Arpaniya


Albania(阿爾巴尼亞共和國)

Arpaniya Nikapolongan Kitakit (阿爾巴尼亞共和國)

Takaray sowal (概要) 
O Arpaniya Nikapolongan Kitakit (Arpaniya sowal: Republika e 

Shqipëria)i, o Arpaniya hananay a mitahidang(Arpaniya sowal :Shqipëria), itiraay i katimol no saka’etip no Yoropa, i katimol no Parkan Kanatal (Balkans Peninsula), malala,ed ato Itali to Yatoriya Riyar Ta’eman (Itali sowal: Mar Adriatico) ato Otoranto Riyar Ta’eman (Arpaniya sowal: Kanali i Otrantos；Itali sowal: Canale d’Otranto). malafiyaw ato Kirisiya i katimol, ika’amis no saka’etip malangiid ato Kosofo (Arpaniya sowal: Republika e Kosovës), ika’amis malaingid ato Momtonikoro (Momtonikoro sowal:Црна Гора／Crna Gora, o kohetingay tokos sanay ko imi nira: 黑色的山, Ikiris sowal: Montenegro). O Momtinikoro sanay kono Taywan a pangangan.

Itiya ho itini i laloma’ no Yoropa o cecay no tada caayay ka cemahad a kitakit, o saawaay ko ’eten no kalotamdaw, nikawrira tona pinapina a miheca manengnengay to ko kacakat no ’orip no tamtamdaw.[1]

I 2009 miheca mikapot ko Arpaniya to Peitasiyang Konyie (北大西洋公約組織, Ikiris sowal: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, sakamoto’ a tilid: NATO),i 2014 miheca saka6 folad mihai to ko Lekatep no Yoropa (歐盟) to mamalakapot nangra, i 2018 miheca saka 6 folad malaheci to ko pihai tahira to i 2019 miheca saka 6 folad manga’ay to ko Arpaniya masasowal ato Lekatep no Yoropa to sapikapotaw no Arpaniya.[2] 

O hata (fayafay) no Arpaniya ira matilid ko tosaay ko fongoh a talangawan ’alilis, onini ’i, nani tiyaay ho i 15sici o satopa no kakeridan no Arpaniya tamdaw ci Cioci Kastorioti Sikantopi (Arpaniya sowal: Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu；Kirisiya sowal: Γεώργιος Καστριώτης "Σκερντέμπεης"), mikomod amitoker to picowat no Otoman Hontian kitakit, o tadamaanay a tamdaw no Arpaniya cingra, o salongan no Arpaniya tamdaw,onini ko pangangan han to「Kitakit no ’Alilis」.

Rikisi (歷史) 
O to’as no Arpaniya o Iliriya a finscadan, (to’asan sowal no Kirisiya: Ἰλλυριοί, Roma tilid: Illyrioi, Latin sowal: Illyrii anoca Illyri), o cecay a finacadan no to’as no Yoropa. I’ayaw no 2000 miheca, anoca i’ayaw ho nona miheca iraay to a maro’ itini tona pala.

Itiya ho namakowanay no Kirisiya ko Arpaniya, i’ayaw no 2146 miheca malocecay ’isal no Roma Kapolongan kitakit. I ikor no 4 sici cacorocorok sa ko Sa’etipay Roma Hontian kitakit ato Slafo Finacadan (Ikiris sowal: Slavic peoples) a mikowan, 1415 miheca satapang a makowan no Otoman Hontian Kitakit (Otoman sowal: دولت علیه عثمانیه‎, Torki sowal: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) to 500 a miheca ko kahalafin.

Ya siiked saho a niyahpikowan no Arpaniya (獨立初期的阿爾巴尼亞) 

O Parkan Pecih a Kanatal (Balkans Peninsula) i,masasifoday to ko kaadihay no kasasiromaroma no finacadan, orasaka cilacila malood sa pangangan han to 「Ariri no afet」(火藥庫). Yo malaheci ko sakakinacecay a lalood no Parkan i 1912 miheca, ira ko pipadama no Aosyong Hontian Kitakit[3] (Toic sowal:Österreich-Ungarn; Syongyali sowal: Ausztria-Magyarország) onini ko saka pilekael to Siiked a Niyahpikowan i saka 11 folad saka28 romi’ad,o patosokan nona pilekal ’i,o sapitakeraw to kasadakan tayra i Yatoriya Riyar (亞德里亞海的出海口) no Sayerwiya tamdaw

I kalaloodan i sakcecay a lalood no hekal, ma’eco no Aosyong, Itali, ato Fransu, 1920 miheca saka 8 folad liyas sanay to ko Itali nani Arpaniya. 

