United States v. Childs/Opinion of the Court
The collector of internal revenue of the Second district of New York filed a claim against the trustee in bankruptcy of J. Menist Company, Inc., Edward H. Childs, in the sum of $2,421.75, plus 5 per cent. penalty and 1 per cent. interest per month thereon until paid. The claim was for an additional income tax for the year 1917.

The justification for the claim, as stated by the Circuit Court of Appeals, is:

'Act of October 3, 1917 (40 Stat. 300, § 212), making section      14a of the Act of September 8, 1916 (39 Stat. 756),      applicable to taxes under the 1917 act.'

By section 14a of title 1, part 2 of the act of 1916, it is provided that:

'* * * To any sum or sums due and unpaid after the fifteenth day of June in any year, or after      one hundred and five days from the date on which the return      of income is required to be made by the taxpayer, and after      ten days' notice and demand thereof by the collector, there      shall be added the sum of five per centum on the amount of      tax unpaid and interest at the rate of one per centum per      month upon said tax from the time the same becomes due.'

As an element for consideration in connection with section 14a is section 57j of the Bankruptcy Act (Comp. St. § 9641). It reads as follows:

'Debts owing to the United States, a state, a county, a      district, or a municipality as a penalty or forfeiture shall      not be allowed except for the amount of pecuniary loss      sustained by the act, transaction, or proceeding out of which      the penalty or forfeiture arose, with reasonable and actual      costs occasioned thereby and such interest as may have      accrued thereon according to law.'

The government withdrew its claim for 5 per cent. penalty, but urged its claim for 1 per cent. interest.

The referee, however, decided that the cited provisions 'constitued a statutory characterization or definition, * * *' not only as to the 5 per cent. penalty, but also in respect to the 1 per cent. interest per month, and relieved the estate in bankruptcy from its payment. He allowed the claim for $2,421.75, with interest at 6 per cent. per annum to the date of payment.

The order was affirmed by the District Court. This was affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals, and its action is now here for review.

At the outset we are confronted with the difference between penalty and interest. A penalty is a means of punishment; interest a means of compensation. Bouvier defines it to be 'a consideration paid for the use of money or forbearance in demanding it when due.' This court has declined to give it peremptory definition, and construing statutes considered that it could 'safely decline either to limit' the word 'debts' to 'existing dues, or to extend its meaning so as to embrace all dues of whatever origin and description.' Lane County v. Oregon, 7 Wall. 71, 79, 19 L. Ed. 101. See, also, New Jersey v. Anderson, 203 U.S. 483, 493, 27 S.C.t. 137, 51 L. Ed. 284. To what conclusion does like liberty of construction conduct in the present case?

The imposition of a tax is certainly a function of government and creates an obligation, and the power that creates the obligation can assign the measure of its delinquency-the detriment of delay in payment, and section 14a has done so in this case, and explicitly done so. Five per centum penalty is the cost of delinquency, and interest upon the amount due at 1 per cent. per month-12 per cent. a year. There is no ambiguity in the declaration nor the distinction made. Against their clearness and completeness section 57j of the Bankruptcy Act is cited.

The government yields as to the 5 per cent. penalty. It resists as to the 1 per cent. interest. The Circuit Court of Appeals considered that the 1 per cent. was involved, as well as being in effect penalty and not saved by its name, though it was imposed by the Legislature and within the legislative power, and notwithstanding that taxes are treated as debts within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Act. In re Sherwoods, 210 F. 754, 758, 127 C. C. A. 304, Ann. Cas. 1916A, 940; Kaw Boiler Works v. Schull, 230 F. 587, 144 C. C. A. 641, L. R. A. 1916E, 628.

The Circuit Court of Appeals adjudged the tax in the present case a debt and assigned against it interest at 6 per cent.; the court considering that that interest was compensation for the delinquency, anything in excess becoming penalty and within the prohibition of section 57j. The court said:

'On the point at bar [1 per cent. interest as the price of      the delay being penalty] we are in accord with In re Ashland,      etc. (D. C.) 229 F. 829, and hold that, there being no      evidence of any injury or damage to the government by the      withholding of this tax, except that which flows from the      nonpayment of a just debt, anything in excess of the legal rate of interest is to be treated as a penalty and      not allowed.'

We are unable to concur. It makes the rate of interest that of a particular locality, differing with the locality-in New York, as said by the government, 6 per cent.; in the Middle West, 8 per cent.; and on the Pacific Coast, 10 per cent.-and abridges or controls a federal statute by a local law or custom, and takes from it uniformity of operation. Besides, the federal statute is precise, and it is made peremptory by the distinction between 'penalty' and 'interest,' and if it may be conceded that the use of the latter word would not save it from condemnation if it were in effect the former, it cannot be conceded that 1 per cent. per month-12 per cent. a year-gives it that illegal effect, certainly not against legislative declaration that is within the legislative power, there being no ambiguity to resolve.

To this conclusion New York v. Jersawit, 263 U.S. 493, 44 S.C.t. 167, 68 L. Ed. 405, is not antagonistic. There a statute of New York (Consol. Laws, c. 60) was passed on which required 'every domestic corporation' to 'annually pay in advance * * * an annual franchise tax' upon its net income for the year next preceding, and provided that, if the tax were not paid, the corporation should pay 'in addition to the amount of such tax * * * ten per centum of such amount, plus one per centum for each month the tax * * * remains unpaid.' This liability the lower federal courts pronounced a penalty and not to be allowed. In that conclusion this court concurred and decided that, being penalty, it was disallowed by Bankruptcy Act, § 57j. And this not only because the 1 per centum was 'more than the value of the use of the money,' but because it was added by the statute to the 10 per cent. to make a single sum, and 'must be treated as part of one corpus, and must fall with that.'

The tax in this case is one on income; a Interest is put upon it and so denominated, Interest is put upon it and so denominated, distinguished from the 5 per cent. as pen alty, clearly intended to compensate the delay in payment of the tax-the detriment of its nonpayment, to be continued during the time of its nonpayment-compensation, not punishment.

Judgment reversed. 

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