Chase v. United States (155 U.S. 489)/Opinion of the Court
This writ of error brings up a judgment of the circuit court of the United States for the district of Indiana, dismissing a suit instituted against the United States by the personal representatives of Hiram W. Chase.

It appears from the statement of facts made by the court below that on the 17th day of July, 1866, John K. Snider leased for a term of ten years a certain lot, with the building thereon, in Lafayette, Ind., to be occupied by the United States as a postoffice; that the building was so occupied until December, 1869, when it was destroyed by fire; that James Montgomery, previous to the fire, became the owner of the property, and entitled to the benefit of the lease; that on the 1st day of May, 1870, Montgomery made a lease, in form to the United States, represented by the postmaster general, for the term of 20 years, and at an annual rental of $1,500, payable in equal quarterly installments, of certain parts of a building which he covenanted to erect upon the same lot. He also covenanted to supply and keep in repair, to the satisfaction of the postmaster general, all boxes and flxtures necessary for a postoffice in that building.

Montgomery erected the required building, and the United States took possession of it. On the 15th day of April, 1870, he assigned his interest in the lease to one Tuttle, who, on the 10th of February, 1871, assigned to Chase, the testator of the plaintiff. Subsequently, May 10, 1886, the government, without complaining of any violation of the terms of the lease, vacated the premises, and refused to pay rent thereafter.

During the occupancy of the premises, Chase laid out and expended for furniture, fixtures, and required changes, the sum of $2,000, and at the time the premises were vacated he was engaged, in conformity with the request of the postal officers, in making other repairs and additions.

The present action was brought on the lease, to recover the amount due for the unexpired term.

The circuit court adjudged that the postmaster general had no authority to execute the lease, and that the government was not liable to suit upon it. For that reason the suit was dismissed. 44 Fed. 732.

Mr. John C. Chaney, for plaintiff in error.

[Argument of Counsel from pages 491-495 intentionally omitted]

Mr. JUSTICE HARLAN, after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.

The first question to be considered involves the jurisdiction of this court to review the judgment below upon writ of error. The United States contends that a judgment rendered in a suit brought under the act of March 3, 1887, entitled 'An act to provide for the bringing of suits against the government of the United States,' and commonly known as the 'Tucker Act,' cannot be re-examined here except upon appeal. 24 Stat. 505, c. 359. So much of that act as can have any bearing upon this case is printed in the margin. 

Section 1. That the court of claims shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine the following matters: The contention of the government as to the jurisdiction of this court is not well founded. Congress did not intend that cases brought under this act in a district or circuit court of the United States should be brought here by appeal only. Throughout all the provisions relating to actions commenced in those courts, there is shown a purpose to preserve the distinction between cases at law, cases in equity, and cases in admiralty. The phrases, 'judgment or decree,' 'right of exception or appeal,' 'equity or admiralty,' 'rights of appeal or writs of error,' and 'appeal or writ of error,' taken in connection with the clause in the fourth section relating to the jurisdiction of the respective courts of the United States proceeding under the act, and providing that 'the course of procedure shall be in accordance with the established rules of said respective courts, and of such additions and modifications thereof as said courts may adopt'; with that part of section 7 which in terms refers to the distinction between cases at law and cases in equity and admiralty, and directs that 'if the suit be in equity or admiralty the court shall proceed with the same according to the rules of such courts'; with the express recognition in section 9 of the 'same rights of appeal or writs of error' in any suit brought under this act as were reserved in the statutes of the United States in that behalf at the date of the passage of the act; with the requirement, in the same section, that 'the modes of procedure in claiming and perfecting an appeal or writ of error shall conform in all respects, and as near as may be, to the statutes and rules of court governing appeals and writs of error in like causes'; and with the provision in section 10 making it the duty of the district attorney, when the attorney general shall determine 'whether an appeal or writ of error shall be taken or not' in cases in which 'the judgment or decree' shall be adverse to the government, to cause 'an appeal or writ of error to be perfected in accordance with the terms of the statutes and rules of practice governing the same,'-these phrases, clauses, and provisions make it, we think, reasonably clear that congress intended that the final determination of suits brought under this act in a district or circuit court of the United States shall be reviewed here upon writ of error, if the case be one at law, and upon appeal, if the case is one cognizable in equity or in admiralty, under the existing statutes regulating the jurisdiction of those courts.