I 1924 miheca saka 12 folad, keriden ni Aihamayte Muhetar Pici Cofali（Ahmet Muhtar Bej Zogolli）ko sofitay amifelih ko sifo, ikor to sepat a niheca tiring sa a malahonti,sanoyanan sato mitier to sofitay a miteked mikowan to 14 miheca ko kahalafin.[4] Tahira to satapangan no sakatosa a lalood no hekal ma’eco no Honti no Itali, 1943 miheca（Itali sowal:Regno d'Italia）mikosang to ko Itali, o Toic to ko maro’ay tona kitakit. Harateng sato ko Arpaniya tamdaw to sapitokeraw to Toic, o kakeridan no Kyosanto no Arpaniya ci Enfor Hoca（Aroaniya sowla:Enver Hoxha）malasasifoan no mitokeray tamdaw, 1944 miheca malowaid to ko Toic rahiday sato ko Arpaniya.

I Syakaisyuki a mihecahecan no Arpaniya(社會主義時期的阿爾巴尼亞) 
I 1944miheca saka 10folad saka20 romi’ad patireng to Arpaniya Finawlan Sifo, 1946 miheca saka 1 folad saka 10 romi’ad, palasawaden ko Tapangan Faco falicen a patireng to Arpaniya no Finawlan a 

Kitakit.1976 miheca saka12 folad saka 28 romi’ad falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to Arpaniya Syakaisyuki no Finawlan a Kapolongan Kitakit（Arpaniya sowal:Republika Popullare Socialiste e Shqipërisë，kamoto’en tilid:RPSSh）, ci Enfor Hoca（Arpaniya sowla:Enver Hoxha）ko malasakaay kakeridan no kitakit,itiya to pikowanan ningra a mihecahecaan tatootora sa amisawidang to roma a Syakaisyuki a Kitakit[5](o Sawaliay a Saopo hananay ho a pangangan). Syakaisyuki Kitakit o Rosya, Paokaliya,Romaniya,Toic Kapolongan Kitakit, Syonyali,Polan CiekoSlofako,Arpanoya, oninian a kitakit i,polongen a pangangan o Sawaliay Saopo hananay, matatoker ato nikeridan no Amirika a Sa’etipay Saopo, ona tosa a Saop malali’ang to romi’ami’ad nani kaherekan no sakatosa a lalood no hekal, o 「Li’etecay Lalood」(Ikiris sowal:Cold War) hananay ko pipangangan.

Wataay ko pipadahof nona Sawalian Kitakit to Arpaniya, nikawrira, o Nanslaf, Rosya ato Conkolimin Kitakit masiwaray to ko lalan a pasityra i「Hontian Kitakit no Syakaisyuki」(社會帝國主義, Ikiris sowal:Social imperialism）han ni Enfor Hoca o kakeridan no Arpaniya a mikokot, to ikor to i nani 1960 miheca tayra i 1980 miheca tatootoor sa a mapisot ko kalawidang ato na tolo a kitakit. Tona a mihecahecan ma’erec no Arpaniya ko polong no sala’edan no kalokitakit, salacecay sato a masasiiked tona hekal.

1990 miheca, naka herekan no Arpaniya Matayalay Tang to saka 10 liyad a kaiki, o kakeridan nona Matayalay Tang ci Lamicu Aliya（Arpaniya sowal:Ramiz Alia）satapang a milekakawa to sapisongila’ to sici ato kicai, fawahen to ko sala’edan no kalokitakit,hoka’en to ko pikedec to naifaloco’an a pili’etan, o mifelihay, pitooran ato palosyangay, malaliyaw a masongila’ ko kalawidang ato Rosya ato Amirika, i 1990 miheca saka 7 folad malaliyaw kono sifoan a tayal ato Rosya, i 1991 miheca saka 3 folad saka 15 romi’ad malaliyaw kono sifoan a tayal ato Amirika.

Midemak to Adihayay Tang a Lekakawa(實行多黨制) 
1991 miheca milekal ko Matayalay Tang no Arpaniya misawad to cecay aca ko Tang a mikowan to kitakit, midemak to Adihayay Tang a Lekakawa. Tona miheca i saka 4 folad saka 26 romi’ad, mifalic to ngangan no kitakit o Arpaniya Kapolongan Kitakit hananay to, o saikoray itini i Sa’etipay Yoropa a Syakaisyuki Kitakit to misawaday to cecayay aca a Tang ko teked sanay a mikowan to kitakit, o maan ko imi nonini hokiya, mifalahay to 46 miheca ko maparariday a misateked pikowan ni Hoca. 1992 miheca sipasip hananay to koya salongan no Kyosansyuki a mataliyokay no ’ekim a limaay fo’is i hata no kitakit.

