New Orleans v. Benjamin/Opinion of the Court
This is a certificate from the United States circuit court of appeals for the fifth circuit, under section 6 of the judiciary act of March 3, 1891, the statement and questions of law so certified being as follows:

'The complainant, an alien, filed his bill of complaint in the circuit court against the city of New Orleans and other municipal corporations, citizens of the State of Louisiana, alleging, among other things, as follows, viz.:

"That by an act of the legislature of Louisiana (No. 74) approved September 14, 1868, the parishes of Orleans (including the city of New Orleans), Jefferson, and St. Bernard were territorially united in one district for the purpose of police government therein, called the 'Metropolitan Police District of New Orleans, State of Louisiana.' That the government of said district for police purposes was vested in a board of commissioners styled the 'Board of Metropolitan Police.'

"That said board was required to appoint all the officers and employes of the police force required in said district, and their salaries, which were prescribed by the act, were required to be paid monthly. That by said act, and acts of said legislature supplementary to and amendatory thereof, said board was required to make annually an estimate of the expenses of maintaining a police force in said district, and to apportion the same to the several cities and parishes within said district, and said cities and parishes were required by said acts to promptly pay, and to provide the means for promptly paying, the amounts thus apportioned to them,' and they were authorized and required to raise the amount by levying taxes for that purpose.

'That said board of Metropolitan police, in obedience to the laws creating and governing the same, organized a Metropolitan police force in said district, and appointed and employed the officers and members thereof, who entered upon their duties and rendered services under contracts therewith to be paid the salaries fixed by law for such employment, such contracts being made upon the faith of its revenues applicable to their payment being unimpaired.

'That said board annually made the estimates of the expenses of maintaining such police force and apportioned the same to the several cities and parishes in the district, and that large sums are due and unpaid on account thereof by the city of New Orleans and other corporations made defendants in the bill.

'That by the provisions of an act of said legislature approved February 27, 1869, and subsequent acts, all warrants issued in payment of salaries of officers, employes, and members of the Metropolitan police, and for the expenses of said board, were made receivable for all parish and municipal taxes and licenses within the limits of the Metropolitan police district, and for all debts due or to become due to the parishes and cities within said district, not exceeding in any one year the amount of their respective apportionments for that year.

"That by an act of said legislature (No. 35) approved March 31, 1887, said act No. 74, of September 14, 1868, establishing said Metropolitan police district; said act No. 44, of February 27, 1869, making all warrants issued in payment of Metropolitan police salaries and expenses receivable for all municipal and parish taxes within the district; said act No. 94, of March 30, 1870, requiring the several cities and parishes within the district to pay, and to provide the means for the payment of, their apportionments of the expenses of the board of Metropolitan police; said act No. 16, of March 24, 1875, entitled 'An act to enforce the payment by the city of New Orleans and the several cities and parishes of the Metropolitan police district of the apportionment made upon them by the board of Metropolitan police, and for other purposes,' as well as all other acts amendatory of said above-enumerated acts, or upon the same subject-matter,-were repealed, and said board of Metropolitan police was abolished, and no provision was made for the liquidation of its affairs, or the payment of its debts.

"That said repealing act was in violation of section 10, art. 1, of the constitution of the United States, in that it impaired the obligation of the contracts made by said board of Metropolitan police with its officers and employes, and others to whom it was indebted, and who had contracted with and rendered services to said board upon the faith of said provisions of law for the enforced payment and collection of the sums due to it as aforesaid from the several cities and parishes within said district, out of which funds only they could be paid, and to that extent said act was and is null and void.'

'The bill further avers that complainant is the holder and owner of Metropolitan police warrants, certificates, and claims against said board of Metropolitan police, said warrants and certificates having been issued by said board for services rendered and supplies furnished, and said claims being for services rendered and supplies furnished thereto under contracts therewith, said warrants, certificates, and claims amounting to $5,032.90, and that other due and unpaid warrants and certificates issued by said board are outstanding, and sums are due and owing by it for services rendered and supplies furnished to it exceeding $200,000.

'And it is also averred:

"That the only assets of said board of Metropolitan police at the time it was abolished were the amounts due to it by said city of New Orleans, and by the other defendants, as herein stated. That the aggregate amount of said indebtedness to said board largely exceeds the total amount of its debts and liabilities. That law and equity require that the amount of said assets should be ascertained, and the just proportion due by each of the defendants adjusted, and that the liabilities of said board of police be fixed and determined, and paid out of said assets, and, if the same exceed the liabilities of the board, that said defendants be required to pay their pro rata shares thereof.'

