United States v. Winchester & Potomac Railroad Company (163 U.S. 244)/Opinion of the Court
The United States contends that the claim in question is not one of which the court of claims could take cognizance for purposes of final adjudication; that the case is not one of implied contract; and that the government is protected from any judgment against it by the statutory limitation of six years. The first of these questions does not seem to have been raised in the court below.

The act of February 24, 1855 (chapter 122), by which the court of claims was constituted, gave it jurisdiction to hear and determine all claims against the United States 'founded upon any law of congress, or upon any regulation of an executive department, or upon any contract, express or implied, with the government of the United States.' 10 Stat. 612. But by a subsequent act, passed July 4, 1864 (chapter 240), it was declared 'that the jurisdiction of the court of claims shall not extend to or include any claim against the United States growing out of the destruction or appropriation of, or damage to, property by the army or navy, or any part of the army or navy, engaged in the suppression of the Rebellion, from the commencement to the close thereof.' 13 Stat. 381.

By the act of February 21, 1867 (chapter 57), it was provided that the act of 1864 should 'not be construed to authorize the settlement of any claim for supplies or stores taken or furnished for the use of, or used by the armies of the United States, nor for the occupation of, or injury to, real estate, nor for the consumption, appropriation or destruction of, or damage to, personal property, by the military authorities or troops of the United States, where such claim originated during the war for the suppression of the Southern rebellion, in a state, or part of a state, declared in insurrection.' 14 Stat. 397.

The Revised Statutes omitted the provisions of the acts of 1864 and 1867. Whether that omission was intentional or not we need not inquire; for by the act of February 18, 1875 (chapter 80), which was passed to correct errors and supply omissions in the Revised Statutes, section 1059, enumerating the matters or cases of which the court of claims could take cognizance, was amended by adding to its fourth paragraph the following additional proviso: 'Provided, also, that the jurisdiction of the court of claims shall not extend to any claim against the United States growing out of the destruction or appropriation of, or damage to, property by the army or navy engaged in the suppression of the Rebellion.' 18 Stat. 318.

The Tucker act, of March 3, 1887 (chapter 359), expressly withholds from the court of claims, and from the district and circuit courts of the United States, 'jurisdiction to hear and determine claims growing out of the late civil war, and commonly kno n as 'War Claims." 24 Stat. 505.

It thus appears that at the time the appellee, by its president, made application to the military authorities to have its road, as well as the iron rails in question, restored to its possession, the court of claims was without authority to adjudicate any claim against the United States 'growing out of' the destruction or 'appropriation' of or damage to property by the army or navy engaged in the suppression of the Rebellion; further, that, at the time the appellee's claim was transmitted by the secretary of the treasury to the court of claims for adjudication, that court was without jurisdiction to hear and determine claims 'growing out of the late Civil War, and commonly known as 'War Claims." Of course, the 'War Claims' to which the act of 1887 referred included those described in the previous acts as claims growing out of the destruction or appropriation or damage to property by the army or navy engaged in the suppression of the Rebellion.

Is the claim of the appellee a 'War Claim,' within the meaning of the act of 1887? Light will be thrown upon this question by the decisions construing the act of 1864, which excluded from the jurisdiction of the court of claims any claim 'growing out of' the destruction or 'appropriation' of property by the army or navy engaged in the suppression of the Rebellion.

In Filor v. U.S., 9 Wall. 45, 48, 49, it appeared that a certain wharf and its appurtenances at Key West, Fla., were in the use and occupation of the United States during the Civil War, under an agreement as to rental between an acting assistant quartermaster, stationed at that place, and the owner of the property, but the agreement was not approved by the quartermaster general. This court said: 'No lease of the premises for the use of the quartermaster's department, or any branch of it, could be binding upon the government until approved by the quartermaster general. Until such approval the action of the officers at Key West was as ineffectual to fix any liability upon the government as if they had been entirely disconnected from the public service. The agreement or lease was, so far as the government is concerned, the work of strangers. The obligation of the government for the use of the property is exactly what it would have been if the possession had been taken and held without the existence of the agreement. Any obligation of that character cannot be considered by the court of claims.' Referring to the provisions of the above act of July 4, 1864, the court proceeded: 'The premises of the petitioners were thus appropriated by a portion of the army. It matters not that the petitioners, supposing that the officers at Key West could bind the government to pay a stipulated rent for the premises, consented to such appropriation. The manner of the appropriation, whether made by force or upon the consent of the owner, does not affect the question of jurisdiction. The consideration of any claim, whatever its character, growing out of such appropriation, is excluded. The term 'appropriation' is of the broadest import. It includes all taking and use of property by the army and navy, in the course of the war, not authorized by contract with the government. * * * If the petitioners are entitled to compensation for the use of the property, they must seek it from congress.'

The case of U.S. v. Russell, 13 Wall. 623. 632, was somewhat different in its facts. That was a suit to recover for the use of certain steamboats used in the public service by the military authorities at St. Louis, Mo., in 1863. It appeared from the findings of the court of claims that the military officers did not intend to 'appropriate' the steamboats to the United States, nor even their services, although they did intend to compel the masters and crews, with the steamers, to perform the services needed, and that the United States should pay a reasonable compensation for such services; that such was the understanding of the owner; and that the steamers, as soon as the services for which they were required had been performed, were returned to the exclusive possession and control of the owner. The steamers were equipped, victualed, and manned by the owner, and he, or persons by him appointed, continued in their command throughout the entire period of the service. 'He yielded at once,' this court said, 'to the military order, and entered into the service of the government, and the court here fully concur with the court of claims that there was not such an appropriation of the steamboats or of the services of the masters and crews as prohibited the court below from taking jurisdiction of the case. On the contrary, the court is of the opinion that the findings of the court of claims show that the employment and use of the steamboats were such as raise an implied promise on the part of the United States to reimburse the owner for the services rendered and the expenses incurred, as allowed by the court of claims. Valuable services, it is conceded, were rendered by the appellee, and it is not pretended that the amount allowed is excessive. Neither of the steamers was destroyed, nor is anything claimed as damages; and inasmuch as the findings show that an appropriation of the steamers was not intended, and that both parties understood that a reasonable compensation for the services was to be paid by the United States, the court is of the opinion that the objection to the jurisdiction of the court of claims cannot be sustained, as the claim is not for 'the destruction or appropriation of or damage to property by the army or navy engaged in the suppression of the Rebellion."

