West v. Standard Oil Company/Opinion of the Court
This suit was brought in October, 1925, by the Standard Oil Company in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia against Dr. Work, the then Secretary of the Interior, to enjoin the continuation of proceedings in the local land office at Visalia, Cal., ordered by him with a view to ascertaining and determining whether particular lands were known to be mineral in character when the survey of them was accepted. State of California, Standard Oil Co., Transferees, 51 L. D. 141. Upon his resignation, Secretary West was substituted as defendant. The proceedings were of the kind commonly employed by the Secretary of the Interior to ascertain the existence of alleged facts reported by a representative of the General Land Office, because of which the title of one claiming public lands is questioned in the Department. The Register and Receiver, after hearing the parties in interest, make report of their findings. These are subject to an appeal, on the evidence, to the Land Commissioner, and also to a further appeal to the secretary. Upon the ultimate findings, the Commissioner decides, subject to the supervision and control of the Secretary, what action, if any, shall be taken. Compare George W. Dally, 41 L. D. 295, 299. Circular No. 460, February 26, 1916, 44 L. D. 572, prescribes the procedure.

The proceedings here involved concern section 36, township 30 south, range 23 east, Mr. Diabolo B. & M.-that land being in Elk Hills, Kern county, Cal. Section 36 is one of the Sections in each township which, if not mineral or otherwise disposed of, was granted by Congress to the state of California in aid of public schools, by Act of March 3, 185o, c. 145, § 6, 10 Stat. 244, 246. Under patents issued by the state in 1910, and mesne conveyances, the Standard Oil Company claims title to part, and an interest in the rest, of the section. Drilling on this land, gegun in 1918, has been followed by extensive oilmining operations. The proceedings were based on a charge that on January 26, 1903, the date of the approval of the survey, the land was known to be mineral in character. If the land was then known to be mineral, the title confessedly did not pass by the act; for Congress excluded mineral land from the grant. Ivanhoe Mining Co. v. Keystone Consolidated Mining Co., 102 U.S. 167, 26 L. Ed. 126; Mullan v. United States, 118 U.S. 271, 276, 6 S.C.t. 1041 (30 L. Ed. 170). See, also, Wyoming v. United States, 255 U.S. 489, 500, 41 S.C.t. 393 (65 L. Ed. 742); Work v. Louisiana, 269 U.S. 250, 257, 258, 46 S.C.t. 92 (70 L. Ed. 259). If it was not then known to be mineral, the legal title passed to the state on that date; for the land was within one of the sections in place designated in the granting act. United States v. Morrison, 240 U.S. 192, 36 S.C.t. 326, 60 L. Ed. 599; United States v. Sweet, 245 U.S. 563, 38 S.C.t. 193, 62 L. Ed. 473.

The act of 1853 here involved, like those granting school lands to many other states,  makes no provision for determining what part of the land is thus excluded from the grant. It does not provide for the issue of patents or for any equivalent action by the Department to evidence the transfer of title to the state. No partent to the state, or evidence of title or interest in another, has in fact been issued by the Secretary of the Interior. Nor has there been in the Department any contest between the state and another claimant which might have resulted in a determination of the character of the land. Whether this land was known to be mineral at the date of the survey must therefore be established otherwise. The Standard Oil Company contends that its nonmineral character had, before Secretary Work's order, been established by a final determination in the Department; that thereby the Department lost jurisdiction over the land; and that, for this reason, continuation of the proceedings should be enjoined. 

It is true that among the several officers of the Land Department action had repeatedly been taken having some relation to the charter of the land prior to the order of Secretary Work. The survey, which was approved January 26, 1903, returned it as mineral. In 1904, a special agent reported it as nonmineral. In 1908, it was temporarily withdrawn from agricultural entry pending examination and classification by the United States Geological Survey. In 1909, the Director of the Geological Survey classified it as oil land. In 1910, the Secretary recommended its withdrawal for a petroleum reserve, and the recommendation was approved by the President. In 1912, it was placed in Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1. On January 14, 1914, the proceedings in the land office here involved were initiated. The papers having been mislaid or misfiled in the local office, the proceedings lay dormant; and process was not served until after March 2, 1921. Then the Register and Receiver were ordered by the Land Commissioner, under Secretary Payne, to proceed in accordance with circular No. 460. On June 9, 1921, before further action thereon, Secretary Fall directed the Land Commissioner to dismiss the proceedings and notify all parties in interest of the dismissal.