"That said board of Metropolitan police was a body corporate under the laws of its creation, and by the repeal of said laws ceased to be, and had and has no representative or successor, against whom suit might have been or may now be brought for the establishment of the demands of the complainant herein; and he is remediless, except in this honorable court, where matters of this nature are cognizable and relievable. Wherefore, he brings this his bill in behalf of himself and all other creditors of said board, similarly situated, who may come in, and contribute to the expenses of this suit.'

'The prayer of the bill, in substance, is that an account be taken 'of all the debts, liabilities, and unpaid dues, of every kind, of said board of Metropolitan police, including the warrants, certificates, and claims of your orator, and of all others who may come in and avail themselves of the decree to be made herein, and contribute to the expense of this suit; that a like account may be taken of the amount due by each of said defendants to said board of Metropolitan police for the balances of their unpaid apportionments of police expenses, as well as of all police taxes collected by them, and withheld from said board, and that said defendants be decreed to pay into the hands of some discreet person, to be appointed receiver by this honorable court, their several pro rata shares of the amount so found to be due to creditors of said board of Metropolitan police, including all costs of the administration thereof; and that the funds thus realized be applied to the payment of your orator's said warrants, certificates, and claims, and of such other persons as may be creditors of said board, and who shall come in and establish their claims, and also to the payment of interest thereon, and all expenses of administration, and costs.'

'The defendant the city of New Orleans demurred to the bill, assigning, among other causes of demurrer, the following:

"That the complainant's said bill of complaint-in case the same were true, which this defendant does in no wise admit contains not any matter of equity whereon this court can ground any decree, or give the complainant any relief or assistance, as against this defendant.

"That the bill complains of the repeal by the legislature of Louisiana of the aforesaid acts organizing and relating to the Metropolitan police force and the Metropolitan police board, and by reason of said repeal, the bill alleges, the Metropolitan police board was abolished, and no provision was made, or now exists, for the liquidation of the affairs, or for the payment of the alleged debts, of said board, and the bill calls upon this court to grant relief for the payment of said alleged debts of said Metropolitan police board; but this defendant shows that the only mode of payment of said alleged debts, if any, of the late Metropolitan police board, a political body for the administration of the police of the city, is by taxes to be levied for that purpose, and, if it be true, as asserted by said bill, that no provision now exists for the payment of said debts, this court has no power to direct the levy of taxes for said asserted debts, or any power whatever to grant any relief in respect to the matters of which the bill complains.'

'The demurrer was overruled.

'Said defendant then filed an answer, and, among other things, averred as follows: 'Further answering, defendant admits that, by the act of the legislature of Louisiana, No. 35 of 1877, the various acts organizing the Metropolitan police board were repealed. But all the provision for the payment of said Metropolitan police was the levy of the Metropolitan police taxes authorized by law, and said taxes had already been levied far in excess of taxes that should have been imposed; and the repealing legislation did not interfere in any manner with the levy and application of said taxes, to the extent that they could be collected, to the payment of the legal obligations of said Metropolitan police board. And with this statement, and a reference to said repealing act, this defendant denies the allegation in the bill that, by such repealing legislation, no provision was made for the liquidation of the affairs of said board, or payment of its debts.'

"This defendant again affirms that said repealing act did not interfere in any manner with the means of payment of all lawful obligations of said board, nor with the right of those who had made lawful contracts (that is, to the extent authorized by law) with said board; and this defendant again refers to the illegal and void apportionments of said board, and to the alleged contracts made by it, far in excess of the means applicable to the support of the Metropolitan police, and far in excess of their power, and denies to be true that said repealing act was in violation of the constitution of the United States, or 'impaired the obligation of the contracts of said board with its officers and employes who had contracted with and rendered services to said board upon the faith of said provisions of law for the enforced payment and collection of the sums due to it from the several cities and parishes within said district,' and denies that said act was null and void in any respect, or to any extent.'

'Said answer also averred that the city was liable to said board only for such police taxes as she collected, and that she had fully accounted for all such collections, and denies that she is now making any such collections, and that any such taxes are collectible.

'Issue being joined, the case was referred to a master to take an account of the amounts due by the defendants to said board and of its outstanding liabilities. He reported as due by the city of New Orleans on account of its apportionments a balance of $241,106.54 and an indebtedness of the board incurred on account of said city, and still unpaid, amounting to $123,963.06, besides interest thereon. Small amounts were found due by the other defendants, and also by the board on their account.

