Botswana


Botswana（波札那）

Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit(波札那共和國)

Takaray a sowal(概要) 

Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit(Ikiris a sowal:Republic of Botswana; Pocana a sowal:Lefatshe la Botswana; Holam a sowal:波札那共和國), o Pocana hananay kalopitahidang(Botswana;波札那). Itiraay i satimolan no Afrika a ilalomaay no karopaw a kitakit.

O polong no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit Sahetoay o ma’icangay a taporo ko faco no sera,isakatimol malafiyaw ato Katimolay-Afrika Kitaktit(Ikirisa a sowal:Republic of South Africa), isakawali o Namipiya a kitakit(Ikiris a sowal:Republic of Namibia), isaka’atip no sakwali malala’ed ato Sinpawi(Ikiris a sowal:Republic of Zimbabwe), isak’amis o kalala’edan ato Canpiya kitakit (Ikiris a sowal:Republic of Zambia) i Witoliya-Cascas.

Itiya i 1966 miheca a miliyas to Ikiris a misaimed ptireng to niyahpikowan a kitakit,sanoyaan sa awa ko masamaamaanay a fangafang no kitakit, ma’osaw ko Nicowatan-Sakowan a demak no kitakit to sieci, no paysoan a faco, adihay ko Taiya(Diamond) a tadamaanay a fokeloh itini, orasaka, o sanga’ayay a pili’etanan kona kitakit to Taiya; itini i Afrika o masowalay to ka nga’ay no paitekedan no kalotamdaw, no sinpon a paiteked ato niyah a paiteed to dafong.[1]

Kaitiraan(地理位置) 
Itini i 22 00 S, 24 00 E, noAfilika ko Botswana.
Polong no sekalay i 581,730 sq km “saka 48 ko rayray no ngangan. O 

no sera i, 566,730 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 15,000 sq km .Polong i 2,209,208 ko tamdaw.

siyoto(首都)O Kaporni(Gaborone;嘉柏隆里) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日):Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 30 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Ian Khama(伊恩·卡馬), patirengan a romi’ad i 2008 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 1 a romi’ad.

Rikisi (歷史) 
O lalengawan no to’as i,ira ko pipawacay i saka 3 sici tahira i saka 6 sici, i Pocana a palapalaan maro’ay to ko Panto a tamdaw,13~14 sici,maforaw a tayni ko Cewana a tamdaw. Itiya i 1885 mihecaan, lacemcem to sapicowataw no satimolan a fiyaw o Katimolay Afrika a Poer-Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:Boer), tahidang han ko Ikiris mipatireng to「Picuwana Nipa’adingan Kitakit」

(Bechuanaland Protectorate;BP. Holam a sowal:貝專納保護國) ,mala o cecay a pecih no Kapolongan Hontian Kitakit no Ikiris. 

I 1966 miheca saka 9 folad saka 30 romi’ad malaheci ko piliyas to Ikiris a Misiiked-Pikowan,oya katelang a ngangan「Picuwana Nipa’adingan Kitakit」falicen to Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit(波札那共和國), midemak to Finawlan-Sici, misafaloco’ay to sakarihaday no polong a tamdaw. 

Patahtah to tadaaanay fokeloh, mangaled ko tayamonto, mahaop ko 80% no nipasadakan a paliway no polong no dafong no kitakit, onini ko sakacemahad no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit itini i Afrika. O roma sato i,na misa’icel to pisawidang to romaroma a kitakit, sa mapatireng ko pa’adingay to ’a’adopen a Koin, o pisalaan no lafang(Ikiris a sowal:Tourism; Holam a sowal:旅遊或旅遊業) onini ko saka’aloman   no lafang a tayni palafang.

O Syoto no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit i, o Ciapolonli(Gaborone), i 2011 mihecaan a sa’osi ira ko 231,626 tamdaw, iitiraay i sakatimol a kasalaed, itiya ho i saka 19 sici ira a makarkar ko tadafokeloh onini ko lalengatan a mala sakakaay niyaro’.

Sieci(政治) 
Itini i Afrika-Karopaw o samatelangay a kitakit to midemakay to Finawlan-Sieci ko . 

 Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit, o Tatapangan-Rikec no Kitakit tora Kinpo hananay i,o hadado’edoen a mikowan to tayal no kitakit a rikec, ato sapipa’ading to salongoc no tamdaw no Pocana. O faco no sieci i,midemakay to Adihayay-Centang(多黨制) a kapolongan kitakit, o congtong i, o Sarawa’an no kitakit ato Kakeridan no sifo, o no Kitakit-Pikaikian ko mamikantok to tayal no sifo. Nikawrira, o sifo to, o Kitakit-Pikaikian to iraay ko ‘icel no sakowan a misanga’ to rikec. 

