Costa Rica


Takaray Sowal(概要) 
Costa Rica
Kosta Rika Kapolongan Kitakit (Sipanya a sowal:República de Costa Rica; Kuwaping a sowal: 哥斯大黎加共和國), Kosta Rika hananay a  mitahidang to kaloromi’ad, o「kinatahtahay a salawacan no riyar」sanay ko imi nona 

no kitakit. Itiraay i Sifoay Amirika, ka’amis o Nikarakuwa, katimol malala’edan ato Panama, o tatapangan a tokay o Siehosi. O Kosta Rika hananay a kitakit ’i,o sarakatay a palasawad to sofita a kitakit i hekal,  o sarihadayay ko ‘orip itini i Sifoay Amirika, o sakaay a kamaro’an no misawday to tayal a tamdaw hananay no《Fupisi》i 2020 miheca. o patirengay to rikec kalomaocan mahinapec mifoot to sakapidoedo no congtong to pirarid mato miliyangay to kimpo. 2003 miheca 4 folad, pakayni i kalaliyaliyangan, ikor mirikec kalomaocan niketonan a losid, mihayda to caay kanga’ay ko cecay a congtong to nisamaamaanan ko nirikecan to sapipadoedoaw masadak.

Kaitiraan(地理) 
O Kosta Rika a kitakit itiraay i sifo no Sifoan Amirika, saka’amis misi’ayaway to Kalopi Riyar(Sipangya a sowal:Mar Caribe; Kuwaping a sowal:加勒比海), i saka’etip miingiday to Tasiyang(Ikiris a sowal:Pacific Ocean;Kuwaping a sowal:太平洋), i lilis no Kalopi Riyar ira ko 212 kiko, i lilis no Tasiyang ira ko 1016 kiko, polongen ira ko 1290 kilo.Malalal’eday ato Nikalakuwa, o kalala’edanira ira ko 309 kilo, katimol no sakawali malala’eday ato Panama, o kalala’edanira ira ko 639 kilo, polongen ira ko 51100 km²,ilaloma’ nonini ’i,o sera ira ko 50660 km², o riyar ira ko 440 km².

Ka’amis no Costa Rica matatongod to Nicaragua (raraya’ no lilis 309 kongli), kawali katimolan matatongod to Panama (raraya’ no lilis 639 kongli). Polong ira ko 51100 pinfang kongli, no sera 50660 pinfang kongli, pingata to nanom 440 pinfang kongli, i safa no kaetip a Virginia no Amilika, palecalecadan to Ireland. 

Costa Rica kasakowat: masadafdaf ko hekal no riyar, tatenokan o masatifatifacay takaraway lotolotok a palaed. O kitakit mihapiw to niya kicay a riyar to 200 hayli. O karayan fa’edetay ato no Asiya fa’edetay, ira ko salongan a fa^elohay fa’edetay.

Sici   (政治) 
Costa Rica ira ko masongila’ay patirengan kimpo a Nikapolongan Kitakit. O sakidademaken o congtong ko citodongay, o citodongay to’icel no kitakit ko congtong. Tosaay ko micokeray congtong ato cecay citodongay to sakilaloma’an no 15 cefang. Congtong ato nisingkiwan 57 a patirengay to rikec kalomaocan, 4 miheca ko liyad. 1969 miheca mahayda ko nifalican kimpo kinacecay aca lekad ko congtong ato patirengay to rikec kalomaocan. Matiratira aca, oya a patirengay to rikec kalomaocan milaed to lekad ta manga’ay misingkiw. Imatinib, ira ko sapipalowadan to sapifalican to kimpo, sakapidoedo no congtong saka tosa liyad, sakinian, o patirengay to rikec kalomaocan mahinapec mifoot to sakapidoedo no congtong to pirarid mato miliyangay to kimpo. 2003 miheca 4 folad, pakayni i kalaliyaliyangan, ikor mirikec kalomaocan niketonan a losid, mihayda to caay kanga’ay ko cecay a congtong to nisamaamaanan ko nirikecan to sapipadoedoaw masadak. midotoc tonini a nihaydaan, ci Oscar Arias mihayda i kasacefang ko pifalic to kimpo, i 2006 miheca maleko maala to sakinatosa a congtong, i 2010 miheca malepon ko lekad. 2010 miheca o micokeray congtong ci Laura maala congtong, o lekad tangasa 2014 miheca. Mipalowad ci Arias to mapakoniraay kalali’aca a tatonekan, nia tatonekan a kasatelek ira kota’akay kalaliyangan, o nia kalaliyangan o saka rarawraw no kitakit.     

O pisingkiw no Costa Rica to lifayin a lomaocan nisilsilan to sakacitodong. O nitekedan no kitakit a hoking ato sakitingwa, i 2009 mihecaan mapatodong to ko paitemekan lalifet citodong (’ayaw no nian, sakira no wikidtingwa mitala to cecay a foladan). Aloman ko kasakitakit citodong to niya pidemak ato kacitodong niya pikowan, halo dingki, kitakit a kingko (misi’ayaw to finawlan a kingko kalalifet) ato syakay sapaka’orip, onian citodongay sakicomahad no Costa Rica ’akawangay a saki’orip. Pitoay kanatal o congtong ko miocoray to kakeridan no kanatal, nikawrira caay kata’ak ko sakowan naira. Laloma’an no kanatal away ko siikeday mirikecay citodongay. Midotoc to kimpo, Costa Rica awaay ko sfitay, dengan o kincac ato pa’oripay sakapot ko papa’ading sakarihaday.