'Prior to the decree a number of creditors of the board, some of whom were citizens of Louisiana, with leave of court, intervened in the suit, made proof of their claims before the master, claimed the benefit of the decree, and prayed to be permitted to share in the distribution.

'Of the amount of claims proved before the master, and covered by the decree, the complainant, an alien, holds $5,777.78; an alien intervener holds $815.78; interveners who are citizens of Louisiana hold $81,100.51; and interveners whose citizenship does not appear hold $30,302.16. Other claims, amounting to $13,363.21, were proved before the master by persons whose citizenship does not appear, and who have not intervened.

'And it appearing that complainant and interveners were assignees of the certificates, warrants, and claims of which they made proof before the master, and that their assignors were citizens of Louisiana, and there being no averment in the bill that the assignors might have sued thereon in the circuit court if no transfer thereof had been made, the city of New Orleans moved to dismiss the suit for want of jurisdiction in said court.

'The motion was denied, and a final decree made, requiring the defendants to pay their virile shares of the indebtedness of the board, as reported by the master. From such decree an appeal was taken to this court, and the case came on to be heard upon the errors assigned, whereupon, the court desiring the instruction of the honorable the supreme court of the United States for the proper decision of the questions arising herein touching the jurisdiction of the circuit court, it is hereby ordered that the following questions and propositions of law be certified to said supreme court, in accordance with the provisions of section 6 of the act entitled 'An act to establish circuit courts of appeals and define and regulate in certain cases the jurisdiction of the circuit court of the United States and for other purposes,' approved March 3, 1891, to wit:

'First. Does the case made by the bill, alleging that the board of police has been abolished, and left without successor or legal representative, and no provision has been made for the application of its assets to the payment of its debts and the answer herein, constitute a suit in equity arising under the constitution of the United States, and within the jurisdiction of the circuit court of the United States for the eastern district of Louisiana, without regard to the diverse citizenship of the parties?

'Second. The warrants and the certificates held by the complainant having been issued for services rendered and supplies furnished under contract with the board of Metropolitan police, when the laws required said warrants and certificates to be received by the defendants in payment of all licenses, taxes, and other dues, and all such laws having been repealed by the legislature of Louisiana without making other provision for the redemption of said warrants and certificates, was this an impairment of the obligation of the contract in relation to such warrants and certificates, within the meaning of article 1, § 10, of the constitution of the United States?

'Third. Do the pleadings show a suit to recover the contents of choses in action, within the meaning of the judiciary act of 1887 and 1888, so as to preclude the complainant, as assignee, from suing in the circuit court of the United States to establish a fund out of which he, in common with other creditors of the late Metropolitan police board, may be paid pro rata upon their claims?

'Foorth. Considering all the allegations in the bill of complaint, and the provisions in the constitution and laws of Louisiana respecting the Metropolitan police board, and the Metropolitan police warrants and certificates, and the redemption and payment of said certificates, does the case show a liability on the part of the city of New Orleans to contribute to a fund for the payment of said warrants and certificates beyond its liability for taxes assessed and collected in pursuance of the apportionments made?'

The circuit court of appeals 'further ordered that the bill of complaint, and the demurrer and answer of the city of New Orleans thereto, be made a part of the transcript certifying the aforesaid questions, together with the following sample copies of the warrants, certificates, pay rolls, and assignments forming the basis of complainant's demand, to wit:

"Warrant Filed with and Part of Assignment.

"(Copy.)

"Central Department, Metropolitan Police.

"(No. 10,253.)

"New Orleans, May 18th, 1874.

"Treasurer of the Board Metropolitan Police:

"Pay to the order of James Reilly, fifty 00/100 dollars.

"By order of the board.

"$50.00.

"[Signed] E. Parker, Chief Clerk.'

"Certificate Filed with and Part of Assignment.

"(Copy.)

"Central Department, Metropolitan Police.

"No. 4,748. $73.97.

"New Orleans, Jan. 13, 1876.

"This is to certify that the board of Metropolitan police is indebted to P. Moran, No. 22, first precinct, in the sum of seventy-three 97/100 dollars, for salary for account of the month of December, 1875.

"[Signed] L. T. Murdock,

"Treasurer Board Metropolitan Police.

"The amount due as per this certificate will not be paid unless the certificate is delivered to the treasurer of the board."

