Whitehead v. Galloway/Opinion of the Court
This is a contest between claimants to the ownership of a tract of land now part of Carter county, Oklahoma, and prior to June 21, 1906, a part of the twentieth recording district, Ryan (office of the recording district), Indian Territory. Thereafter it was in the twenty-ninth recording district, Duncan (office of the recording district), Indian Territory.

On the twenty-seventh day of June, 1906, Wilburn Adams, who held title to the land, made and delivered a deed for the same to the plaintiff in error, Whitehead, which deed was filed for record in the office of the twentieth recording dis trict at Ryan, Indian Territory, on the twenty-eighth day of June, 1906, and was duly recorded. Afterwards Adams and wife made a warranty deed of the same property to James O. Galloway, dated November 16, 1906, and recorded November 22, 1906, in the office of the twenty-ninth recording district of the Indian Territory at Duncan. Galloway on the 24th day of December, 1906, conveyed the same to Winfield S. Pressgrove and his wife, which deed was recorded at Duncan. Pressgrove and wife executed to the Travelers' Insurance Company of Hartford, Connecticut, a mortgage on the land dated March 22, 1907, recorded April 5, 1907, in the office of the twenty-ninth recording district at Duncan, Indian Territory. Pressgrove and wife executed a mortgage to the Atkinson, Warren & Henley Company dated March 22, 1907, recorded April 24, 1907, in the office of the twenty-ninth recording district at Duncan.

On June 21, 1906, Congress passed an act (34 Stat. 343):

'That in addition to the places now provided by law for      holding courts in the Southern judicial district of Indian      Territory courts shall be held in the town of Duncan, and all      laws regulating the holding of the courts in the Indian      Territory shall be applicable to the said court hereby      created in said town of Duncan. That the territory next      hereinafter described shall be known as recording district      numbered twenty-nine, beginning at a point where township      line between townships two and three north reaches the east      boundary line of Oklahoma Territory; thence east on said      township line twenty-four miles to where it intersects with      range line three and four west; thence south on said range      line twelve miles to where it intersects the base line      between townships one north and one south; thence east along      said base line six miles to the range line between ranges two      and three west; thence south twelve miles along said range      line to the township line between townships two and three south; thence west thirty miles along said township      line to where it intersects with the east line of Oklahoma      Territory; thence north along said line twenty-four miles to      the place of beginning; and the place of recording and      holding court in said district shall be Duncan.'

Prior to the passage of this act of Congress the lands involved in this case were located in the twentieth recording district of the Indian Territory, known as the 'Ryan district.' But this act made them a part of the twenty-ninth recording district, known as the 'Duncan recording district.' On June 30, 1906, C. M. Campbell, who was then clerk of the United States Court for the Southern District of the Indian Territory, appointed C. N. Jackson deputy clerk and ex officio recorder for the newly-created twenty-ninth recording district, with headquarters at Duncan. C. N. Jackson took and subscribed the oath of office and filed his bond on June 30, 1906, and his appointment was duly approved by the United States Court at Ardmore on the same day. He arrived at Duncan and first opened his office on July 7, 1906, and the first entry made upon the books was upon that date. No recording office was opened at Duncan prior to July 7, 1906, when C. N. Jackson arrived and opened one.

From the time of the conveyance of the lands to Pressgrove (December 24, 1906) he has been in the actual possession thereof.

The lower court and the Supreme Court of Oklahoma decided in favor of Galloway and his successors, holding that the recording of the deed, made to Whitehead, at Ryan, was not constructive notice to the subsequent purchasers. 153 Pac. 1101, rehearing denied without opinion 157 Pac. xxiii.

