Thaw v. Falls/Opinion of the Court
In the consideration and decision of this case, we have been greatly aided by the able and exhaustive opinions delivered in the court below. The principal question is whether the orphans' court, with the approval of the circuit court of the United States of the District of Columbia sitting in chancery, had jurisdiction to order the sale of real estate of infants for their maintenance and education. It may be assumed that in Maryland, before 1798, the orphans' court had no authority to order a sale of a ward's real estate for any purpose, although the court of chancery was empowered by statute to direct a sale of an infant's land for the purpose of making partition, and perhaps had inherent authority to order a sale of an infant's real estate for his support and education. St. Md. 1715, c. 39, §§ 9, 33, and 1758, c. 4; Bac. Laws Md.; February 1777, c. 9, 1 Kilty's Laws; 1785, c. 72, § 12, and c. 80, § 9; and 1798, c. 101, 2 Kilty's Laws; 4 Mackey, 361, 368; 5 Mackey, 202-206.

The earliest statute of Maryland which authorized a sale by a guardian of the principal of the personal property of his ward was the statute of 1785, (chapter 80, § 9,) by which, after providing that a guardian should not profit by any increase or lose by any decrease 'of the estate of the minor under the care of such guardian,' and should annually settle an account 'of such estate' with the orphans' court, in which 'the increase and profits of the estate' should be accounted for, or the loss or decrease thereof allowed, and he should be allowed by the court a commission 'upon the whole annual produce of such estate' for managing 'such estate,' it was further enacted as follows: 'And in case the produce of the estate is not sufficient to maintain and educate the minor in a proper manner, and it shall appear to the orphans' court aforesaid that it will be for the benefit and advantage of the orphan to apply some part of the principal of the personal estate to which he shall be entitled towards his education, it shall and may be lawful for the said court to allow the guardian to apply a part of the principal of such personal estate, not exceeding one-tenth part thereof annually, to the purpose aforesaid.' The Maryland statute of 1798, (chapter 101,) which is understood to have been drawn up by Chancellor HANSON at the request of the legislature of Maryland, is entitled 'An act for amending, and reducing into system, the laws and regulations concerning last wills and testaments, the duties of executors, administrators, and guardians, and the rights of orphans and other representatives of deceased persons,' and is divided into several subchapters, the twelfth of which relates to guardians and wards, and contains the following provisions: By section 1, whenever a male under the age of 21 years, or a femle  under the age of 16, entitled to land by descent or devise, or to personal property of a deceased person by way of distributive share or of legacy or bequest, shall not have a natural guardian, or a guardian appointed by last will, 'the orphans' court of the county where the land lies, or in which administration of the personal estate is granted, shall have power to appoint a guardian to such infant.' By section 5, on the guardian's executing his bond, the orphans' court shall have power to order 'the land, distributive share, or other property' of the ward to be delivered to the guardian. By section 6, 'every guardian appointed by the court, having the care of a real estate,' shall within three months procure an appointment by the orphans' court of appraisers 'to examine the estate, and estimate the annual value thereof.' By section 7, 'no guardian shall commit waste on the land; but the court may on his application allow him to cut down and sell wood, and account for the same, in case it shall deem the same advantageous, or necessary for the ward's education and maintenance.' By section 8, 'each guardian having real estate under his care, shall either cultivate the same, * * * or he shall lease the same from year to year, or for any term not exceeding three years, and within the nonage of the ward; or he may, with the court's approbation, undertake the estate on his own account, and be answerable for the annual value.' By section 9, 'every guardian shall account for all profit and increase of the estate, or annual value as aforesaid, and shall not be answerable for any loss or decreases sustained without his fault, to be allowed by the orphans' court.' Section 10, upon the construction and effect of which this case turns, is as follows: 'And once in each year, or oftener if required, a guardian shall settle an account of his trust with the orphans' court; and the said court shall ascertain at discretion the amount of the sum to be annually expended in the maintenance and education of the orphan, regard being had to the future situation, prospects, and destination of the ward; and the said court, if it shall deem it advantageous to the ward, may allow the guardian to exceed the income of the estate, and to make use of his principal, and sell part of the same, under its order: provided, nevertheless, that no part of the real estate shall, on account of such maintenance or education, be diminished without the approbation of the court of chancery or general court, as well as of the orphans' court.' By section 11, 'on the first account to be rendered by a guardian, he shall state the property by him received from an executor or administrator, or otherwise belonging to his ward, and every increase, and the profits thence arising, if any.' By section 12, 'in case the personal property of a ward shall consist of specific articles, * * * the court, if it shall deem it advantageous for the ward, may at any time pass an order for the sale thereof for ready money or on credit, the purchaser, with security, giving bond to the said ward, bearing interest.' By section 13, 'every account of a guardian shall state his expenditures in maintaining and educating the ward, not exceeding the income of the estate, unless allowed by the court.' By section 15, on the ward's arrival at age, the guardian shall exhibit a final account to the orphans' court, and shall deliver up, agreeably to the court's order, to the ward, 'all the property of such ward in his hands.' By section 16, 'nothing in ths act contained shall be construed to affect the general superintending power exercised by the court of chancery with respect to trust.' By section 20 of subchapter 15, it is declared that 'the said orphans' court shall not, under pretext of incidental power or constructive authority, exercise any jurisdiction whatever not expressly given by this act, or some other law.'

