Honduras


Hongtolas（宏都拉斯） 
Hongtolas Kapolongan-Kitakit(宏都拉斯共和國;Sipanya a sowal: República de Honduras; kalopangangan no Sipanya a sowal:Honduras）O itiraay Isifo’ay-Amirika Korapaw a Nikapolongan-Kitakit, isaka’etipan a kalala’edan isaka’amisan a pecih malala’ed ato Kuwatimala, isakatimola a pecih mada’edo ko sera ato Sarwato; isakatimolan malafiyaw ato Nikalakuwa; isakawalian ato saka’amisan miingid to Karopi-Riyar; masiwar pasitira i saka’etipan no sakatimol o lalan ko Fongsayka-Kihaw masadak tayra i Taypin-Yang. Miliyas tono kanatal i Karopi-Riyar ira ho Masamaymayay-Kanatal(天鵝群島;Islas Santanilla) ato Kihawan-Kanatanatal(海灣群島省; Sipanya a sowal:Islas de la Bahía) a kowan. O syoto i, o Tokusiciyapa(德古西加巴;Sipanya a sowal:Tegucigalpa).

Ngangan no kitakit(國名) 
O mikalicay to tamina do’edo han ko lilis no riyar makera ko tangongoaly a nanom, sano Sipanya a sowal o Las Honduras, fondos ano ca profundidades, o imi noni i, o talolongay,para’ ato po’elacan. O lihaf i, ci Kolonpo i saikorayto a pakatamina i 1502 miheca tayra i Fa’elohay-Karopaw, talacowa tahafali awa ko maan, sowal sato ci Kolonpo: “Gracias a Dios que salimos de estas honduras!” (Miaray to Wama to kasadak nani katalawan a talolongay nanom!). to ikor ira ko pangangan to nipaflian no Paoripay a waa’(ikor to mapatireng to nipaflian no Paoripay kowan), Kolonpo-kowan ato Hontolas kowan.

O sa’ayaway mitiliday tona Hongtolas a tilid latek ca Foan-Tiyas-Tosolis aci Pisonto-Yanis-Pinsong, i 1508 miheca mipatosok to harateng mikilim ton apala. Ona pala latek o pa’edoran I Torosilie-Kihaw, pakasowalen no Sipangya o “ pa’enoran” i,o “Fondura” hananay. I’ayaw no 1508 miheca, ‘edengan o itiraay i sakawalian a i taliyok no Tinen a dadahay pala koni toro’an o Hongtolas; tahira to i saka16 sici “Hongtolas”o polong a pala koni toro’an.

I’ayaw no kafolaw no Yoropa a tamdaw a tayni, o Kuskatolan a Nawa-Tamdaw o “Solan”(Sola) hananay ko aniniay a Hongtolas, o sowal no Nawator o “Poro’ “(日本鵪鶉;學名：Coturnix japonica). O roma i, ira ho ko “Kuwayimulas”(Guaymuras) ato “Atonantitoko”(Atenantitech) a pangangan.7 ira itiya ho o micowatay-tamdaw o “Fa’elohay Aystoroymatola” han nira a pangangan kona pala.

Rikisi(歷史) 
I saka4sici tahitra i saka7 sici, isaka’etipan no Hontolas o cecay a kahiceraan no Maya-payrayran(馬雅文明;Sipanya a sowal:Cultura maya), i laloma’an no Hontolas ira ko sakakaay katata’ang, sacinganganay ato sa’alomanay ko mikinkiwan a Kofan-nalacolan(科潘;Copán）, onini a nalacolan itiraay i salawacan no Maya Maya-Payrayran, itiya ho i saka 9 sici mapolong ato ya itiraay i dasdas a payrayran makedi’.

1502 miheca pahicera ci Kolonpo i Kihawan-Kanatanatal(海灣群島省; Sipanys a sowal:Islas de la Bahía) no Hontolas, itini ko pisatapangan no Hontolas a masaso’araw ato Yoropa a tamdaw. 1524 miheca misatapang ko sofitay no Sipanya a milood to Hontolas, toya mihecaan malamicowatan-pala no Sipanya. 

I 1821 miheca saka 9 folad saka 15 romi’ad milekal to pisiiked ko Hontolas, nikawrira, tocila a mihecaan i 1822 miheca mapaci’eci a matateko i Mosiko Sakacecay-Hontian kitakit(墨西哥第一帝國;Sipanya a sowal:Imperio Mexicano). 1823 miheca mikapot to Sifo’ay-Amirika Matatekoay-Kitakit(中美洲聯邦共和國; Sipanya a sowal:República Federal de Centroamérica) 1838 miheca saka 10 folad misawad a mikapot, paiteked sa a patireng to Kapolongan-Kitakit, nikawrira,cowa ka fasaw ko fa’edetay a faloco’ tona Sifo’ay-Amirika Matatekoay-Kitakit. 1840 miheca ira ko pipadang no Paitekeday-Mikowa no Kuwatimala ci Lafier-Karoyla(何塞·拉斐爾·卡雷拉·圖爾西奧斯;José Rafael Carrera Turcios), oya mitekeday ko faloco’ ci Foangsisko-Firoyla patireng to Paitekeday-Mikowa a sifo. 1853 miheca sanoyanan sato ko kalalood no Paifaloco’ay-Rekad ato Paitekeday-Rekad, cilacila mafalic ko sifo, nani 1821miheca misiiked tahira i miheca kina139 liyad ko kapaci’ecian ko kafalic no sifo. o saadihayay ko kafalic no sifo itini Latin-Amirika. O pikarkaran to tada’ekim,’ekim cilacila marawraw, tadata’ang ko pisiwar to kacemahad no saka’orip.Nani 1840 miheca, mi’eco ko Ikiris to sakawalian ato kihaw-kanatanatalan no Hontolas, misanga’ to karomakatan no cinamalay, mipaci’eci a micaliw to kakahaday a sera.