Nikawrira,namisatapang ho a midemak to tayal nofinawlan, tadancaay ko kicay to sapili’etan no kitakit,ira ho ko mali’angay a kasarekad, tatihih ho ko kalafiyaw ato Sayrwuiya ato Kosofo, cifangafang ho mikiti’ecay a Milimekay Tamdaw(難民),o tada karetengay ’inorong konini.

1997 miheca, matalahekal ko kaco’os no malatapangay no sifo, sakalafodfod han to no laloma’ no kitakit, iikor to ’i,o Fransu, Sipanya, Kirisiya, Torki, Romaniya , Aotili ato Tanmay kona 8 a kitakit misanga’ to sakarahiday a sofitay a mipahineker tona fodfod no Arpaniya.[6]

Aniniay a Arpaniya (現今的阿爾巴尼亞) 
2009 miheca saka 4 folad,mikapot to ko Arpaniya to NATO, masahapinang to patalahekal to masongila’ay to ko pikopot to Sa’etipay Kasarekarekad. I 2014 miheca Yoropa Lekapet mihai to mamalakopt nangra ko Arpaniya.

Kasasilsil no sakowan (行政區劃) 
O dadahal no pala no Arpaniya ira ko 28,748㎢, papecihpecihen mala 12 

ko sakowan（Arpaniya sowal:Qarqe）, ikararem no salowan silsilen ho to 61 a niyaro’ （Arpaniya sowal:Bashkia）, tahira i 2000 miheca ira ko 36 a niyaro’ mapafeli to 12 sakowan ko mikowanay, o 「 Rrethe」hananay.[1] Ona 12 a sakowan i 2000 miheca a mapatireng mitidos toya 36 a niyaro’.[2] O sifo no Arpaniya i 2015 miheca satapang a midemak to fa’elohay a sakowan, o matatodongay a niyaro’ ’i, 61 to ko niyaro’ , o i omaomahay a niyaro’ o 「 Komuna」hananay ’i, mipalahedawan.[3] O tadamamangay a kamaro’an no tamdaw ’i, o kasa’eta’etal「 Lagje anoca Fshat」[4] hananay, o polong ira ko 2980 kasa’eta’etal. O tokai(城市) ’i, o sakacecay a sakowan no Arpaniya, o citodongay to polong a tayal no tamtadaw.

Palapalaan (地理) 
O kamar’an no Arpaniya itiraay i katimol no kasa’etipan no Parkan Pecihan Kanatal, isaka’amis i malafiyaway ato Montikoro, ika’etip no saka’amis malafiyaw ato Kosofo, ikawali malafiyaw ato Maciton, i katimol malaliting ato Kirisya, ika’etip malala’ed to riyar a makakecor ato Itali. O sala’edan ika’etip i o Yatoriya riyar ato Aiaoniya riyar.

O dadahal no sera ’i, ira ko 28,748㎢,o kasarayray i polong no kitakit ’i, isaka144 ko dadahal no sera. O kakaya’ no lilis no riyar ira ko 476 km, ano cacayay ka hakowa ko dadahal no sera no Arpaniya ’i, adihay ko kasasiromaroma no pala o takaraway tokos ato apolo, kasasa’owac, dafdaf, la’ed no lotok ato dihif. O tokotokosan nani ka’amis pasitimol a masofac(manayat), ira ko pitatayraan no misalamayay o cinganganay i hekal Alpus lotok（Ikiris sowal:Dinaric Alps）. Patahtahay ho a ira ko nanonanoman ato kinairaira no nanom, o satata’angay satelangay itini i satimolan a Yoropa a fanaw, ira ho ko milihawakay to tosa a kitakit a fanaw: Skutay fanaw(Arpaniya sowal:Liqeni i Shkodrës) ato Ohelito fanaw（Arpaniya sowal:Liqeni i Ohrit）. O no Arpaniya ko Skutay fanaw, o dadahal i 530㎢, o cecay no kalitolo itiraay i Arpaniya, o osaw to itiraay i Montinikoro, orasaka, ona Skutay fanaw mapolongay ko Arpaniya ato Montinikoro a mikowan. Ohelito fanaw（Arpaniya sowal:Liqeni i Ohrit；Pokaliya sowal:Охридско Езеро） o samatelangay fanaw i hekal.[11]

Adihay heca ko ’alo no Arpaniya, sano salil ko katenak, ira ko 152 ko ’alo ato ciris,nani wali pasitira isa’etip ko rakat no nanom micomod i Atoriya riyar a ’alo ano sa’osien ira ko 8 a ’alo: Drin，Vjosë，Shkumbin，Osum，Mat、Erzen、Fan ato Seman.

