Great Northern Railway Company v. Sutherland/Opinion of the Court
This is a suit under section 17 of Trading with the Enemy Act, October 6, 1917, c. 106, 40 Stat. 411, 425 (Comp. St. § 3115 1/2 i), which confers upon the district courts jurisdiction to enter 'such orders and decrees, and to issue such process as may be necessary and proper in the premises to enforce the provisions of this act.' It was brought on February 7, 1925, in the federal court for southern New York. The Alien Property Custodian was the plaintiff; the Great Northern Railway way Company and the Central Union Trust Company the defendants. The relief sought is that the Great Northern be ordered to cancel upon its books and records designated certificates for shares of its stock standing in names of or held for enemies; that it issue new certificates therefor in the names of certain trust companies as depositaries for the Custodian; that the Central Union be ordered to countersign the new certificates as Registrar of Transfers; and that the new certificates so countersigned be delivered to the Custodian without his presenting and surrendering the old ones. The defendants entered a general appearance. On the pleadings and facts stipulated, the court entered a final decree, which required the issue, countersigning, and delivery of the new certificates without presentation or surrender of those outstanding. Rights arising under the Constitution and treaties are alleged to have been violated. On this ground, a direct appeal was taken to this Court under section 238 of the Judicial Code (Comp. St. § 1215), as it stood prior to the effective date of the Act of February 13, 1925 (43 Stat. 936).

During the war the Great Northern filed with the Custodian, from time to time, the reports required by section 7(a) of the act (Comp. St. § 3115 1/2 d). All of these reports, except one, contained lists of persons who were registered owners of specified numbers of shares and were believed to be enemies. One report stated that Lieber & Co., believed to be an enemy, was believed to be the beneficial owner of shares standing in the name of A. Biederman & Co. All these reports stated that the actual location of the certificates representing said shares was unknown to the company. In consequence of these reports, the Custodian made upon the Great Northern demands in writing in respect to the shares therein referred to. All these demands were made during the war, and all were in substantially the same form. The construction and effect of that document are the principal matters in controversy. The part of it requiring special consideration is this:

'To Great Northern Railway Company, Address 32 Nassau St.,      New York, N. Y.:

'I, A. Mitchell Palmer, Alien Property Custodian, duly      appointed, qualified, and acting under the provisions of the      act of Congress known as the 'Trading with the Enemy Act,'      approved October 6, 1917, and the executive orders issued in      pursuance thereof, by virtue of the authority vested in me by      said act, and by said executive orders, after investigation      do determine that Albertine, Baroness Schauenburg (name of      enemy or ally of enemy), whose address is Friedburg, Baden,      Germany (last known address), is an enemy (not holding a      license granted by the President), and has a certain right,      title, and interest in and to 12 shares of preferred (common,      preferred) stock standing on your books in the name of      Albertine, Baroness Schauenburg.

'I, as Alien Property Custodian, do hereby require that you      shall convey, transfer, assign, and deliver to me as Alien      Property Custodian, to be by me held, administered, and      accounted for as provided by law, every right, title, and      interest of the said enemy in said stock, including in      respect to the said stock the right which the said enemy may      have, (a) to receive all notices issued by you to the holders or owners of similar stock, shares, or      certificates; (b) to exercise all voting power appertaining      to such stock, shares, or certificates; (c) to receive all      subscription rights, dividends, and other distributions and      payments, whether of capital or of income, declared or made      on account of such stock, shares, or certificates.

'I, as Alien Property Custodian, do hereby further require      that you note the substance of this demand upon your stock      books and/or stock ledger, and that you furnish a copy of      this demand to the registrar and/or transfer agent, if any,      of the stock in respect to which this demand is made.

'I, as Alien Property Custodian, do hereby further require      that within ten days from the service of this demand upon      you, you report to me any and all acts which you have done,      or omitted to do, pursuant to the requirements of this      demand.

'Until otherwise directed, you will remit to the Alien      Property Custodian at Washington, by check payable to his      order, all payments, whether of capital or income, now or      hereafter declared or due on account of such stock, shares,      or certificates, and you will direct such notices in respect      to the said stock, shares, or certificates to the Alien      Property Custodian.

