Dwight v. Merritt/Opinion of the Court
This was an action by an importer, the testator of the present plaintiffs in error, against the late collector of the port of New York, to recover an alleged excess of duty exacted on a cargo of iron rails imported from Pillau, Russia, in June, 1880. The collector assessed a duty on the merchandise at 70 cents per hundred pounds, under Schedule E, § 2504, Rev. St., as 'iron bars for railroads or inclined planes.' The importer claimed that the merchandise was dutiable at only $8 per ton, under the following provision of the same schedule: 'Wrought scrapiron of every description: eight dollars per ton. But nothing shall be deemed scrap-iron except waste orrefuse iron that has been in actual use, and is fit only to be remanufactured.' The importer paid the duties as assessed, duly protested against their exaction, and appealed to the secretary of the treasury, who affirmed the ruling of the collector. Thereupon this action was brought to recover the difference between the duty exacted and what the importer claimed should have been exacted, amounting to $2,880.65. The case was tried before Judge SHIPMAN and a jury, resulting in a verdict and judgment in favor of the collector. To review that judgment this writ of error is prosecuted. The bill of exceptions shows the following facts: The rails in question were completed rails, and were imported from Russia by Waterman & Co., of Philadelphia, for the purpose of breaking them up and remanufacturing them in Waterman's mill, at Danville, Pa. They were in fact so disposed of. The rails were not suitable for use in this country, in the condition they were imported, being of too high a pattern to be safe, too short, and too heavy and expensive. They were fit in this country only for remanufacture. There was no evidence that they had ever been used for any purpose whatever, or had ever been laid on a railroad in Russia, although they had been sent to that country for that purpose; and were, when imported, somewhere from three to eight years old, and rusty. The evidence of the plaintiff's witnesses showed that the rails, as impoted , were too expensive for profitable use on American railroads; and that at the time of their importation it would have paid better to import a new rail of this character, provided it could be entered under the scrap-iron schedule, and remodeled for the purpose of making railroad rails, than to buy pig-iron, and manufacture the rails from that, because, for the purpose of making new iron rails, these rails were three processes further advanced than pig-iron would be. Those witnesses also testified that they could not say whether or not the rails in question had ever been in actual use prior to their importation. The plaintiff offered to show by a witness who was familiar with the manufacture of iron, what the terms 'scrap-iron' and 'waste iron' usually meant in the trade, or in commercial usage, but the defendant objected; and the court sustained the objection, on the ground that these terms were defined by the statute. Whereupon the plaintiff saved an exception. Another witness called by the plaintiff was allowed to testify, describing the different varieties of scrap-iron, the manner in which it originated, and the purposes for which it was afterwards used. The defendant's witnesses testified, in substance, that the rails in question were all of the same length and weight, and were not broken on the edges or elsewhere; but, on cross-examination, they admitted that they varied in weight somewhat, there being 63 pounds difference between the heaviest and the lightest. The court charged the jury that, under the evidence and the law of the case, the only question was whether the iron had been in actual use prior to its importation, for the requirements of the statute, in respect to actual use, applied as well to waste as to refuse iron; that the burden of proof was on the plaintiff to satisfy the jury, by a fair preponderance of the evidence, that the rails had been in actual use; and that, unless that fact were so proven, their verdict should be for the defendant. Counsel for the plaintiff excepted to those portions of the charge above mentioned, and the only real question to be determined here is as to the correctness of those instructions; for, if they were correct, the evidence offered as to the commercial designation of the term 'scrap-iron' was immaterial, and there was no error in excluding it from the jury.

The provision of the statute invoked by the plaintiff is found in Schedule E, § 2504, Rev. St., and, with its punctuation, as published in the second edition of the Revised Statutes, is as follows: 'Wrought scrap-iron of every description: eight dollars per ton. But nothing shall be deemed scrap-iron except waste or refuse iron that has been in actual use, and is fit only to be remanufactured.' It is clear that the rails were dutiable either under the clause claimed by the collector to embrace them, or under the scrap-iron clause above quoted, invoked by the plaintiffs in error, since no provision of the metal schedule appears to have, or is claimed to have, any application to the question, and they were confessedly not on the free list. The plaintiffs in error contend that the action of the collector was illegal in assessing, as 'iron bars for railroads or inclined planes,' old iron rails, which, it is admitted, were not adapted to any such use, nor imported for any such purpose, but which were manifestly imported solely for remanufacture. It is urged in support of this view, that as the law stood prior to the enactment by congress of the Revised Statutes of the United States, as shown by the act of March 2, 1861, (12 St. 180,) the provision corresponding to the one under discussion was in the following words: 'On all iron imported in bars for railroads or inclined planes made to patterns, and fitted to be laid down upon such roads or planes without further manufacture, and not exceeding six inches high, twelve dollars per ton;' that this statute and phraseology were changed by the act of June 30, 1864, (13 St. 204,) by omitting the limtat ion of height, and substituting a rate by the pound for that of the ton, as follows: 'On all iron imported in bars for railroads and inclined planes, made to patterns and fitted to be laid down on such roads or planes without further manufacture, sixty cents per one hundred pounds;' that an additional 10 cents per 100 pounds was imposed, under the pressure of financial necessity, by the act of March 3, 1865, (13 St. 493,) 'on iron bars for railroads or inclined planes;' and it is insisted that, as these two last-mentioned tariff acts are reproduced in this brief phrase of the Revised Statutes, no meaning should be attached to it different from that which obtains in those statutes. The argument is ingenious, but we cannot agree to the conclusion to which it conduces.