Rikisi(歷史) 
Itiyaho i mihecahecaan ni Kolompo, iraay to ko Intian a tamdaw maro’ i Kosta Rika, ora saka o kacacefelisan no Sifo’ay Amirika a Ponka itini.

I saka 16 sici oya maro’ay itini a Maya Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:Maya peoples; Kuwapinga sowal:馬雅人）ato Acitiko Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:Aztec; Kuwaping a sowal:阿茲特克) makowan no Sipanya, malasakowan no Sipanya. I 1824 miheca, macowat no Kosta Rika ko Niko Pecihan Kanatal no Nikalakowa,itiya sato i saka 19 sici saka 40 a mihecahecaan, misiiked to a tomireng ko Kosta Rika.

I 1889 miheca, midemak ko Kosta Rika to sarakatay a sinkiw no congtong, tona sinkiw malowid ko kakeridan no sofitay oya Nisatekedan a Mikowanay ci Pirnato·Soto·Arfalo sawad sato to kakeridan, tona pisawadan ningra a romi’ad to saka 11 folad saka 7 romi’ad mala Kalotamdawan Romi’ad no Kosta Rika a kitakit.    

1914 miheca, o sarakatay a pisinkiw no kalotamdaw, ci Arfoloyto Konsaloys Fololoys(Sipanya a sowal:Alfredo González Flores; Kuwaping a sowal:阿爾弗雷多·岡薩雷斯·弗洛雷斯). Na malacongtong to ’i,makalah ta to ko pidemak to sapifalicaw to tayal no kitakit,oninian ko lalengatan no Tapang no Safitay ci Fitiriko Tinoko Korannatos (Sipangya a sowal:Federico Tinoco Granados; Kuwaping a sowal:費德里科·蒂諾科·格拉納多斯) keriden ningra ko safotay a mifelih ko congtong.[1]

Itiya sato i 1948 miheca, ira ko rawraw no sinkiw to congtong, ’aloman ko mikangiay a finawlan, tona miheca o tada ciomahay a tamdaw ci Hosi Mariya HipalitoFikoloys Filoyr( Sipangya a asowal:José María Hipólito Figueres Ferrer; Kuwaping a sowal:何塞·馬利亞·伊波利托·菲格雷斯·費雷爾) mikomod to finawlan i sakatimolan no Kosta Rika matatoker ato sofitay, malowid no finawlan ko sofitay, yo malacongtong sato ci Filoyr palasawaden ningra ko sofitay, palaheci han to a mitilid i kimpo no Kosta Rika ko kaawa no sofitay, o dengan i hekal konini a kitakit ko awaay ko sofitay.[2]

Tamdaw(人口) 
O tamdaw no Kosta Rika o cilamlamay to ‘irang no yincumin ato Yoropa a tamdaw ato sahetoay o ‘ireng a Yoropa a tamdaw, polongen konini i,mahaop ko 94%, o sakakaay ko ka’aloman a

mafolaway o Sipanya a tamdaw, ira ho ko Toic tamdaw, Polan a tamdaw, Italiya a tamdaw ato Yotaya a tamdaw.[3] O yincumin no Kosta Rika Intian mahadefek no Yoropa a mipatay, ora saka caay to ka papina ko ma’oripay,cifaloco’ ko sifo no Kosta Rika a mipa’ading to Intian a tamdaw, saka matongal to 114,000 ko tamdaw,mapecoh ko 2.4% no polong tamdaw nona kitakit, itiraay i katimol no sakawali a maro’.[4] I saka 19 sici ira ko nani Ciyamayka a mafolaway a tayni o teloc no kohetingay tamdaw, kahaop ko 3%, o Conko a tamdaw mahaop ko 1%.[5]

Ira heca ko nani Nikarakuwa a mafolaway a tayni to 10 % a Nikarakuwa tamdaw.[6]

O ’orip no itiniay a tamdaw i,pasasotiri’en ato fiyaw a kitakit Kuwatimala, Sarwato, Hontoras ato Nikarakuwa, rihadayay, awa ko kalacemceman, takaraw ko pitilidan no itiniay,[7] onini ko sakaolah no Kolonpiya, Panama ato Piro a tamdaw tayni a paloma’.

Sowal(語言) 
Ono sifoan a sowal i,o Sipanya a sowal,itira saka 16 sici micomod ko Sipanya a tamdaw a tayni micowat to pala no yuincumin malanikowanan no Sipanya. O sakacaciyaw no kaloromi’ad a Sipanya a sowal i,o Kosta Rika a Sipanya sowal hananay a mitahidang, o faco no sowal o Mikinkiway to Sowal a Pikinkiwan no Sipanya ko mitomadaway.[8] [9] o roma ira ho ko Limomkoriyo(Mekatelyu) o itiraay i sawalian a lilis no riyar a niyaro’ no kohetingay tamdaw a sowal ko nini, cowa ka sa’osi i rikec kona sowal. O pitilidan no tamdaw no Kosta Rika takraway, orasaka, o sowal no Ikiris ko malosowal to romi’ami’ad.