'This demand is supplementary to any demand which may      hitherto have been made upon you, accompanied by the      presentation of certificates which represent shares or      beneficial interests, for the transfer into my name as Alien      Property Custodian, of such certificates, or for the transfer      thereof into the name of any nominee of me as Alien Property      Custodian, and this demand shall not prejudice or affect any      demand accompanied by such certificates which has been, or      which may hereafter be, made.'

The Custodian admitted that, during the war, there was no request specifically for the cancellation of the old certificates and the issue of new ones. He contended that the President determined, as set forth in the original demand, that the persons in whose names the shares were registered, or those for whom the shares were held, were enemies not licensed, each having a certain right, title, and interest in and to the specific shares; that, by the demand, he duly seized these shares and the alien's interest therein; that thereby the Custodian secured legally a control over the shares as complete and effective as the control given the Custodian over chattels physically seized; that this is true, although prior to the Act of November 4, 1918, c. 201, § 1 (40 Stat. 1020), Congress had not provided any method for enforcing the issue of new certificates without surrender of the old; that, when the Trading with the Enemy Act was so amended, he became entitled to have new certificates for the shares delivered to him without the presentation or surrender of the old ones; that, having thereafter duly requested their issue and delivery to him, he was entitled to the relief prayed for.

The companies admitted that, after the war and before institution of the suit, there was a request, appropriate in form. They denied that the determinations and the demands made during the war were duly made. But their defense was rested mainly on the claim that the corpus of the shares, as distinguished from an undefined interest therein, was not seized or demanded during the war. They contend that by the original demand the President determined only that the enemy had some interest; that the instrument did not constitute a symbolic seizure of the shares; and hence that it did not create such a right as could serve as a basis for compelling their transfer to the Custodian, or the cancellation of the old certificates and the issue of the new ones. They insist that the determination of some interest is not equivalent to determining that the shares belong to or are held for the enemy; that any interest held by the enemy, however remote or contingent, might satisfy such a determination and yet the shares in fact belong to and be held for another, not an enemy; that a demand upon the corporation to assign such an undefined interest is not a demand that the shares themselves be transferred; and that this interpretation of the document is supported by the fact that the Custodian made, at the time, no effort to obtain a new certificate, and in fact expressly indicated that he was not making any such effort. The companies' further contention is that, as applied to the facts stipulated, the act as amended did not purport to require cancellation of the old and delivery of new certificates, and that, if it did, it denied due process, and hence was void under the Fifth Amendment.

It may be assumed that under section 7 recovery by the Custodian of property demanded by him is limited by the scope of the demand. Compare Sutherland v. Guaranty Trust Co. (C. C. A.) 11 F. (2d) 696; and that the demand made after the war, if it stood alone, would not avail the Custodian. Compare Miller v. Rouse (D. C.) 276 F. 715, 717.

First. The main question is whether the Custodian had, by the demand above set forth, taken action which could legally serve as a basis for the specific request for the certificates made after the war. The demand must be read in the light of the then existing legislation, of its formal title or designation, of the extracts of the Executive Order embodied in it, and of the reports of the Great Northern out of which it originated. And these reports must be read in the light of the fact that stock is presumed to be owned by the registered owner, and that, where stock is stated to be held by the registered owner for another named person, the latter is presumed to own the whole beneficial interest. Compare Turnbull v. Payson, 95 U.S. 418, 421, 24 L. Ed. 437; Keyser v. Hitz, 133 U.S. 138, 149, 10 S.C.t. 290, 33 L. Ed. 531; Finn v. Brown, 142 U.S. 56, 67, 12 S.C.t. 136, 35 L. Ed. 936.

The omission from the demand of the request for a new certificate is susceptible of a simple explanation. At the times of the earlier demands, section 12 of the act, as amended by Act March 28, 1918, c. 28, § 1, 40 Stat. 423, 460, made it the duty of corporations to transfer seized shares upon its 'books into the name of the Alien Property Custodian' only if his demand was 'accompanied by the presentation of the certificates which represent such shares.' The Custodian was unable to present the old certificates. Consequently a request for the new certificates would not have been inserted in the demand, even if the instrument had contained an express recital of the determination that the enemy owned the whole interest in the shares and that the whole interest had been seized. It was not until the amendment of November 4, 1918, that the corporation was required to cancel the old certificates and issue the new ones, whenever enemy property consisted of-

'shares of stock or other beneficial interest * * * standing      upon its * * * books in the name of any person * * * or held      * * * for the benefit of any person * * * who shall have been      determined by the President, after investigation, to be an      enemy * * * and which shall have been required to be      conveyed, transferred, assigned, or delivered to the Alien      Property Custodian or seized by him. * * *' 40 Stat. 1021.

