Kent v. Lake Superior Ship Canal Railway Iron Company
STATEMENT BY MR. CHIEF JUSTICE FULLER.

This was a bill in equity brought in the supreme court in and for the county of Kings, N. Y., February 7, 1884, by Andrew Kent, as executor and trustee of the last will and testament of Jonathan T. Wells, deceased, against the Lake Superior Ship Canal, Railway & Iron Company; Theodore M. Davis; Theodore M. Davis, as receiver of the Ocean National Bank of New York; J. Boorman Johnston, Isaac H. Knox, and Gordon Norrie, being the surviving partners of the firm of J. Boorman Johnston & Co.; Frederick Ayer, sole surviving partner of the firm of J. C. Ayer & Co.; Frederick F. Ayer, Josephine Ayer, and Benjamin Dean, administrators with the will annexed of the estate of James C. Ayer, deceased; and Thomas N. McCarter; and subsequently removed into the circuit court of the United States for the eastern district of New York.

The bill alleged that July 6, 1864, the Portage Lake & Lake Superior Ship Canal Company was organized as a corporation under the laws of Michigan for the purpose of constructing a ship canal to connect the waters of Portage lake and Lake Superior; that by an act of congress approved March 3, 1865, 200,000 acres of public land were granted to the state of Michigan 'to aid in building a harbor and ship canal at Portage lake, keweenaw Point, Lake Superior,' subject to the condition, among others, that they should revert to the United States in case the said canal and harbor should not be completed in two years from the passage of the act; that by an act entitled 'A bill to accept a grant of land by act of congress to aid in the construction of the ship canal at the head of Portage lake with Lake Superior, and to provide for the construction of the same,' passed March 16, 1865, by the legislature of Michigan, the grant was accepted and conferred upon said Portage Lake & Lake Superior Ship Canal Company, subject to the condition 'that none of said lands shall be sold or otherwise disposed of, except for the purposes of hypothecation, until said canal shall be completed as therein provided;' and that July 1, 1865, the company executed a deed of trust conveying to C. C. Douglas and his successors its canal and franchises and the 200,000 acres of land to secure the payment of 1,000 bonds, of $500 each, john L. Sutherland being thereafter substituted as trustee.

The bill further averred that by act of congress approved July 3, 1866, a second 200,000 acres of land were granted to the state of Michigan for the above purposes, and it was provided by the act that this second grant should inure to the use and benefit of the company in accordance with the act of the Michigan legislature of March 16, 1865; that July 1, 1868, the company executed a deed of trust of the second land grant, together with the equity in the canal and other property already conveyed to Douglas in trust, to Martin and Davis, to whom Lucien Birdseye subsequently succeeded as trustee, to secure 1,000 other bonds, of $500 each; and that Jonathan T. Wells purchased 80 of these last-named bonds, and paid cash therefor, which money was applied by the company in the construction of the harbor and canal. It was further alleged that July 1, 1870, the company made its third deed of trust, conveying its canal and the two land grants to Charles L. Frost, to secure 1,250 bonds, of $1,000 each, 250 of which were paid, redeemed, and canceled by the company by bonds of a subsequent issue, known as the 'Union Trust bonds;' that Thomas N. McCarter succeeded Frost as trustee, July 1, 1872; and that Wells become the holder and owner of 40 of the bonds secured by this third trust-deed. The bill continued that on or about April 29, 1871, the name of company was changed to 'The Lake Superior Ship Canal, Railway & Iron Company,' which on May 1, 1871, became seised and possessed by purchase of the entrance canal, by way of Portage river, into Portage lake, with the franchises appertaining thereto, and also acquired title to 200,000 acres of land or thereabouts, situated in the state of Michigan, and known as the 'Wagon Road Lands;' that May 1, 1871, the company executed a deed of trust to the Union Trust Company of New York as trustee, conveying the canal, with all rights and franchises thereunto appertaining, and the 600,000 acres of land, to secure the payment of bonds which the company proposed to issue to the number of 3,500, at $1,000 each, of which there were after wards issued and negotiated 1,300, and no more.

It was further averred that between 1865 and 1872 the company hypothecated certain of the bonds issued under the first three deeds of trust, and during the years 1871 and 1872 hypothecated certain of the bonds issued under the fourth deed of trust, and only a small proportion of the bonds of each issue was ever sold outright by the company; that in November, 1871, and on January 18, 1872, the company defaulted in the payment of the interest then due upon these bonds; and that at that time large amounts of them were held by the Ocean National Bank, Johnston & Co., and Ayer & Co., as collateral to certain loans, which plaintiff charges were of doubtful legality, made by the parties to the canal company at different times before the default, and it was claimed by the company that the bonds pledged as security for the loans were issued unlawfully, and in violation of the law of Michigan.