On May 8, 1925, Secretary Work vacated Secretary Fall's order and directed the Register and Receiver to proceed to a hearing of the charge that the land was known to be mineral in character on January 26, 1903.  If at the time of Secretary Work's order the Department still had jurisdiction of the land, he possessed the power to review the action of his predecessor and to deal with the matter as freely as he could have done if the dismissal of the proceedings had been his own act or that of a subordinate official. For, so long as the Department retains jurisdiction of the land, administrative orders concerning it are subject to revision. New Orleans v. Paine, 147 U.S. 261, 13 S.C.t. 303, 37 L. Ed. 162; Beley v. Naphtaly, 169 U.S. 353, 364, 18 S.C.t. 354 (42 L. Ed. 775); Lane v. Darlington, 249 U.S. 331, 39 S.C.t. 299, 63 L. Ed. 629; Parcher v. Gillen, 26 L. D. 34; Aspen Consolidated Mining Co. v. Williams, 27 L. D. 1. Compare Louisiana v. Garfield, 211 U.S. 70, 75, 29 S.C.t. 31 (53 L. Ed. 92). If, on the other hand, either Secretary Fall's order of dismissal, or some earlier action of the government, terminated the jurisdiction of the Department, Secretary Work's order reinstating the proceedings was a nullity; and the Standard Oil Company is entitled to enjoin their continuance. Noble v. Union River Logging Railroad, 147 U.S. 165, 13 S.C.t. 271, 37 L. Ed. 123; Lane v. Watts, 234 U.S. 525, 34 S.C.t. 965, 58 L. Ed. 1440; Burke v. Southern Pacific R. Co., 234 U.S. 669, 686, 34 S.C.t. 907 (58 L. Ed. 1527).

In support of its contention that the jurisdiction had ended, the company relied bill upon two earlier acts of the Department, besides Secretary Fall's order, as constituting a final determination that the land was not known to be mineral at the date of the approval of the survey. The Supreme Court of the District did not pass on the legal effect of the two other acts. Upon the stipulated facts it ruled and found: (1) That Secretary Fall had jurisdiction to determine the known mineral character of section 36, without awaiting the trial by the local land office and appeals from the findings there made. (2) That the Secretary granted a hearing before himself for the purpose of determining the issues raised by the proceedings and gave notice to all parties in interest of such hearing. (3) That he had before him evidence which he had a right to consider and which supported his dismissal of the proceedings. (4) That he dismissed the proceedings after a consideration of the law and facts and directed that the parties in interest be notified of the dismissal and that the case be closed on the records. (5) That the order of dismissal was reduced to writing by his direction and was a judicial determination of the known mineral character of the land on January 26, 1903. (6) That the order of dismissal reduced to writing was a judgment on the merits, and its correctness could not be questioned by collateral proceedings, except for fraud. A decree for a permanent injunction was entered. That decree was affirmed by the Court of Appeals of the District. Work v. Standard Oil Co., 57 App. D. C. 329, 23 F. (2d) 750. This Court granted a writ of certiorari, 276 U.S. 613, 48 S.C.t. 325, 72 L. Ed. 731.

Ordinarily, where an act granting public lands excludes those known to be mineral, the determination of the fact whether a particular tract is of that character rests with the Secretary of the Interior. See Cameron v. United States, 252 U.S. 450, 464, 40 S.C.t. 410 (64 L. Ed. 659); Burke v. Southern Pacific R. Co., 234 U.S. 669, 684, 687, 34 S.C.t. 907 (58 L. Ed. 1527). But compare Dunbar Lime Co. v. Utah-Idaho Sugar Co. (C. C. A.) 17 F.(2d) 351. If such act provides for the issue of a patent, whether it be to pass the title or to furnish evidence that it has passed, the patent imports that final determination of the nonmineral character of the land has been made. The issue of the patent terminates the jurisdiction of the Department over the land. See Barden v. Northern Pacific R. R., 154 U.S. 288, 327, 331, 14 S.C.t. 1030 (38 L. Ed. 992); Courtright v. Wisconsin Central R. R. Co., 19 L. D. 410; Heirs of C. H. Creciat, 40 L. D. 623. And in the courts the patent is accepted, upon a collateral attack, as affording conclusive evidence of the nonmineral character. St Louis Smelting & Refining Co. v. , kemp, 104 U.S. 636, 640, 641 (26 L. Ed. 875); Barden v. Northern Pacific R. R. 154 U.S. 288, 327, 14 S.C.t. 1030 (38 L. Ed. 992). Similarly, if the granting act provides for other action by the Secretary equivalent to a patent, such as approval of a list of the lands, the approval ends the jurisdiction of the Department, Cole v. Washington, 37 L. D. 387; Sewell A. Knapp, 47 L. D. 152; and it, likewise, imports that the necessary determination has been made. Chandler v. Calumet & Hecla Mining Co., 149 U.S. 79, 13 S.C.t. 798, 37 L. Ed. 657. Compare Fred S. Porter, 50 L. D. 528, 533. Even where the granting act does not require either the issue of a patent to the grantee or such equivalent action, the Secretary may have occasion to make a determination of the known mineral character of the land, as when rights adverse to the grantee are asserted under the mineral, leasing or other laws. See Work v. Braffet, 276 U.S. 560, 48 S.C.t. 363, 72 L. Ed. 700; Albert E. Dorff, 50 L. D. 219; Utah v. Lichliter, 50 L. D. 231; George G. Frandsen, 50 L. D. 516. In such event, the issue of the patent, or other instrument evidencing title, likewise imports that the determination has been made. Steel v. St. Louis Smelting & Refining Co., 106 U.S. 447, 451, 1 S.C.t. 389 (27 L. Ed. 226). Compare State of Louisiana, 30 L. D. 626. For, in every such case, the determination of the mineral character is a prerequisite to the authority exercised in the performance of a duty imposed. St. Louis Smelting & Refining Co. v. Kemp, 104 U.S. 636, 640, 641 (26 L. Ed. 875).