The Revised Statutes are not a mere compilation and consolidation of the laws of congress in force on the 1st of December, 1873. The object of that revision was to simplify and bring together all statutes and parts of statutes which, from similarity of subject, ought to be brought together, to expunge redundant and obsolete enactments, and to make such alterations as might be necessary to reconcile contradictions and amend imperfections in the original text of the pre-existing statutes. All those statutes were abrogated by section 5596, which provides that 'all acts of congress passed prior to said first day of December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, any portion of which is embraced in any section of said revision, are hereby repealed, and the section applicable thereto shall be in force in lieu thereof.' It is true that those statutes, though repealed simultaneously with the enactment of the Revised Statutes, may be referred to and considered, in order to interpret the meaning of obscure and ambiguous phrases in any section of said revision; but no such reference is necessary or proper in order to modify, under the color of interpretation, any phrases the meaning of which is clear and free from any doubt, except what the terms of the statute invoked may suggest. The title of the Revised Statutes headed 'Duties Upon Imports' is manifestly intended to be a complete system of tariff legislation, and to embrace and provide for every class of imported articles subject to import duties. The clause we are now considering in the provision of Schedule E, § 2504, is in clear, explicit, and intelligible language. There is nothing in that clause, or in any other clause in that section, or in any other section in that title, which renders the meaning of this particular phrase doubtful, or leaves room for interpretation or the interpolation of words taken from other preceding statutes upon the subject. The next question is, was the merchandise, in any sense, dutiable under the 'scrap-iron' schedule? In other words, was the construction put upon that clause of the statute the correct one? The exact language of the court in its instruction to the jury on this question was as follows: 'The statute defines scrap-iron to be waste or refuse iron that has been in actual use, and is fit only to be remanufactured. It is in proof that this importation was fit in this country only for remanufacture. The only question is whether the iron had been in actual use, for the requirement that it should have been in actual use applies as well to waste as to refuse iron.' Looking to the language of the statute, it is clear that the grammatical construction of it authorizes the conclusion adopted by the court; and it is immaterial, in this connection, whether the terms 'waste' and 'refuse' be held to apply to two different classes of iron, as is claimed by the plaintiffs in error, or whether, as is most probably the case, they are used in the statute as synonymous terms to represent old iron generally. The language of the statute is plain and unambiguous in its definition of what shall constitute 'scrap-iron' under that schedule. The phrase 'nothing shall be deemed scrapiron except,' etc., clearly shows that there might be oher  classes or kinds of scrapiron known to the trade than those mentioned as dutiable under that clause of the statute, and therefore clearly indicates that not everything generally known as 'scrap-iron' was dutiable under that clause. The statute evidently contemplated that 'scrap-iron,' as known to the trade and in commercial usage, was rather a broad term, embracing several varieties of iron; but it was only certain kinds of it that were dutiable under that clause. We think the construction adopted by the court a correct one, and that any other would be strained and unauthorized. As persuasive of this view, it may be well to state that it is the one adopted by the treasury department, and always acted on in administering the tariff act; and it is the interpretation placed on the act by Attorney General Devens, January 24, 1880. 16 Op. Attys. Gen. 445. Moreover, looking at the clause of the statute under which the duty was assessed, and taking into consideration the actual condition of the rails when imported, we think the importer's invoice improperly described the rails as 'pieces iron rails, rusty;' and it would seem that the classification made by the collector was right. They were completed rails, and had never been in actual use, although they were several years old and somewhat rusty. Their condition was that of 'iron bars for railroads or inclined planes.' True, they may not have been made after the most approved style of the article in use on American railroads; but that does not alter their condition at that time, which is the test as to their dutiable classification. As was said by Mr. Justice BLATCHFORD, speaking for the court in Worthington v. Robbins, ante, 581 (decided at the present term:) 'In order to produce uniformity in the imposition of duties, the dutiable classification of articles imported must be ascertained by an examination of the imported article itself, in the condition in which it is imported.' In this case the rails were described in the invoice as 'pieces iron rails, rusty;' by the appraiser as 'iron railway bars;' and in the original entry and on the withdrawal as 'pieces old iron rails.' From these descriptions, which were somewhat variant, and from the completed condition of the rails as railroad rails, there was certainly nothing in the premises to show that they might not have been put into actual use in this country without undergoing the process of remanufacture. All the various questions of utility and adaptation of the merchandise imported are not supposed to enter into the decision of the collector in determining its dutiable classification, under the rule in Worthington v. Robbins.

Judgment affirmed. 

Notes