Keith v. Johnson/Opinion of the Court
In 1917, John B. Johnson, a resident of New York, died intestate. Respondent was appointed administratrix and in that year paid to the state $233,044.20, the transfer tax imposed pursuant to article 10, Tax Law (chapter 60, Consolidated Laws). When respondent made the income tax return for the estate for 1917 (Revenue Act 1916, c. 463, 39 Stat. 756, 757 (Comp. St. § 6336a et seq.)), she claimed that the state transfer tax paid in that year was deductible; but, yielding to the regulations of the Treasury Department, she did not make the deduction, and under protest paid to the United States an income tax calculated on $164,958.00, amounting to $30,985.53. If the deduction had been made there would have been no taxable income. This action was brought to recover the amount paid. The District Court gave respondent judgment which was affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals.

Under the Revenue Act of 1916, the income of the estate for 1917 during administration was subject to a tax to be assessed against the administratrix. She was required to pay the tax and was indemnified against claims of beneficiaries for the amount paid. Section 2(b). It is provided that in computing net income, in the case of a citizen or resident of the United States, for the purpose of the tax there shall be allowed as deductions the taxes imposed by the authority of the United States or of any state and paid within the year. Section 5(a) Third. Administrators and other fiduciaries are subject to all the provisions which apply to individuals. Section 8(c).

In United States v. Woodward, 41 S.C.t. 615, 256 U.S. 632, 65 L. Ed. 1131, it was held that the federal estate taxes imposed by the Revenue Act of 1916 are deductible in ascertaining net taxable income received by estates of deceased persons during the period of administration or settlement. Revenue Act 1918, title 2 (Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1919, § 6336 1/8 a et seq.). The court said (41 S.C.t. 616, 256 U.S. p. 635):

'It (the estate tax) is made a charge on the estate and is to      be paid out of it by the administrator or executor      substantially as other taxes and charges are paid. * * * It      does not segregate any part of the estate from the rest and      keep it from passing to the administrator or executor for      purposes of administration, * * * but is made a general      charge on the gross estate and is to be paid in money out of      any available funds or, if there be none, by converting other      property into money for the purpose.'

The government contends that the state transfer tax is not imposed on the estate and is not deductible in calculating the federal tax on the income of the estate.

The transfer tax law imposes a tax 'upon the transfer of property' from the deceased (section 220) at rates graduated, according to the amount transferred to each beneficiary and the relationship, or absence of any, between the deceased and beneficiaries. Sections 221, 221(a). Until paid the tax is a lien upon the property of the deceased. The person to whom the property is transferred is made personally liable for the tax. The personal representatives of the deceased are personally liable for the tax until its payment; they are authorized to sell the property of the estate to obtain money to pay the tax in the same manner as they may to pay debts of the deceased. Section 224.  They are not entitled to discharge until the tax is paid. Section 236. The law plainly makes it their duty to pay the tax out of the estate. The property remaining passes to the beneficiaries. When property is transferred without the deduction of the tax the beneficiary is required to pay. But, by whomsoever the amount may be handed over to the state, the tax is in effect an appropriation by the state of a part of the property of the deceased at the time of death, and the state's portion is deductible from the legacy and does not pass to the legatee. If money is transferred the tax is withheld; property other than money passes subject to the transfer tax. Cf. Matter of Estate of Swift, 32 N. E. 1096, 137 N. Y. 77, 83, 18 L. R. A. 709. In Matter of Marriam, 36 N. E. 505, 141 N. Y. 479, a bequest to the United States was held subject to the tax. The court said (36 N. E. 506, 141 N. Y. 484):

'This tax, in effect, limits the power of testamentary      disposition, and legatees and devisees take their bequests      and devises subject to this tax imposed upon the succession      of property. This view eliminates from the case the point      urged by the appellant that to collect this tax would be in      violation of the well-established rule that the state cannot      tax the property of the United States. Assuming this legacy      vested in the United States at the moment of testator's      death, yet in contemplation of law the tax was fixed on the      succession at the same instant of time. This is not a tax      imposed by the state on the property of the United States.      The property that vests in the United States under this will      is the net amount of its legacy after the succession tax is      paid.'

That case was brought to this court on writ of error. United States v. Perkins, 16 S.C.t. 1073, 163 U.S. 625, 41 L. Ed. 287. Following the decisions of the New York court it was held that the transfer tax is not imposed on property but on the transfer, and that the property does not pass to the heirs or legatees until, by the enforced contribution to the state, it has suffered diminution to the amount of the tax. And see Prentiss v. Eisner (D. C.) 260 F. 589, affirmed (C. C. A.) 267 F. 16; People v. Fraser, 40 N. E. 165, 145 N. Y. 593, affirming 26 N. Y. S. 814, 74 Hun, 282.