But congress, while recognizing the settled distinction between law, equity, and admiralty, did not intend that the records of cases brought against the government under this act should contain all that is required in suits instituted in the courts of the United States under the general statutes regulating their jurisdiction and the modes of procedure therein. Neither the mode of procedure in the court of claims, nor the mode in which cases there determined may be brought here for re-examination, were changed by the act of March 3, 1887. But under that act a judgment of a district or circuit court of the United States, in an action at law brought against the government, will be re-examined here only when the record contains a specific finding of facts, with the conclusions of law thereon. In such cases this court will only inquire whether the judgment below is supported by the facts thus found. And, we think, it was also the purpose of congress to require like specific findings or statements of fact and conclusions of law in cases in equity and in admiralty brought under that act in the district and circuit courts of the United States, and to restrict our inquiry in such cases, as in actions at law, to the sufficiency of the facts so found or stated to support the final judgment.

For the reasons stated, the motion to dismiss the writ of error for want of jurisdiction in this court to review in that mode the final judgment of the court below is overruled.

Was the United States liable upon the written contract of lease which is the foundation of this action?

By the law in force when the lease sued on was executed, it was made the duty of the postmaster general 'to establish postoffices.' By section 3732, Rev. St., it is provided, as did, substantially, the statutes in force when that lease was made, that 'no contract or purchase on behalf of the United States shall be made unless the same is authorized by law, or is under an appropriation adequate to its fulfilment, except in the war and navy departments, for clothing, subsistence, forage, fuel, quarters, or transportation, which, however, shall not exceed the necessities of the current year.' 4 Stat. 102, c. 64, § 1; 12 Stat. 220, c. 84, § 10.

Much stress is placed by counsel for the plaintiff upon the clause making it the duty of the postmaster general to establish postoffices, the contention being that the power to establish a postoffice carries with it authority to lease rooms or a building in which the postmaster may conduct the business of his office. In support of this position, Ware v. U.S., 4 Wall. 617, is cited. But that case does not justify any such interpretation of the act of congress. The question there was as to the power of the postmaster general to discontinue a postoffice that had once been established by him under the authority conferred by the act of 1825 (4 Stat. 102), 'to establish postoffices.' This court, observing that the power to discontinue postoffices is incident to the power to establish them, unless there was some provision in the acts of congress restraining its exercise, said: 'Undoubtedly, congress might discontinue a postoffice which they had previously established by law, and it is difficult to see why the postmaster general may not do the same thing, when acting under an act of congress expressed in the very words of the constitution, from which congress derives its power.' Again: 'Power to establish postoffices and postroads is conferred upon congress, but the policy of the government, from the time the general postoffice was established, has been to delegate the power to designate the places where the mail shall be received and delivered to the postmaster general.' Page 632.

There was no issue in that case as to the extent of the authority of the postmaster general to bind the government by contract for the payment of money or for the lease of a building for a postoffice. That case did not call for any consideration of the general question, whether the words in the statute, 'to establish postoffices,' had the full meaning of the same words found in the section of the constitution enumerating the powers of congress.

Nor is it necessary to determine all that may be done by the postmaster general under the power 'to establish postoffices' conferred upon that officer; for those words are to be interpreted in connection with the above statutory provision forbidding the making, except in the war and navy departments, and in those departments only for certain things and under specified conditions, of any contract or purchase on behalf of the United States, unless the same be authorized by law, or is under an appropriation adequate to its fulfillment. There is no claim that the lease in question was made under any appropriation whatever,-much less, one adequate to its fulfillment. So that the only inquiry is whether the contract of lease was 'authorized by law,' within the meaning of the statute relating to contracts or purchases on behalf of the government.

