Roberts v. Lewis (144 U.S. 653)/Opinion of the Court
The principal question argued in this case is upon the true construction of the devise of Jacob Dawson to his wife, in view of the conflicting decisions of this court and of the supreme court of Nebraska. Giles v. Little, 104 U.S. 291; Little v. Giles, 25 Neb. 313, 41 N. W. Rep. 186. See, also, Little v. Giles, 118 U.S. 596, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 32; Giles v. Little, 134 U.S. 645, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 623.

But a preliminary question to be decided is whether the circuit court of the United States appears upon this record to have had any jurisdiction of the case.

The petition or declaration alleges in due form that the plaintiff is a citizen of the state of Wisconsin and the defendant is a citizen of the state of Nebraska; and further alleges that the plaintiff has a legal estate in, and is entitled to the immediate possession of, certain lots in Lancaster county, in the state of Nebraska, and the defendant has kept, and still keeps, the plaintiff out of possession thereof; wherefore the plaintiff prays for judgment for delivery of possession of the premises to him. The answer sets up two defenses: (1) Open and adverse possession of the premises by the defendant for 10 years; (2) a general denial of each and every allegation in the petition. The special verdict finds facts bearing on the merits of the case, but nothing as to the citizenship of the parties.

Whenever the jurisdiction of the circuit court of the United States depends upon the citizenship of the parties, it has been held from the beginning that the requisite citizenship should be alleged by the plaintiff, and must appear of record; and that, when it does not so appear, this court, on writ of error, must reverse the judgment for want of jurisdiction in the circuit court. Brown v. Keene, 8 Pet. 112; Insurance Co. v. Rhoads, 119 U.S. 237, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 193.

Doubtless, so long as the rules of pleading in the courts of the United States remained as at common law, the requisite citizenship of the parties, if duly alleged or apparent in the declaration, could not be denied by the defendant, except by plea in abatement, and was admitted by pleading to the merits of the action. Sheppard v. Graves, 14 How. 505.

But since 1872, when congress assimilated the rules of pleading, practice, and forms and modes of procedure in actions at law in the courts of the United States to those provailing in the courts of the several states, all defenses are open to a defendant in the circuit court of the United States, under any form of plea, answer, or demurrer, which would have been open to him under like pleading in the courts of the state within which the circuit court is held. Act June 1, 1872, c. 255, § 5, (17 St. p. 197;) Rev. St. § 914; Bank v. Lowery, 93 U.S. 72; Glenn v. Sumner, 132 U.S. 152, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 41; Central Transp. Co. v. Pullman's Palace Car Co., 139 U.S. 24, 39, 40, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 478.

By the Nebraska Code of Civil Procedure (section 62) every civil action is commenced by petition; and by section 92 the petition must contain 'the name of the court and county in which the action is brought, and the names of the parties plaintiff and defendant,' 'a statement of the facts constituting the cause of action,' and 'a demand of the relief to which the party supposes himself entitled.' By section 94 the defendant may demur to the petition for certain matters appearing on its face, among which are 'that the court has no jurisdiction of the person of the defendant, or the subject of the action,' and 'that the petition does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action;' and by section 95 the demurrer must specify the grounds of objection, or else be regarded as limited to the latter ground only. By section 96, 'when any of the defects enumerated in section 94 do not appear upon the face of the petition, the objection may be taken by answer;' and in every case, by section 99, the answer must contain 'a general or specific denial of each material allegation of the petition controverted by the defendant,' and 'a statement of any new matter constituting a defense.'

Under this Code, as under the Code of New York, upon which it was modeled, the answer takes the place of all pleas at common law, whether general or special, in abatement or to the merits; and a positive denial in the answer of 'each and every allegation in the petition' puts in issue every material allegation therein, as fully as if it had been specifically and separately denied. Sweet v. Tuttle, 14 N. Y. 465; Gardner v. Clark, 21 N. Y. 399; Donovan v. Fowler, 17 Neb. 247, 22 N. W. Rep. 424; Hassett v. Curtis, 20 Neb. 162, 29 N. W. Rep. 295; Maxewell, Pr. (4th Ed.) 127, 128; Bliss, Code Pl. (2d Ed.) § 345. And by the express terms of sections 94, 96, above cited, an objection that the court has no jurisdiction, either of the person of the defendant, or of the subject of the action, may be taken by demurrer, if it appears on the face of the petition, and by answer, if it does not so appear.

The necessary consequence is that the allegation of the citizenship of the parties, being a material allegation, properly made in the petition, was put in issue by the answer, and, like other affirmative and material allegations made by the plaintiff and denied by the defendant, must be proved by the plaintiff. The record showing no proof or finding upon this essential point, on which the jurisdiction of the circuit court depended, the judgment must be reversed, with costs, for want of jurisdiction in the circuit court, and the case remanded to that court, which may, in its discretion, either dismiss the action for want of jurisdiction, or set aside the verdict and permit the plaintiff to offer evidence of the citizenship of the parties. Insurance Co. v. Rhoads, 119 U.S. 237, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 193.

Judgment reversed, and case remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings in accordance with the opinion of this court. 

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