United States v. Salambier/Opinion of the Court
It was decided by the United States circuit court of appeals for the Second circuit, in U.S. v. Schilling, 11 U.S. App. 604, 3 C. C. A. 440, and 53 Fed. 81, that 'sweetened chocolate' was dutiable under paragraph 319 of the tariff act of October 1, 1890, at the rate of two cents per pound, as 'cocoa, prepared or manufactured, not specially provided for in the act.'

From that decision the United States took no appeal. In the present case, the board of general appraisers held that 'sweetened chocolate' was dutiable at the rate of two cents per pound under said paragraph 319. The United States appealed from the decision of the board of appraisers to the circuit court of the United States for the Southern district of New York, not on the ground that the merchandise in question was not properly dutiable, under paragraph 319, at two cents per pound, but claiming that the protest made y  the importer against the decision of the collector, who had assessed the sweetened chocolate, under paragraph 239 of said act, at 50 per cent. ad valorem, was not a sufficient protest under existing law. From the judgment of the circuit court affirming the decision of the board of general appraisers an appeal was taken by the United States to the circuit court of appeals, and that court has certified to us the single question of the legal suficiency of the protest, which, omitting unnecessary words and figures, was as follows:

'I do hereby protest against the rate of 50% assessed on chocolate imported by me, Str. La Bretagne, June 23, '91. * * * I, claiming that the said goods under existing laws are dutiable at two cents per pound, and the exaction of a higher rate is unjust and illegal, I pay the duty demanded to obtain possession of the goods, and claim to have the amount unjustly exacted refunded.'

By the fourteenth section of an act approved June 10, 1890 (26 Stat. 131), entitled 'An act to simplify the laws in relation to the collection of the revenues,' congress enacted 'that the decision of the collector as to the rate and amount of duties chargeable upon imported merchandise, including all dutiable costs and charges, and as to all fees and exactions of whatever character, (except duties on tonnage,) shall be final and conclusive against all persons interested therein, unless the owner, importer, consignee or agent of such merchandise or the person paying such fees, charges and exactions, other than duties, shall, within ten days after, 'but not before,' such ascertainment and liquidation of duties, as well in cases of merchandise entered in bond as for consumption, or within ten days after the payment of such fees, charges and exactions, if dissatisfied with such decision, give notice in writing to the collector, setting forth therein distinctly and specifically, and in respect to each entry or payment, the reasons for his objections thereto, and if the merchandise is entered for consumption shall pay the full amount of the duties and charges ascertained to be due thereon.'

The three paragraphs concerned are as follows:

(239) 'All other confectionery, including chocolate confectionery, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem.'

(318) 'Chocolate (other than chocolate confectionery and chocolate commercially known as sweetened chocolate), two cents a pound.'

(319) 'Cocoa, prepared or manufactured, not specially provided for in this act, two cents per pound.' 26 Stat. 584, 588.

It is not claimed on behalf of the government in the present case that the protest was not made in writing by a person entitled to do so, or that it was not made within due time, or that the requisite payment under protest had not been duly made. In other words, it is conceded that the importer, within the time prescribed in the statute, and having paid the full amount of the duties exacted, gave notice in writing to the collector that he was dissatisfied with his decision, and gave certain reasons for his objections thereto.

What is claimed by the government is that the nature of the importer's objections to the decision of the collector was not set forth with the distinctness and with the minuteness of specification required by the statute.

It does not appear that the collector deemed the protest insufficient in form or unintelligible. Not complaining of any want of distinctness in the protest, he adhered to his decision as to the nature of the merchandise and the amount of the duty, and, in pursuance of the statute, transmitted the protest, with the invoice and entry, to the board of general appraisers. The board regarded the protest as sufficient in respect to form and distinctness, reversed the decision of the collector, and held that the merchandise was duitable at two cents per pound, under paragraph 319 of the tariff act.

As already stated, it is admitted by the government that the collector was wrong in his classification of the imported article, and that the duty assessed by the board of general appraisers is the one that should have been exacted from the importer. Still, it is contended that the importer has lost his remedy by reason of having failed to specifically claim classification of the imported merchandise as a manufacture of cocoa, under said paragraph 319.

Apart from the authorities cited, and which we shall presently examine, we have no difficulty in agreeing with the board of appraisers, and with the circuit court, that the protest was, in form and substance, a reasonable compliance with the law. The object of the statute, in requiring a protest, was to distinctly inform the collector of the position of the importer. In this instance, it was impossible for the collector to have read the protest without perceiving that his classification of the merchandise, as dutiable under paragraph 239 of the tariff act, at 20 per cent, ad valorem, was objected to, and that the importer claimed that, under the law, the goods were dutiable at two cents per pound. The collector could not have been perplexed by the omission to name the specific paragraph which the importer sought to have applied, for there were but two paragraphs, besides 239, which dealt with the subject, namely paragraphs 318 and 319, and under either or them the duty was that claimed by the importer, two cents per pound.

The conclusion thus reached is consistent with the authorities to which our attention has been called in the briefs or the respective parties:

'We are not disposed to exact any nice precision, nor to apply any strict rule of construction, upon the notices required under this statute. It is sufficient if the importer indicates distinctly and definitely the source of his complaint and his design to make it the foundation for a claim against the government.' Greeley's Adm'r v. Burgess, 18 How. 413.

'Persons importing merchandise are required to make their protests distinct and specific, in order to apprise the collector of the nature of the objection, before it is too late to remove it, or to modify the exaction, and that the proper officers of the treasury may know what they have to meet, in case they decide to exact the duties as intimated, notwithstanding the objection, and to expose the United States to the risk of litigation.' Curtis' Adm'x v. Fiedler, 2 Black, 461.

'The object of the requirement is to prevent a party, if he suffers a mistake or oversight to pass without notice, from taking advantage of it when it is too late to make the correction, and to compel him to disclose the grounds of his objection at the time when he makes his protest. * * * Technical precision is not required; but the objections must be so distinct and specific as, when fairly construed, to show that the objection taken at the trial was at the time in the mind of the importer, and that it was sufficient to notify the collector of its true nature and character, to the end that he might ascertain the precise facts, and have an opportunity to correct the mistake and cure the defect, if it was one which could be obviated.' Davis v. Arthur, 96 U.S. 148.

'A protest is not required to be made with technical precision, but is sufficient if it shows fairly that the objection afterwards made at the trial was in the mind of the party and was brought to the knowledge of the collector, so as to secure to the government the practical advantage which the statute was designed to secure.' Arthur v. Morgan, 112 U.S. 495, 5 Sup. Ct. 241.

'A protest which indicates to an intelligent man the ground of the importer's objection to the duties levied upon the articles should not be discarded because of the brevity with which the objection is stated.' Schell's Ex'rs v. Fauch e, 138 U.S. 562, 11 Sup. Ct. 376; Heinze v. Arthur's Ex'rs, 144 U.S. 29, 12 Sup. Ct. 604.

In Herrman v. Robertson, 152 U.S. 521, 14 Sup. Ct. 686, a protest was held insufficient, in that it failed to point out, or suggest in any way, the provision which actually controlled, and in effect only raised a question which of two clauses, under one or the other of which it was assumed that the importation came, should govern as most applicable.

Under these and other authorities which we have examined, we conclude that the notice was sufficient, and accordingly answer the question certified to us by the circuit court of appeals in the affirmative; and it is so ordered. 

Notes