The Standard Oil Company contends that Secretary Fall determined that the land was not known to be mineral on January 26, 1903; and that this determination in the informal hearing before him was legally an equivalent of a determination of the fact in formal proceedings before the Register and Receiver under Circular No. 460. We agree that, if Secretary Fall had determined as a fact that the land was not then known to be mineral, his order dismissing the proceedings would have had the same legal effect as if it had followed the more formal procedure prescribed by Circular No. 460. For the Secretary is not obliged to employ proceedings in the local land office as the means for making the determination as to the known mineral character. He could himself hear the evidence in the first instance. Nor is he obliged, in so ascertaining the facts, to follow a procedure similar to that prescribed for the local land office. See Knight v. U.S. Land Association, 14i U.S. 161, 177, 178, 12 S.C.t. 258 (35 L. Ed. 974). We assume, without deciding, that, if Secretary Fall had determined as a fact that the land was not known to be mineral on January 26, 1903, his order dismissing the proceedings would have ended the jurisdiction of the Department over the land. And this determination would ordinarily be conclusive on the courts, even if there were demonstrable error in the admission, or appreciation of evidence. See Shepley v. Cowan, 91 U.S. 330, 340 (23 L. Ed. 424); Lee v. Johnson, 116 U.S. 48, 49, 6 S.C.t. 249 (29 L. Ed. 570). But we are of the opinion that Secretary Fall did not make a determination of that fact.

Secretary Fall's order is embodied in a letter sent by his direction to the Commissioner of the General Land Office, which, after referring to the proceedings before the Register and Receiver, says:

'The transferees of the State of California, representatives      of the Department of Justice, and of the Navy Department      appeared before Secretary Fall on June 8, 1921, and presented      the matter orally, whereupon, after consideration of the law      and facts involved, the Secretary verbally directed that the      proceedings be dismissed. You are therefore authorized and      directed to dismiss the proceedings against the State of      California and its transferees in re said secs. 16 and 36.      Notify all parties in interest of the dismissal and close the      case upon your records.' The letter embodying Secretary Fall's direction to dismiss the proceedings does not state why he did so. The company argues that the dismissal was an order judicial in its nature; that in form the order is a judgment on the merits; that this judgment conclusively implies a finding of the fact that the land was not known to be mineral at the date of the apporval of the survey; and that no evidence is admissible to contradict what the order imports. It may be assumed that the hearing was conducted in the judicial manner; that it was what is often called a quasijudicial proceeding. But the order of dismissal is not a judgment.  Compare Dickson v. Luck Land Co., 242 U.S. 371, 374, 37 S.C.t. 167 (61 L. Ed. 371). It was an administrative act. And, unlike such administrative acts as a patent or the approval of a list of lands pursuant to a duty imposed upon the Secretary, the order of dismissal does not carry the implication that all determinations essential to the passing of title have been made. Since it does not, there may be inquiry in pais to ascertain whether Secretary Fall actually made such a determination. To that end the occurrences leading up to the entry of the order of dismissal may be examined. Compare Parcher v. Gillen, 26 L. D. 34; Harkrader v. Goldstein, 31 L. D. 87.