The statute of Maryland of 1798, by the terms of its final section, took effect on June 1, 1799, and was to continue in force until he  end of the year 1801; and it was continued in force in the District of Columbia, and equity jurisdiction was vested in the circuit court of the United States of the district, by act Cong. Feb. 27, 1801, c. 15, §§ 1, 5, (2 U.S. St. 104, 106.) On consideration of section 10 of subchapter 12 of the statute of 1798 in connection with the other sections of that subchapter, and in the light of the previous law of Maryland upon the subject, we concur in the final conclusion of the court below that the orphans' court, with the approval of the circuit court of the United States of the District of Columbia, sitting in chancery, had power to order a sale of the real estate of infant wards for their maintenance and education. By the terms of that section, the orphans' court, upon settling the guardian's account annually or oftener, 'shall ascertain at discretion the amount of the sum to be annually expended in the maintenance and education of the orphan, regard being had to the future situation, prospects, and destination of the ward; and the said court, if it shall deem it advantageous to the ward, may allow the guardian to exceed the income of the estate, and to make use of his principal, and to sell part of the same, under its order: provided, nevertheless, that no part of the real estate shall, on account of such maintenance or education, be diminished without the approbation of the court of chancery or general court, as well as of the orphans' court.' The orphans' court is thus empowered to allow the guarddian, for the suitable maintenance and education of the ward, to exceed 'the income of the estate,' and to use and sell part of the principal thereof. The words 'the estate,' in their natural and legal meaning, include the whole property of the ward in the guardian's lands; and the words 'the property,' 'the estate,' and 'the income of the estate' are habitually and repeatedly used in that sense, both in other sections (sections 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15) of the same subchapter, and in the earlier statute of 1785, (chapter 80, § 9,) as appears in the passages already quoted from each of those statutes. Wherever an authority to sell is intended to be limited to personal property, it is so expressed, as in section 9 of the statute of 1785, and in section 12, subchapter 12, of the statute of 1798. Compared with the express restriction of the authority to sell any part of the principal to 'personal estate' in the act of 1785, the omission of any such restriction in the act of 1798 strongly tends to show that it was purposely omitted in the latter act. This conclusion is confirmed by the proviso 'that no part of the real estate shall, on account of such maintenance or education, be diminished without the approbation of the court of chancery or general court, as well as of the orphans' court.' As observed by Mr. Justice STORY, speaking for this court, 'the office of a proviso, generally, is either to except something from the enacting clause, or to qualify or restrain its generality, or to exclude some possible ground of misinterpretation of it, as extending to cases not intended by the legislature to be brought within its purview.' Minis v. U.S., 15 Pet. 423, 445. The insertion of this proviso, therefore, manifests the understanding and intention of the legislature that real estate was and should be included in the preceding general authority to order a sale of part 'of the estate,' except so far as qualified by the proviso. Indeed, if that authority did not include real estate, the proviso would be superfluous. The necessary construction of the whole section, including the proviso, appears to us to be that express authority is thereby granted to the orphans' court to order a sale of any part of the ward's estate, real or personal, for his maintenance and education, but that, before any sale of real estate can be made for this purpose the order of the orphans' court shall be approved by the court of chancery or the general court. Whether the property to be sold or  this purpose is personal or real, the application is to be made to the orphans' court, and the order granted by that court, in the first instance. In the case of personal property, no action of any other court is required. In the case of real estate, the order of sale, after being passed by the orphans' court, must be presented to and approved by the court of chancery or the general court; but no separate suit need be instituted in either of those courts.