Then followed form of pay rolls, the one given being approved January 5, 1877, for $4,976.04, and the bill, demurrer, and answer, which were set forth at length.

Henry C. Miller, E. A. O'Sullivan, and Wm. A. Maury, for appellant.

J. D. Rouse and Wm. Grant, for appellees.

[Argument of Counsel from pages 420-423 intentionally omitted]

Mr. Chief Justice FULLER, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court.

The first and third questions propounded relate to the jurisdiction of the circuit court, which was invoked on two grounds: (1) That the case was one arising under the constitution of the United States; and (2) on diverse citizenship.

1. When a suit does not really and substantially involve a dispute or controversy as to the effect or construction of the constitution, upon the determination of which the result depends, then it is not a suit arising under the constitution. Shreveport v. Cole, 129 U.S. 36, 9 Sup. Ct. 210; Starin v. City of New York, 115 U.S. 248, 257, 6 Sup. Ct. 28; Water Co. v. Keyes, 96 U.S. 199.

The judicial power extends to all cases in law and equity arising under the constitution, but these are cases actually, and not potentially, arising, and jurisdiction cannot be assumed on mere hypothesis. In this class of cases, it is necessary to the exercise of original jurisdiction by the circuit court that the cause of action should depend upon the construction and application of the constitution, and it is readily seen that cases in that predicament must be rare. Ordinarily, the question of the repugnancy of a state statute to the impairment clause of the constitution is to be passed upon by the state courts in the first instance; the presumption being, in all cases, that they will do what the constitution and laws of the United States require. Chicago & A. R. Co. v. Wiggins Ferry Co., 108 U.S. 18, 1 Sup. Ct. 614, 617. And, if there be ground for complaint of their decision, the remedy is by writ of error, under section 709 of the Revised Statutes. Congress gave its construction to that part of the constitution by the twenty-fifth section of the judiciary act of 1789, and has adhered to it in subsequent legislation.

But, assuming that such repugnancy might be so set up as to form an independent ground of jurisdiction in the circuit court, it becomes necessary, in order to dispose of the inquiry whether such a dispute or controversy was really involved here, to refer to certain legislation of the state of Louisiana,

By act No. 74 of 1868 (Acts La. 1868, p. 85), the parishes of Orleans, Jefferson, and St. Bernard were united into a district called the 'Metropolitan Police District of New Orleans, State of Louisiana,' and a board created, styled the 'Board of Metropolitan Police,' upon which were conferred the powers and duties pertaining to police government and discipline in that district, with power to issue warrants and certificates for the payment of the police, and other expenses. These expenses were to be borne by the cities, towns, and parishes of the district, and apportionments or estimates thereof were to be made annually by the board against each of the cities and parishes, which were to be 'binding upon the respective cities and towns interested therein,' and the cities, towns, and parishes were empowered and directed to annually levy and collect taxes to raise the sums of money so estimated and apportioned, to be paid over to the state treasurer, and constitute a fund to be paid, out on warrants as provided.

By Act No. 44 of 1869 (Acts La. 1869, p. 42), and act No. 92 of 1869, amending and re-enacting the original act (Acts La. 1869, p. 92), warrants issued in payment of the salaries of officers, employes, and members of the Metropolitan police in accordance with Act No. 74 of 1868 were made receivable for all parish and municipal licenses and taxes within the limits of the Metropolitan police district, provided the aggregate so received in each current year should not exceed the amount of the apportionment for that year.

By Act No. 41 of 1870 (Acts La. 1870, p. 74), all warrants, checks, and orders issued in payment of the salaries of Metropolitan police, and all warrants, checks, and orders issued, or that might thereafter be issued, for the supplies and expenses of the board, were made receivable for all police and municipal taxes and debts to become due for the police of New Orleans, Jefferson, and Carrollton, provided that the aggregate of such warrants, checks, or orders so received in each current year should not exceed the apportionment.

By Act No. 33 of 1874 (Laws La. 1874, § 4, p. 70), it was enacted, among other things, that all Metropolitan police taxes should be collected in cash, and that it should be unlawful to receive in payment for said taxes any warrants of indebtedness of any kind whatever: provided, that warrants and certificates issued prior to January 1, 1874, should still be received for taxes due for the years prior to that date.

