Anderson v. Forty-Two Broadway Company/Opinion of the Court
This was an action to recover a tax alleged to have been erroneously imposed upon respondent for the year 1910 under the corporation tax act of August 5, 1909 (36 Stat. at L. 112, chap. 6, § 38, Comp. Stat. 1913, § 6307), and paid under protest, respondent contending that, in ascertaining its net income for the purposes of the tax, the entire amount of the interest paid by it within the year upon its mortgage indebtedness ought to have been allowed, the result of which would have been to leave no net income to be taxed; whereas the assessing officer allowed a deduction of interest upon an amount equal only to the capital stock of the company.

Respondent is a corporation of the class commonly known as realty corporations, was organized for the purpose of constructing and renting a building in the city of New York, and transacts no other business. Its paid-up capital stock is only $600, while it has a bonded indebtedness of $4,750,000, secured by mortgages upon its real estate, consisting of a piece of land purchased and a building constructed upon it substantially with borrowed money, to secure the repayment of which the bonds and mortgages were given.

Both the district court (209 Fed. 991) and the circuit court of appeals (130 C. C. A. 338, 213 Fed. 777) held that the interest payments upon the entire mortgage indebtedness were deductible from the gross income of the corporation under clause 1 of ¶2, of § 38 of the act, and gave judgment against the collector for a refund of the entire tax.

Those portions of the section that are essential to a determination of the controversy are set forth in the margin.  The district court, conceding that the provision of the third clause of the second paragraph, standing alone, would constitute sufficient authority for the action of the assessor, nevertheless held that the force of this provision must be limited, in view of the general purpose of the section to tax only 'net income' (construed to mean 'gross income after deducting all outgo necessarily incident to the business'), and also in view of the first clause of the second paragraph, which permits of a deduction of 'all the ordinary and necessary expenses actually paid within the year out of income in the maintenance and operation of its business and properties, including all charges such as rentals or franchise payments, required to be made as a condition to the continued use or possession of property.' The court therefore held that, in the case of such a corporation as respondent, the amounts the meaning of subdivision 1; and that subdivision deducted in order to arrive at net income. The circuit court of appeals entertained a similar view, holding that such interest payments, in the case of a realty corporation, were ordinary and necessary expenses in the maintenance and operation of the business, and were also charges required to be paid as a condition to the continued use or possession of its property, within the meaning of subdidivision 1; and that subdivision 3 must be limited in its effect to 'the usual corporate indebtedness which is not an ordinary expense of maintenance, nor a charge, payment of which is a condition of the continued use or possession of property.'

With these views we cannot agree. There was error, as it seems to us, in seeking a theoretically accurate definition of 'net income,' instead of adopting the meaning which is so clearly defined in the act itself.

As has been repeatedly pointed out by this court in previous cases (Flint v. Stone Tracy Co. 220 U.S. 107, 145, 150, 151, 55 L. ed. 389, 411, 413, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 342, Ann. Cas. 1912B, 1312; McCoach v. Minehill & % s. h. r. c/o. 228 U.S. 295, 306, et seq., 57 L. ed. 842, 847, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 419; United States v. Whitridge, 231 U.S. 144, 147, 58 L. ed. 159, 161, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 24; Stratton's Independence v. Howbert, 231 U.S. 399, 414, 58 L. ed. 285, 291, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 136), the act of 1909 was not in any proper sense an income tax law, nor intended as such, but was an excise upon the conduct of business in a corporate capacity, the tax being measured by reference to the income in a manner prescribed by the act itself. And it is very clear, from a reading of § 38, that the phrase 'entire net income,' as used in its first paragraph, has no other meaning than that which is particularly set forth in the second paragraph, which declares, in terms, how 'such net income shall be ascertained.' It may well be that mortgage interest may, under special circumstances, be treated as among the 'ordinary and necessary expenses,' or as included among the charges 'required to be made as a condition to the continued use or possession of property.' See 28 Ops. Atty. Gen. 198. But interest upon the 'bonded or other indebtedness' of the corporation, whether such indebtedness be secured by mortgage or not, comes within the specific provision of the third clause, whose effect, in our opinion, is not in this respect limited by anything contained in the first. Congress evidently had in view the fact that some corporations (other than banks and like institutions, which, for obvious reasons, are separately considered), carry a current indebtedness exceeding the amount of the paid-up capital stock, and, with respect to such corporations, intended to limit the interest deduction to so much of the indebtedness as did not exceed the capital. Nor can we see the least ground for the insistence that this results in an arbitrary classification. It is not necessary to attribute to Congress a purpose to discourage or impose an extra burden upon corporations carrying on their operations with a nominal capital stock, or with an indebtedness largely exceeding the amount of the capital. It is more reasonable to say that Congress deemed that where the indebtedness does exceed the capital it should no longer be treated as an incident, but that the carrying of the indebtedness should be considered as a principal object of the corporate activities, that the operations of such a corporation are conducted more for the benefit of the creditors than of the stockholders, and that the contribution of the corporation to the expenses of the government should be admeasured with this fact in view. There is no question of the power of Congress to adopt such a basis of distinction, and, since the line must be drawn somewhere, it was certainly not arbitrary to draw it at the precise point where the pecuniary interest of creditors overbalanced that of stockholders.

Judgment reversed, and the cause remanded to the District Court for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.

Mr. Justice McReynolds took no part in the consideration or decision of this case. 

Notes

Second. Such net income shall be ascertained by deducting from the gross amount of the income of such corporation . . . received within the year from all sources, (first) all the ordinary and necessary expenses actually paid within the year out of income in the maintenance and operation of its business and properties, including all charges such as rentals or franchise payments, required to be made as a condition to the continued use pr possession of property; . . . (third) interest actually paid within the year on its bonded or other indebtedness to an amount of such bonded and other indebtedness not exceeding the paid-up capital stock of such corporation, . . . and in the case of a bank, banking association or trust company, all interest actually paid by it within the year on deposit; . . .