). A claim merely presented to the Commission upon application for rehearing would not suffice to give us jurisdiction. It must have been definitely brought to the court's attention. Although a copy of the request for rehearing addressed to the Commission is annexed to the petition to the Supreme Court, this petition made no claim under the federal Constitution with sufficient definiteness for us to say that the court's attention was challenged thereto. Neither opinion of the court shows that it considered or necessarily passed upon any such question. After the second opinion a petition for rehearing dwelt much on federal rights, but this was denied, without more, and is now without consequence. Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 261 U.S. 114, 117, 43 S.C.t. 288, 67 L. Ed. 556.

Under the heading, 'Authorities on Jurisdiction Relied on by Petitioners of Rehearing (Addressed to the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of California),' there are printed in the record before us extracts from the written argument of counsel for the Water Users' Association and others, wherein this appears:

Three rights of the petitioners under the Constitution of the United States are violated, unless the order be annulled: (1) The obligations of their contracts are impaired by a law passed after the contracts were made; (2) the impairment of their contracts makes their lands subject to a lien to which they never agreed, and requires of them payment for the use of water not served, hence their property is taken without due process of law; and (3) by reason of the impairment of their contracts they are classified as consumers upon no real distinction of the character of the service, and known as citizens of the United States they are denied the equal protection of the laws.

In his brief here counsel for plaintiffs in error has not relied upon the foregoing as sufficient to show that the points there suggested were duly raised and presented to the court below, and we are not aware of any rule of practice in that court which permits such questions to be thus raised in a proceeding upon certiorari.

In Zadig v. Baldwin, 166 U.S. 485, 488, 17 S.C.t. 639, 640 (41 L. Ed. 1087), here upon error to the Supreme Court of California, this court said:

'The contention that there was a federal question raised      below finds its only support in the fact that there has been      printed in the record, as filed in this court, what purports      to be an extract from the closing brief of counsel presented      to the Supreme Court of the state, in which such a federal      question is discussed, and it is asserted orally at bar that      in the oral arrgument made in the Supreme Court of California      a claim under the federal Constitution was presented. But      manifestly the matters referred to form no part of the record, and are not adequate      to create a federal question, when no such question was      necessarily decided below, and the record does not disclose      that such issues was set up or claimed in any proper manner      in the courts of the state.'

As we interpret its opinion and judgment, the court below ruled only that the order of the Commission fixed rated to be charged, leaving all other questions subject to determination by the courts. Counsel for the Commission affirmed this interpretation, and at the bar agreed that judgment here might rest thereon. In printed argument he said:

'Except as to rates, the Commission did not attempt (in fact,      expressly disclaimed any attempt) to change any of the      provisions of these contracts, and the effect of this rate      order, as a matter of law, on those other provisions was left      by the Commission for determination by the courts as the      occasion might arise.'

The decision below upon this point of local law is enough to support the judgment, and leaves no federal question open for our determination.

In cases where the state court has decided a local question adequate to support its judgment, this court has sometimes affirmed, and sometimes has dismissed, the writ of error. Murdock v. Memphis, 20 Wall. 590, 634-636, 22 L. Ed. 429; Eustis v. Bolles, 150 U.S. 361, 370, 14 S.C.t. 131, 37 L. Ed. 1111; Southern Pacific Co. v. Schuyler, 227 U.S. 601, 610, 33 S.C.t. 277, 57 L. Ed. 662, 43 L. R. A. (N. S.) 901; Howat v. Kansas, 258 U.S. 181, 42 S.C.t. 227, 66 L. Ed. 550; Browne v. Union Pacific, 267 U.S. 255, 45 S.C.t. 315, 69 L. Ed. 601. We have again considered the matter, and have concluded that, generally, at least, it is better practice to dismiss.

The writ of error must be dismissed. 

Notes