Chang Chan v. Nagle/Opinion of the Court
Petitioners, Chang Chan and three others, claiming to be native-born citizens of the United States permanently domiciled therein, sought release from detention by the Immigration Commissioner of four young Chinese women, alleged to be their lawful wives wedded in China prior to July 1, 1924. On that day the young women were on the high seas as passengers upon the President Lincoln. Arriving at San Francisco July 11, without immigration vises as provided for by section 9, Immigration Act of 1924, c. 190, 43 Stat. 153, they sought and were finally denied permanent admission. In support of this action the Secretary of Labor said:

'Neither the citizenship of the alleged husband, nor the      relationship of the applicant to him, has been investigated      for the reason that even if it were conceded that both      elements exist she would still be inadmissible, as section 13      of the Act of 1924 mandatorily excludes the wives of United      States citizens of the Chinese race if such wives are of a      race or persons ineligible to citizenship, and the Department      has no alternative than to recommend exclusion.'

The court below inquires, Judicial Code, § 239 (Comp. St. § 1216):

'Should the petitioners be refused admission to the United      States either, (a) because of the want of a vise; or (b)      because of want of right of admission if found to be Chinese      wives of American citizens?'

This cause involves no claim of right granted or guaranteed by treaty and is therefore radically different from Cheung Sum Shee et al. v. John D. Nagle, etc., 268 U.S. 336, 45 S.C.t. 539, 69 L. Ed. 985, this day becided.

The excluded wives are alien Chinese ineligible to citizenship here. Rev. Stat. § 2169 (Comp. St. § 4358); Act May 6, 1882, c. 126, § 14, 22 Stat. 58, 61 (Comp. St. § 4359). Notwithstanding their marriage to citizens of the United States, they did not become citizens and remained incapable of naturalization.

Prior to September 22, 1922, Rev. Stat. § 1994 (Comp. St. § 3948) applied. It provided:

'Any woman who is now or may hereafter be married to a      citizen of the United States, and who might herself be      lawfully naturalized, shall be deemed a citizen.'

Since that date chapter 411, 42 Stat. 1021, 1022, § 2 (Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1923, § 4358b), has been in force. It provides:

'That any woman who marries a citizen of the United States      after the passage of this act, or any woman whose husband is      naturalized after the passage of this act, shall not become a      citizen of the United States by reason of such marriage or naturalization; but, if      eligible to citizenship, she may be naturalized upon full and      complete compliance with all requirements of the      naturalization laws. * * *'

Section 13(c), Immigration Act of 1924, declares:

'No alien ineligible to citizenship shall be admitted to the      United States unless such alien (1) is admissible as a      nonquota immigrant under the provisions of subdivision (b),      (d), or (e) of section 4, or (2) is the wife, or the      unmarried child under eighteen years of age, of an immigrant      admissible under such subdivision (d), and is accompanying or      following to join him, or (3) is not an immigrant as defined      in section 3.'

Subdivisions (b), (d), and (e) of section 4 apply to immigrants previously lawfully admitted, immigrants who seek to enter as religious ministers or professors, and to students. They are not controlling here. An 'immigrant' is defined in section 3 as 'any alien departing from any place outside the United States destined for the United States,' with certain exceptions, none of which describes the present applicants.

Taken in their ordinary sense the words of the statute plainly exclude petitioners' wives.

We cannot accept the theory that as consular officers are required to issue vises to Chinese wives of American citizens therefore they must be admitted. A sufficient answer to this is found in § 2(g)--

'Nothing in this act shall be construed to entitle an      immigrant, to whom an immigration visa has been issued, to      enter the United States, if, upon arrival in the United      States, he is found to be inadmissible to the United States      under the immigration laws.'

Nor can we approve the suggestion that the provisions contained in subdivision (a)  of section 4 were omitted from the exceptions in section 13(c) because of some obvious oversight and should now be treated as if incorporated therein. Although descriptive of certain 'nonquota immigrants,' that subdivision is subject to the positive inhibition against all aliens ineligible to citizenship who do not fall within definitely specified and narrowly restricted classes.

In response to the demand for an interpretation of the act which will avoid hardships and further a supposed rational and consistent policy, it suffices to refer to what we have said in Yee Won v. White, 256 U.S. 399, 401, 402, 41 S.C.t. 504, 65 L. Ed. 1012; Chung Fook v. White, 264 U.S. 443, 445, 446, 44 S.C.t. 361, 68 L. Ed. 781; Commissioner, etc., v. Gottlieb, 265 U.S. 310, 314, 44 S.C.t. 528, 68 L. Ed. 1031.

The applicants should be refused admission if found to be Chinese wives of American citizens. It is unnecessary now to consider the requirement of the act in respect of vises. 

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