United States v. Benz/Opinion of the Court
This case is here on a certificate from the court below under section 239 of the Judicial Code, as amended by the act of February 13, 1925, c. 229, 43 Stat. 936, 938, U.S.C.ode, title 28, § 346 (28 USCA § 346). Benz was indicted for a violation of the National Prohibition Act (27 USCA). He entered a plea of guilty and was sentenced to imprisonment for a term of ten months beginning December 27, 1929. While undergoing imprisonment under this sentence, and before expiration of the term of the federal District Court which had imposed the sentence, he filed a petition asking that the sentence be modified. The court, over the objection of the United States, entered an order reducing the term of imprisonment from ten to six months. The government appealed, and the court below, desiring the instruction of this Court, certified the following question:

'After a District Court of the United States has imposed a sentence of imprisonment upon a defendant in a criminal case, and after he has served a part of the sentence, has that court, during the term in which it was imposed, power to amend the sentence by shortening the term of imprisonment?'

The contention of the government is that after the defendant has been committed and has entered upon service of a valid sentence, the power of the court to alter the sentence, even at the same term, has come to an end. In addition, some stress is put upon the fact that the powers of the three departments of government are separated by the Constitution, so that one of the departments may not exercise the powers conferred upon either of the others; and it is suggested that from this separation the implication fairly may be drawn that a reduction by the court of a valid sentence after it has been party served is, in effect, an invasion of the power to pardon offenses, including the power to commute, vested in the executive by article 2, § 2, cl. 1, of the Constitution.

The general ule  is that judgments, decrees and orders are within the control of the court during the term at which they were made. They are then deemed to be 'in the breast of the court' marking them, and subject to be amended, modified, or vacated by that court. Goddard v. Ordway, 101 U.S. 745, 752, 25 L. Ed. 1040. The rule is not confined to civil cases, but applies in criminal cases as well, provided the punishment be not augmented. In re Lange, 18 Wall. 163, 167-174, 21 L. Ed. 872; Bassett v. United States, 9 Wall. 38, 19 L. Ed. 548. In the present case the power of the court was exercised to mitigate the punishment, not to increase it, and is thus brought within the limitation. Wharton, in Criminal Pl. and Pr. (9th Ed.) § 913, says: 'As a general practice, the sentence, when imposed by a court of record, is within the power of the court during the session in which it is entered, and may be amended at any time during such session, provided a punishment already partly suffered be not increased.'

The distinction that the court during the same term may amend a sentence so as to mitigate the punishment, but not so as to increase it, is not based upon the ground that the court has lost control of the judgment in the latter case, but upon the ground that to increase the penalty is to subject the defendant to double punishment for the same offense in violation of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution, which provides that no person shall 'be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.' This is the basis of the decision in Re Lange, supra. There, the punishment prescribed by statute was imprisonment for not more than one year or a fine of not less than $10 nor more than $200; but Lange was sentenced to one year's imprisonment and to pay $200 fine. Five days after the imprisonment had begun, after payment of the fine and during the same term, Lange was brought before the same court on a writ of habeas corpus; an order was entered vacating the former judgment, and he was again sentenced to one year's imprisonment from that time. This court stated the rule to be, page 167 of 18 Wall., 21 L. Ed. 872: 'The general power of the court over its own judgments, orders, and decrees, in both civil and criminal cases, during the existence of the term at which they are first made, is undeniable.' The court declared, however, that the power could not be so used as to violate the constitutional guarantee against double punishment, holding (page 173 of 18 Wall., 21 L. Ed. 872) that this guaranty applied to all cases where a second punishment is attempted to be inflicted for the same offense by a judicial sentence:

'For of what avail is the constitutional protection against      more than one trial if there can be any number of sentences      pronounced on the same verdict? Why is it that, having once      been tried and found guilty, he can never be tried again for      that offense? Manifestly it is not the danger or jeopardy of      being a second time found guilty. It is the punishment that      would legally follow the second conviction which is the real      danger guarded against by the Constitution. But if, after      judgment has been rendered on the conviction, and the      sentence of that judgment executed on the criminal, he can be      again sentenced on that conviction to another and different      punishment, or to endure the same punishment a second time,      is the constitutional restriction of any value? Is not its      intent and its spirit in such a case as much violated as if a      new trial has been had, and on a second conviction a second      punishment inflicted?