In 1875 (Laws La. 1875, p. 35, No. 16) an act was passed to the effect that the total amount of apportionments should be divided into 12 equal parts, and that weekly settlements of taxes collected should be made, and that whenever the city of New Orleans, or any city or parish making part of the police district, should fail to pay the full amount of its pro rata share for any month, the tax bills should be transferred to the Metropolitan police board for collection.

By Act No. 35, passed at an extra session of the legislature in 1877, and approved March 31 (Acts La. Extra Sess. 1877, p. 57), the acts of 1868, 1869, 1870, and 1875, above referred to, and other acts upon the subject, were repealed, and the police system transferred to the city.

It was ordained by the constitutional convention of 1879 'that all taxes and licenses due any parish or municipal corporation prior to January 1, 1879, may be payable in any valid warrants, scrip or floating indebtedness of said parish or municipal corporation, except judgments.' Acts La. 1880, Constitution, etc., p. 68. And, by act No. 49 of 1880 (Laws La. 1880, p. 48), it was enacted that all parish or municipal corporations should 'receive for all taxes and licenses due said parish or municipal corporations prior to January 1, 1879, all valid warrants, scrip or evidence of indebtedness of said parish or municipal corporations, except judgments, without any discrimination as to what year said warrants, scrip or evidence of indebtedness shall have been issued, provided, that all valid Metropolitan police warrants or scrip for the years 1874, 1875, and 1876 shall be receivable only for that portion of the tax levied for the Metropolitan police fund and no other, without any discrimination as to the year in which said warrants were issued or said taxes levied.'

This bill was framed upon the theory that the city of New Orleans, the city of Kenner, and certain parishes were debtors for the amount of the apportionments as to each of them made by the police board during the eight years of its existence (from 1869 to 1876, inclusive), and that there was a large balance due on said apportionments, which constituted a fund for distribution among the creditors of that board. The bill stated that the assets of the board at the time it was abolished 'were the amounts due to it by said city of New Orleans and by the other defendants, as herein stated,' and that 'the aggregate amount of such indebtedness to said board largely exceeds the total amount of its debts and liabilities.' It was also, however, averred that the city of New Orleans, 'annually, during the whole period of the existence of said board, included in her budget of expenditures the amount thus apportioned to her, and, in pursuance of said authority, levied taxes for the purpose of paying the same,' and 'has from day to day, and from year to year, ever since the passage of the repealing act of March 31, 1877, aforesaid, continued to collect the taxes levied as aforesaid for the purpose of paying the apportionments of said city for police expenses, as aforesaid made, and notified thereto, and is now making such collections and enforcing the payment of taxes levied for that purpose, and now has a large sum of money thus realized, which is applicable to the payment of said city's indebtedness to said board of police, and ought to be distributed among the creditors of said board in reduction of their claims, including those of your orator.'

The prayer of the bill was that an account be taken of the debts, liabilities, and unpaid dues of every kind of said board of Metropolitan police; that an account be taken of the amount due by each of the defendants to the board 'for the balances of their unpaid apportionments of police expenses, as well as of all police taxes collected by them, and withheld from said board;' that a receiver be appointed, to whom the defendants be decreed to pay their several pro rata shares of the amount found to be due to creditors of the board, including costs; and that the funds thus realized be applied to the payment of complainant's warrants, certificates, and claims, and of such other persons as may be creditors of the board, and who should come in and establish their claims, and also to the payment of interest, expenses, and costs. The bill averred that, by Act No. 35 of 1877, Acts No. 74 of 1868, No. 44 of 1869, No. 94 of 1870, and No. 16 of 1875, and other acts not enumerated, were repealed; and the eleventh paragraph of the bill contained the allegation upon which the contention rested that the suit was one arising under the constitution of the United States, it being averred 'that said repealing act was in violation of section 10, art. 1, of the constitution of the United States, in that it impaired the obligation of the contracts made by said board of Metropolitan police with its officers and employes, and others to whom it was indebted, and who had contracted with and rendered services to said board upon the faith of said provisions of law for the enforced payment and collection of the sums due to it as aforesaid from the several cities and parishes within said district, out of which funds, only, they could be paid, and to that extent said act was and is null and void.'

The city of New Orleans demurred to the bill for want of equity, because the city had never been liable as a debtor directly upon the apportionments, and because, so far as the payment of the warrants and certificates was enforceable through the levy of taxes, such levy, if needed, could not be directed in this proceeding. The demurrer was overruled, and the city answered. The answer denied that the act of 1877 either changed, or attempted to change or affect, in any manner or degree, the rights or remedies of the holders of the warrants and certificates; denied that the apportionments had ever been debts of the city, and averred that they were designed simply as the basis on which the city was to levy the Metropolitan police taxes; denied that tax levies already made, or the means of collection, were interfered with, and maintained that, under the Metropolitan police acts, its only liability was for taxes collected, of which it had then none in its hands.

