Rhea v. Smith/Opinion of the Court
This case involves the validity of a lien of a judgment of the federal District Court of the Western District of Missouri sitting at Joplin, upon land of the judgment debtor in Jasper county, in that district, of which Joplin is the county seat. It turns on the question whether the law of Missouri, providing for the registration, recording, docketing, and indexing of judgments of the United States district courts for the purpose of making them liens upon land in that state, conforms to the provisions of the state law upon the same subject in reference to liens of judgments of the courts of record of the state. If it does, the lien and the title of the petitioner fail, and the judgment of the Supreme Court of Missouri must be affirmed. If not, then the case must be reversed.

The suit herein was brought in Jasper county by William A. Rhea, in one count to determine title to certain real estate in that county, and in another by ejectment to recover its possession. There was a judgment for the defendant in the trial court, and he appealed. The facts were as follows:

Blanche H. Whitlock was the common source of title of the plaintiff and the defendant, and in 1921, owned the property in dispute. As plaintiff, she had brought a suit in the United States District Court for the Southern Division of the Western District of Missouri at Joplin, in Jasper county. On January 10, 1921, the suit was dismissed and the costs of the case were adjudged against her in the sum of $8,890.20. On April 5, 1921, she conveyed the property in dispute to the defendant, Thomas C. Smith, for a consideration of $5,000. On July 22, 1921, execution was issued upon the judgment in the federal court, and under it the marshal sold part of the land and conveyed it by his deed to the plaintiff, Rhea, for $200. In December, 1921, another execution was issued, under which the marshal sold and conveyed to Rhea the remainder of the land in dispute for $25. The contention of Rhea is that the judgment of the federal court is a lien on the real estate from its rendition, that he acquired title to the fee through the execution sales, and that it was superior to any title acquired by subsequent conveyance of the judgment debtor. Smith, the respondent, contended that, in the absence of a transcript of the judgment of the federal court filed in the office of the clerk of the circuit court of Jasper county, as required by the Missouri law, the judgment was not a lien, and the conveyance to Smith, the respondent, by the judgment debtor, was free from its incumbrance. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court of Missouri, and heard by the Second Division. One of the judges having been absent and the two judges constituting the division differing in opinion, the case was heard en banc, and a majority of the court affirmed the judgment below, two of the judges dissenting.

In Wayman v. Southard, 10 Wheat. 1, 21, 22 (6 L. Ed. 253), this court said, through Chief Justice Marshall, referring to the effect of the last clause of section 8 of article 1 of the Constitution, authorizing Congress to make laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution powers vested in any department of the government:

'That a power to make laws for carrying into execution all      the judgments which the judicial department has power to      pronounce, is expressly conferred by this clause, seems to be      one of those plan propositions which reasoning cannot render      plainer. The terms of the clause neither require nor admit of      elucidation. The court therefore will only say that no doubt      whatever is entertained on the power of Congress over the      subject.'

By section 3 of the Process Act of May 19, 1828, c. 68, 4 Stat. 278, 281, writs of execution and other final process issued on judgments and decrees, rendered in any of the courts of the United States, were to be the same as those used in the courts of the state, provided, that it should be in the power of the courts, if they saw fit in their discretion, by rules of court, so far to alter final process in said courts as to conform the same to any change which might be adopted by the Legislatures of the respective states for the state courts.

The effect of this statute was considered in Massingill v. Downs, 7 How. 760, 12 L. Ed. 903, in which the question was of the validity of a lien of a judgment obtained in the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Mississippi in 1839. In 1841 the state of Mississippi had passed a law requiring judgments to be recorded in a particular way in order to make them a lien upon property. It was held that the statute did not abrogate the lien which had been acquired under the judgment of 1839, although the latter had not been recorded in the manner required by the state. Mr. Justice McLean, speaking for the court, said:

'In those states where the judgment on the execution of a      state court creates a lien only within the county in which      the judgment is entered, it has not been doubted that a      similar proceeding in the Circuit Court of the United States      would create a lien to the extent of its jurisdiction. This      has been the practical construction of the power of the      courts of the United States, whether the lien was held to be      created by the issuing of process or by express statute. Any      other construction would materially affect, and in some      degree subvert, the judicial power of the Union. It would      place suitors in the state courts in a much better condition      than in the federal courts.'

It was held, therefore, in that case, that the plaintiffs in the judgment had acquired a right under the authority of the United States, and that that right could not be affected by subsequent act of the state. This principle was affirmed in Brown v. Pierce, 7 Wall. 217, 19 L. Ed. 134, and Williams v. Benedict, 8 How. 107, 12 L. Ed. 1007.

