Namal
Sapisanamal no itiya:ay a tamdaw.

O sapisanamal no tamdaw o nano kacowat no kaki ato kafafalifalic no punka, kasasiromaroma no finacadan no tamdaw ato paloma’an a macowat to. Sapisanamal o sakanga’ay no tamdaw mirahekad to kakaenen, pakayni i ni’ecakan a kakaenen sakaci’iced ato mawanengay nanom. Padihekoay ko namal, sakanga’ay no tamdaw i li’etecay dadaya, ato si^enaway romi’ad a dademak. Padamso ko namal to roma nipatediay no tataparan a likat, malosapico’a’angaw to komaenay to titi a ’a’adopen a ’icel. [1]

I ’ayaw no pifalic no aniniay tamdaw, o itiya:ay ho a tamdaw o masetikay, mato sowal no aniniay tamdaw to masetikay a tato’asan, tinako tomirengay tamdaw, latek nai ’ayaw no 100 ’ofad miheca tangasa 150 ’ofad mihecaan ato i ’ayaw ho.

Patinako 證據

Nowalian Afelika 東非 
Sa’ayaway pisanamal no tamdaw a patinakoan nai adihayay i Nowalian Afelika kacipinangan, tinako i Kenya ngataay no Palinko a fanaw Cisowanya (Chesowanja), Kopifara (Koobi For a) ato Olocisailiyi (Olorgesailie). I lalinik no Cisowanya a sera matama ko kahengangay sera, dotocen kai rikisi tangasa anini (Before Present) ’ayaw 142 ’ofad mihecaan. [2] onini a sota’ mato niliyawan ho mifa^edet ko kenel, pahapinang o sapipa’atekakaw miliyawan mipafa^edet tangasa 400°C ko cedet nira.

Itiraay i Kopifara a FxJjzoE etal ato i FxJj50 a etal matama to nano nicengelan to kahengangay mitaringay a sera, mato 200-400°C ko fa^edet a mafalic, pahapinang to tomirengay tamdaw mato ’ayaw no 150 ’ofad mihecaan o midemakay to namal. [2] o itiraay i Kenya a Olocisailiyi a etal, ira ko cecay matiyaay o paror ma’iyotay sera. Matama no tamdaw ko mimingay a ’afadeng itira, nikawrira latek o nano tataparan madematay kilang a kinatodoh. [2]

Itira i Isopiya a Gadeb no 8E etal, matama o malecaday nano pinatodoh a ’afadeng a ma’ariay ’ongcoy, nakawrira oni a ’ongcoy miliyawan a mitodoh alatek o nano itiraay a nidemakan no celal. [2] malecaday toni a ma’ariay pakayni i tomirengay tamdaw mapatireng no Auciwlian a punka malacalay ko tahasidayay dafong a matama.

Itira i Isopiya Awase ’alo’aloan, ira ko kahengangay a dita’ mataring i kasahefong, matiniay a sera latek nai 200°C to fa^edetay. Matiniay mapafa^edetay demak parorohen i nano makacorahay a kilakilang, saka itiyaay a tamdaw o mitodohay cangra to palapala a etal. [2] Nano matodohay a fokeloh makatama to, malecad to, o nano celal a ’afadeng a’ongcoy ira itira i liyok no etal a matama.

Notomolan Afelika 南非 
Itiraay i Notomolan Afelika a Swatekelangs matama ko i ’aya:way a nidemakan no tamdaw a namal a tinako, itiya i Auciwlian a mihecaan a sakatayal, o nano ’okak pinasanga’ ato ira ko no ’ayaway nano ’okak pinatodoh. [2] Oni a etal pahapinang to tomirengay tamdaw a nikaenan to ’a’adopen tinako. Itira i Notomolan Afelika a Hearth a dihif matama mataringay a pinatodohan, matoor ’ayaw tangasa anini 20-70 ’ofad mihecaan. Ira ko pinapina a malecaday matamaay a tinako: Montagu dihif (la’ed tahanini 5.8 - 20 ’ofad muheca) ato Klasies ’alo (la’ed tahanini 12 - 13 ’ofad muheca). [2]

Piti’eran a tinako nai Zampiya a kalambo a cascas. Itira matama ko ’ayaway tamdaw midemakan a namal a nisanga’an sakadademak a nakenelan, halo mamalantoay kilang, ’afel, malakahengangay to a dita’, ira ko malahafelay a rengos, pinalengaw ato nano mi’id’idan a ’atekakay a kasoy. Toni etal nipipatedian a langto miheca malalat la’ed tahanini 6.1 ’ofad muheca ano Ancisoan pinalalat la’ed tahanini 11 ’ofad muheca. [2]

Namal nao saki Cinwan punka nipafa’edetan fokeloh a mipa’atekak a masanga’ ko sakadademak. [3][4][5] Pnini a pikingkiw caay kadengan la’ed tahanini 7.2 ’ofad miheca a etal ko midemakay to namal a nakenelan, oya la’ed tahanini 16.4 ’ofad miheca a etal ko nikaira. [3]

