United States v. Village of Hubbard/Opinion of the Court
These cases were argued together. They present, on substantially similar facts, the question whether interurban electric railroads engaged in interstate commerce are subject generally to regulation by the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Each case is a direct appeal, under Act Oct. 22, 1913, c. 32, 38 Stat. 208, 220, from a final decree of the federal court for Northern Ohio setting aside an order of the Commission. In each the plaintiff below was an Ohio municipality, and the carrier, who intervened as defendant, an independent interurban electric railroad. The carriers operate lines within and between Ohio municipalities, and also between these and a city in an adjoining state. The orders require the carriers to raise intrastate interurban passenger fares which, as the Commission found, subject interstate commerce to unjust discrimination. Fares within the Ohio municipalities are not affected. Ohio Rates, Fares, and Charges, 64 Interst. Com. Com'n R. 493; Ohio and Pennsylvania Rates, Fares, and Charges, 64 Interest. Com. Com'n R. 517.

The Commission granted the relief under the rule of The Shreveport Case, 234 U.S. 342, 34 S.C.t. 833, 58 L. Ed. 1341, and Railroad Commission of Wisconsin v. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. Co., 257 U.S. 563, 42 S.Ct. 232, 66 L. Ed. 371, 22 A. L. R. 1086. The District Court held the orders void, on the ground that the jurisdiction conferred by Congress upon the Commission did not extend to interurban electric railroads of the character of those here involved; that its jurisdiction was limited to those which are operated as part of a general steam railroad system, or which, if operated independently, are engaged in the general transportation of freight, in addition to their passenger and express business; and that these carriers possessed neither of 'these dominating characteristics.' Village of Hubbard, Ohio, v. United States et al. (D. C.) 278 F. 754; City of Wellsville, Ohio, v. United States et al. (D. C.) 278 F. 769. We have no occasion to inquire into the correctness of the latter ruling, as we are of opinion that the Commission's jurisdiction to prevent unjust discrimination by interurban electric railroads against interstate commerce is not so limited. 

In 1897, the Commission assumed jurisdiction over the passenger fares of an electric railroad which operated between the District of Columbia and a neighboring village in Maryland. Willson v. Rock Creek Ry. Co., 7 Interst. Com. Com'n R. 83. The development of interurban roads became general about 1902.  The authority to regulate them has been consistently exercised by the Commission in many cases and for many purposes. Since 1915, interurban electric roads have been required to file with it annual reports of their finances and operations.  Jurisdiction over Urban Electric Lines, 33 Interst. Com. Com'n R. 536. In exercising authority over their passenger fares, no distinction has been made between those interurban roads which were engaged in the general transportation of freight in addition to their passenger and express business and those which were not.  On the other hand the distinction suggested in Omaha & Council Bluffs Street Ry. Co. v. Interstate Commerce Commission, 230 U.S. 324, 337, 33 S.C.t. 890, 57 L. Ed. 1501, 46 L. R. A. (N. S.) 385, between interurban railroads and urban or suburban street railways has been carefully observed.

Neither in the Act to Regulate Commerce Feb. 4, 1887, c. 104, 24 Stat. 379, nor in any amendments thereto prior to that of Act June 18, 1910, c. 309, 36 Stat. 539, 552, is there any specific reference to electric railroads. The basis for the jurisdiction of the Commission over them is the generality of the language of the original act, which declared in section 1 (Comp. St. § 8563) that its provisions 'shall apply to any common carried engaged in the transportation of passengers or of property * * * by railroad.' As the act made no distinction between railroads operated by steam and those operated by electricity, the Commission made none. Similarly, the words 'common carrier by railroad' contained in the federal Employers' Liability Act of April 22, 1908, c. 149, 35 Stat. 65, being Comp. St. §§ 8657-8665 (Kansas City Ry. Co. v. McAdow, 240 U.S. 51, 36 S.C.t. 252, 60 L. Ed. 520), in the Safety Appliance Act of March 2, 1893, 27 Stat. 531, c. 196, as amended by Act March 2, 1903, c. 976, 32 Stat. 943, being Comp. St. §§ 8613-8615 (Spokane & Inland Empire R. Co. v. Campbell, 241 U.S. 497, 36 S.C.t. 683, 60 L. Ed. 1125), and in Hours of Service Act March 4, 1907, c. 2939, 34 Stat. 1415, being Comp. St. §§ 8677-8680 (Denver & Interurban Ry. Co. v. United States, 236 F. 685, 150 C. C. A. 17), were applied to interurban electric railroads.

The correctness of the Commission's action in assuming jurisdiction over the interurban roads is confirmed by the action of Congress which, in recent amendments of the Act to Regulate Commerce, limited, in respect to certain subjects, the authority over them. The Commission entertained, in 1908, applications of interurban electric railroads to establish for freight through routes and joint rates with steam railroads.  The Act of June 18, 1910, c. 309, 36 Stat. 539, 551, 552 (Comp. St. § 8583) provided that 'the Commission shall not, * * * establish any through route, classification, or rate between street electric passenger railways not engaged in * * * transporting freight in addition to their passenger and express business and railroads of a different character.'  Transportation Act 1920, c. 91, 41 Stat. 456 (Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1923, § 10071 1/4 et seq.), enlarged, in several respects, the powers of the Commission, and dealt also in other ways with carriers engaged in interstate commerce. In doing so, it provided expressly in five sections for the exclusion of certain electric railways from the operation of the powers conferred; and it also differentiated interurban electric railways from street and suburban railways by specific reference to each, although a distinction in treatment was made in only one case.  These provisions indicate that Congress did not intend to deny to the Commission the power to regulate interurban railways in other respects.

Reversed.

The separate opinion of Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS.

In Omaha & Council Bluffs Street Railway Co. v. Interstate Commerce Commission, 230 U.S. 324, 33 S.C.t. 890, 57 L. Ed. 1501, 46 L. R. A. (N. S.) 385, decided June 9, 1913, this court pointed out the radical difference between street railroads and common carriers by railroad and, for the potent reasons indicated, held the latter were within the Interstate Commerce Act (Comp. St. § 8563 et seq.) and the former were not. The distinction is certainly a sound one and, I think, it was rightly observed by the court below.

Since the opinion in 1913 Congress has given much consideration to the Interstate Commerce Act, but nowhere do I find expression of a definite purpose to disregard the limitations there approved. The question is highly important; the subject-matter is essentially local in nature; the states can and should control until and unless Congress, by clear language, shall indicate its intent to regulate. The creators ought not be deprived of power over their own creatures as to domestic traffic permitted only under carefully considered contracts, because of detached and obscure sentences found here and there in a general enactment designed for carriers whose lines constitute integral parts of the great interstate railway system of the country. 

Notes