The counsel of the plaintiff contends that a contract of lease on behalf of the United States is authorized by law if made by the postmaster general for the purpose of procuring rooms or a building for a postoffice established by him. The same argument would sustain a purchase by the postmaster general, on behalf of the United States, of a building to be used for a postoffice so established by that officer. We cannot give our sanction to this interpretation of the statute. It would give the postmaster general much larger powers than we believe congress intended to give him. While the postmaster general, under the power to establish postoffices, may designate the places-that is, the localities-at which the mails are to be received, he cannot bind the United States by any lease or purchase of a building to be used for the purposes of a postoffice, unless the power to do so is derived from a statute which, either expressly or by necessary implication, authorizes him to make such lease or purchase. The general authority 'to establish postoffices' does not itself, or without more, necessarily imply authority to bind the United States by a contract to lease or purchase a postoffice building, although an appropriation of money to pay for the rent of a postoffice building at a named place might give authority to the postmaster general to lease such building in that locality as he deemed proper for the service, always keeping within the amount so appropriated. So, also, the power to lease a building to be used as a postoffice may be implied from a general appropriation of money to pay for rent of postoffices in any particular fiscal year or years.

We have considered the case in the light of the statutes in force when the lease of May 1, 1870, was executed. Shortly after that date, by the act of July 12, 1870 (16 Stat. 251, c. 251, § 7), it was provided that no department of the government should expend in any one year any sum in excess of appropriations made by congress for that fiscal year, or involve the government in any contract for the future payment of money in excess of such appropriations. And that provision is reproduced in section 3679 of the Revised Statutes.

We are of opinion that the lease used on was not authorized by law, and consequently no action can be maintained thereon

The judgment is affirmed. 

Notes

First. All claims founded upon the constitution of the United States, or any law of congress, except for pensions, or upon any regulation of an executive department, or upon any contract, expressed or implied, with the government of the United States, or for damages, liquidated or unliquidated, in cases not sounding in tort, in respect of which claims the party would be entitled to redress against the United States either in a court of law, equity, or admiralty if the United States were suable: provided, however, that nothing in this section shall be construed as giving to either of the courts herein mentioned jurisdiction to hear and determine claims growing out of the late Civil War, and commonly known as 'war claims,' or to hear and determine other claims, which have heretofore been rejected, or reported on adversely by any court, department, or commission authorized to hear and determine the same.

Second. All set-offs, counter-claims, claims for damages, whether liquidated or unliquidated, or other demands whatsoever on the part of the government of the United States against any claimant against the government in said court: provided, that no suit against the government of the United States shall be allowed under this act unless the same shall have been brought within six years after the right accrued for which the claim is made.

Sec. 2. That the district courts of the United States shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the court of claims as to all matters named in the preceding section where the amount of the claim does not exceed one thousand dollars, and the circuit courts of the United States shall have such concurrent jurisdiction in all cases where the amount of such claims exceeds one thousand dollars and does not exceed ten thousand dollars. All causes brought and tried under the provisions of this act shall be tried by the court without a jury.

Sec. 3. That whenever any person shall present his petition to the court of claims alleging that he is or has been indebted to the United States as an officer or agent thereof, or by virtue of any contract therewith, or that he is the guarantor, or surety, or personal representative of any officer, or agent, or contractor so indebted, or that he, or the person for whom he is such surety, guarantor, or personal representative has held any office or agency under the United States, or entered into any contract therewith, under which it may be or has been claimed that an indebtedness to the United States has arisen and exists, and that he or the person he represents has applied to the proper department of the government requesting that the account of such office, agency, or indebtedness may be adjusted and settled, and that three years have elapsed from the date of such application and said account still remains unsettled and unadjusted, and that no suit upon the same has been brought by the United States, said court shall, due notice first being given to the head of said department and to the attorney-

general of the United States, proceed to hear the parties and to ascertain the amount, if any, due the United States on said account. The attorney-general shall represent the United States at the hearing of said cause. The court may postpone the same from time to time whenever justice shall require. The judgment of said court or of the supreme court of the United States, to which an appeal shall lie, as in other cases, as to the amount due, shall be binding and conclusive upon the parties. The payment of such amount so found due by the court shall discharge such obligation. An action shall accrue to the United States against such principal, or surety, or representative to recover the amount so found due, which may be brought at any time within three years after the final judgment of said court. Unless suit shall be brought within said time, such claim and the claim on the original indebtedness shall be forever barred.