The government cites New York Trust Co. v. Eisner, 41 S.C.t. 506, 256 U.S. 345, 65 L. Ed. 963, 16 A. L. R. 660. In that case there was involved the amount of the federal estate tax under section 201 of the Revenue Act of 1916, 39 Stat. 756, 777 (Comp. St. § 6336 1/2 b). Section 203 (Comp. St. § 6336 1/2 d) provided that there should be deducted from the value of the gross estate funeral expenses, administration expenses, claims against the estate, certain losses, 'and such other charges against the estate as are allowed by the laws of the jurisdiction' where the estate was administered. When that case was before this court the latest decision of the New York Court of Appeals, having a direct bearing upon the matter, was Matter of Gihon, 62 N. E. 561, 169 N. Y. 443. It was there held that the state transfer tax was the same as the federal inheritance tax imposed by the War Revenue Act of June 13, 1898, c. 448, 30 Stat. 448, which was considered by this court in Knowlton v. Moore, 20 S.C.t. 747, 178 U.S. 41, 44 L. Ed. 969; that the tax was not primarily payable out the estate; that it was a tax not upon property but upon succession, 'that is to say, a tax on the legatee for the privilege of succeeding to property,' and that payment of the tax by the personal representative was for the legatee and not on account of the estate. In harmony with that case this court held that the state transfer tax paid by the executors was not deductible in calculating the amount of the federal estate tax. Since then the courts of New York, notwithstanding the Gihon Case, have construed the statute in harmony with the earlier decisions of the New York courts and United States v. Perkins, supra.

In Home Trust Co. v. Law, 198 N. Y. S. 710, 204 App. Div. 590, the court considered the state law which imposes an income tax on individuals (Tax Law, § 351, as added by Laws N. Y. 1919, c. 627), and makes that tax applicable to income of estates of deceased persons received during administration. Section 365, as added by Laws N. Y. 1919, c. 627. It is shown that the state income tax and deductions (section 360 as added by Laws N. Y. 1919, c. 627) from gross earnings, authorized to be made to determine the amount of the taxable income of the estate, are patterned after the corresponding federal taxes and deductions; and, following the decision of this court in United States v. Woodward, supra, it was held that, since the federal estate tax paid is deductible to arrive at the income of the estate subject to the federal tax, the state transfer tax should be held to be deductible in ascertaining the income of the estate taxable under the state law. The court said (198 N. Y. S. 712, 204 App. Div. 594):

'Aside from authority and theory we think it was the clear      legislative intent, as indicated by the various provisions of      the Tax Law, that in calculating the net income of the estate      of a decedent for income tax purposes, the amount paid by an executor      during the year in satisfaction of a transfer tax should be      deducted. The income tax payment is made by the executor of      the estate from funds of the estate and not from funds      belonging to legatees. Kings County Trust Co. v. Law (194 N.      Y. S. 370) 201 App. Div. 181. The transfer tax payment is      made by the executor from the funds of the estate. 'The      transfer tax is imposed upon the estate of the decedent as it      exists at the hour of his death, and its value is to be fixed      as of that time.' Matter of Hubbard (134 N. E. 17) 234 N. Y.      179. Thus the tax is measurable not by the funds received by      a legatee, but by the funds the executor receives. As the      burden of paying the income tax, as well as the burden of      paying the transfer tax is cast upon the executor, and as the      taxable income of the estate is under the terms of the Tax      Law measurable by gross income received less taxes paid, it      would seem clear that the person paying the income tax,      namely, the executor, is entitled to deduct the very transfer      tax which he himself pays.'

This decision was affirmed by the Court of Appeals without opinion. 142 N. E. 303, 236 N. Y. 607.

This court will follow the decisions of the state courts as to the meaning and proper application of the state transfer tax law, any expressions in its earlier decision to the contrary notwithstanding. Green v. Lessee of Neal, 6 Pet. 291, 298, 299, 8 L. Ed. 402; Fairfield v. County of Gallatin, 100 U.S. 47, 25 L. Ed. 544; Edward Hines Trustees v. Martin, 45 S.C.t. 543, 268 U.S. 458, 464, 69 L. Ed. 1050.

By indicating that the latest decisions of the state courts will be followed here as binding, it is not intended to intimate that a different view is entertained as to the construction properly to be given the state law. In fact we agree with that construction; and feel justified in so saying as the same question arises in another case-No. 470, the opinion in which is announced concurrently with this one-on a substantially similar statute of a state where there has been no authoritative construction by the state courts. Compare Harrigan v. Bergdoll, No. 181, 46 S.C.t. 413, 270 U.S. 560, 70 L. Ed. 733, decided this day. And we are of opinion that the transfer tax is deductible. It was primarily payable by the respondent out of moneys and other property of the estate; and it was so paid by her. While this lessens the amount for distribution among the heirs, it cannot be said that they bore any part of that tax. As well might it be claimed that they paid the funeral expenses and debts, if any, of the intestate. No part of the transfer tax so paid could be taken by the heirs as a deduction in claculating their federal income taxes. It follows that the amount of the tranfer tax paid in 1917 by the respondent was deductible in ascertaining the taxable income of the estate received by her in that year.

Judgment affirmed. 

Notes

the same manner that payment of the legacy might be enforced, or by the district attorney under section two hundred and thirty-five of this chapter. If any such legacy shall be given in money to any such person for a limited period, the executor, administrator or trustee shall retain the tax upon the whole amount, but if it be not in money, he shall make application to the court having jurisdiction of an accounting by him, to make an apportionment, if the case require it, of the sum to be paid into his hands by such legatees, and for such further order relative thereto as the case may require.