Wachovia Bank Trust Company v. Doughton/Opinion of the Court
Stanford L. Haynes, of Springfield, Mass., died May 21, 1920, leaving a will which was duly probated at that place. The fifth clause gave to the Springfield Safe Deposit & Trust Company, Massachusetts corporation, the residue of the estate in trust, one-half to be set aside and the net income paid to his daughter, Theodosia, so long as she should live, and at her death to be transferred to 'such person or persons and in such proportions as said Theodosia shall by will appoint, or in the event that said Theodosia shall fail to exercise the power of appointment hereby conferred upon her and shall leave issue surviving her, such payment and transfer shall be made to such issue by right of representation.' The corporation accepted the trust and received a large fund.

After her father's death Theodosia intermarried with Taylor and resided at Morgantown, N. C. She died there June 23, 1921, leaving an infant child. By will dated March 18, 1921, executed in North Carolina and adequate under the laws of the state and of Massachusetts, she directed that the property described by the fifth clause of her father's will should be divided between her husband and child. She also disposed of some land and personal property in North Carilina. The will was duly probated in the latter state and plaintiff in error became administrator of the estate. The fund held by the trust company and subject to appointment was made up of stocks and bonds valued at $395,279.93.

Section 6, c. 34, Public Laws N. C. 1921, ratified March 8, 1921, directs that all real and personal property passing by will or the intestate laws of the state shall be subject to a tax, and-

'Whenever any person or corporation shall exercise a power of      appointment derived from any disposition of property made      either before or after the passage of this act, such      appointment when made shall be deemed a transfer taxable      under the provisions of this act, in the same manner as      though the property to which such appointment relates      belonged absolutely to the donee of such power and had been      bequeathed or devised by such donee by will, and the rate      shall be determined by the relationship between the      beneficiary under the power and the donor; and whenever any      person or corporation possessing such power of appointment so      derived shall omit or fail to exercise the same within the      time provided therefor, in whole or in part, a transfer taxable      under the provisions of this act shall be deemed to take      place to the extent of such omission or failure in the same      manner as though the persons or corporations thereby becoming      entitled to the possession or enjoyment of the property to      which such power related had succeeded thereto by a will of      the donee of the power failing to exercise such power, taking      effect at the time of such omission or failure.'

Acting under this statute, the proper officer demanded payment of a tax computed upon the value of the property which passed under the appointment by Mrs. Taylor. The Supreme Court of North Carolina approved the demand and specifically held that enforcement would not offend the Fourteenth Amendment by depriving the interested parties of property without due process of law. It declared that the statute taxed the exercise of the power of appointment made by permission and under direct protection of local laws. 189 N. C. 50, 126 S. E. 176.

In Orr v. Gilman, 183 U.S. 278, 22 S.C.t. 213, 46 L. Ed. 196, and Chanler v. Kelsey, 205 U.S. 466, 27 S.C.t. 550, 51 L. Ed. 882, this court held that by an act passed subsequent to the instrument which created a power of appointment New York might tax its execution without violating the Fourteenth Amendment. But in each of these causes the first testator, or creator of the trust, and the trustees thereunder were residents of New York and the fund was there held. Here the original testator resided in Massachusetts, his will was probated there, and the trustee holds the funds there for disposition under the local laws. The power of appointment was exercised by a resident of North Carolina by a will there executed and that state has attempted to impose the tax. These circumstances differentiate the causes.

In Chanler v. Kelsey the statute, chapter 284, Laws N. Y. 1897, provided:

'Whenever any person or corporation shall exercise the power      of appointment derived from any disposition of property made either before or after the      passage of this act, such appointment when made shall be      deemed a transfer taxable under the provisions of this act in      the same manner as though the property to which such      appointment relates belonged absolutely to the donee of such      power and had been bequeathed or devised by such donee by      will; and whenever any person or corporation possessing such      a power of appointment so derived shall omit or fail to      exercise the same within the time provided therefor, in whole      or in part, a transfer taxable under the provisions of this      act shall be deemed to take place to the extent of such      omissions or failure, in the same manner as though the      persons or corporations thereby becoming entitled to the      possession or enjoyment of the property to which such power      related had succeeded thereto by a will of the donee of the      power failing to exercise such power, taking effect at the      time of such omission or failure.'