Such was the state of the law until the passage of the Act of August 1, 1888, c. 729, 25 Stat. 357, which was the first formal act to regulate fully the liens of judgments and decrees of the courts of the United States. The whole act was as follows:

'An act to regulate the liens of judgments and decrees of the      courts of the United States.

'Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of      the United States of America in Congress assembled, that      judgments and decrees rendered in a circuit or district court of the United States within any state,      shall be liens on properly throughout such state in the same      manner and to the same extent and under the same conditions      only as if such judgments and decrees had been rendered by a      court of general jurisdiction of such state: Provided, that      whenever the laws of any state require a judgment or decree      of a state court to be registered, recorded, docketed,      indexed, or any other thing to be done, in a particular      manner, or in a certain office or county, or parish in the      state of Louisiana, before a lien shall attach, this act      shall be applicable therein whenever and only whenever the      laws of such state shall authorize the judgments and decrees      of the United States courts to be registered, recorded,      docketed, indexed, or otherwise conformed to the rules and      requirements relating to the judgments and decrees of the      courts of the state.

'Sec. 2. That the clerks of the several courts of the United      States shall prepare and keep in their respective offices      complete and convenient indices and cross-indices of the      judgment records of said courts, and such indices and records      shall at all times be open to the inspection and examination      of the public.

'Sec. 3. Nothing herein shall be construed to require the      docketing of a judgment or decree of a United States court,      or the filing of a transcript thereof, in any state office      within the same county or parish in the state of Louisiana in      which the judgment or decree is rendered, in order that such      judgment or decree may be a lien on any property within such      county.'

The third section was amended by the Act of March 2, 1895, c. 180, 28 Stat. 813, to read as follows:

'Nothing herein shall be construed to require the docketing      of a judgment or decree of a United States court, or the      filing of a transcript thereof, in any state office within      the same county or the same parish in the state of Louisiana      in which the judgment or decree is rendered, in order that such judgment or decree may be a lien on any      property within such county, if the clerk of the United      States court be required by law to have a permanent office      and a judgment record open at all times for public inspection      in such county or parish.'

By the Act of August 23, 1916, the amending act of 1895 was repealed, 39 Stat. 531, c. 397.

The legislation of Missouri (Rev. St. Mo. 1919), adopted in an effort to comply with the requirement of section 1 of the Congressional act of 1888, was as follows:

'Sec. 1554. Lien of Judgment in Supreme Court, Courts of      Appeals and Federal Courts in This State.-Judgments and      decrees obtained in the Supreme Court, in any United States      District or Circuit Court held within this state, in the      Kansas City Court of Appeals or the St. Louis Court of      Appeals, shall, upon the filing of a transcript thereof in      the office of the clerk of any circuit court, be a lien on      the real estate of the person against whom such judgment or      decree is rendered, situate in the county in which such      transcript is filed.

'Sec. 1555. Lien in Courts of Record, Generally.-Judgments      and decrees rendered by any court of record shall be a lien      on the real astate of the person against whom they are      rendered, situate in the county for which the court is held.

'Sec. 1556. The Commencement, Extent and Duration of      Lien.-The lien of a judgment or decree shall extend as well      to the real estate acquired after the rendition thereof as to      that which was owned when the judgment or decree was      rendered. Such liens shall commence on the day of the      rendition of the judgment, and shall continue for three      years, subject to be revived as hereinafter provided; but      when two or more judgments or decrees are rendered at the      same term, as between the parties entitled to such judgments      or decrees, the lien shall commence on the last day of the term at which they are      rendered.'

It is clear that Congress by the first section of the Act of August 1, 1888, quoted above, intended to change and limit the existing rule, as stated by this court, through Justice McLean, in Massingill v. Downs, supra, that federal court judgments were a lien upon lands throughout the territorial jurisdictions of the respective federal courts, but intended to do this only in those states which passed laws making the conditions of creation, scope, and territorial application of the liens of federal court judgments the same as state court judgments, so that, where any state has not passed such laws, the rule that federal judgments are liens throughout the territorial jurisdiction of such courts must still be in force. Dartmouth Savings Bank v. Bates (C. C.) 44 F. 546; Shrew v. Jones, 2 McLean, 78, 22 Fed. Cas. 40, No. 12,818.

The Missouri statutes prescribe that judgments rendered by any state court of record shall be a lien on the real estate of the person against whom they are rendered, situate in the county for which the court is held, and the lien shall commence on the day of the rendition of the judgment and shall continue for three years. They further provide that judgments obtained in the Supreme Court of the state, in any federal court held within the state, and in the Court of Appeals of either Kansas City or St. Louis, shall upon the filing of a transcript in the office of the clerk of any circuit court be a lien on the real estate of the person against whom such judgment or decree is rendered, situate in the county in which such transcript is filed.