Kakarayan (氣候) 
Ano do’edoen ko pisiiked a demak ni Kopen to kakarayan(柯本氣候分類法)（Toic sowal:Effektive Klimaklassifikation）’i,limaay ko kasasiromaroma no kakarayan no Arpaniya: Ticonghay Kakarayan (Ikiris sowal:Mediterranean climate),Ma’edengay ko Kafa’edet a Mado’etay Kakarayan (Ikiris sowal:Humid subtropical climate）,Riyariyaran Kakarayan (Ikiris sowal:oceanic climate),Sa’emelay a Karopaw Kakarayan ato Skatosa Tapolo Kakarayan（subpolar climate）. Ira heca ko Ateliya riyar ato Aoniya riyar mipatatongay to kakarayan, sa i kasi’enawan caay ka patosi ko kasi’enaw i kakedalan caay ka patosi ko fa’edet no romi’ad.Nikawrira, nama’eten no tokos ko fali no riyar sa caay ka picomod i kemod no kitakit ko fali no riyar, orasaka, i kemoday a pala ’i, ikasi’enawan caay kafilo ko si’enaw, ikakedalan sa i pakakaay ko ka fa’edet no romi’ad.

I Arpis Tokos ira a mahera ko sepat a no to’asan ho a so’edaan a ’alo, nani riyar so’osien 2,000 laya’ ko katakaraw, o hatiniay a so’edaan ’alo itiraay i tongroh no tokotokosan isafaw no 5,000 ko laya’ ko ka’akawang nga’ iraay ko matiniay ’alo, onini ko kakafahekaan tona sepat a so’edaan ’alo, away ko mitiniay i Yoropa.

Sici(政治) 
O finawlan ko cisakowanay a lekakawa ato adihayay ko saopo no sici a matayal ko faco no sici no Arpaniya a kitakit. O congtong ko tapang no kitakit, o souli ko kakeridan no sifo, o lipoing ko misinkiway to sakala kakeridan no souli. O lipoiing o fanwlan ko mitopaay ta maala malalipoin, 140 ko tamdaw, sepat miheca ko kalalipoingan. O tapang no citodongay to tayal no sifo o souli ko mitoro’ay.

Kinpo (憲法) 
1964 miheca sakatolo folad, o saopo no Arpaniya to misanga’ay to kinpo malaheci a misanga’ ko sa’ayaway kinpo no Arpaniya. 

1976 miheca saka12 folad mafalic pangangan ko kitakit to「Arpaniya Syakaisyuki kapolongan kitaki」,ikor nonini mipatatodong a milaheci misanga’ to 「kinpo no Arpaniya Syakaisyuki kapolongan kitaki」. 1990 miheca satapang midemak to adihayay ko tang no kitakit, ikor nonini misahalaka ko adihayay tang tono kapolongan a kinpo, 1991 miheca saka 5 folad, malaheci no adihayay a tang ko 「Takaray rikec no kinpo」,iikor to 7 miheca onini o pacarcaran a pitooran no sifo a matayal,i 1998 miheca saka 11 folad saka 12 romi’ad o citodongay to sinkiw a tamdaw mitopa a mipahapinang tono kinpo, o polong no  citodongay to sinkiw a tamdaw mahaop ko 50.57% ko mitopaay , mahaop ko 93.5% ko mihaiay tona fa’elohay kinpo, toya miheca saka 11 folad saka 28 romi’ad , oya congtong itiyaay ho ci Ricip Cimar Maytani（Arpaniya sowal:Rexhep Qemal Meidani）mitilid pangangan tona fa’elohay kinpo, songila’ sato a malaheci ko「Arpaniya a finawlan a kapolongan kitakit kinpo」.