Inacilaay a saka 11 riyad a pisinkiw i, itiraay i 2019 miheca saka 10 folad saka 23 romi’ad, nani pisiikedan oyanan to o Pocana Kapolongan-Centang( Ikiris a sowal:Botswana Democratic Party, decdec:BDP; Holam a sowal:波札那民主黨）ko mikomoday. 

I’ayaway a contong ci Ien-Kama(Ian Khama;伊恩·卡馬) i 2008 miheca saka 4 folad satapang a malacontong, 2014 miheca saka 10 folad miliyaw heca a malacontong. O aniniay i ci Mokuyci-Masisi(Ikiris a sowal:Mokgweetsi Masisi; Holam a sowal:莫貴茨·馬西西), i 2015 miheca saka 7 folad maala no sinkiw malakakeridan no Pocana Kapolongan-Centang, 2017 miheca saka 7 folad miliyaw heca a pakaala to sinkiw a palalid mala kakeridan, 2018 miheca saka 4 folad maala to sinkiw malacontong, mala sakakaay kakeridan no Pocana Kapolongan-Centang.

I 2012 miheca a Finawlan ko Pi’arawan a Sa’osi(Democracy Index;民主指數), itini i 167 ko kitakit i saka 30 ko rayray. Do’edo’edoen ko pisahapinang no《Kanasal no kalokitakit Saopo》(Ikiris a sowal:Transparency International）a piciwsa to Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit o sacaayay ka ’engid ko sifo, miingiday to Potawya ato Hanko ko rayray.

Kaitiraan (地理位置) 
O kakahad no pala no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit i,ira ko 581,730㎢, saka 48 ko rayray i polong a kitakit, matiya o Matakaskar Kanatal anoca o Fransu ko kakahad no pala.

O faco no sera i,sahetoay o panahalay a dafdaf, iray ko mamang a masakefokefongay sera, o ’akawang no sera i,sahetoay itongroh no riyar 800~1100 m. I sasifo’an ato katimol no saka’etip o Kelahali Kohkoh(Ikiris a sowal:Kalahari Desert; Holam a sowal:喀拉哈里沙漠), itiraay i Masadangahay a Kelahali, o kakahad i,ira ko 900,000㎢, matahepo ko 70% a pala no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit. Itiraay i ka’amis no saka’etip a Okawanko-Sena’sena’an(Okavango Delta; 歐卡萬哥沼澤) o sakakay a Toloay-Karimoco Kanatal i hekal, adihay ho Rengorengosan Dafdaf ato Cicinahay a Sena’sena’an, ilaloma’ o Makatikati Sena’sena’an(Makgadikgadi Pan) ko sakakahaday, matahepo ko ka’amis no Pacana Kapolongan-Kitakit. O katimol no sakawali i, o posoposongan a pala.

O sakakaay a ’alo o Linpopo ’Alo, o nirakatan no cipas nona ’alo i, o ikawaliay no Pocana a Notowani(Notwane),Ponwapisi(Bonwapitse),Mahalapi(Mahalapye),Locani(Lotsane),Motlawci(Motloutse) ato Syasi(Shashe). O Notowani a cipas i,mita’elif to Ciyapoli-Tada’ o hananom no i syotoay a tamdaw. O Ciyapi ’Alo itiraay i ka’amis, o kalala’edan no Pocana Kapolongan-Kitakit ato Namipiya. Ona Ciyawpi ’alo matatikeda ato Canpisi ’Alo i Kazungula.

Kakarayan(氣候) 
O polong no Pocana Kapolongan-Kitakit sahetoay o Fa’etat-Makedalay a Rengorengosan a Kakarayan,isaka’etip i,o kohkoh ato malifataday a kohkoh ko kakarayan. O ’orad to cecay miheca nani ka’amis no sakawali ira ko 600mm nornor sa a malowan pasitira i katimol no saka’etip to 200 mm.

Kinairaira no pala(生態資源) 
I Pocana Kapolongan-Kitakit adihay ko kahirahira no masamaamaan a ’a’adopen ato Rengorengos ato Kilakilang a ma’orip itini. Mahaop ko Toloay-Karimoco Kanatal ato Kalahali-Kohkoh ato Fa’etay-Etal a rengorengosan, itini tona rengorengosa ira ko siri ato roma a ’a’adopen.

Isaka’amis no Pocana a Etal o kitiraan no palapalan a waco, oniian waco o karacemceman a amalahedaw. Itiraay i Ciyawpi Etal a Ciyawpi Kitakitan-Koen(Chobe National Park), o sa masaopoay kono Afrika-Co, o kakahad nona koen i,ira ko 11,000㎢, ma’edeng a mikiloma’ ko 350 kasasiroma a ’ayam.