It is true that the demands for some of the shares were not made until after November 4, 1918, and that in them the request for the new certificates might have been made. But, in view of war conditions, it is not surprising that the modification of the form in use was not promptly made, and that the old form continued in use.

The form used indicated clearly, in parts other than that quoted above, the intention to seize the whole property. It was entitled:

'Demand on Corporation for Stockholders' Interest without      Presentation of Certificates. Demand by Alien Property      Custodian for Property.' Preceding that part of the document addressed specifically to the Great Northern quoted above, were printed the following 'Extracts from Executive Order of February 26, 1918':

Section 1(c): 'The words 'right,' 'title,' 'interest,'      'estate,' 'power,' and 'authority' of the enemy, as used      herein, shall be deemed to mean respectively such right,      title, interest, estate, power, and authority of the enemy as      may actually exist and also such as might or would exist if      the existing state of war had not occurred, and shall be      deemed to include respectively the right, title, interest,      estate, power, and authority in law or equity or otherwise of      any representative of or trustee for the enemy or other      person claiming under or in the right, of, or for the benefit      of, the enemy.'

Section 2(a): 'A demand for the conveyance, transfer,      assignment, delivery, and payment of money or other property,      unless expressly qualified or limited, shall be deemed to      include every right, title, interest, and estate of the enemy      in and to the money or other property demanded as well as      every power and authority of the enemy thereover.'

Section 2(c): 'When demand shall be made and notice thereof      given, as hereinbefore provided, such demand and notice shall      forthwith vest in the Alien Property Custodian such right,      title, interest, and estate in and to and possession of the      money or other property demanded and such power or authority      thereover as may be included within the demand, and the Alien      Property Custodian may thereupon proceed to administer such      money and other property in accordance with the provisions of      the 'Trading with the Enemy Act' and with any order, rules,      or regulations heretofore, hereby, or hereafter made by me or      heretofore or hereafter made by the Alien Property      Custodian.'

Section 3(d): 'The Alien Property Custodian may exercise any      right, power, or authority of the enemy in, to, and over corporate stock, shares, or certificates      representing beneficial interests owing or belonging to or      held for, by, on account of, or on behalf of or for the      benefit of an enemy, including (1) the right to receive all      notices issued by the corporation, unincorporated      association, company, or trustee which issued such stock,      shares, or certificates, to the holders or owners of similar      stock, shares, or certificates, (2) the right to exercise all      voting power appertaining to such stock, shares, or      certificates, and (3) the right to receive all subscription      rights, dividends, and other distributions and payments,      whether of capital or income, declared or made on account of      such stock, shares, or certificates, regardless of whether or      not such stock, shares, or certificates be in the possession      of the Alien Property Custodian and regardless of whether or      not such stock, shares, or certificates have been transferred      to the Alien Property Custodian upon the books of the      corporation, association, company, or trustee issuing the      same.'

Following the provisions of section 3(d) of the Executive Order, the Custodian enumerated in its demand upon the Great Northern substantially every right which the sole owner of shares could exercise, except the right to receive a certificate representing the stock and the right to dispose of the same. His request should be construed as a demand for delivery of the shares, because it extended to everything which the legislation permitted prior to the amendment of November 4, 1918. The Custodian sought possession, not title. Central Trust Co. v. Garvan, 254 U.S. 554, 566, 569, 41 S.C.t. 214, 65 L. Ed. 403. The term seizure as used in this connection connotes merely the taking of possession. Hence there was no occasion to define the extent of the enemy's ownership. The demand operated as a symbolic seizure.

The claim of the Custodian to have the new certificates does not rest, as has been argued, upon post-war action taken by him; or upon a construction of the Joint Resolution of July 2, 1921 (42 Stat. 105), officially declaring the war at an end; or upon any provision of the Treaties of Peace, Auguest 24, 1921, 42 Stat. 1946; August 25, 1921, 42 Stat. 1939. The Custodian's claim and the decree rest wholly upon the demands made during the war. Since the Custodian's possession of the shares was completed before the end of the war, it is immaterial that the demand for new certificates was not made until after the war. The Act of November 4, 1918, had made it the duty of the corporation to cancel the old certificates and to issue new ones, whenever the Custodian had seized shares. Section 5 of the Joint Resolution of July 2, 1921, reserved to the Custodian all property which before that date had come under his control.