In the oral argument of counsel for the company, in this court, there was perhaps a suggestion that Secretary Fall actually passed upon the known mineral character of the land as of January 26, 1903, when the survey was approved. But no such contention is made in the brief filed here. And, when the occurrences which preceded the making of the order are examined, it becomes clear that Secretary Fall made no determination of the contested issue of fact which was to be the subject of a hearing before the local officers if he deemed the issue material. He rested his order of dismissal on a supposed rule of law; holding, on the admitted facts, that the actual known mineral character on January 26, 1903, was not of legal significance. In so ruling, he yielded to the argument of counsel for the Standard Oil Company, who insisted that the then known mineral character had become immaterial, because the government was estopped, by action taken prior to 1921, from questioning the company's title. The brief filed by counsel with Secretary Fall prior to his granting the hearing, the notice of the proposed hearing before Secretary Fall on June 8, 1921, given by the Department to the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Navy, and the stenographic report of that hearing, establish that this was the only matter considered by Secretary Fall.

That brief was entitled an 'argument in support of the request that the Secretary of the Interior decide that in view of the previous action of the department and of its regulations in force in January, 1903, the title to said section is vested in the State of California or its grantees.'  The notice recited that the Standard Oil Company and the Pan American Oil Company, had 'asked to be heard orally in the matter of proposed proceeding by the Government to determine whether or not said section passed to the State of California under its school grant.' The hearing consisted of an oral statement by counsel for the company, interrupted from time to time by questions or remarks. The statement was not a recital of evidence in support of the factual assertion that the land was not known to be mineral on January 26, 1903. It was an argument in support of the legal proposition that the proceedings should be closed without deciding that issue of fact, because certain rules of law, arising from past action of the Department, as well as controlling equities, estopped the government from denying that the title had passed.  The conclusion that Secretary Fall did not determine the known mineral character of the land on January 26, 1903, is alone consistent with the stipulated facts. 

Most significant among the stipulated facts is the following: 'It was the contention of the transferees from the State, with which contention Assistant Secretary Finney disagreed at the hearing, that it could serve no purpose to take evidence in the local land office to determine the question whether or not said section or the lands adjacent thereto showed structural and geological conditions indicative in 1903 of the existence of oil on said section under conditions justifying developments therefor for the reason that said questions presented an immaterial question of fact and said question was not argued or discussed at the proceedings held on June 8, 1921, or at any conferences prior thereto between the representatives of the transferees and the Secretary of the Interior or the First Assistant Secretary of the Interior, except as shown in the brief and in the transcript of proceedings.' (The stenographic report of the hearing above referred to.)

Thus, Secretary Fall did not hear evidence or make a determination on the issue of fact as to the known mineral character of the land within the meaning of the decisions in Diamond Coal Co. v. United States, 233 U.S. 236, 34 S.C.t. 507, 58 L. Ed. 936, and United States v. Southern Pacific Co., 251 U.S. 1, 40 S.C.t. 47, 64 L. Ed. 97, and this because he deemed the fact in issue of no legal significance. It is true that, in making the ruling of law that the Standard Oil Company's title was unassailable, the Secretary undertook to pass upon the merits of its claim to the land. For he concluded that, because of the conceded facts, urged by the company's counsel as creating an estoppel, the United States was precluded from questioning the title of the state and its transferees. But that decision could not end the jurisdiction of the Department, unless Congress conferred upon the Secretary of the Interior authority to determine the validity of the company's claim to the land, as a matter of law, without passing upon the contested issue of fact. To that question we now address ourselves.

Where, by the terms of an act, the Secretary is required, upon application of the claimant, to issue a patent, as in Michigan Land & Lumber Co. v. Rust, 168 U.S. 589, 592, 18 S.C.t. 208 (42 L. Ed. 591), or to certify a list, as in Frasher v. O'Connor, 115 U.S. 102, 115, 116, 5 S.C.t. 1141 (29 L. Ed. 311), or to approve a location for a right of way, as in Noble v. Union River Logging Railroad, 147 U.S. 165, 13 S.C.t. 271, 37 L. Ed. 123, or to make a survey and approve a selection, as in Shaw v. Kellogg, 170 U.S. 312, 1, S.C.t. 632, Shaw v. Kellogg, 170 U.S. 312, 18 S.C.t. 632, upon the Secretary the power to make all determinations of law as well as of fact which are essential to the performance of the duty specifically imposed. After issue of the patent or other like instrument, his findings of facts are conclusive, in the absence of fraud or mistake, not only upon the Department, but upon the courts, De Cambra v. Rogers, 189 U.S. 119, 23 S.C.t. 519, 47 L. Ed. 734; Love v. Flahive, 205 U.S. 195, 198, 27 S.C.t. 486 (51 L. Ed. 768); and, though his rulings on matters of law are reviewable in the courts, Doolan v. Carr, 125 U.S. 618, 625, 8 S.C.t. 1228 (31 L. Ed. 844); Wisconsin Central R. R. v. Forsythe, 159 U.S. 46, 61, 15 S.C.t. 1020 (40 L. Ed. 71), they are not subject to re-examination by the Department. Johnson v. Towsley, 13 Wall. 72, 83, 84 (20 L. Ed. 485). For in making such determinations he acts as a special tribunal with judicial functions. Riverside Oil Co. v. Hitchcock, 190 U.S. 316, 324, 23 S.C.t. 698 (47 L. Ed. 1074).