The jurisdiction in equity in this case is found in the inadequacy of the remedy at law, either because the rights claimed could not be enforced at law, or because they could not be administered in that forum. The bill was manifestly framed to bring the case within the class in which receivers are appointed to collect the assets and pay the creditors of a dissolved corporation. Broughton v. Pensacola, 93 U.S. 266, 268; Meriweather v. Garrett, 102 U.S. 472, 527. Indeed, it was expressly averred that the state courts had proceeded upon that principle in respect of similar warrants and certificates; and reference was made, in terms, to a decision of the supreme court of Louisiana in that behalf. Harrison v. City of New Orleans, 40 La. Ann. 509, 4 South. 133. The contention was that the holders of these warrants had a right to bring an action at law against the board of police to recover thereon, and that the dissolution of the board left the complainants without remedy, except in a court of equity; judgment and execution at law not being required, because impossible, by reason of the dissolution of the board. Therefore, the court in chancery was appealed to to lay hold of the assets of the board, as in the nature of a trust fund, and apply them to the payment of the claims. Those assets, as shown by the bill, were the apportionments, the tax levies, and the taxes collected. These were the means provided by law for the payment of debts created by the board, and, if they were left unaffected by the repealing act, the alleged impairment had no basis to rest on. That act was essentially a mere change of an instrumentality of municipal government. It abolished the police organization established in 1868, and vested in the city the function of maintaining its own police. This legislation was not in contravention of the constitution of the United States, and was enacted in the exercise of the undisputed power of the state in that regard. In making the change, no obligation rested on the state to create an independent and corporate successor of the board, or to provide for the application of its assets to the payment of its debts, if existing laws were ample to effect that purpose. In that view, the city of New Orleans remained, for all purposes, so far as creditors were concerned, the representative of the board; and, if the city were under a liability to pay the apportionments in cash, it was not absolved from that liability by the dissolution of the board. Although the creditors could not avail themselves of the instrumentality of the board to sue for the apportionments (if that could ever have been done), still, as those apportionments had all been made, and taxes had been levied, and were in course of collection, to pay them, or so much thereof as was needed to pay the warrants and certificates, the act of 1877 left the city of New Orleans to respond as before to the creditors in reference thereto, and the remedies to which they could resort were quite as efficient as they ever had been.

In New Orleans v. Gaines' Adm'r, 131 U.S. 191, 9 Sup. Ct. 745, it was held that, under the jurisprudence prevailing in Louisiana, a creditor might exercise the rights of action of his debtor,-a right analogous to the garnishee or trustee process in some states,-and that this right could be enforced in a federal court by a suit in equity, on the principle of subrogation. But if this bill could be maintained on the doctrine therein recognized, or if the equitable principle of apportionment, as between parties charged with a common burden, were applicable, as justifying equity interposition, the result on the point under consideration would be the same. Jurisdiction could not be obtained upon the bare averment of an anticipation that the city might rely on the repealing act as wiping out apportionments, tax levies, and tax collections, and that the state courts would so decide. And the bill made no such specific averment, with which, indeed, many of its allegations were wholly inconsistent; while the defense of the city not only rested on no such ground, but the answer denied that the repealing act was susceptible of that construction, or could be given that effect.

This would be equally true if, as suggested by counsel for the city, the board could never have been treated as a debtor (unless it had collected taxes under act No. 16 of 1875, and retained them), inasmuch as it had nothing to do with raising the sums apportioned to the local authorities, upon whom alone the duty was devolved to accomplish that through the exercise of the power of taxation; and the holders of warrants and certificates could, from the first, only have resorted to the police fund created through the medium of the annual apportionments.

In any aspect, the decision of the questions involved did not depend on the federal constitution. The construction or application of that instrument in one way would not defeat complainants, nor, in another, sustain them.

We are not dealing with a writ of error to review the final judgment of the highest court of a state in a suit wherein the validity of a statute of the state was drawn in question on the ground of repugnancy to the constitution of the United States, and the decision was in favor of its validity, but with the original jurisdiction of the circuit court, sought to be sustained on the ground that the cause of action arose under, and was dependent upon, the constitution.