O Ciyawpi Kitakitan-Koen ato itiraay i Toloay-Karimoco Kanatal a Nilalangan-Mi’adop a Etal o sakakaay kaolahan no palafangay. Ono pa’adingan etal mahaop ko itiraay i Sifo’ay Kalahali Pa’adingan to palapalan ’a’adopen no Kanci-Etal Kalahali Kohkoh; ira ho ko roma nipatirengan no kitkakit a koen, o Makgadikgadi Pans Kitakitan-Koen ato itiraay i sifo’ no Makgadikgadi Pans Kitakitan-Koen a Nxai Pan Kitakitan-Koen. 

Ira ho kona kalotamdaw tekedan a Pa’adingan Etal, o itiraay i katatekoan no Sase- ’Alo ato Linpopo ’Alo ira ko Mashatu Game Reserve tekedan kaisya, o roma i,ingataay no Mokoloti Pala Pa’adingan Etal a tekedan a kaisya.

Ira ho Nisaromaan a Pipa’adingan, patinako han o Khama Rhino Nisaromaan a Pipa’adingan i,o kolong ko nipa’adingan,o Makgadikgadi Nisaromaan a Pipa’adingan i,o Flamingko(Phoenicopteridae;紅鶴) ’Ayam koni pa’adingan.

Ona tosa a Nisaromaan a Pipa’adingan i,itiraay i sasifo’an no Pocana Kapolongan-Kitakit.

Kicai (經濟) 
I 1966 miheca saka 9 folad saka 30 romi’ad malaheci ko piliyas to Ikiris a Misiiked-Pikowan,oya katelang a ngangan「Picuwana Nipa’adingan Kitakit」falicen to Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit(波札那共和國), midemak to Finawlan-Sici, misafaloco’ay to sakarihaday no polong a tamdaw.

Patahtah to tadaaanay fokeloh, mangaled ko tayamonto, mahaop ko 80% no nipasadakan a paliway no polong no dafong no kitakit, onini ko sakacemahad no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit itini i Afrika. O roma sato i,na misa’icel to pisawidang to romaroma a kitakit, sa mapatireng ko pa’adingay to ’a’adopen a Koin, o pisalaan no lafang(Ikiris a sowal:Tourism; Holam a sowal:旅遊或旅遊業) onini ko saka’aloman no lafang a tayni palafang.

Nani Pisiikedan-Pikowan tahanini, o sakali’eki’ay ko kacakat no Lalen a ’Etan no kalotamdaw(per capita disposable income ,GNI;人均收入) , onini ko nani samanikaway a kitakit makacakat tayra i sasifo’an ko li’etan a kitakit, patinako han i, o Lalen a ’Etan no Kalotamdaw nani 1,344 no Amirika payso(1950miheca)macakat tahira i 15,015 no Amirika payso(2016miheca).

Nika adihay ko kinairaira no palapalaan, ira ho ko fangcalay a faco no kitakit, orasaka adihay ko pipateli to payso i katayalan sa mahinaker ko pilipayso.

O citodongay to Malali’aca to Dafong ato Misanga’ to Dafong ko matayalay to sakacemahad no tayal. Nengnengen ko sa’osi no piciyosiya no Hekalay a Kiking no Payso a Lekatep(International Monetary Fund，IMF;國際貨幣基金), nani 1966 miheca tahira i 1999 miheca, 9% ko lalen no kacakat no kicai. Pasatiri’ han to roma a Afrika kitakit, i kakaay ko paitekedan matayal to kicai. Ano irairaay ko maynas no yosang no kitakit i 2002 miheca ato 2003 miheca, cato ka sa’osien ko kiyam i papotal, mahaniker ko pidemak no sifo tono paysoan faco.   

Misiikeday ko Citodongay to Rikec a Faco cowa ka piforifor ko sieci, sa awa ko kalacemceman no mali’acaay tamdaw, onini ko sakacakat no Pipaading tono Tanengan Dafong a Tinki (Ikiris a sowal:intellectual property;Holam a sowal:智慧財產權）, i 2014 miheca a Sa’osi no Tanengan Dafong a Tinki no kalokitakit, itini i katimol no Sahala-Kohkoh a kitakit mido’edo’edoay to Katimolay-Afrika kitakit ko kafangcal.

Mihaiay to katayal no roma a kitakit a tamdaw ko Pocana, nikawrira, mipadetengan a miosaw ko halo tamdaw no Pocana a katayalan. O pipateli to payso no roma a kitakit, tada tata’ang ko pidama to pifalic tono kitakit a kaisya malatekedan kaisya. O kanasal no pipateli to payso to sakacemahad no katayalan i, mihai to pipanokay to payso i niyahan a kitakit, onini ko tongal sa ko kahemek no roma a kitakit a pateli to pasyso.

