Trinidad v. Sagrada Orden De Predicadores/Opinion of the Court
This was an action to recover money paid under protest as a tax on income. The plaintiff prevailed in the Philippine courts, both trial and appellate (Sagrada Orden de Predicadores, etc., v. Trinidad, 42 Phil. Rep. 397), and the case is here on certiorari (260 U.S. 711, 43 Sup. Ct. 13, 67 L. Ed. 476).

The tax was levied under paragraphs G(a) and M of section 2 of the Act of October 3, 1913, c. 16, 38 Stat. 172, 180, requiring every corporation, not within defined exceptions, to pay an annual tax, computed at a specified rate, on its entire net income from all sources. The exceptions covered, among others, any corporation 'organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific or educational purposes, no part of the net income of which inures to the benefit of any private stockholder or individual.' The plaintiff insisted it was within this exception, and the Philippine courts so ruled.

The case was heard on a stipulation stating:

'That the plaintiff is a corporation sole constituted under      sections 154 to 164 of Act No. 1459 of the Philippine      Commission, and is organized and operated for religious,      benevolent, scientific and educational purposes in these      islands and in its missions in China, Cochin China and Japan,      and that neither its net income nor part of its rents from      whatever source it may come is applied to the benefit of any      particular stockholder or individual, or of any of its      members, and that no part of the whole or of some of its      temporal properties belong to any of its members, who have no      rights to the same, even in case of dissolution of the      corporation.

'That the dividends and interests or profits and expenses,      which appear in Exhibit 1 of the defendant as the income of      the plaintiff, constitute the income derived from the      investments of the capital of the plaintiff corporation,      which was invested, in the year 1913, nearly in the manner and form specified in Exhibit 2 of the defendant, and that      the rents appearing in Exhibit 1 were derived from the      properties which together with their valuations appear in      Exhibit 3 of the defendant.'

The second paragraph of the stipulation is rather obscure and the exhibits are in a very condensed form, but all are elucidated by the opinions below and the briefs here. They mean, when read with these aids, that the plaintiff has large properties in the Philippines, consisting of real estate, stocks in private corporations and money loaned at interest, all of which are held and used as sources from which to obtain funds or revenue for carrying on its religious, charitable and educational work; that the bulk of its income consists of rents, dividends and interest derived from these properties; that the rest of its income is relatively small and comes from alms for mass, profits from occasional sales of some of its stocks, and sums received, in excess of cost, for wine, chocolate and other articles purchased and supplied for use in its churches, missions, parsonages, schools, and other subordinate agencies. The proportions in which these several items contributed to its income for the year covered by the tax in question are shown in the margin. 

The defendant concedes that the plaintiff is organized and operated for religious, charitable and educational purposes and that no part of its net income inures to the benefit of any stockholder or individual, but contends that it is not 'operated exclusively' for those purposes, and therefore is not within the exception in the taxing act. Stated in another way, the contention is that the plaintiff is operated also for business and commercial purposes in that it uses its properties to produce income, and trades in wine, chocolate and other articles. In effect, the contention puts aside as immaterial the fact that the income from the properties is devoted exclusively to religious, charitable and educational purposes, and also the fact that the limited trading, if it can be called such, is purely incidental to the pursuit of those purposes, and is in no sense a distinct or external venture.

Whether the contention is well taken turns primarily on the meaning of the excepting clause, before quoted from the taxing act. Two matters apparent on the face of the clause go far towards settling its meaning. First, it recognizes that a corporation may be organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific or educational purposes, and yet have a net income. Next, it says nothing about the source of the income, but makes the destination the ultimate test of exemption.

Evidently the exemption is made in recognition of the benefit which the public derives from corporate activities of the class named, and is intended to aid them when not conducted for private gain. Such activities cannot be carried on without money; and it is common knowledge that they are largely carried on with income received from properties dedicated to their pursuit. This is particularly true of many charitable, scientific and educational corporations and is measurably true of some religious corporations. Making such properties productive to the end that the income may be thus used does not alter or enlarge the purposes for which the corporation is created and conducted. This is recognized in University v. People, 99 U.S. 309, 324 (25 L. Ed. 387), where this court said:

'The purpose of a college or university is to give youth an education. The money which comes from the sale or      rent of land dedicated to that object aids this purpose. Land      so held and leased is held for school purposes, in the      fullest and clearest sense.'

To the same effect is Methodist Episcopal Church South v. Hinton, 92 Tenn. 188, 200, 21 S. W. 321. And in our opinion the excepting clause, taken according to its letter and spirit, proceeds on this view of the subject.

The plaintiff, being a corporation sole, has no stockholders. It is the legal representative of an ancient religious order the members of which have, among other vows, that of poverty. According to the Philippine law under which it is created, all of its properties are held for religious, charitable and educational purposes; and according to the facts stipulated it devotes and applies to those purposes all of the income-rents, dividends and interest-from such properties. In using the properties to produce the income, it therefore is adhering to and advancing those purposes, and not stepping aside from them or engaging in a business pursuit.

As respects the transactions in wine, chocolate and other articles, we think they do not amount to engaging in trade in any proper sense of the term. It is not claimed that there is any selling to the public or in competition with others. The articles are merely bought and supplied for use within the plaintiff's own organization and agencies-some of them for strictly religious use, and the others for uses which are purely incidental to the work which the plaintiff is carrying on. That the transactions yield some profit is in the circumstances a negligible factor. Financial gain is not the end to which they are directed.

Our conclusion is that the plaintiff is organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable and educational purposes within the meaning of the excepting clause.

Judgment affirmed. 

Notes

Dividends.................. 96,465.54

Interest................... 54,239.19

Sale of stocks................ 250.80

Sale of wine................ 2,711.15

Sale of chocolate........... 3,219.21

Sale of other articles...... 1,249.10

Alms for mass............... 6,475.00

(pesos) 254,702.69