Another case is that of Pugh v. U.S., 13 Wall. 633, 634, 635. In the petition in that case the claimant averred 'that the United States, during the late Civil War, illegally, violently, and forcibly took possession of his plantation, in the state of Louisiana, on the false pretext that it had been abandoned by the owner. and held it until January, 1866, during which time the United States and the agents placed in charge of the plantation destroyed and carried away the property of the petitioner, to the value of $42,508; and that the United States, during the same period, rented the plantation to sundry persons, who made large crops, worth $15,000 or $30,000.' Chief Justice Chase, speaking for the court, said: 'The destruction of the property complained of was during the war, and in one of the states engaged in the Rebelion, and the presumption, in the absence of inconsistent allegations, is that it was by the military forces of the United States. It is clear that a petition for compensation for injuries of this character could not be sustained in the court of claims, for the demand plainly grows 'out of the destruction or appropriation of or damage to property by the army or navy engaged in the suppression of the Rebellion,' and is excluded from the cognizance of that court by the express terms of the act of July 4, 1864. * * * It is plain, therefore, that the petition does not state a case within the jurisdiction of the court of claims. If the petitioner has any claim upon the government, he must seek relief from congress.'

The present case in controlled by the decisions in Filor v. U.S. and Pugh v. U.S. It is not a case, like that of U.S. v. Russell, of the use of property under a valid implied agreement that the owner should be compensated, but is one of the actual appropriation by the military authorities of the United States, engaged in the suppression of the Rebellion, of property which, at the time of such appropriation, was being employed by the Confederate government in hostility to the Union. The transaction had no element of contract, but was wholly military in character. In Russell's Case, the owner of the property acquiesced in its use by the government, and there was such an understanding between the government and himself as made it, in the opinion of this court, the duty of the former, under the constitution, to make just comp nsation to the latter. In the case now before us, the road and its appurtenances were seized without regard to the assent of the owner, and without any understanding that compensation was to be made. Indeed, it would not have been competent for the military authorities of the United States to have bound the government to make compensation to the appellee for the use or for the return of property which, when seized, was being actively employed, under a contract with its owner, to advance the cause of the Rebellion. If the appellee's road and the iron upon it were not, under the circumstances which attended their seizure, 'appropriated' by the military authorities engaged in the suppression of the Rebellion, it is difficult to conceive of a case of an appropriation of property within the meaning of the acts of 1864 and 1875. The road and its appurtenances having been thus seized and appropriated, for military purposes, during the war, what was done by the military authorities of the United States is to be regarded as an act of war, and the claim of the appellee, for the proceeds of the property appropriated, must be deemed a 'War Claim,' within the meaning of the act of 1887, and therefore expressly excluded from the jurisdiction of the court of claims at the time it was transmitted to that court for adjudication. Jurisdiction could not attach by reason simply of the claim having been certified to that court by an executive department, under section 1063, as one involving controverted questions of fact and law; for in U.S. v. State of New York, 160 U.S. 598, 615, 16 Sup. Ct. 402, the various statutes relating to the jurisdiction of the court of claims were examined, and it was held, upon full consideration, that, notwithstanding the passage of the Bowman and Tucker acts, a claim described in section 1063 of the Revised Statutes could be transmitted to the court of claims for 'final adjudication,' provided 'such claim be not barred by limitation, and be one of which, by reason of its subject-matter and character, that court could take judicial cognizance at the voluntary suit of the claimant.'

The appellee insists that its claim is not a 'War Claim,' but is one founded upon contract made after the civil war ended. But in whatever light the matter be viewed, and even if it were held that the military authorities of the United States, after actual hostilities ceased, agreed to return the iron in question to the appellee, its claim is one 'growing out of' the appropriation of property by the army engaged in the suppression of the Rebellion, and therefore a 'War Claim,' within the meaning of the above act of March 3, 1887. It could not be divested of that character by anything done or omitted to be done by any officer or department of the government. After the suppression of the Rebellion, the military authorities had no such relations to property appropriated by them during the war as enabled them, by contract or otherwise, to turn a claim growing out of such appropriation into a claim based upon contract, and thereby give to the court of claims a jurisdiction denied to it by congress. We do not mean to say that this claim might not have been allowed by the proper executive department, and paid out of moneys at its disposal for such purposes. No such question is now presented, and we therefore express no opinion upon it. We adjudge nothing more than that the court of claims could not take judicial cognizance of this claim, because it was and is a 'War Claim,' that is, one growing out of the appropriation of property by the army while engaged in the suppression of the Rebellion, and not one arising upon a valid contract, express or implied, made when such appropriation occurred.

These views render it unnecessary to consider any other question in the case, and require a reversal of the judgment.

The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded, with directions to dismiss the action for want of jurisdiction in the court of claims.

Reversed.

Mr  Justice SHIRAS dissents. 

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