That in December, 1871, the Ocean National Bank failed, and T. M. Davis was appointed its receiver; and among the assets of the bank were bonds under all the aforesaid deeds of trust, but most of them were under the McCarter and Union Trust Company deeds; and that some of the bonds in the possession of the bank were owned by it, but by far the larger part were held as collateral.

That prior to the default the company had selected with care and at much expense the lands it was entitled to, and they were regarded as of great prospective value, and those selected under the act of congress of July 3, 1866, were especially valuable.

That early in 1872, Davis, receiver, Johnston & Co. and Ayer & Co. retained an attorney at Detroit to protect their interests as creditors and bondholders of the company, and to act for and represent them in prospective legal proceedings in the United States courts for the eastern district of Michigan for the foreclosure of the deeds of trust, who was afterwards retained and employed by Sutherland, Birdseye, and McCarter, and the Union Trust Company, trustees, as their solicitor, to foreclose the several trust-deeds, which employment was by Davis, receiver Johnston & Co., and Ayer & Co., and upon their retainer and in their in terest, without reference to the interests of the other bondholders; and it was agreed between them and the trustees that the foreclosure suits were to be prosecuted under their direction and for their special benefit; and to this end they indemnified the trustees against all loss and damage by reason of anything which Davis, Johnston, and Ayer might do in the premises.

That on or about May 25, 1872, a bill was filed in the circuit court of the United States for the eastern district of Michigan, in the name of Sutherland, trustee, by said solicitor, to foreclose the trust-deed of July 1, 1865, and the company, Birdseye, Frost, and the Union Trust Company, as trustees, were made parties defendant. As Birdseye was a citizen of New York, it was alleged that Sutherland, who was also a citizen of New York, was a citizen of New Jersey; that on or about June 13, 1872, one Knox was appointed receiver, and it was admitted by Birdseye's solicitors that Sutherland was a citizen and resident of New Jersey, though plaintiff charges that the admission extended only to the order appointing the receiver, and that the circuit court was afterwards shown by the pleadings and proofs to have no jurisdiction therein, and had none in fact; that on June 17, 1872, an order was made empowering the receiver to execute an instrument to F. D. Tappan, as trustee, to secure certificates of indebtedness authorized to be issued for the purpose of completing the construction of the canal, and certificates were issued to the amount of about $640,000, which were purchased by Johnston & Co. and Ayer & Co., $500,000 of the issue being sold at the rate of 75 cents on the dollar, and the remainder at the rate of 60 cents on the dollar, though 25 per cent. discount was the limitation prescribed; and that all this was in the interest of Davis, Johnston, and Ayer.

The bill further averred that on August 27, 1872, the company was adjudicated a bankrupt by the Michigan district court, and Jerome and Beaman were appointed assignees, who on January 3, 1873, by supplemental bill, were made parties to the Sutherland suit, as was McCarter, trustee. It was further stated that on July 3, 1872, a bill was filed in the circuit court in the name of McCarter, trustee, by the same solicitor, to foreclose the trust-deed of July 1, 1870, and the company and the Union Trust Company were made parties defendant, as were the assignees, January 13, 1873.

The bill also alleged that on July 5, 1872, a bill was filed in the circuit court in the name of Birdseye, trustee, by the same solicitor, to foreclose the trust-deed of July 1, 1868, and the company, McCarter, trustee, and the Union Trust Company were made parties defendant. This bill set up the appointment of Knox as receiver, his taking possession of the property, to the amount of $500,000, and to the amount of $500,000, and that the certificates were made, by order of court, a paramount lien upon the canal and all the property of the company; and prayed that the certificates might first be ratably paid from the proceeds of the sales of the lands acquired by the Sutherland and Birdseye deeds of trust; and plaintiff charged that this recognition of the certificates was entirely unauthorized, and never ratified by Wells.

It was further alleged that on August 5, 1872, Birdseye, trustee, filed an answer in the Sutherland suit in which he set up the defense of want of jurisdiction, in that Sutherland was not a citizen of New Jersey, but of New York, and it was stated that this was shown in 1874 by the testimony of Sutherland.