Ponka(文化) 
Patahtahay to masasiromaromaay ponka ko Kosta Rika,nawhani, o kacacefelisan no ponka no Sifo’ay Amirika ato Timalay Amirika itini. Nani 16 sici micomod a micowat ko Sipanya, isaka’amisan no Kosta Rika a etal o kalala’edan ato Maya Payrayrangan(Sipanya a sowal:Cultura maya; Kuwaping a sowal:馬雅文明) itini, ikatimo ato sasifo’an o pala no Cipoca Finacadan, o sa’etipay a lilis no riyar o kamaro’an no kahetingay tamdaw, o mipaliwalan nani Afrika i 17 sici tahira i 18 sici, mapatokeled tona mihecahecaan ira ko maomahay a tamdaw no Congko a tayni misakoli misanga’ to lalan no cinamalay.

O cinganganay a radiw no Kosta Rika i,o Tambito ato Punto, tada masasiromaay itini i hekal kona radiw, patinako han o「punto guanacasteco」ato 「punto sancarleno」, adihay itini ko Maya ato riyariyaran a radiw ato kimad.

Tahapinangan Tilid(參考文獻) 
[1] 楊志敏; 方旭飛. 列国志·洪都拉斯 哥斯达黎加. 社會科學文獻出版社. 2011-01-01: 175. ISBN 9787509717394.

[2] Junta Fundadora de la Segunda República. 1948-1953 (PDF). Archivo Nacional de Costa Rica. [30 July 2010]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2014-09-11）

[3] Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo (INEC). X Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda - Extranjeros. [2017-01-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-14）.

[4] "Indigenous peoples in Costa Rica." （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. Retrieved 2 Dec 2013.

[5] Book: Costa Rica: a global studies handbook, Author: Margaret Tyler Mitchell, Scott Pentzer （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

書: 《哥斯大黎加：總體研究手冊》, 作者: 瑪格麗特·泰勒·米切爾, 斯科特·彭策爾 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） （英文）

[6] 尼加拉瓜难民涌入哥斯达黎加等邻国 难民署呼吁国际社会提供支持. 聯合國. [2022-02-11]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-18）.

[7] The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency. www.cia.gov. [2022-02-12]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-10）.

[8] Canfield (1981:39頁)

[9] Lipski (1994:222頁)

參考文獻[編輯] 

 另日本有實質上的軍隊，很多國家獨立時就沒設立過軍隊。列支敦斯登在1868年因為經費開銷過大而廢除了本國軍隊。冰島於1869年裁撤了軍。
 "Indigenous peoples in Costa Rica." （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. Retrieved 2 Dec 2013.
 Book: Costa Rica: a global studies handbook, Author: Margaret Tyler Mitchell, Scott Pentzer （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 書: 《哥斯大黎加：總體研究手冊》, 作者: 瑪格麗特·泰勒·米切爾, 斯科特·彭策爾 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） （英文）
 Canfield (1981:39頁)
 Lipski (1994:222頁)
 Abolición del Ejército en Costa Rica （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Ministerio de Cultura, Juventud y Deportes, San José, Costa Rica. 2004. ISBN 9968-856-21-5
 ^ 聯合國大會 第35屆 Resolution 55. Charter of the University for Peace A/RES/35/55 page 2. 1980-12-05. [2008-05-03].
 ^ "Costa Rica Weather". Costa Rica Guides

外部連結[編輯原始碼] 

 （英文） 完整哥斯大黎加資訊網站（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
 （法文） 哥斯大黎加
 （英文） BBC國家專欄：哥斯大黎加（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
 （英文） （西班牙文） 哥斯大黎加科朗 - 美元（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
 （英文） 哥斯大黎加（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
 維基媒體的哥斯大黎加地圖集 
 維基導遊上有關哥斯大黎加的旅行指南
 OpenStreetMap上有關哥斯大黎加的地理資訊

Costa riga（哥斯大黎加）

Itini i 10 00 N, 84 00 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko Costa riga.
Polong no sekalay i 51,100 sq km “saka 130 ko rayray no ngangan. ”
“O sekalay no sera i, 51,060 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 40 sq km ” 
Polong i 4,872,543 ko tamdaw.

sera(土地)
Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 37.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 51.50%, malo no roma to a sera 11.40%.

siyoto(首都)
O San Jose(聖荷西) ko Siyoto.

katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)
Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 15 a romi’ad.

O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Luis Guillermo Solís(路易斯·吉列爾莫·索利斯·里維拉,全名：Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera), patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 8 a romi’ad. 

Pi’arawan to lakaw
 CIA
 外交部
 List of current heads of state and government
 

Pasawalian 'Amis
Costa Rica