Sici kasarekarekad(政黨) 
O mikikaay a tang i Arpaniya a kasarekarekad no sici a tang o polong cisafaw to 60, o mikapotay to sinkiw a tang ira ko 37 ato cecay a malekatepay a tang. O ci’icelay a tang:

·      Arpaniya Syakai Tang（o mikowanay anini）

·      Arpaniya Mincu Tang（o satata’angay a mikantokay a tang）

·      Arpaniya Syakai Mincu Tang 

·      Arpaniya Mincu Konghe Tang 

·      Arpaniya Fa’elohay Mincu Tang 

·      Arpaniya Micu a Lekatep Tang

Sici a pisawidang (外交) 
Itiya ho i pasatapangan no 1990 miheca itira i Sawaliay Yoropa(東歐) masanotapelik no riyar ko pisa’eli no finawlan to ka ono finawaln a nisafalo’an ko pitooran a mikowan sanany a solongoc, orasak misaima’ to a mipeleng koya ni Hocaan ho a kanaidefay a lekakawa no kitakit, mifawah to fawahan a mihamham to isowasowaay a kitakit a malawidang. Nani 1991 miheca tahanini sahetoay o mamalaheci ko paisawidang a lekakawa,i’ayawen ko pisawidang to Sa’etipay Kasaekarekad a kitakit, mikilim tohalalan to sapikapotaw to Lekatep no Yoropa,minanay to Yoropa ato Amirika to sapisongla’aw to ‘orip no fanawlan no Arpaniya.

O matiniyay a pisa’icel a misawidang to roma a kitakit, tahanini cisafaw to 150 ko kitakit to malawidangay tono sician, mikapot to 48 a saopo no hekalay, 1955 miheca mikapot to Linhoko. 1992 miheca mihamon to Kalapaliw no Islam. 2009 miheca mikapot i NATO, 2014 miheca mamalakapot no Yoropa Lekatep.

Tamdaw (人口) 
I 1989 miheca misa’osi to tamdaw,  2011 mihecaan a piso’osi to tamdaw o polong i, 2,821,977 ko tamdaw, o sofoc ’i, ila’enoay ko kelis no nikalecad no sofoc.[12]( 出生率,crude birth rate,CBR) Yomalasawad ko pikowanan no Matayalay Tang a sifo i pisatapangan no 1990 miheca, aloman ko milaliway tara i romaroma a kitakit no tamdaw, tinakoen nani 1991 taha 2004 miheca ira ko 90 ofad tamdaw ko miliyasay to Arpaniya,ilaloma nonini ira ko 60 ofad ko tamdaw tayraay i Kirisiya.[13] Tahira to i 2015miheca saka cecay folad saka cecay a romi’ad a piso’osi 2,893,005 ko tamdaw no Arpaniya.[14] 

O fodfod no finawlan i, o tada karetengay ’inorong no Arpaniya, o piso’osi no sifo to finacadan o Arpaniya ko saalomanay, cilafas a mahaop ko 97%, o caay a aloman ko tamdaw a finacadan caay ka pakaso’elin tona misa’osian no sifo,i kaka ho ka kaaloman no niyam a tamdaw saan. Do’edoen ko sa’osi i 2011 miheca, o kasa’isal no fanacadan: [15]

Pakatni tona sa’osi to tamdaw, o mamidipot to mamangay a finacadan a iingkai sowal saan: ka’imer a minengneng tona sa’osi, aka ka o sa’osi aca ko nanengnengen, nawhani, malawa a ko pidipot to mamangay a 

.[16]

Toloay aca koni haian no Arpaniya a mamangay finacadan, o Kirisiya, Maciton ato Montinikoro, ato tosa pakipunkaay a mamangay fanacadan o Aroma tamdaw ato Romu tamdaw.[17] O roma amamangay finacadan i, o Porkaniyatamdaw, Koran tamdaw,Saywirya tamdaw,Parkan Aicipoto tamdaw, Posiniya ato Yutaya tamdaw.

O Kirisiya a Saop caay ka fana’ hakowaay ko so’elinay kaaloman no Kirisiya tamdaw,o Kirisiya sifo a sowal i ira ko 30 ofad ko mar’ay i Arpaniya a Kirisiya tamdaw saan, nikawrira, o Sa’etipay Kitakit a pinengneng 20 ofad ko tamdaw saan.[18] Ono Arpaniya sifo sa apisa’osi ’i, ‘edeng 2,4243 tamdaw.[19] Ono misaspayay no Amirika(CIA)a pinengneng i, pihaop no Kirisiya tamdaw i Arpaniya 0.9% aca sanay.[20]

Sowal(語言) 
No kapolongan ato no sifo a sowal o Arpaniya sowal. 