But here no similar affirmative duty rested upon the Secretary to the performance of which the determination of the question of law was incidental. Secretary Fall owed no active duty to the state or to any other claimant. His duty in respect to the land was solely that owed to the United States-the duty to preserve its interests therein. The inquiry directed to be made in the local land office had been ordered by a predecessor solely in the performance of that duty. If as a result of the inquiry it should be found that the land was known to be mineral, the government would, if necessary, bring legal proceedings for possession and for damages or an accounting. If it should be found that the land was not known to be mineral, there would be no occasion for any further departmental action. Secretary Fall had, of course, the power to vacate the order of his predecessor that the Register and Receiver proceed with the investigation. For it is within the discretion of every Secretary to decide what investigations he shall pursue in the public interest; and so Secretary is obliged to continue an inquiry which he believes to be futile. But the question here is whether he can, by action other than the final determination of fact, preclude resumption of the inquiry in the Department, and thereby vest the title of known mineral land in the state.

We think that Congress did not confer upon the Secretary of the Interior the power to pass generally upon the right of the state to the land. When the Secretary has the duty to issue a patent or to furnish other evidence of title of a claimant, he must have authority to determine the questions of law incident to the performance of that duty. Litchfield v. The Register, 9 Wall. 575, 577, 578 (19 L. Ed. 681). But here no such duty rested upon him. Compare Louisiana v. Garfield, 211 U.S. 70, 77, 29 S.C.t. 31 (53 L. Ed. 92). Authority to determine as a fact the known mineral character of the lands falls naturally to the Secretary as 'the supervising agent of the government to do justice to all claimants and preserve the rights of the people of the United States' to public lands. Knight v. U.S. Land Association, 142 U.S. 161, 178, 12 S.C.t. 258, 262 (35 L. Ed. 974). But that authority does not carry the power to relinquish the jurisdiction of the Department over the land without determining, as a fact, that it was nonmineral at the time of the approval of the survey. Compare Work v. Louisiana, 269 U.S. 250, 261, 46 S.C.t. 92 (70 L. Ed. 259). The broad power of control and supervision conferred upon the Secretary 'does not clothe him with any discretion to enlarge or curtail the rights of the grantee, nor to substitute his judgment for the will of Congress as manifested in the granting act.' Payne v. Central Pacific Railway Co., 255 U.S. 228, 236, 41 S.C.t. 314, 316 (65 L. Ed. 598). See, also, Burfenning v. Chicago, St. Paul, etc., Ry., 163 U.S. 321, 16 S.C.t. 1018, 41 L. Ed. 175. Daniels v. Wagner, 237 U.S. 547, 558, 35 S.C.t. 740 (59 L. Ed. 1102, L. R. A. 1916A, 1116, Ann. Cas. 1917A, 40). To read into the legislation, under such circumstances, authority to pass upon the state's claim of right to the land, regardless of its known mineral character, would create, by implication, a power in direct contravention of the expressed intention of Congress that mineral lands were not granted to the state. Thus the Secretary would be constituted an agent rather for relinquishing than for preserving the rights of the United States in the public lands. See Shaw v. Kellogg, 170 U.S. 312, 337, 338, 18 S.C.t. 632 (42 L. Ed. 1050).

When Secretary Fall undertook to determine, not as a fact whether the land was known to be mineral in 1903, but as a proposition of law that, because of other conceded facts, the company's title had become unassailable, he acted without authority; and the order of dismissal based thereon did not remove the land from the jurisdiction of the Department.

Reversed.

Mr. Justice STONE took no part in the consideration or decision of this case. 

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