We are of opinion that the case made upon bill and answer did not really and substantially involve a dispute or controversy as to the effect or construction of the constitution, upon the determination of which the result of the suit depended. Reference is made in the argument to the fact that the city filed a demurrer, which was overruled; but the first question is confined to the case on bill and answer, and, moreover, the filing of the demurrer could not, under the circumstances, give jurisdiction to the circuit court, if it did not otherwise exist.

This conclusion covers the second question, which specifically inquires whether there was an impairment of the obligations of the contract arising upon the warrants and certificates, by reason of the repeal of laws making them receivable in payment of licenses, taxes, and other debts. Of course, there was no such impairment by the act of 1877, if that act left in force substantially the mode of payment of warrants provided by existing laws, and the bill did not attack Act No. 33 of 1874, which suspended the tender of warrants and certificates for taxes except for the years prior to January 1, 1874, while under the ordinance of 1879, by Act No. 49 of 1880, the police warrants or scrip for 1874, 1875, and 1876 were made receivable for police taxes without discrimination as to the year in which the warrants were issued, or the taxes levied.

The bill did not claim the right assumed by the second question to have been taken away; but it was insisted that the warrants and certificates were payable 'in cash,' and it is argued that the act of 1880 was itself an impairment, in making them receivable for taxes, which might restrict their payment in money. The difficulty with this second question is that the bill does not seek to compel the cityt o receive the warrants and certificates for taxes, but, on the other hand, demands that they be paid in cash, under the theory that the city owes the amount of the apportionments, or has taxes collected on hand, so that no dispute or controversy as to the receivability of the warrants and certificates, determinative of the case, was involved.

The circuit court cannot be given jurisdiction by the suggestion of the impairment of a contract in respect of which the complainant seeks no relief, and there is here no averment raising such an issue.

2. We have seen that the ground of equitable cognizance relied on is that the holders of these warrants and certificates had the right to bring an action at law against the board of police to recover thereon, and that the dissolution of the board left the complainants without remedy, except in a court of equity; judgment and execution at law not being required, because impossible, by reason of the dissolution of the board. It is insisted that the city stands in the position of a debtor for taxes collected on police board apportionments, and for the amount of the apportionments themselves, so far as outstanding. If this were so, and the police board were still in existence, and liable to suit, then complainants would be obliged to recover judgment against the board, and proceed against the city by way of creditor's bill to enforce the collection. Granting that this could be done without judgment after and because the board had ceased to exist, nevertheless the claims of complainants must be established under the bill precisely as they would have to be in an action at law. Although it is ingeniously said that the suit is one to 'establish a fund,' this does not change the fact that it is a suit to recover on the warrants and certificates, and then enforce their payment by a decree over against the city. The establishment of a fund is, in this instance, only another name for the ascertainment of an indebtedness of the city to the board, available to the creditors of the board after their claims, as such, are judicially determined.

By the first section of the act of March 3, 1887 (chapter 373, 24 Stat. 552), amendatory of the act determining the jurisdiction of circuit courts of the United States, as corrected by the act of August 13, 1888 (chapter 866, 25 Stat. 433), no circuit or district court has cognizance of any suit to recover the contents of any promissory note or other chose in action in favor of an assignee, unless such suit might have been prosecuted in such court to recover the said contents if no assignment or transfer had been made.

This provision was taken from the eveventh section of the judiciary act of 1789, and carried forward into section 629 of the Revised Statutes, and was designed to prevent the evasion of the discrimination in respect of suits between citizens of the same state, and suits between citizens of different states, established by the constitution and laws of the United States.

It appears in the act of March 3, 1875 (18 Stat. 470), in somewhat different phraseology, and the restriction as to suits on promissory notes was removed, but restored by the act of 1887.

In Sheldon v. Sill, 8 How. 441, it was held, under the act of 1789, that the indorsee of a negotiable promissory note, secured to the payee by a mortgage, could not sue in the courts of the United States to foreclose the mortgage, unless the mortgagee could, but this was necessarily ruled otherwise under the act of 1875. Tredway v. Sanger, 107 U.S. 323, 2 Sup. Ct. 691.