O lalekoan a somowal ato pitilid nani tosa a niyaro’an a sowal:o i’amisay a Kaike sowal(Gheg) ato ikatimolat sowal(toskë anoca toskërisht) ona tosa a sowal salofhan a patateko, ano adihadihayay kono toskë a sowal mihaiay to ko alomanay. O kalala’edan nona tosa a sowal itiraay i Senkunpin ’alo(Arpaniya sowal:Lumi i Shkumbinit). Ono Kirisiya a sowal ikamaro’an no Kirisiya tamdaw i,malahedaway to koya to’asan ho teked no sowal. O roma a sowal i Arpaniya ira ho ko Aromaniya sowal, Saywiya sowal(Српски језик),Maciton sowal,Posiniya sowal, Porukariya sowal,Kulani ato Romaniya sowal.[21] itira sakawalian no Arpaniya i Pustik 

tokay o Maciton sowal ko kapolongan no sifo sowal. Itiya i 2011 miheca a sa’sosi no tamdaw, iraay ko 1,765,610 tamdaw, mahaop ko 98.767% a tamdaw ono winaay sowal ko Arpaniya sowal sanay, o Arpaniya sowal i o mitoro’an to sapipasifana’ a sowal no ka’emangay ato hasasowal i loma’.

O Kirisiya sowal o sakatosa a sadihayay a sakacaciyaw i Arpaniya, mahaop ko 0.5% tara 3% a tamdaw o sakacecay a sowal no tireng sanay.[22] O cecay no kalitolo no laloma’an mafa’ay a somowal to no Kirisiya sowal.[23]

Mangayaay ato Kirisiya ko Arpaniya, o punka to o pili’etan to adihay ko kalapaliw, orasaka i satimolan no Arpaniya aloman ko somowalay to sowal no Kirisiya.[24]

O citodongay no sifo a mikakinkiw i 2017 miheca, nani 25 tahira i 64 ko mihecaan a tamdaw, mahaop ko 39.0% a Arpaniya tamdaw saawaay ira ho ko cecay kafana’an a roma a sowal, o mafana’ay somowal to Ikiris i mahaop ko40.0%, do’edo sa o Itali sowal, mahop ko 27.8%, o mafa’ay to Kirisiya sowal mahaop ko 22.9%.[25] Ikararem no 25 ko mihecaan a kapah tamdaw no Arpaniya, matongal ko kacifaloco’ mihatatanam to Ikiris, Toic ato Torki a sowal, o cifaloco’ay to sapihatatanam to Itali ato Frans a sowal ’i, mahineknekay. 

Tona pinapina a mihecan o kapah tada tata’ang ko kacifaloco’ mihatatanam to sowal no Toic, orasaka matatilid ko Arpaniya ato Toic to Patomaliway Kakaketonan, ta manga’ay ko katayra no kaph no Arpaniya i Toic a mihatatanam ato konlin to kicic, ta masasonga’ ko kafana’ to punka no tihi.[26]

Tona pinapina a miheca kali’eki ko kacakat no ’orip no Torki, makidkid ko kacifaloco’ no kapah no Arpaniya to sapihatatanamaw to so sowal no Torki,itra i tata’angay pitilidan ira ko pihatatanaman to punka ato pikinkiw.[27] O tata’angay pitilidan Epoka masimsim o safangcalay a pasifana’ay to sowal no roma a kitaki, mihai ko sifo no Arpaniya manga’ay to a pafeli to pileponan a tilid to mitiliday.[28]

Punka (文化) 
O punka no Arpaniya i cilamlamay tono Contong punka（Ikiris sowal:Middle East，Arapiyasowal:الشرق الأوسط‎，Hipray sowal:המזרח התיכון‎）ato Sa’etipay punka, malapot ko Katelang Kirisiya, Katelang Roma punka, Paycantin Hontian Kitakit punka（Latin sowal:Imperium Romanum；Kirisiya sowal:Βασιλεία Ρωμαίων）,Otoman Hontian Kitakit punka(OtonanTorki sowal:دولت علیه عثمانیه‎，Torki sowal:Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Kaping sowal:鄂圖曼帝國), caay konini aca ira ho kono Arpaniya a to’asan punka.

O radiw no Arpaniya iraay ko tekedan no finacadan,nano to’as caay ka keton taha nini. Ano masasiikeikeday to ka’amisay a Gheg ato katimolay a Lab ato Tosk, ona tosaay a kada’edo’edo malacecayay ko katenak. O imi no radiwa i, sahetoay o palatohay to rikisi no Arpaniya, oya kaodfodan ato tadamaanay tamdaw. Oya radiw no to’as 「Himariot Isopoly」, matoro’ no UNESCO no Linhoko o malorocok nona hekal sanay.