This construction has prevailed in the courts of the state of Maryland as well as in those of the District of Columbia. In Goltier's Case, which is reported in 3 Bland, 200, note, and an authenticated copy of the proceedings in which has been filed in this case, and sent up with the record, a petition presented in December, 1810, to the orphans' court of Cecil county, in the state of Maryland, by a father and guardian, alleged that his infant children and wards had become entitled, in right of their mother, to one-ninth part of a gristmill, and about 140 acres of land in that county, the other owners of which, after consulting with the petitioner, had 'concluded that a sale of the said mill and lands would be highly advantageous to all the persons interested,' and had contracted to sell them to one Alexander Scott for the sum of $6,425.25, provided the petitioner should be able to convey his children's part, and that the petitioner believed that such a sale would 'much promote the interest and welfare of his said children, and enable him to educate and support them more to their advantage than if no such sale were to be made,' and therefore prayed the orphans' court to 'order that he may be able to make the necessary conveyance.' On December 12, 1810, the orphans' court, 'on due consideration of the allegations contained in the within petition,' was 'of opinion that the sale prayed for was to the advantage of' the wards, 'and should be confirmed, and that the petitioner be authorized to make conveyance of that part of his wards' real estate.' In the court of chancery, six days afterwards, Chancellor KILTY signed a decree, which, in the authenticated copy, quoted in 4 Mackey, 370, is stated as follows: 'Under power vested in this court by act 1798, c. 101, subc. 12, § 7, the above order of the orphans' court is approved.' This decree, as printed in 3 Bland, 200, note, differs only in substituting section 10 for section 7. That it was not made under act 1785, c. 72, § 12, is quite clear, because no partition was sought, as well as because the petition was addressed to the orphans' court, and not to the court of chancery, in the first instance. Tilly v. Tilly, 2 Bland, 436, 438, and note. Both versions of the decree agree in stating that it was made under the power vested in the court of chancery by act 1798, c. 101, subc. 12; and section 7 of that subchapter concerns only the cutting and sale of standing wood by authority of the orphans' court, without requiring the approval of any other court. The inference is irresistible that the insertion of section 7 in the record of the decree was a clerical error, and that the decree was really made, as Chancellor BLAND understood it to have been, under section 10, for the better support and education of the wards. The court of appeals of Maryland, in 1828, decided that the value of buildings constructed on the land of a ward by direction of his guardian, and under order of the orphans' court, at an expense exceeding the income of his estate, real and personal, could not be recovered from the ward, because section 10 of the act of 1798 did not empower the orphans' court to order any part of the principal of the ward's estate to be applied to any other purpose than his support and maintenance. But the court added: 'Should an application of the personal estate not suffice to maintain and educate suitably to the future destination of the ward, then such maintenance and education may also induce an application of a part of the real estate, with the approbatio of the court of chancery or general court, as well as the orphans' court.' Brodess v. Thompson, 2 Har. & G. 120, 126, 127. Chancellor BLAND, in a case decided in the same year, cited those two cases, and expressed a similar opinion. Williams' Case, 3 Bland, 186, 199, 200, 207. In 1841 the court of appeals said: 'According to our laws a guardian cannot encroach on the capital of his ward's estate without the order of the orphans' court, nor can the real estate be diminished but by the approbation of the court of chancery.' Hatton v. Weems, 12 Gill & J. 83, 108. And it is admitted on all hands that the circuit court of the United States of the District of Columbia, and its successor, the supreme court of the District of Columbia, have always interpreted the section in question according to what we now hold to be its true construction and effect. 5 Mackey, 213; 4 Mackey, 383, 386.

