Thompson v. United States (142 U.S. 471)/Opinion of the Court
The sole question presented for our consideration in this case is whether defendants are liable for the tax upon 1,065 gallons of spirits lost by evaporation between the giving of the first bond, in April, 1885, and the second bond, on October 23d of the same year. This depends upon the construction of the excise laws of congress regulating the taxing and exportation of distilled spirits manufactured in this country. By Rev. St. § 3248, distilled spirits are defined to be 'that substance known as 'ethyl alcohol,' 'hydrated oxide of ethyl,' or 'spirit of wine,' which is commonly produced by the fermentation of grain, starch, molasses, or sugar, etc., * * * and the tax shall attach to this substance as soon as it is in existence as such.' By section 3251, as amended by the act of March 3, 1875, (18 St. 339,) 'there shall be levied and collected on all distilled spirits * * * a tax of ninety cents on each proof gallon, or wine gallon when below proof, to be paid by the distiller, owner, or person having possession thereof, before removal from the distillery bonded warehouse.' By section 3293, as amended by the act of May 28, 1880, (21 St. 145,) provision is made for the entry and deposit of all spirits removed to the distillery warehouse, requiring that 'the said distiller or owner shall at the time of making said entry give his bond * * * conditioned that the principal named in said bond shall pay the tax on the spirits as specified in the entry, or cause the same to be paid, before removal from said distillery warehouse, and within three years from the date of said entry. * * * If it shall appear at any time that there has been a loss of distilled spirits from any cask or other package hereafter deposited in a distillery warehouse, other than the loss provided for in section 3221 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, [which authorized an abatement of taxes upon satisfactory proof of actual destruction by accidental fire or other casualty while in any distillery warehouse,] which, in the opinion of the commissioner of internal revenue, is excessive, he may instruct the collector of the district in which the loss has occurred to require the withdrawal from warehouse of such distilled spirits, and to collect the tax accrued upon the original quantity of distilled spirits entered into the warehouse in such cask or package, not withstanding that the time specified in any bond given for the withdrawal of the spirits entered into warehouse in such cask or package has not expired.'

The evident intention of congress to be gathered from these provisions is that the tax shall attach as soon as the spirits are produced, and that such tax shall not be evaded except upon satisfactory proof, under section 3221, of destruction by fire or other casualty.

The spirits covered by this bond were put in defendant Thompson's own warehouse, and were originally intended to be entered for exportation to Melbourne, Australia, and in pursuance of such intention the bond of April 8, 1885, was given. At this time the spirits were regauged, in obedience to section 17 of the act of May 28, 1880, (21 St. 149,) which provides that 'whenever the owner of any distilled spirits shall desire to withdraw the same from the distillery warehouse, or from a special bonded warehouse, he may file with the collector a notice giving a description of the packages to be withdrawn, and request that the distilled spirits be regauged. * * * If upon such regauging it shall appear that there has been a loss of distilled spirits from any cask or package without the fault or negligence of the distiller or owner thereof, taxes shall be collected only on the quantity of distilled spirits contained in such cask or package at the time of the withdrawal thereof from the distillery warehouse or special bonded warehouse.' Under this provision of the law an allowance for outage or loss by evaporation while in warehouse was then duly made; but instead of being exported to Melbourne the spirits were kept in the warehouse until the period of seven months named in the bond of April 8, 1885, as the time limited for exporting had nearly expired, and until it was too late to export by the way of Newport News without a breach of the conditions of the bond. Thereupon the distiller determined to export the bulk of these packages through the port of New York to Bremen, and accordingly they were again entered for exportation, and the second exportation bond of October 23d was executed, under which the exportation was made. There seems to be no provision in this act for a second regauging or allowance for outage in case the spirits are not actually withdrawn from the warehouse after the first regauging, provided for in section 17; nor does there seem to have been any other notice to the collector, or a request for regauging, as contemplated in that section. It would seem to be just and equitable, if from any cause, not arising from his own fault, the owner should fail to export the liquors under the first regauging, he should be entitled, at any time within the three years provided by the same act, to make another request for reguaging, and be entitled to an allowance for any deficiency for evaporation occurring after the prior regauging; but the law seems to contemplate but one notice of withdrawal, and the regulation of the commissioner, circular No. 296, requires that, where spirits covered by an exportation bond are actually removed from the distillery warehouse for exportation, the gauger shall carefully reinspect each package, and if an additional outage is found to exist in any of the packages so inspected, which reduces the number of taxable gallons in the packages as last previously reported, he shall report the same to the collector, and the collector shall at once require payment of the tax on the taxable gallons represented by such reduction, even though it is alleged that the loss is occasioned by a casualty. This regulation was within the scope of the commissioner's authority, and was in force when the second bond was given.