At the time of the passage of the statute of June 21, 1906, another statute provided in effect (Act Feb. 19, 1903, c. 707, 32 Stat. 841, 10 Fed. States. [1st Ed.] 130):

That chapter 27 of the Digest of the Statutes of Arkansas of 1884 be extended to the Indian Territory so      far as the same is applicable and not inconsistent with any      law of Congress; that the clerk or deputy clerk of the United      States court of each of the courts of the territory should be      ex officio recorder for his district and perform the duties      required of the recorder in the chapter of Mansfield's      Digest, hereinafter referred to. The duty was placed on each      clerk or deputy clerk to record in the books provided for the      office all deeds, mortgages, etc. Instruments theretofore      recorded with the clerk of the United States Court for the      Indian Territory were not required to be again recorded, but      should be transferred to the indexes without further cost,      and that such records theretofore made should be of full      force and effect. That whenever in said chapter (Mansfield's      Digest) the word 'county' occurs there should be substituted      the word 'district' and wherever the words 'state' or 'state      of Arkansas' occur there should be substituted therefor the      words 'Indian Territory,' and wherever the words 'clerk' or      'recorder' occur there should be substituted the words 'clerk      or deputy clerk of the United States court.' The statute      further provides that all instruments of writing, the filing      of which is provided by law, should be recorded or filed in      the office of the clerk or deputy clerk at the place of      holding court in the recording district where said property      may be located.

The provisions of Mansfield's Digest, which Congress extended to the Indian Territory so far as applicable, provide (Mansfield's Digest 1884, c. 27, § 671):

'No deed, bond, or instrument of writing, for the conveyance      of any real estate, or by which the title thereto may be      affected in law or equity, hereafter made or executed, shall      be good or valid against a subsequent purchaser of such real      estate for a valuable consideration, without actual notice      thereof; or against any creditor of the person executing such      deed, bond, or instrument, ob taining a judgment or decree, which by law may be a lien upon such      real estate, unless such deed, bond, or instrument, duly      executed and acknowledged, or approved, as is or may be      required by law, shall be filed for record in the office of      the clerk and ex officio recorder of the county where such      real estate may be situated.'

Congress made no provision whereby deeds to lands in the new district were to be recorded at Ryan in the old district pending the opening of the office in the new district at Duncan. The provision as to transfer of recorded instruments to the new indexes 32 Stat. 842, applied to instruments theretofore recorded. See Bank v. Keys, 229 U.S. 179, 33 Sup. Ct. 642, 57 L. Ed. 1140.

Cases cited by plaintiff in error, where statutes provide for the organization of new counties, and holding that until such new counties are organized the place for recording is the old county where the lands are situated, are not apposite. Congress itself declared and defined the new recording district, and the applicable provisions of Mansfield's Digest provided that no conveyance should be constructive notice against a subsequent purchaser unless such deed should be filed for record in the office of the clerk and ex officio recorder of the district where the real estate was situated. The statute is explicit, and when Whitehead bought from Adams the requirement of the law was plain that the deed should be filed for record at Duncan in the new district. See Astor v. Wells, 4 Wheat. 466, 4 L. Ed. 616. But, it is said, at the time of the conveyance to Whitehead, no office had been established at Duncan. This fact, however, did not continue Ryan as the place for recording deeds for lands in the new district.

The requirements of the legislation are positive, making Duncan the place for filing the deed in the new recording district where the lands are situated. The plaintiff in error urges that until an office was opened at Duncan it was impossible to record a deed there. This fact does present an anomalous situation, not to be remedied, however, by judicial construction in derogation of positive and controlling legislation.

Moreover, by the agreed statement of facts it appears that a deputy clerk, who became ex officio recorder, was appointed June 30, 1906, and opened his office for the transaction of business at Duncan on July 7, 1906. The conveyance from Adams to Galloway was made on November 16, 1906. Had Whitehead filed his deed for record at Duncan after the recording office was opened there and prior to November 16, 1906, Galloway and the subsequent purchasers would have had constructive notice by means of this record of the prior conveyance. But all that Whitehead did was to file his deed at Ryan after the lands had become part of the Duncan district. After the opening of the Duncan office, it was his duty, if he would charge others with constructive notice, to file his deed in the office at Duncan. Had he done this he would have had a conveyance of record which would have been constructive notice to subsequent purchasers. Such constructive notice was not conveyed to Galloway and the subsequent purchasers by the filing of the deed for record at Ryan in the old district. It results that the judgment of the Supreme Court of Oklahoma must be

Affirmed. 

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