Boston v. Piper/Opinion of the Court
This suit was brought by Piper against the Boston & Maine Railroad to recover damages for loss occasioned by delay in delivering cattle as a result of the company's negligence. The plaintiff recovered damages and the judgment was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Vermont. 90 Vt. 176, 97 Atl. 508.

The plaintiff shipped the cattle upon paying the reduced rate for shipment thereof under the Uniform Live Stock Agreement containing, among other things, the following:

'The same has been received by said carrier for itself and on      behalf of connecting carriers for transportation subject to      official tariffs, classifications and rules of the said      company and upon the following terms and conditions which are      admitted and accepted by the said shipper as just and      reasonable. * * * That in the event of any unusual delay or      detention of said live stock caused by the negligence of said      carrier or its employes or its connecting carriers or their      employes or otherwise the said shipper agrees to accept as      full compensation for all loss or damage sustained thereby      the amount actually expended by said shipper in the purchase      of food and water for said stock while so detained. * * * And      E. G. Piper does hereby acknowledge that he had the option of      shipping the above-described live stock at a higher rate of      freight according to the official tariffs, classifications      and rules of the said carrier and connecting carriers and      thereby receiving the security of the liability of the said      carrier and connecting railroad and transportation companies      as common carriers of the said live stock upon their      respective roads and lines, but has voluntarily decided to      ship same under this contract at the reduced rate of freight      above first mentioned.'

The tariffs in effect at the time the shipment moved provided for a rate of $42 when the Uniform Live Stock Agreement was signed and that:

'Live stock will be taken at the reduced rates fixed in the      tariff only when a uniform live stock contract is executed by      the station agent and the consignor, and when the release on      the back of said contract is executed by man or men who are      to accompany said live stock. If consignor refuses to execute      a uniform live stock contract, the live stock will be charged      ten (10) per cent. higher than the reduced rates specified      herein provided, that in no case shall such higher charge be      less than one (1) per cent. per one hundred pounds.'

The company's tariffs were duly filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission and contained a copy of the Uniform Live Stock Contract as above set forth.

Interstate shipments of the character here in contr versy made upon bills of lading, and under tariffs filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission, have been the subject of frequent consideration in this court. The binding character of the stipulations of the bill of lading and of the rates as fixed in the filed tariffs, have been recognized and enforced. St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Ry. Co. v. Starbird, Adm'r, 243 U.S. 592, 37 Sup. Ct. 462, 61 L. Ed. 917, and previous cases in this court therein cited.

The Carmack Amendment (Comp. St. 1916, §§ 8604a, 8604aa) requires the initial carrier to issue a bill of lading, and carriers are obliged to carry the articles shipped at the rates fixed in the published tariffs. Many decisions of this court have held that the carrier may offer to the shipper and the shipper may be bound by a contract which limits recovery to a valuation declared by the shipper in consideration of the reduced rate for the carriage of the freight. This rule was stated in an early case arising after the passage of the Carmack Amendment. Adams Express Co. v. Croninger, 226 U.S. 491, 509, 510, 33 Sup. Ct. 148, 57 L. Ed. 314, 44 L. R. A. (N. S.) 257, and has been frequently reiterated since.

In the cases in which the recovery for the lesser valuation has been affirmed, the shipper was offered an opportunity to recover a greater sum than the declared value upon paying a higher rate to the carrier. The shipper was offered alternative recoveries based upon different valuations upon the payment of different rates, and was held bound by the one chosen. Such contracts of shipment this court has held not to be in contravention of the settled principles of the common law preventing a carrier from contracting against liability for losses resulting from its own negligence, and are lawful limitations upon the amount of recovery binding upon the shipper upon principles of estoppel. Hart v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 112 U.S. 331, 5 Sup. Ct. 151, 28 L. Ed. 717, followed and approved since the passage of the Carmack Amendment in Adams Express Co. v. Croninger, 226 U.S. 491, 33 Sup. Ct. 148, 57 L. Ed. 314, 44 L. R. A. (N. S.) 257, supra, and see Wells Fargo & Co. v. Neiman-Marcus Co., 227 U.S. 469, 33 Sup. Ct. 267, 57 L. Ed. 600; Kansas Southern R. Co. v. Carl, 227 U.S. 657, 33 Sup. Ct. 391, 57 L. Ed. 683; Chicago, R. I. & Pacific R. Co. v. Cramer, 232 U.S. 490, 34 Sup. Ct. 383, 58 L. Ed. 697; Boston & Maine R. Co. v. Hooker, 233 U.S. 97, 34 Sup. Ct. 526, 58 L. Ed. 868, L. R. A. 1915B, 450, Ann. Cas. 1915D, 593; Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. Co. v. Robinson, 233 U.S. 173, 34 Sup. Ct. 556, 58 L. Ed. 901. Furthermore it has been held that a low valuation will not prevent the application of the rule making the agreement binding upon the shipper. Pierce Co. v. Wells Fargo & Co., 236 U.S. 278, 285, 35 Sup. Ct. 351, 59 L. Ed. 576.

While the rule of the lesser recovery based upon lesser rates, when the shipper has been given the option of higher recovery upon paying a higher rate has been held binding upon the shipper so long as the published tariff remains in force, this court has not held a bill of lading containing a limitation against liability for loss caused by the carrier's negligence, such as is here involved, to be conclusive of the shipper's right to recover. In the previous decisions of this court upon the subject it has been said that the limited valuation for which a recovery may be had does not permit the carrier to defeat recovery because of losses arising from its own negligence but serves to fix the amount of recovery upon an agreed valuation made in consideration of the lower rate stipulated to be paid for the service.

In the bill of lading, now under consideration, there is an express agreement limiting liability from unusual delay and detention, caused by the carrier's negligence, to the amount actually expended by the shipper in the purchase of food and water for his stock while so detained. This stipulation contravenes the principle that the carrier may not exon rate itself from losses negligently caused by it, and is not within the principle of limiting liability to an agreed valuation which has been made the basis of a reduced freight rate. Such stipulations as are here involved are not legal limitations upon the amount of recovery, but are in effect attempts to limit the carrier's liability for negligence by a contract which leaves practically no recovery for damages resulting from such negligence. While this provision was in the bill of lading, the form of which was filed with the railroad company's tariffs with the Interstate Commerce Commission, it gains nothing from that fact. The legal conditions and limitations in the carrier's bill of lading duly filed with the Commission are binding until changed by that body (Kansas Southern Ry. v. Carl, 227 U.S. 639, 654, 33 Sup. Ct. 391, 57 L. Ed. 683); but not so of conditions and limitations which are, as is this one, illegal, and consequently void.

We find no error in the judgment of the Supreme Court of Vermont, and the same is

Affirmed. 

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