Washington Post Company v. Chaloner/Opinion of the Court
Saturday, April 3, 1909, the Washington Post, a daily newspaper of wide circulation published by petitioner, contained the following item:

'John Armstrong Chaloner (Chanler), brother of Lewis      Stuyvesant Chanler, of New York, and former husband of Amelie      Rives, the authoress, now Princess Troubetskoy, is      recuperating at Shadeland, the country home of Maj. Thomas L.      Emry, near Weldon, N. C., where he had gone to recuperate      following a nervous breakdown as a result of the tragedy at      his home, Merry Mills, near Cobham, on March 15, when he shot      and killed John Gillard, while the latter was abusing his      wife, who had taken refuge at Merry Mills, Chaloner's home.      Following the shooting, Chaloner suffered a nervous      breakdown, and was ordered by his physician to take a long      rest. He decided to visit his old friend, Maj. Emry, who,      with Chaloner, was instrumental in founding Roanoke Rapids, a      manufacturing town 5 miles from Weldon. Chaloner arrived at      Weldon after traveling all night and was immediately hurried      to Shadeland, where he received medical attention and      temporary relief.'

Claiming damages on account of shame, infamy, and disgrace inflicted, respondent brought an action against the publishing company in the Supreme Court, District of Co lumbia. He alleged:

'The said defendant, meaning and intending * * * to charge      the plaintiff with the crime of murder in the killing of one      John Gillard, when on the contrary the fact was, as defendant      well knew, that while the plaintiff was engaged in a most      laudable effort to prevent the said Gillard from murdering      his wife, * * * the said Gillard was in fact killed by      accidental explosion of a pistol,' and 'contriving and      intending to deprive the plaintiff of his said good name,      credit, and reputation, and to bring him into scandal and      disrepute among his friends, neighbors, and acquaintances, *      * * falsely and maliciously composed and published and caused      to be composed and published of and concerning the plaintiff      in a certain newspaper,' etc., the above-quoted item.

Upon respondent's request the trial court charged:

'The jury are instructed that the words contained in the      publication sued on by the plaintiff herein imply that the      crime of murder has been committed by the plaintiff and are      actionable per se.'

'The only question really for you to consider is how much      damages the plaintiff should be allowed. You ought to allow      him compensation; no special damages have been shown and only      general damages can be allowed, but where the libel is      published, where words are published of the plaintiff which      constituted a libel, which charge him with having committed a      crime, for instance, as in this case, the law presumes that      the plaintiff has been damaged, without proof of any special      damage, because the law takes notice of the fact that a libel      travels, and it comes to a great many different readers, and      that it would be impossible for a plaintiff to trace out the      circulation of the libel, and show by whom it had been read,      and how it had affected their opinion of him, and all that;      so that the jury are justified in allowing substantial      damages to a plaintiff against whom a libel has been      published, without proof of any particular or substantial      damage to him.' Judgment in favor of respondent upon a verdict for $10,000 was affirmed by the Court of Appeals. Chaloner v. Washington Post Co., 36 App. D. C. 231; Washington Post. Co. v. Chaloner, 47 App. D. C. 66.

We think the quoted instructions to the jury were erroneous and harmful to petitioner.

The applicable rule was tersely stated by the Circuit Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit, through Judge Lurton, afterwards of this Court, in Commercial Publishing Co. v. Smith, 149 Fed. 704, 706, 707, 79 C. C. A. 410, 142. Citing supporting authorities, he said:

'A publication claimed to be defamatory must be read and      construed in the sense in which the readers to whom it is      addressed would ordinarily underatand it. So the whole item,      including display lines, should be read and construed      together, and its meaning and signification thus determined.      When thus read, if its meaning is so unambiguous as to      reasonably bear but one interpretation, it is for the judge      to say whether that signification is defamatory or not. If,      upon the other hand, it is capable of two meanings, one of      which would be libelous and actionable and the other not, it      is for the jury to say, under all the circumstances      sursounding its publication, including extraneous facts      admissible in evidence, which of the two meanings would be      attributed to it by those to whom it is addressed or by whom      it may be read.'

See Peck v. Tribune Company, 214 U.S. 185, 190, 29 Sup. Ct. 554, 53 L. Ed. 960, 16 Ann. Cas. 1075.

Counsel for respondent admit (and properly so) that, upon the authorities, a published item saying, 'C. shot and killed G.,' without more, would not be libelous per se; it does not set forth the commission of a crime in unambiguous words. And we are unable to conclude that, as matter of law, addition of the words 'while the latter was abusing his wife, who had taken refuge at Merry Mills, Chaloner's home,' would convert such a statement into a definite charge of murder. On the contrary, they might at least suggest to reasonable minds that the homicide was without malice. Considering the wide circulation of present-day newspapers and their power for doing injury to reputation, it is highly important that the ancient doctrine 'Whatever a man publishes he publishes at his peril' should be strictly enforced. But this cannot be done properly by taking away from the jury doubtful questions of fact.

We find no reason to disagree with the conclusion reached by the Court of Appeals in respect of the other errors there assigned.

A writing entitled 'Answer to Petition for Writ of Certiorari and Discussion of Matters of Fact in Brief for Petitioner,' signed 'John Armstrong Chaloner, Pro Se,' and filed here April 21, 1919, contains much irrelevant and scandalous matter and is unfit for our files. It must be stricken from them.

The judgment below must be reversed, and the cause remanded to the Supreme Court, with instructions to grant a new trial.

Reversed.

Mr. Justice CLARKE took no part in the consideration or decision of this cause. 

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