The bill then charged that the circuit court did not obtain jurisdiction or power over the Birdseye lands, or the bondholders secured thereby, so as to enable the court to extend the lien of the receiver's certificates over those lands, or make them a prior or paramount lien thereon; that neither Wells nor any other of the Birdseye bondholders, except those represented by the aforesaid solicitor, were parties to the Sutherland suit, and Birdseye was not authorized nor empowereed to represent them in respect there to; that Birdseye allowed the paramount lien to be apparently imposed upon the lands he represented, but failed to apprise the bondholders of the action of the court, although he knew such action was to be brought about in the interest of some bondholders to the sacrifice of that of the others; and that the nominal amount of the certificates was illegally increased for the purpose of making the indebtedness as large as possible, so as to obtain the entire property of the company, and destroy the interest of the other bondholders; and that, although the accounts of the receiver were afterwards audited and confirmed by the court, Wells was not bound thereby.

That the Birdseye and McCarter trust-deeds provided for the release of lands upon the delivery of bonds for cancellation at the rate of $5 per acre; that on or about August 11, 1873, Wells deposited 40 bonds secured by the McCarter trust-deed, for $1,000 each, with Birdseye, as trustee, and at the same time tendered to him for cancellation 80 bonds, for $500 each, secured by the Birdseye trust-deed, and received from him a release of 8,000 acres of land from the incumbrance and operation of that trust-deed, except only a lien to the amount of the bonds tendered, or that the amount of said bonds became immediately due and payable; and that 8,000 acres became released from the lien of any other of the deeds of trust, and the remainder of the property became discharged from any lien for the $80,000.

It was further alleged that in September, 1873, the assignees in bankruptcy filed a bill in the circuit court against Sutherland, Birdseye, trustee, McCarter, and the Union Trust Company, as trustees, Wells, F. D. Tappan, and others, which set forth in detail the matters relating to the release of August 11, 1873, and prayed that it might by declared valid and of the legal effect charged in the bill; that the proceedings in the foreclosure suits might be stayed; and that the Sutherland suit, with this bill treated as a supplemental bill or cross-bill, might proceed regularly to a decree, containing the manner in which the property convered by the several trust-deeds should be offered for sale, etc.

That Sutherland, McCarter, and Tappan, trustees, appeared in this last-mentioned suit by the same solicitor, and answered; that Birdseye, trustee, also appeared, and, in his answer, admitted and realleged the allegations contained in the bill relating to the claims of Wells under the release; that defendant Wells appeared, and on or about December 30, 1874, his solicitor stipulated that the bill filed by the assignees be taken pro confesso against him; that issue was joined, and a large amount of testimony was taken and filed in the several suits referred to; but that none of the testimony had any bearing on the effect of the release, and its validity was admitted upon the record.

It was then charged that during the latter part of 1876, and the early part of 1877, the solicitor of Davis, Johnston, and Ayer, and other parties interested with them, 'entered into a fraudulent conspiracy for the purpose of procuring from said circuit court the entry of a decree, by means of which the interest of said Jonathan T. Wells in said eight thousand acres of land should be divested, and the value of his said bonds destroyed, and the entire property and assets of said the Lake Superior Ship Canal, Railway & Iron Company vested in the parties in this article mentioned, to the exclusion of said Wells;' that it was agreed, upon the sale of the property, to be made in pursuance of the proposed decree, that it should be purchased by Wilson and Man, as trustees, for the benefit of the parties to the said fraudulent decree; that a company should be organized, under the laws of Michigan, for the purpose of taking and holding the property formerly held by the canal company; and that, upon the completion of said transfer, the parties to said agreement would endeavor to sell the property to English capitalists, and, failing in this, the stock should be divided between the parties to the agreement.

That, in pursuance of this scheme, the solicitor represented to the circuit judge that an arrangement had been made to sell the whole property of the canal company to English capitalists for a sum sufficient to pay the entire debts of that company, and that to carry out this agreement it was necessary to sell the whole property of the company under a decree of the court, and that such decree would be satisfactory to all parties interested; that by these representations, without any notice to Wells or his solicitor, an order was obtained from the judge, at his house, February 12, 1877, that the bill filed by Jerome and Beaman be treated as a cross-bill in the Sutherland, the Birdseye, and the Union Trust Company foreclosure suits, and that the four causes be heard together upon the pleadings and proofs in all, and at the same time and place a decree was signed by Judge EMMONS, entitled in the four suits, which contained the following clause:

'Twenty-First. It is hereby ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the attempt of the defendant Jonathan T. Wells to redeem or obtain release of certain lands from the lien of the mortgage of the 1st of July, 1868, and the alleged release of said land by Lucien Birdseye, trustee, as set forth in said cross-complaint, having taken place after the institution of the suit for the foreclosure of said mortgage, were and are ineffectual and void.'