Mrs. Delano, acting under the power granted by her father, appointed by her will those who should take the full beneficial interest in property held by trustees in New York and actually located there. The New York court held that the tax was upon the exercise of the power by will as an effective transfer within the purposes of the act, and this court said:

'The Court of Appeals of New York had the exclusive right to      construe instruments of title in that state, and determine      for itself the creation and vesting of estates through wills      under the laws of the state.' 'That power was exercised under      the will of Laura Delano, a right which was conferred upon      her under the laws of the state of New York and for the      exercise of which the statute was competent to impose the tax      in the exercise of the sovereign power of the Legislature      over the right to make a disposition of property by will.'

Except perhaps where the instrument which created the power provides that the appointment must be by will executed according to the law of the donee's domicile, to be proved and allowed there, the following propositions are established in Massachusetts:

'Personal property over which one has the power of      appointment is not the property of the donee, but of the      donor of the power.' The appointee takes, not as the legatee      of him who appoints, but of the original donor. 'Property in      the hands of domestic trustees appointed under the will of a      domestic testator, who conferred a power of appointment upon      a non-resident, must be distributed according to the law of      this Commonwealth and * * * the execution of the power must      be interpreted according to our law and in conformity to the      power conferred.' Walker v. Treasurer & Receiver General, 221      Mass. 600, 602, 603, 109 N. E. 647, 648, and cases there      cited; Shattuck v. Burrage, 229 Mass. 449, 118 N. E. 889.

These principles are commonly accepted. Blount v. Walker, 134 U.S. 607, 10 S.C.t. 606, 33 L. Ed. 1036; United States v. Field, 255 U.S. 257, 264, 41 S.C.t. 256, 65 L. Ed. 617, 18 A. L. R. 1461; Murphy v. Deichler, House of Lords, L. R. (1909) A. C. 446; In re Harriman's Estate, 124 Misc. Rep. 320, 208 N. Y. S. 672; Matter of New York Life Insurance & Trust Co., 209 N. Y. 585, 103 N. E. 315; Bingham's Appeal, 64 Pa. 345; Rhode Island Trust Co. v. Dunnell, 34 R. I. 394, 83 A. 858, Ann. Cas. 1914D, 580; Prince de Bearn v. Winans, 111 Md. 434, 74 A. 626; State ex rel. Bankers' Trust Co. v. Walker, 70 Mont. 484, 226 P. 894; Estate of Bowditch, 189 Cal. 377, 208 P. 282, 23 A. L. R. 735.

We think the assets of the trust estate established by the will of Haynes had no situs, actual or constructive, in North Carolina. The exercise of the power of appointment was subject to the laws of Massachusetts and nothing relative thereto was done by permission of the state where Mrs. Taylor happened to have her domicile. No right exercised by the donee was conferred on her by North Carolina. A state may not subject to taxation things wholly beyond her jurisdiction or control Frick v. Pennsylvania, 268 U.S. 473, 45 S.C.t. 603, 69 L. Ed. 1058, 42 A. L. R. 316.

The judgment below must be reversed.

Mr. Justice HOLMES.

In Bullen v. Wisconsin, 240 U.S. 625, 36 S.C.t. 473, 60 L. Ed. 830, where a fund was given in trust for the donor's widow and children, reserving to the donor a general power of revocation and the disposition of the income during his life, it was held that upon his death an inheritance tax could be levied in Wisconsin, the place of his domicile, although the trustee and trust fund were outside of the jurisdiction. The general power was considered to have the same effect as ownership. In this case the power was not so broad, because it was to be executed only by will; but the command over the fund was substantially the same. Mrs. Taylor, the donee, had the life interest and the power to dispose of the remainder by a will which she could bind herself to make. I dare say that it may be desirable to limit the universitas as was done in Frick v. Pennsylvania, 268 U.S. 473, 45 S.C.t. 603, 69 L. Ed. 1058, 42 A. L. R. 316, but I cannot help doubting whether the present decision can be reconciled with Bullen's Case.

Mr. Justice BRANDEIS and Mr. Justice STONE concur in this view. 

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