Ono to’asan ho a ca’edong itiraay i kakafahekan ato ilisin a cilosid, itira i no finacadan a ka’acangan romi’ad,no kyokai a romi’ad,paka’etiman romi’ad, masakeroay a saop. O matitengay cica’edong tono to’asan a losid. O fanges no ’a’adopen, o fanoh no siri, o keriw ko sapisanga’ to losid, tahanini ono to’asan ho a konis ko mitinooyan.

Pitooran (宗教) 
I’ayaw no 1900 miheca,mitooray to ko Arpaniya tandaw ci Yisoan, nikawrira namicowat a micomod ko Torki Otoman Hontian Kitakit ’i, mafalic ko pitoor pasitira i Islam, saadihay sato ko mitooray to Islam a Muslin a tamdaw, o saadihayay tamdaw i Arpaniya, nikawrira, iraay ho ko mitooray ci Yisoan a alomanay i romaroma aniyaro’.

O Islam a pitooran i,toloay ko kasa'iked, ilalomaan i tosa ko tata'angay a kasa'iked: o cecay Sunni Sa'iked (Arapiya sowal:أهل السنة والجماعة‎，ʾAhl ūs-Sunnah wa āl-Ǧamāʿah, Kaping sowal:遜尼派)， o cecay i o 

Tona aniniay to a mihecaan, napikowanan no Arpaniya Matayalay Tang malalang ko polong no pitorran, itiya  milekal ko Arpaniya odengan itini i hekal o caayay ka pakaso’elin to kawas a kitakit sanay. Tahira to i 1990 miheca saka 11 folad ano caacaayay ka falicen ko kinpo, mihai to ko sifo to kalotamdawan a pitoor to kawas.Anini to i naifaloco’ay sanay to ko pitoor to kawas caay to pilalang ko sifo.

I 2001 miheca a pisa’sosi to tamdaw, itini i Arpaniya mahaop ko 58% ko mitooray to Islan Sonni Muslin, 2% o Isalm Tasen kyokai, 10% o Tinsikyo,7% o Rosiya Toncen Ciyaw, 0.2% o roma a kyokai a Keristo, 5.5% o roma ko pitooran, 14% cowa ka hapinang ko pitooran, o caay ka pakaso’elin to kawas i 2.5% aca ko tamdaw. Ititni Yoropa o saalomanay ko mitooray to Islam a ihekalay kitakit.

Pakayni tona pisa’osi to tamdaw i 2011 miheca , ira ko caay ka pihai tora nipasadakan a sa’osi, nawhani, adihay ko caay ka sa’osi a mitooray to Rosiya Toncen Ciyaw,[1] o misa’osian i edeng 34% no mitooray tona pitooran sanay.[2] Orasa o miciosaay a tamdaw ’i, awaay ko minengnengay o niyah sanay a patedo a mitilid sanay. Sa oninian ko pipacoli no fanawlan.

Do’edoen ko piciosa no Citodongay to Pipamatang no Linhoko a pisa’osi i 2018 miheca, mahaop ko 62.7% caay ka pitoor to masamaanay a pitooran. 37% a Arpaniya tamdaw cecayay aca ko pitooran, i laloma’ nona 37% ’i, 52.06% o Muslin, 13.82% o Tinsokyo, 13.08% o Rosiya Tongcen Ciyaw, 7.5% o Paykesin Kyokai, 1,74% o Ciolo Kai. O osaw to i manayay a paca’of to piciosa.

Pihapinangan Tilid 
[1] Rural poverty in Albania. [2011-01-23]. (原始內容存檔於2010-01-05); Albania Poverty and wealth, Information about Poverty and wealth in Albania; UNDP Albania Practice Area - Poverty Reduction 網際網路檔案館的存檔, 存檔日期2013-06-13.

[2] 俄羅斯衛星通訊社. 歐盟: 阿爾巴尼亞和馬其頓入歐談判或於2019年6月開始. 俄羅斯衛星通訊社. 2018-06-27 [2018-06-27] (中文).

[3] Malacecayay ko「aotili Hontian Kitakit」ato「Syongyali Hontian Kitakit」a mikowan, sa pangangan han to「AOSYONG Hontian Kitakit」.

[4] Ian Kershew著、林華譯. 地獄之行:1914-1949. 中信出版集團. 2018年12月: 202. ISBN 978-7-5086-8300-3.