'The argument seems to us irresistible, and we do not doubt      that the Constitution was designed as much to prevent the      criminal from being twice punished for the same offence as      from being twice tried for it.'

But the court immediately proceeded to say, page 174 of 18 Wall., 21 L. Ed. 872:

'If the court, for instance, had rendered a judgment for two      years' imprisonment, it could no doubt, on its own motion,      have vacated that judgment during the term and rendered a      judgmet f or one year's imprisonment; or, if no part of the      sentence had been executed, it could have rendered a judgment      for two hundred dollars fine after vacating the first.'

Then returning to the question of double punishment, and reciting that Lange had paid the fine and had undergone five days of the one year's imprisonment first imposed, the court said, page 175 of 18 Wall., 21 L. Ed. 872:

'* * * Can the court vacate that judgment entirely, and      without reference to what has been done under it, impose      another punishment on the prisoner on that same verdict? To      do so is to punish him twice for the same offence. He is not      only put in jeopardy twice, but put to actual punishment      twice for the same thing.'

The Lange Case and the Bassett Case, supra, probably would have set at rest the question here presented had it not been for a statement in United States v. Murray, 275 U.S. 347, 358, 48 S.C.t. 146, 149, 72 L. Ed. 309. In that case this Court held that where the defendant had begun to serve his sentence, the District Court was without power, under the Probation Act of March 4, 1925 (18 USCA §§ 724-727), to grant him probation; and, citing In re Lange as authority, said: 'The beginning of the service of the sentence in a criminal case ends the power of the court even in the same term to change it.' But the Murray Case involved the construction of the Probation Act, not the general powers of the court over its judgments. The words quoted were used by way of illustration bearing upon the congressional intent, but were not necessary to the conclusion reached. That they state the rule more broadly than the Lange Case warrants is apparent from the foregoing review of that case.

The rule thus being settled for this court by its prior decisions, we need not discuss the conflicting state cases nor the conflicting decisions of lower federal courts which are cited, further than to say that the federal cases cited by the government in support of its position are comparatively recent, and at least in some instances rest upon the general statement in the Murray Case just quoted. The earlier view is to the contrary. Thus in the case of In re Graves (D. C.) 117 F. 798, 799, where a person had been resentenced to serve for a period of one and one-half years after having been imprisoned for a number of days under a sentence of two years, the court refused to discharge him on habeas corpus, saying:

'It involves only the inquiry whether the court possessed the      power to recall the prisoner, set aside the sentence, and      impose another modified sentence during the same term,      notwithstanding the fact alleged that execution of the former      sentence had commenced; and, whatever diversity of opinion      appears in other jurisdictions, the doctrine is established      in the federal courts that such power exists, and that it is      applicable as well where the original sentence was in excess      of jurisdiction. (Citing, among other cases, Ex parte Lange      and Bassett v. United States, supra.) In Ex parte Lange,      supra, the doctine so stated is distinctly recognized, but      the case is distinguished as one where the statute authorized      imprisonment, or fine, in the alternative only, and the      sentence imposed both; and the majority opinion merely holds      that new sentence of imprisonment alone cannot be imposed      after payment of the fine, which operated as a satisfaction      of the prior judgment. The sentence under which this      petitioner is imprisoned is in all respects more favorable to      him than was the original sentence, and escape therefrom is      sought on the ground of change in the place of imprisonment      after he had 'entered upon the service' of the first      sentence.

'As the place of imprisonment was discretionary, and in no      sense affected the jurisdiction, and the power of the court      over its own judgment within the term is undeniable (Exparte      Lange, supra), I am clearly of opinion that the sentence and      commitment in question are valid, and, no ground appearing to      grant the petitioner the benefits of a writ of habeas corpus,      the apli cation is denied.' With this application of the rule and interpretation of the prior decisions of this Court, we entirely agree.

We find nothing in the suggestion that the action of the district court in reducing the punishment after the prisoner had served a part of the imprisonment originally imposed was a usurpation of the pardoning power of the executive. The judicial power and the executive power over sentences are readily distinguishable. To render judgment is a judicial function. To carry the judgment into effect is an executive function. To cut short a sentence by an act of clemency is an exercise of executive power which abridges the enforcement of the judgment, but does not alter it qua judgment. To reduce a sentence by amendment alters the terms of the judgment itself and is a judicial act as much as the imposition of the sentence in the first instance.

The question propounded must be answered in the affirmative.

It is so ordered. 

Notes