It is very clear from this recital that a lien of a judgment of the federal court upon lands in the county in which it sits, if we give effect to the state statute, cannot be a lien unless a transcript of the judgment shall be made and filed in the office of the clerk of the circuit court of the state in that county; whereas no such transcript of a judgment in the state circuit court is required to create a lien for its judgment, but the lien takes effect the minute that it is entered on its record. Not only is this true with respect to the state circuit court of the county, a court of general jurisdiction, but it is also true of judgments in the county court and in the probate court of that county which are courts of record.

The majority opinion of the state Supreme Court in this case expresses the view that the difference is of so slight a character that it ought not to be regarded as a failure to conform to the federal statute. The opinion further points out that judgments of the Supreme Court of the state and of the Courts of Appeals of St. Louis and Kansas City can only become a lien upon the real estate of a judgment defendant in a particular county upon the filing of a transcript of them in the clerk's office of the circuit court where the land lies. Thus it is said that the United States District and Circuit Courts are put on the same basis as these appellate state courts, having, like the federal District Court, a larger jurisdiction than a county.

It is obvious, however that the district court of the United States is a court of first instance of general jurisdiction just as the circuit courts of the various counties in Missouri are courts of general jurisdiction of the first instance. The conformity required should obtain as between them, and not as between the federal court and the state appellate courts.

We are dealing here with a question necessarily of great nicety in determining the effect and the priority of liens upon real estate, and the subject requires exactness. Merely approximate conformity with reference to such a subject-matter will not do, especially where complete conformity is entirely possible. The Supreme Court of Missouri in its opinion says it would take but a short time and very little trouble to transcribe a judgment of the federal court sitting in a county seat and to file it in the office of the clerk of the state circuit court in the same place on the day of its rendition and thus put it on part with the lien of any judgment of the state circuit court rendered on the same day. It may be that the transcript of the judgment, if properly filed, even if the transcribing be delayed, as in usual course it is likely to be for several days, would not prejudice the holder of a judgment in the federal court, because its lien would date from its rendition in the federal court. The risk to be run, however, is in the danger that the agent or attorney of a judgment creditor in the federal court may forget to have the judgment transcribed and filed in the clerk's office of the circuit court of the county. Such forgetfulness by those changed with the duty is a factor to be considered, and makes a real difference between the provision for the lien of the federal court judgment and the instant attaching a lien upon the entry of the state court judgment without further action.

Reference is made by the state Supreme Court to In re Jackson Light & Traction Co., 269 F. 223, a decision of the Circuit Court of Appeals of the Fifth Circuit concerning a judgment rendered in Mississippi holding that the required conformity was furnished by the state statute. The statute required the enrollment of a judgment in the state court of general jurisdiction in order that it might become a lien upon the property in the county of its jurisdiction, only if enrolled 20 days after the term of entry of the judgment. The judgments of the federal court, the state Supreme Court and the chancery courts also became liens from the time they were enrolled in the county where the land lay. We think that case may well be distinguished from this one because necessity of enrollment was exacted as to every court.

The majority opinion of the Supreme Court of Missouri further dwells upon a significance thought to attach to the purpose of Congress in repealing section 3 of the statute of 1888 as amended by the statute of 1895. That section thus amended specifically forbade any state statute seeking conformity to require the docketing of a judgment or decree of a federal court, or the filing of a transcript thereof in any state office within the same county in which the federal judgment or decree was rendered, in order to be a lien on the property in that county, if the clerk of the federal court had a permanent office and a judgment record open at all times for public inspection in such county. It is said that the repeal of that section indicates Congress' intention to permit the requirement in the state statute that there should be some additional record in the state court in the county where the federal court sits of the federal judgment without destroying the required conformity. Even if this be conceded, it does not show that in order to secure conformity there must not be a similar requirement for a formal record in the state court of the county of its judgment to create a lien. It is the inequality which permits a lien instantly to attach to the rendition of the judgment without more in the state court, which does not so attach in the federal court in that same county, that prevents compliance with the requirement of section 1 of the act of 1888. In the Mississippi case, above referred to, there was the same formality of enrollment within 20 days after the judgment in order to secure a lien in both the state court and the federal court in the county where both sat.

We think that the three sections, 1555, 1556 and 1554, do not secure the needed conformity in the creation, extent and operation of the resulting liens upon land as between federal and state court judgments. The lien of federal court judgments in Missouri therefore attaches to all lands of the judgment debtor lying in the counties within the respective jurisdictions of the two federal District Courts in that state. This requires a reversal in this case of judgment of the Supreme Court of Missouri. The cause is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. 

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