[5] Syakaisyuki Kitakit o Rosya, Paokaliya,Romaniya,Toic Kapolongan Kitakit, Syonyali,Polan CiekoSlofako,Arpanoya, oninian a kitakit i,polongen a pangangan o Sawaliay Saopo hananay, matatoker ato nikeridan no Amirika a Sa’etipay Saopo, ona tosa a Saop malali’ang to romi’ami’ad nani kaherekan no sakatosa a lalood no hekal, o 「Li’etecay Lalood」hananay ko pipangangan.

[6] 1997年3月28日 阿爾巴尼亞發生騷亂人民網，2003.03.28

[7] A Brief History of the Administrative-territorial Organization in Albania 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2015-05-24.

[8] A Brief History of the Administrative-territorial Organization in Albania. reformaterritoriale.al. [2017-10-26]. （原始內容存檔於2017-06-09） （英語）.

[9] Ndarja administrative, njësitë vendore në lagje dhe fshatra. [2017-10-26]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-25）.

[10] Ndarja administrative, njësitë vendore në lagje dhe fshatra. [2017-10-26]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-25）.

[11]Lake Ohrid; Invest in Macedonia – Agency for Foreign Investments of the Republic of Macedonia. InvestInMacedonia.com. [2017-06-03]. （原始內容存檔於2008年9月14日）.

[12] Albania: People, CIA World Factbook, 2012. Retrieved on 6 April 2012

[13] "Albania: Looking Beyond Borders （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）". Migration Policy Institute.

[14] Population of Albania 1 January 2016. Republic of Albania Institute of Statistics. （原始內容存檔於2017年7月13日）.

[15] Population and Housing Census 2011. INSTAT (Albanian Institute of Statistics). （原始內容存檔於2017-08-03）.

[16] Third Opinion on Albania adopted on 23 November 2011. Advisory Committee on the Framework for the Protection of National Minorities. [2017-06-29]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-14）.

[17] United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Albania : Overview. UNHCR. 2005-05-11 [2013-05-05].

[18] Europa Publications. The Europa World Year Book 2008. Taylor & Francis. 2008-06-24 [2012-12-22]. ISBN 978-1-85743-452-1. （原始內容存檔於2013-02-24）. ... and Greece formally annulled claims to North Epirus (southern Albania), where there is a sizeable Greek minority. ... strained by concerns relating to the treatment of ethnic Greeks residing in Albania (numbering an estimated 300,000) ...ono 

[19] Census 2011 Data: Resident population by ethnic and cultural affiliation. The Institute of Statistics of Republic of Albania. [2014-04-05]. （原始內容存檔於2013-11-13）.

[20] Albania. U.S. Department of State. [2014-09-13]. （原始內容存檔於2018-03-24）.

[21] The Greek language is widely spoken in Albania (H Ελληνική γλώσσα γίνεται καθομιλουμένη στην Αλβανία). Kathimerini. [2017-06-12].

[22] Languages of Albania. [2010-10-31]. （原始內容存檔於2009-01-23）.

[23] The Second Most Spoken Languages Around the World. Kathimerini. [2017-06-12]. .5% speak it as first language.

[24] Nitsiakos, Vasilēs G. Balkan Border Crossings: Second Annual of the Konitsa Summer School. LIT Verlag Münster. 2011: 150. ISBN 9783643800923 （英語）. in the Albanian south... The Greek language is spoken by an important percentage of the Albanians of the south.

[25] Press release of the Adult Education Survey (PDF). Albanian Institute of Statistics. 2018-05-10 [2018-05-23].

[26] Gjuha gjermane, shumë e kërkuar në Shqipëri. albinfo.ch. albinfo. 2014-04-10 [2018-05-26].

[27] Në Shqipëri vazhdon të rritet interesi për gjuhën turke. voal.ch. voal. 2016-10-05 [2018-05-26].

[28] Bledi Mane. 10 universitetet me cilesore te shqiperise. gazetatema.net. TemA. 2011-09-17 [2018-05-26].

[29] al:AK- Nishanit: Hiqi ‘Urdhrin e Skënderbeut’ Janullatosit, dekoro themeluesit e Kishës Autoqefale Shqiptare (LETRA) | Gazeta Tema. [2018-12-15]. （原始內容存檔於2015-05-16）.  Gazeta Tema. [2018-12-15]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）.

[30] Official Declaration: The results of the 2011 Census regarding the Orthodox Christians in Albania are totally incorrect and unacceptable. orthodoxalbania.org. [22 January 2014]. （原始內容存檔於14 July 2014）.