As remarked by Mr. Justice Blatchford in Corbin v. Black Hawk Co., 105 U.S. 659, 665, 'The contents of a contract as a chose in action, in the sense of section 629, Rev. St., are the rights created by it in favor of a party in whose behalf stipulations are made in it which he has a right to enforce in a suit founded on the contract; and a suit to enforce such stipulations is a suit to recover such contents.' In that case it was held that a suit to compel the specific performance of a contract, or to enforce its other stipulations, is a suit to recover the contents of a chose in action, and not maintainable in the circuit court by an assignee, if it could not have been prosecuted there by the assignor, had no assignment been made.

In Shoecraft v. Bloxham, 124 U.S. 730, 735, 8 Sup. Ct. 686, it was said by Mr. Justice Field that the terms used in the statute 'were designed to embrace the rights the instrument conferred which were capable of enforcement by suit.' And see Plant Inv. Co. v. Jacksonville, T. & K. W. Ry. Co., 152 U.S. 71, 14 Sup. Ct. 483.

In Walker v. Powers, 104 U.S. 245, it was held that the assignee of a judgment founded on contract could not maintain a suit thereon in a court on the United States unless such a suit might have been prosecuted there if an assignment had not been made. Mississippi Mills v. Cohn, 150 U.S. 202, 14 Sup. Ct. 75.

The facts in Ober v. Gallagher, 93 U.S. 199, were these: Thompson, a citizen of Louisiana, purchased from Fleming, a citizen of Arkansas, a plantation situated in Arkansas, and gave his notes for the purchase price, secured by a lien reserved in the conveyance, which notes Fleming transferred to Gallagher, a citizen of Louisiana. Gallagher afterwards sued Thompson in a court of Louisiana, and recovered judgment. At the time of the purchase there was a judgment in Arkansas against Fleming, upon which the lands were sold and conveyed to Ober, to whom Thompson also conveyed them. Gallagher afterwards filed his bill against Ober, a citizen of Arkansas, and Thompson, who had become a citizen of Tennessee, praying that the land might be compel the city to receive the warrants and deed of Fleming to Thompson, to the payment of his judgment. Fleming, at the time of the commencement of the suit, had also become a citizen of Tennessee; and it was objected that as Fleming and Thompson had both become citizens of Tennessee, and therefore Fleming could not sue Thompson in the courts of the United States, Gallagher could not maintain the suit. But this court held that Gallagher, a citizen of Louisiana, was entitled to enforce the lien on the land in Arkansas against Ober, a citizen of Arkansas, and Thompson, a citizen of Tennessee, in collection of the judgment in which the note had become merged.

Mr. Justice Story, in Bean v. Smith, 2 Mason, 252, Fed. Cas. No. 1,174, held that the circuit court had jurisdiction, on the ground of diverse citizenship, in a suit in equity brought by a judgment creditor to set aside conveyances made after suit commenced, and a few days before the term at which judgment was expected to be obtained, in fraud of such creditor, although the judgment was recovered in the state court on a negotiable chose in action, on which, before judgment, a suit could not have been maintained in the circuit court. But there, as Mr. Justice Story observed, the right to sue the fraudulent grantees was not a right which had vested in another person, and passed to complainant by assignment; and, as to the fraudulent grantor, the right was a new right growing out of a direct judgment between the parties, and a fraud injurious to complainant, which had been devised to avoid the satisfaction of that judgment.

The case before us is not of that character. If the board had not been abolished, judgment could not have been recovered against it by complainants in the circuit court; and, if a judgment had been recovered by them in the state court, a creditor's bill would have been merely ancillary to the judgment, and could not have been entertained in the circuit court as an original bill Upon the facts appearing in this record, the assignees would have acquired no new and independent right of recovery, by reason of the judgment, not possessed by the assignors. The board being abolished, recovery of a judgment was dispensed with, but the establishment of the claims was still required as the basis for further relief; and that relief involved nothing more than recovery over, or a direct decree, within the principles of New Orleans v. Gaines' Adm'r, supra, analogous to judgment on garnishee process. The suit must therefore be regarded as a suit to enforce the payments of the warrants and certificates, and, as such, a suit to recover their contents; and this is so on any other ground of equity jurisdiction which has been suggested.

In our judgment, the pleadings show a suit to recover the contents of choses in action; and, as the bill contained no averment that it could have been maintained by the assignors, if no assignments had been made (from the statement accompanying the certificate it appears affirmatively that it could not), the jurisdiction of the circuit court cannot be sustained on the ground of diverse citizenship.

The first question is answered in the negative, and the third in the affirmative, and it will be so certified.

Mr. Justice WHITE took no part in the consideration and decision of this case. 

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