Sec. 4. That the jurisdiction of the respective courts of the United States proceeding under this act, including the right of exception and appeal, shall be governed by the law now in force, in so far as the same is applicable and not inconsistent with the provisions of this act; and the course of procedure shall be in accordance with the established rules of said respective courts, and of such additions and modifications thereof as said courts may adopt.

Sec. 5. That the plaintiff in any suit brought under the provisions of the second section of this act shall file a petition, duly verified with the clerk of the respective court having jurisdiction of the case, and in the district where the plaintiff resides. Such petition shall set forth the full name and residence of the plaintiff, the nature of his claim, and a succinct statement of the facts upon which the claim is based, the money or any other thing claimed, or the damages sought to be recovered, and praying the court for a judgment or decree upon the facts and law.

Sec. 6. That the plaintiff shall cause a copy of his petition filed under the preceding section to be served upon the district attorney of the United States in the district wherein suit is brought, and shall mail a copy of the same, by registered letter, to the attorney-general of the United States, and shall thereupon cause to be filed with the clerk of the court wherein suit is instituted an affidavit of such service and the mailing of such letter. It shall be the duty of the district attorney upon whom service of petition is made as aforesaid to appear and defend the interests of the government in the suit, and within sixty days after the service of petition upon him, unless the time should be extended by order of the court made in the case to file a plea, answer, or demurrer on the part of the government, and to file a notice of any counter-claim, set-off, claim for damages, or other demand or defence whatsoever of the government in the premises: provided, that should the district attorney neglect or refuse to file the plea, answer, demurrer, or defence, as required, the plaintiff may proceed with the case

under such rules as the court may adopt in the premises; but the plaintiff shall not have judgment or decree for his claim, or any part thereof, unless he shall establish the same by proof satisfactory to the court.

Sec. 7. That it shall be the duty of the court to cause a written opinion to be filed in the cause, setting forth the specific findings by the court of the facts therein and the conclusions of the court upon all questions of law involved in the case, and to render judgment thereon. If the suit be in equity or admiralty, the court shall proceed with the same according to the rules of such courts.

Sec. 8. That in the trial of any suit brought under any of the provisions of this act, no person shall be excluded as a witness because he is a party to or interested in said suit; and any plaintiff or party in interest may be examined as a witness on the part of the government.

Section ten hundred and seventy-nine of the Revised Statutes is hereby repealed. The provisions of section ten hundred and eighty of the Revised Statutes shall apply to cases under this act.

Sec. 9. That the plaintiff or the United States, in any suit brought under the provisions of this act, shall have the same rights of appeal or writ of error as are now reserved in the statutes of the United States in that behalf made, and upon the conditions and limitations therein contained. The modes of procedure in claiming and perfecting an appeal or writ of error shall conform in all respects, and as near as may be, to the statutes and rules of court governing appeals and writs of error in like causes.

Sec. 10. That when the findings of fact and the law applicable thereto have been filed in any case as provided in section six of this act, and the judgment or decree is adverse to the government, it shall be the duty of the district attorney to transmit to the attorney-general of the United States certified copies of all the papers filed in the cause, with a transcript of the testimony taken, the written findings of the court, and his written opinion as to the same; whereupon the attorney-general shall determine and direct whether an appeal or writ of error shall be taken or not; and when so directed the district attorney shall cause an appeal or writ or error to be perfected in accordance with the terms of the statutes and rules of practice governing the same: provided, that no appeal or writ of error shall be allowed after six months from the judgment or decree in such suit. From the date of such final judgment or decree interest shall be computed thereon, at the rate of four per centum per annum, until the time when an appropriation is made for the payment of the judgment or decree.

Sec. 11. That the attorney-general shall report to congress, and at the beginning of each session of congress, the suits under this act in which a final judgment or decree has been rendered, giving the date of each, and a statement of the costs taxed in each case.

Sec. 16. That all laws and parts of laws inconsistent with this act are hereby repealed.