It is argued for the plaintiff that so much of the Maryland act of 1798 as concerned the sale of the real estate of infants has been repealed by act Cong. March 3, 1843, c. 87, entitled 'An act to provide in certain cases for the sale of the real estate of infants within the District of Columbia,' by which it is enacted that when 'the guardian of any infant shall think that the interest of his or her ward will be promoted by the sale of his or her real estate, or any part thereof, it shall be lawful for such guardian' to bring a suit in equity in the circuit court of the District of Columbia, in which the infant shall be made a party and shall be represented by a guardian ad litem, and the facts alleged in the bill, whether admitted or not, shall be proved by disinterested witnesses, and the court, upon being satisfied that 'the interest of the infant manifestly requires the sale of his real estate, or any part thereof,' and that 'by such sale the rights of others will not be violated,' may decree a sale, in which case the proceeds of the sale shall be invested and applied for the benefit of the infant, 'either in the purchase of real estate, or in such manner as the court shall think best,' and upon his death shall descend as real estate. 5 U.S. St. 621, 622; Rev. St. D. C. §§ 957-968. But this act contains no express repeal of the Maryland act of 1798. It does not mention the maintenance or education of infants, but authorizes the sale of their real estate whenever their interest manifestly requires it. Its chief purpose, evidently, is to authorize a change of investment; and it cannot be presumed to have been intended to take away the authority on the orphans' court, when discharging its appropriate duty of ascertaining the amount proper to be expended for an infant's maintenance and education, to order a sale of his real estate for this single object with the approval of the court of chancery.

There is nothing in the nature of the interest that these children took under the will of their father which should prevent a sale of it under the statute of 1798, when necessary for their maintenance and education. That statute is not restricted to legal estates, or to estates in possession. The effect of the testator's dispositions, though obscured by some confusion and superfluity of language, was to give the legal estate in all his land to his widow for life, the equitable and beneficial estate for her life to her and the two children, or the survivors of them, in equal shares, and the legal estate in remainder, after the death of the widow, to the two children, in fee, with two limitations over in fee, by way of executory devise, (neither of which impaired the precedent estates, or ever took effect,) the one, of the share of a child dying before the mother to the surviving child, and the other, of the whole estate to the mother, in case she should survive both* children. The legal estate in remainder in the children, which nothing but their own death before the determination of the widow's life-estate could prevent from vesting in possession, vested in them from the death of the testator, sbje ct to be divested by their dying before the widow. Doe v. Considine, 6 Wall. 458, 476; McArthur v. Scott, 113 U.S. 340, 379, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 652. Their legal estates in remainder, as well as their equitable estates for life, were present interests, which might be sold for their maintenance and education.

