United States v. Klumpp/Opinion of the Court
'In the interpretation of the customs acts, nothing is better settl d than that words are to receive their commercial meaning, and that when goods of a particular kind, which would otherwise be comprehended in a class, are subjected to a distinct rate of duty from that imposed upon the class generally, they are taken out of that class, for the purpose of the assessment of duties.

'Of the two successive paragraphs in the customs act of 1883, upon which the parties respectively rely, the first imposes a certain scale of duties on 'all manufactures of wool of every description, made wholly or in part of wool, not specially enumerated or provided for in this act'; and the second imposes a lower scale of duties on 'all manufactures of every description, composed wholly or in part of worsted.' * * *

'Though worsted is doubtless a product of wool, and might in some aspects be considered a manufacture of wool, yet, manufactures of worsted being subjected by the second paragraph to different duties from those imposed by the first paragraph on manufactures of wool, it necessarily follows that a manufacture of worsted cannot be considered as a manufacture of wool, within the meaning of this statute.'

This decision was announced November 17, 1890, but the controversy had been pending for a long time in the courts, and on May 9, 1890, an act was passed, 'providing for the classification of worsted cloths as woolens,' by enacting 'that the secretary of the treasury be, and he hereby is, authorized and directed to classify as woolen cloths all imports of worsted cloth, whether known under the name of worsted cloth or under the name of worsteds or diagonals or otherwise.' 26 Stat. 105, c. 200.

And since that date no distinction for customs purposes between woolens and worsteds has been recognized by congress.

By the act of October 1, 1890, the same duties were levied upon worsted and woolen goods. Paragraphs 375 to 387 divided all wools, hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, and other like animals, into three classes, and levied certain duties on each class. Paragraphs 391 to 398 provided for certain duties on described articles, whether made wholly or in part of 'wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals.'

By the act of August 27, 1894, wool was put on the free list (paragraph 685); and the paragraphs of the act of October 1, 1890, classifying wools, and levying duties on the different classes, were omitted. Paragraphs 280 to 286, inclusive, of Schedule K of this act, prescribed duties on certain enumerated articles, whether composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animal.

There was no distinction made by either of these acts between manufactures of wool and manufactures of worsted, for the purposes of duty; and the word 'worsted' seems to have been used out of abundant caution, and as conducive to greater certainty.

The act of July 24, 1897, commonly known as the 'Dingley Act,' omits the repetition of the words 'wool, worsted, hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, and other animals,' and uses the single word 'wool.' Paragraph 383 provides: 'Whenever, in any schedule of this act, the word 'wool' is used in connection with a manufactured article of which it is a component material, it shall be held to include wool or hair of the sheep, camel, goat, alpaca or other animal, whether manufactured by the woolen, worsted, felt, or any other process.' 30 Stat. 151, c. 11.

Manifestly the distinction on which the decision in Seeberger v. Cahn turned was done away with by the acts of October 1, 1890, and August 27, 1894, as well as by that of May 9, 1890, and there certainly is no imperative ground for its reinstatement by technical construction.

The reason for the postponing of the taking effect of the reduction of duties obviously had nothing to do with the process of manufacture, but related to the material of which the goods were composed, which material had been relieved from duty by paragraph 685 of the act.

Congress undoubtedly concluded  hat the manufacturers of goods from wool had laid in a large stock of material, which equitably they should be allowed a reasonable time to work off, and that there was probably on hand a large stock of goods, to dispose of which reasonable time should be allowed, rather than that the large dealers should be induced to bring in foreign goods at a cost which involved ruinous competition, while at the same time the wool growers ought to have their original market until they could adjust themselves to the new condition of things.

The specific rate was compensatory, and, when stricken out, and the duty on raw material abolished, a postponement was provided for in order to avoid injustice.

But the reason for postponing the reduction on manufactures of wool, which, on the face of the act, we think properly imputable to congress, is as applicable to worsted goods as to any other goods fabricated from wool.

It will be perceived that the acts of 1890 and 1894 did not levy a duty on 'worsted dress goods,' eo nomine, nor on worsted dress goods by commercial designation, nor on worsted dress goods as distinguished from woolen dress goods; but a duty on dress goods, whether made of 'wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals.' The description is addressed to the quality and material of the goods, namely, women's and children's dress goods, made of wool, worsted, etc.

The principle, then, that the special designation of an article by its commercial meaning should prevail over general terms used in the same or a later act, has no application.

In Barber v. Schell, 107 U.S. 617, 2 Sup. Ct. 301, the words 'cotton laces, cotton insertings,' etc., used in the act of 1846, were held to be designations of articles by special description of quality and material; and the general provision of 1857, transferring to Schedule C 'all manufactures composed wholly of cotton, which are bleached, printed, or dyed,' whereby a different duty was imposed on such goods, was held to apply. Mr. Justice Blatchford said, 'The designations qualified by the word 'cotton' in the act of 1846 are designations of articles by special description, as contradistinguished from descriptions by a commercial name, or a name of trade. They are designations of quality and material.' Cadwalader v. Zeh, 151 U.S. 171, 178, 14 Sup. Ct. 288.

It is argued that the same reasoning which brings worsted goods within the words 'manufactures of wool' would also compel the inclusion of goods composed of the hair of the camel and other animals, confessedly not covered by the phrase.

Doubtless, wool, considered as the sheep's coat, might be said to be the sheep's hair; and fleeces of the hair of the Angora goat, the llama, the alpaca, and other like animals, might be called their wool. In the Encyclopaedia Britannica (9th Ed.; volume 24, p. 653), under the title of 'Wool and Woolen Manufactures,' it is said: 'Wool is a modified form of hair, distinguished by its slender, soft, and wavy or curly structure, and by the highly imbricated or serrated surface of its filaments. The numerous varieties of the sheep are the most characteristic, as they are also by far the most important, producers of wool; but the sheep is by no means the only animal which yields wool employed for industrial purposes. The alpaca and other allied fibers obtained from the alpaca and its congeners in South America, the mohair yielded by the Angora goat, and the soft, woolly hair of the camel, are all wools of much industrial importance. while the most costly wool in the world is that yielded by the Cashmere goat, of the Himalayan Mountains. At what point, indeed, it can be said that an animal fiber reases to be hair, and becomes wool, it is impossible to determine, because in every characteristic the one class, by imperceptible gradations, merges into the other, so that a continuous chain can be formed from the finest and softest merino to the rigid bristles of the wild boar.' G. A. 2834; Lyon v. U.S.  8 U.S. App. 409, 413, 5 C. C. A. 359, and 55 Fed. 964.

But the acts of 1890 and 1894, as well as prior tariff acts, distinguished the wool of the sheep from the hair of the camel, goat, and other like animals, as raw materials. And there is nothing in this record from which to conclude that congress felt obliged to make concessions by way of alleviating the effect of the act of 1894 on the production of the hair of the camel, the goat, the alpaca, and so on, in this country, or on manufactures thereof.

We think that the words 'manufactures of wool,' in paragraph 297, had relation to the raw material out of which the articles were made, and that, as the material of worsted dress goods was wool, such goods fell within the paragraph.

Judgment of the circuit court of appeals reversed. Judgment of the circuit court also reversed, and the cause remanded to that court, with a direction to affirm the decision of the board of general appraisers. 

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