By Rev. St. § 3329, provision is made for the exportation of distilled spirits 'upon which all taxes have been paid,' and minute regulations prescribed for the method of such exportation, one of which is that 'the casks or packages shall be inspected and gauged along-side of or on the vessel by the gauger designated by said collector, under such rules and regulations as the secretary of the treasury may prescribe,' and 'the drawback allowed shall include the taxes levied and paid upon the distilled spirits exported * * * as per last gauge of said spirits prior to exportation,' etc. By section 3330 provision is made for the withdrawal of distilled spirits from bonded warehouses, for exportation in the original casks, without the payment of taxes, under regulations to be prescribed by the commissioner of internal revenue, with a proviso 'that the bonds required to be given for the exportation of distilled spirits shall be canceled upon the presentation of satisfactory proof and certificates that said distilled spirits have been landed at the port of destination named in the bill of lading, or upon satisfactory proof that after shipment the same were lost at sea without fault or neglect of the owner or shipper thereof.'

Taking these provisions together, it is evident that, when spirits upon which the tax has been paid are exported, they are regauged at the port of exportation along-side of or on the vessel, and the drawback allowed is determined by the amount of this gauge, notwithstanding a previous gauge may have shown a greater amount. The result is that the owner receives no drawback upon any deficiency occurring prior to the last regauge. While section 3330, regulating the export of spirits upon which the tax has not been paid, does not contain similar provisions, it is very improbable that congress should have intended to exempt the deficiency in the case of exportations without payment of tax, and tax it in case of drawbacks upon exportations after payment of tax.

Defendant's position that the spirits in this case were in process of exportation after the execution of the bond of April 8th is untenable. Exportation is defined to be the act of carrying or sending merchandise abroad, and it cannot be considered as beginning until the spirits are removed from the warehouse for that purpose. The execution of the bond is evidence of nothing more than an intention to export. As well could the taking out of a passport, or the engagement of passage upon a transatlantic steamer, be regarded as the commencement of a journey to foreign parts. Indeed, it may admit of doubt whether exportation can be considered as beginning until the merchandise leaves the port of export for a foreign country. That the execution of the bond was not the commencement of exportation is also evident in this case from the fact that the exportation provided for in the first bond, by the way of Newport News, was wholly abandoned, and a second bond was executed in October covering an export to Bremen through the port of New York. As the exportation which was actually made was not contemplated at all when the first bond was given, how is it possible to say that this was the beginning of such exportation? If the giving of the bond can in any sense be said to be the commencement of the exportation, it must apply to the bond which was given to cover the export which was actually made; and, as the evaporation occurred before that time, we do not think that the constitutional inhibition against the taxation of articles exported from a state is drawn in question.

As the law contemplated but one withdrawal entry for exportation, and made allowance only for a deficiency upon such entry, it was within the power of the collector to assess a tax upon the deficiency that accrued between the dates of the two bonds, since that deficiency represented spirits that could not be exported and were not within the exemption of any statute.

The act of December 20, 1879, (21 St. 59,) providing for an allowance to be made for leakage or loss by any unavoidable accident 'occurring during transportation from a distillery warehouse to the port of export,' cuts no figure in this case, since the evaporation occurred before the spirits left the distillery warehouse, and before the execution of the last bond.

The case is doubtless one of considerable hardship to the defendants, but, in view of the exceeding stringency of the laws with respect to the taxation of distilled spirits, we do not see our way to relieve them from the payment of this tax, and the judgment of the court below is therefore affirmed.

Mr. Justice FIELD dissented. 

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