The records of the orphans' court, and of the circuit court of the United States of the District of Columbia sitting in chancery, produced from the proper custody, clearly prove the following facts: Mrs. Thaw, who by the will of her husband was appointed executrix thereof, and guardian of their two children, and exempted from giving bond as executrix, gave bond a guardian on March 24, 1844. On March 29, 1844 she presented to the orphans' court a petition on oath, representing that she had paid all her husband's debts, and that the property left by him was insufficient to support her and the children, and praying for an order of sale of the real estate for the relief of her immediate wants, and for the support and education of the chilren. On that petition the orphans' court, on the same day, by an order reciting that it had heard and considered the case 'on the petition, exhibits, accompanying proofs, and representation of Eliza V. Thaw in her capacity of guardian and executrix,' decreed that, provided the circuit court of the United States of the District of Columbia, sitting as a court of chancery, should by proper order approve thereof, she should be authorized, as guardian of the children and for herself, to make sale and conveyance of the said real estate, first giving bond for the performance of the trust thereby imposed upon her, and immediately after the sale making report thereof to the court. On or about April 29, 1844, a copy of that petition and order, duly certified by the register of wills, was filed on the chancery side of the circuit court of the United States of the District of Columbia. On October 12, 1844, the order of the orphans' court was approved by the circuit court sitting in chancery, as is shown by the entry on its docket or minute-book, which, in the absence of any extended record, is competent and conclusive proof of its doings. Railroad Co. v. Howard, 13 How. 307, 331. On May 17, 1845, the petitioner gave bond with sureties for the performance of the trust imposed upon her by the order so approved. The dates of the sale, and of the report thereof to the orphans' court, do not appear. But it does appear by the minutes of its proceedings that on January 21, 1848, there was filed in and approved by that court a 'sale of real estate of Joseph Thaw, deceased,' which, in the absence of evidence of any other sale of his real estate having been ordered or made, must be inferred to have been a report of this sale. All the facts recited in the deed executed by Mrs. Thaw to Agricol Favier on March 17, 1848, are thus proved by independent evidence, the competency of which is beyond doubt.

The objection that the petition presented by Mrs. Thaw to the orphans' court was irregular and insufficient to support the jurisdiction of that court because it asked for a sale of the land for the benefit of the petitioner, as well as of her wards, is sufficiently answered by Mr. Justice Cox, delivering the judgment below, as follows: 'It is true that the guardian, in her application, confused somewhat her own interests with those of the wards, and alleged the insufficiency of the property to support port hereself and the children as a ground for selling, and asked the sale as well to relieve her own immediate wants as for the support of the children. But it is fair to read this part of the application as referring to her own undivided interest for life in the property. It is not to be read as an application to sell the estate of the children for her support. It is also true that the court had no jurisdiction over the wife's interest in the property, and could not pass title to it by its decree. But if the wife chose to unite in the sale, and convey her interet,  which she must be held to have done, we see no reason why the court could not decree a sale of the share of the infants. * * * And, if there was error in the form of the decree because it embraced the widow's interest also, it did not affect its efficacy as to the interest of the infants, but was a harmless and inoperative error, not to be noticed collaterally. The only question that could arise would be as to the proper apportionment of the proceeds between the mother and the wards. But this question could only arise after the sale, and would not affect the transfer of title.' 5 Mackey, 227.

The petition, and the order of the orphans' court thereon, fairly and reasonably construed, show that a sale of the infants' interest in the real estate under the will of their father was prayed for and ordered as necessary for their maintenance and education. So far as concerned the interest of the infants, therefore, the court had before it everything that was necessary to support its jurisdiction. In this form of proceeding the guardian sufficiently and fully represented the infants, and no notice to them was required by the statute of Maryland, or by any general rule of law. The want of proof of such notice, or of any record of the evidence on which the orphans' court proceeded in making the order, or the chancery court in approving it, or of any subsequent accounting by the guardian for the proceeds of the sale, is immaterial. The orders of those courts, within their jurisdiction, were conclusive proof in favor of the purchaser and grantee at the sale, and cannot be collaterally impeached on any such ground. Thompson v. Tolmie, 2 Pet. 157; Grignon v. Astor, 2 How. 319; Comstock v. Crawford, 3 Wall. 396; McNitt v. Turner, 16 Wall. 352; Mohr v. Manierre. 101 U.S. 417. The cases, on which the plaintiff relies, of Bank v. Ritchie, 8 Pet. 128, and Hunter v. Hatton, 4 Gill, 115, 124, were wholly different. Both were cases of decrees in equity upon suits inter partes in the ordinary form. In the one case the decree was directly attacked by bill of review in the nature of a writ of error, and in the other case a notice required by express statute had not been given. Judgment affirmed. 

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