That the decree further adjudged that the receiver's certificates for the amount of $934,478, principal and interest, were a first lien upon the canal and the first and second land grants, but not a lien upon the third land grant, and required that the lands covered by the Birdseye mortgage should be sold separately, and gave various directions as to the method to be adopted by the master for distributing the proceeds; that the sale was advertised under the decree in but one paper, and that a village newspaper of limited circulation, and the parties refused to advertise more extensively; that they gave no notice of the terms of sale; that they required at the sale the whole amount of the purchase money to be paid at once, without giving the purchaser any opportunity to examine the title, and refused to sell the second land grant separately, that, at the sale thus conducted, Man and Wilson bought the entire property of the canal company for $550,000, which they paid in receiver's certificates; that the master's report was confirmed before the expiration of the usual time, upon a representation to the solicitors of the other parties that this was necessary to the consummation of a sale to the English capitalists; that they then, in combination with the other members of the party, formed a new company, which is one of the demurring defendants; and that they conveyed all the property of the old company to the new corporation, which had notice of the fraud, paid no new consideration, and took title subject to the rights of Wells.

It was also alleged that Wells died in Brooklyn, N. Y., on October 16, 1881 at the age of about 82 years, and that 'for three years and upwards immediately preceding his death he was feeble in body and mind, and by reason thereof was unable to travel to Michigan, where the litigation hereinbefore referred to was carried on, or to give his personal attention to his interests therein;' that in March, 1879, Wells transferred his property to James H. Gilbert for the benefit of himself and his legal representatives, and 'knowledge of the making and entry of said decree was first acquired by said Jonathan Tremaine Wells and by said James H. Gilbert, trustee as aforesaid, during the month of May, 1879; that it has been exceedingly difficult and has required much time to ascertain the facts in relation to the proceedings herein related, on account not only of the many and protracted litigations,' but especially of the efforts 'made by the parties to the fraud aforesaid, to suppress everything tending to throw light upon their transactions, and to hamper and impede investigation by withholding or concealing whatever might give information to Wells or his representatives.'

The bill also set forth that on March 10, 1882, a petition was filed in the circuit court of the United States for the eastern district of Michigan, on behalf of Gilbert, trustee, as aforesaid, and an application for relief against said last-mentioned decree was made thereon; and that this application was heard by the Honorable STANLEY MATTHEWS, one of the judges of the circuit court, and an order made denying it, 'but without prejudice to the merits of the application or proceedings to be taken thereafter in the interest of the estate of said Jonathan Tremaine Wells.'

The forty-first paragraph of the bill alleged that after the execution of the Birdseye release McCarter became seised on the 8,000 acres described in the release, in fee-simple, in trust for Wells, and in further trust to sell said lands and pay Wells the eighty thousand dollars and interest; that it was his duty, as trustee, to cause the said lands to be suitably advertised, and to use diligence to prevent the creation of any lien prior to that of Wells; that Davis, Johnston, and Ayer took upon themselves the performance of the duties of said trust; that said land at the time of the sale was worth at least $150,000, and that amount could have been realized with reasonable diligence; that they became trustees for Wells, and had no right to buy said lands: that they did buy them, and caused them to be conveyed to the company, and have sold a portion of said lands to bona fide purchasers for value, and received the purchase money; and 'that they and said company have thus become and are liable to pay to this plaintiff the full amount due upon the bonds aforesaid, to-wit, the sum of eighty thousand dollars, with interest as aforesaid.'

The forty-second paragraph stated that the plaintiff was without remedy unless he could set aside the alleged fraudulent decree.

The bill prayed that the decree of February 12, 1877, might be adjudged void so far as the release to Wells was concerned, and so far as the receiver's certificates were made a paramount lien or given any right of prior payment, or any validity as payment, as against Wells' bonds and release; that the 8,000 acres released be adjudged to be held in trust for Wells; that plaintiff be declared to succeed to all of Wells' rights, and be decreed a paramount lien on the 8,000 acres for $80,000 and interest; for an account of profits in dealing with the property held in trust for Wells; for an injunction; and for a money decree against the defendants for said sum of $80,000 and interest; and for general relief.

Copies of the various trust-deeds, of the release, of the orders and decree of the circuit court of the United States for the eastern district of Michigan, and of agreements in relation to the purchase of the lands, etc., were attached.

The cause was heard on demurrer to the bill before Mr. Justice BLATCHFORD, holding the circuit court, who sustained the demurrers, and dismissed the bill, whereupon the cause was brought to this court on appeal.

John Cummins and E. P. Wheeler, for appellant.

[Argument of Counsel from pages 86-88 intentionally omitted]

John E. Parsons, for appellees.

Mr. Chief Justice FULLER, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court. 

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