Mi’acaay ko Pocana to Masongila’ay a simal ato dinki nani Katimolay-Afrika, i Pocana iraay ko nani sikitangay a misanga’an dafong , nikawrira, cowa ka ho kowa.

O sakakaay a hecek no kicai no Pocana i,o tayamonto a cara, makilatolo no polong no kitakit a mili’acaan a ’etan; do’edoe’do sa i,pisalamaan a cara. O nipasadakan a paliwal o sakakaay o tayamonto to, sota ’apol, nisanga’an nani titi no kolong, dafong no lalilecan ato sapisalof to tosiya a dofong. O nipacomodan ira ko tosiya ato dafong no kapolong pikalican, o kikai ato tinsi dafong, misang’an kakaenen ato nananomen, marad, dafong nani simal ato soka saparakat ato tamako.[2]

Mafafelih ato roma a kitakit ko Pocana, I 2012 miheca a Finawlan ko Pi’arawan a Sa’osi(Democracy Index;民主指數), itini i 167 ko kitakit i saka 30 ko rayray. Do’edo’edoen ko pisahapinang no《Kanasal no kalokitakit Saopo》(Ikiris a sowal:Transparency International; Holan a sowal:透明國際）[3]a pisolap ato piciwsa to Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit o sacaayay ka ’engid caay ka hiranaca ko sifo, miingiday to Potawya ato Hanko ko rayray, latek mata’elif ko kaikaka to Yoropa ato Aciya a kitakit.[4]

O pihinen a pasowal ko Hekalay Kicai Kasasowalan( Ikiris a sowal:World Economic Forum, decdec:WEF; Holam a sowal:世界經濟論壇), o sakakay ci’icelay to sapilifet a kitakit ko Pocana sanay, ora ko miliyaw heca ko Moti Pateliay to Payso Kaisya(Moody's Investors Service) ato Lalekoan-Poer(Ikiris a sowal:Standard & Poor's; Holan a sowal:標準普爾,簡稱標普) a mipasetek to kasasa’er to「A」a sa’er, ora to ko saawaay ko kalacemceman to pipateli to payso a mili’etan a kitakit, matatoktok ato Sifoay-Yoropa ,Kawaliay-Aciya ato Latin-Amirika a kitakit.

Tamdaw ato Pitooran(人口與宗教) 
O polong a tamdaw no Pocana kitakit ira ko 203 ofad(2011 miheca a sa’osi), ilaloma’ nonini i,Panto Finacadan a Ciwana tamdaw mahaop ko 90%, o sakakaay ko ka’aloman. O polong no kitakit faloay ko ikakaay a finacadan:Enwato Finacadan, Kuna Finacadan, Enwakayce Finacadan, Tawana Finacadan, Katola Finacadan, Lolong Finacadan ato Tolokuwa Finacadan. Enwato Finacadan ko sakakaay, mahaop ko 40% ko tamdaw, Yoropa tamdaw ato Aciya tamdaw latek ira ko cecay ofad. Ono sifoan a sowal i,o Ikiris, o kalosowal to romi’ami’ad i, o Cana sowal ato Ikiris sowal. 

O pitooran i,sahetoay o Fa’elohay Kristo Pitooran ato Tinsukiw mahaop ko 71.6%, itira i maomahay a niyaro’ ira ko mitooray tono To’asan Pitooran[5] mahaop ko 20.6%, o awaay ko pitooran mahaop ko 20.6%, oroma i,1.4%, o caay ka pacaof to licay i,0.4%.

Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) 
[1] What it's like to live in a well governed country. BBC. 2018-01-07.

[2] 博茨瓦纳国家概况. 中華人民共和國外交部. 2017-02 [2017-05-22].

[3] https://www.transparency.org/impact.

[4] Corruption Perceptions Index 2013. 國際透明組織. [2013-12-03]. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-03）.

[5] 博茨瓦纳国家概况. 中華人民共和國外交部. 2017-02 [2017-05-22].

Pikafitan i Papotal (外部連接) 
 CIA
 外交部
 List of current heads of state and government
 官方網站
 《世界概況》上有關Botswana的條目
 Botswana from UCB Libraries GovPubs
 開放式目錄計劃中和波札那相關的內容
 Botswana from the BBC News
 維基媒體的波札那地圖集 
 OpenStreetMap上有關波札那的地理資訊
 Key Development Forecasts for Botswana from International Futures

 

Pasawalian 'Amis