The seizures made before November 4, 1918 were equally effective with those made after. It is urged that so to hold gives retroactive effect to the amendment of that date. But this is not true. The amendment does not enlarge the scope of the seizure. No substantive right is thereby affected. The amendment confers merely the adjective right to require of the corporation delivery of the usual evidence of effective possession of shares. The right conferred is comparable to providing a new judicial remedy for an existing substantive right. As was said in Cox v. Hart, 260 U.S. 427, 435, 43 S.C.t. 154, 67 L. Ed. 332:

'A statute is not made retroactive merely because it draws      upon antecedent facts for its operation.'

Second. The companies contend that, even after the amendment of November 4, 1918, the act did not purport to confer upon the Custodian the power to demand new certificates without surrender of the old. As seen above, section 12 of the original act (Comp. St. § 3115 1/2 ff) made it the duty of the corporation to transfer shares or certificates into the Custodian's name only if the old certificates were surrendered. It is true that this condition was never in terms removed from that section. But it was necessarily removed when the Act of November 4, 1918, amended section 7(c) by requiring the corporation to issue new certificates whenever the Custodian had demanded the shares of alien enemies. See Garvan v. Marconi Co. (D. C.) 275 F. 486; Garvan v. Certain Shares of International Agricultural Corp. (D. C.) 276 F. 206; Columbia Brewing Co. v. Miller (C. C. A.) 281 F. 289; Miller v. Kaliwerke Aschersleben Aktien-Gesellschaft (C. C. A.) 283 F. 746.

Third. The companies contend that the act, so construed and applied, deprives them of due process, since it confers upon the Custodian rights not possessed even by the owners of the shares. It is urged that the owners of stock in the Great Northern took it subject to the provision inserted in the certificate that it is 'transferable only on the books of the company in person or by attorney upon surrender of this certificate'; that the Great Northern's by-laws provide that its shares 'shall be transferred only on the books of the company by the holder thereof in person or by his attorney upon surrender and cancellation of certificates for a like number of shares'; that these conditions were imposed by it under its charter, a special act of the Legislature of Minnesota; and that they constitute property attributes inhering in the shares and in the stock certificates which are evidences thereof; that the Great Northern shares are listed upon the New York Stock Exchange and the company maintains in New York on office for transferring certificates of its stocks; that section 178 of the Personal Property Law of New York (Consol. Laws, c. 41) provides that, except where a certificate is lost or destroyed, the corporation shall not be compelled to issue a new certificate until the old certificate is surrendered to it; and that the Central Union, registrar of Great Northern stock, is under agreement with the New York Stock Exchange, whereunder such registrar, as a condition of being accepted by the New York Stock Exchange, is obligated not to register the transfer of certificates of Great Northern without surrender of the certificates outstanding therefor.

The decisions of this court and provisions made in the act dispose of this contention. Protection to the rights of owners other than enemies was provided for by section 9 (Comp. St. § 3115 1/2 e). Stoehr v. Wallace, 255 U.S. 239, 243, 246, 41 S.C.t. 293, 65 L. Ed. 604; Central Trust Co. v. Garvan, 254 U.S. 554, 567, 569, 41 S.C.t. 214, 65 L. Ed. 403. Neither the railway nor the registrar has any interest in the shares. They are protected in making delivery of the new certificates by section 7(e) of the act which provides:

'No person shall be held liable in any court for or in      respect to anything done or omitted in pursuance of any      order, rule, or regulation made by the President under the      authority of this act.

'Any payment, conveyance, transfer, assignment, or delivery      of money or property made to the alien property custodian      hereunder shall be a full acquittance and discharge for all      purpose of the obligation of the person making the same to      the extent of same.'

The requirement that the company make complete delivery to the Custodian of the possession of the shares including the usual indicia was well within the war powers of Congress. See, also, Garvan v. Certain Shares of International Agricultural Corporation (D. C.) 276 F. 206; Miller v. Kaliwerke Aschersleben Aktien-Gesellschaft (C. C. A.) 283 F. 746.

Affirmed.

Mr. Justice SUTHERLAND, Mr. Justice SANFORD, and Mr. Justice STONE, dissent. 

Notes