Ngata nowalian 近東 
I 1930 miheca matama[6] i Israil a Bnot Ya'akov Bridge latek o nano paror nitodohan nalacolan[7][8], mahapinang o tomirengay tamdaw ato misasayhoay tamdaw la’ed tahanini ’ayaw 79-69 ’ofad miheca[9] irato: ko no tamdawan a pisanamal. [10][11]

Itira i kawali no Taylawifo to 12 kongli a Qesem Cave, tinako ikoray a masafa^eloh kalelenan la’ed tahanini 382,000 tangasa 200,000 miheca marariday midemak to namal, adihayay pinatodoh a ’okak ato nifaedetan a mataringay sota’ pahapinang to i tatihiay no namal a pina’adop ato pinatolidacan a titi. [12]

Pa’esosan 遠東 
I Cungko Sansi a Sihoto nalacolan, matama ’ayaw 180 ’ofad miheca nao nicocoan a ’okak no ’a’adopen mafalicay ko cengel a pinatodohan. Itira i Yinnan a Yinmo nalacolan matama ko fohetingay nicocoan a ’okak no ’a’adopen. Cawa matama ko malafokelohay tamirengay tamdaw malakohetingay a ’okak ato mataringay a ’afel.

Cukotien 周口店 
I Cungko Cukotien a nalacolan matama la’ed tahanini ’ayaw 50-150 ’ofad miheca namal a tinako[13], nai Locality 1 tangasa Layer 10 a tamirengay tamdaw mala’ocoyay pinatodoh a ’okak, pinapecih a fokeloh, ’afel, ’afo ato masaparoday takar. Pinapina a ’okak o apelahay to ko cengel, caay ko nanoMon o nano nitodohan a ’okak, no Hongwaysyen a likat mahapinang a malamarar. Nano mikingkiwan to romaroma a ’okak matodoh malalangdaway, palecaden i tayhi latek i nalacolan ira ko fohecalay, kalaliyaway ato fohetingay a ’okak. Layer 10 masanga’ ko kahirahira no maramaradan (si, lyu, tyi ato cya) a ’afo, nika awaay ko no kilang a ’afo a Si.

Ilopiya 歐洲 
I Ilopiya adihay ko nalacolan patinako to tomirengay tamdaw misanamalay, I Hungkari a Vértesszőlős matama ko Samu ato matodohay a ’okak, nika awaay matama ko ’afo. I Sepaniya a Torralba ato Ambrona, matama ko la’ed tahanini ’ayaw 300-500 ’ofad miheca no Aseli punka a fokelohan[2]. I Feranse a Saint-Estève-Janson a Escale Cave matama ko kahengangay a sota’ ato limaay la’ed tahanini ’ayaw 20 ’ofad miheca a masaparoday takar[2]. Maedef ko tinako pahapinang la’ed tahanini ’ayaw 125,000 miheca o malenakay to ko pisanamal.

Kafalic no wakawak 行為改變 
O pisanamal ato pihakelong sakaira no likat malosafalic no wakawak no tamdaw. [14] kadademak no tamdaw caay to kadengan noromi’adan. Roma, oya nicocoan a ’a’adopen atomikalatay to tamdaw a fao milaliw miliyas to namal ato ’acefel. [1][2]

Kafalic no nikaenan飲食改變 
Nawhani o caayay ka nga’ay kemkemen pinalengaw, tinako kifetolay a canot ato koetengay, orasaka ’ayaw no ka ira no namal, ca’ang a lamit, ma’ikesay papah, milaladay lamit ato cilamitay o caay ko sa’ayaway malokakaenen. [15] Makotay, o cacepcepen no tamdaw a pinalengaw o ci’odaxay ato malananemay, tinako sapaloma, falo ato ciheciay losay. Patatekoen cisawarakay sapaloma ato milecaday malananomay saka nga’ay kakaenen no tamdaw, oya cisawarakay ato kiyasafa marahekad mapalawad to sawarak nira. [15] Tomirengay tamdaw a wadis ato mikafitay nikaenan mala’om to ko ’atekakay titi ato loengelay dating a makaen. [16][17]

Hafo taykako ci Richard Wrangham sanay o mirahekadan a pinalengaw makaen o sakalahad katelian no pano’, nawhani koetengay a kakaenen malopahakelongan malananemay kakaenen sakanga’ay no tatirengan, tatirengan no tamdaw mahetec ko Kaloli. [18][19][20] pakayni to namal mapafa’edetay a Tapayce mafalic ko nikaenan malaci’epocay.

Pakayni i pirahekad no tamdaw to kakaenen pakayni i malantoay koheting a ’okak no nicocoan a ’a’adopen matama, matiniay a pirahekad to titi rahoday kaenen, fangsis ko kaen to manta’ay titi. [23][24] Ranikay malasakaci’icel no tatirengan ko ma’ecakay to manta’ay, matengeran ko pirahekad ato nilacadan ko pirahekad, “oya makakafitay ’odax malahoper, malasakanga’ay mahetec.” [24] pirahekadan itiya a mapatay ko fao ato sakaci’adada a fayking makaen saka’eca kawarak a ciadada.

Tanengnengan pitiri’an 參考資料 

參見

1.人類演化

2.狩獵假說

3.生火

4. en:Savanna theory

5.社會文化演化

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