Isatapangan no saka 20 sici, Kapolongan-Losay a Kaysya(聯合果品公司;United Fruit Company) ato Lalekoan-Losay a kaysiya(都樂食品公司;Ikiris a sowal:Dole Food Company, Inc.) ,  micowat to kakahaday sera isaka’amisan lilis no riyar a dafdaf, to pipalomaan to pawli a lilomahan. I pineker no Kapolongan-Losay a Kaysya masacecay ko Hontolas a mipaloma to pawli masacecay sa ko saka’orip, tahira to 1930 miheca o sakakaay ko pipasadak a paliwal to pawli itini i hekal, o “pawli kapolongan-kitakit”( 香蕉共和國; Ikiris a sowal:Banana Republic) to a pacimil pangangan.

I 1969 miheca malalood ko Hontolas ato fiyaw Saerwato, nawhani, ira ko kalalifet no Oo’an-mali no Hekal (1970年國際足總世界盃) i 1970 miheca ko lalengatan,sakasaan macacoli ko palosiyangay mitiya mapacikel ko tamdaw nona tosaay a kitakit, malaplap ko sa’ofa’ofad sanay a matayal no Saerwato, ora ko ka ira no “Oo’an-Mali Lalood”.(足球戰爭; Sipanya a sowal:La guerra del fútbol)

1982 miheca mapalasawad to ko halafinay a piteked pikowan no sofitay, masanga’ ko Tatapangan-Rikec no Kitakit misatapang tono Finawlan-Sieci. nikawrira, caay sa ka temenek ko siyakay, ikor no sofitay-pifalic to sifo i 2009 miheca malaplap no sofitay koya nisinkiwan kalotamdaw a congtong ci Mannuayer-Saylaya tayra i roma a kitakit. 2014 miheca saka 1 folad yo maro’ay i kamaro’an no congtong ci Foan-Awlanto-Yienanto( 胡安·奧蘭多·葉南德茲·阿爾瓦拉多;Sipanya a sowal:Juan Orlando Hernández Alvarado), tona mo’etep mihecaan ira ko pilalang to pararid malacongtong, o sakakinatosa a pararid ni Foan-Awlanto-Yienanto ko nini, i 2017 mihecaan pararid ho kako saan cingra mapacekil ko fodfod no kitakit a marawraw.  2021 miheca saka 11 folad saka 28 romi’ad, o mitokeray-rekad mipatireng to sapatarod tamdaw o sa’ayaway fafahi no congtong ci Syumala-Kasico, tona sinkiw pakaala to 53% a satopa, malasa’ayaway a fafahiyan a congtong.

Sieci(政治) 
O piketong to tilid no Kinpo no Hongtolas, mideamk to kapolongan,finawlan ko sakakaay ato kalomaocan a faco no sieci. Finawlan-Kalomaocan(cecayay-kalomaocan) o sakakaay a misanga’ay to rikec a sakowan. O tapatang no kitakit, 

kakeridan no sifo ato kakeridan no sofitay ko congtong. O kiing no Finawlan-Kalomaocan ira ko 128 ko tamdaw, o tinako tayhyo ko kalakiing, sepat miheca ko katayalan. ikalepolan no 2012 miheca, o “misaharatengay a Saopo no Misakeristoay, mitadtad ato palosiyangay a rekad”(ERIC) matateko ato Sifo’ay-Amirika Karopaw Taykak mitengil to sowal no 1,540 ko tamdaw, itini a mafana’ ira ko 60.3% to mikapotay ko tayhin to palafoay a rekad sanay, 44.9% cowa ka pakaso’elin to Sakakaay-Pisawkitan, 72 % oya sinkiw i 2012 miheca saka 11 folad a sinkiw ira ko palafoay, 56% oya 2013 mihecaan a sinkiw to congtong, kiing ato kasakowan ira ko palafoay. yo pakalowid ci Foan-Awlanto-Yienantoci 2017 miheca a sinkiw a pararid malacongtong, mapacekil ko pikangyi ato rawraw. 2017 miheca saka 12 folad ira ko pinapina a pitopaan miliyaw a misa’osi to paya ci Yienantoci ko pakalowiday, orasaka, i 2018 miheca saka 1 folad milekal a malacongtong to sakakinatosa riyad. 

Ira ko saka fodfod i Cilikesay-Lislis no Riyar(莫斯基托海岸;Ikiris a sowal:Mosquito Coast) itira i lilis no Tasiyang-Riyar, masaso’iring koHongtolas ato Nikarakuwa i 2000 miheca ato 2001 mihecaan. Orasaka miala to sata no dafong no Hongtolas to35% ko Nikarakuwa. 2009 miheca saka6 folad, ira ko pifelih to sifo a demak ta mafelih ci Mannuayer-Saylaya congtong, macepet tayra i Kostalika pakahikoki. O Tata’angay-kalomaocan no Linheko mapoi’ tona mifelihay a demak, patikolen ci Saylaya malacongtong saan a milekal. Mahaop ko Mosiko-kitakit o itiraay i Latin-Amirika a kitakit malasawad ko kalawidang ato Hongtolas.

Saka’orip(經濟) 
I le’enoay no sasifo’an ko ‘orip no Hongtolas i Sifo’ay-Amirika, 2012 mheca latek 2,323 Amirika-Payso ko lalen a nipili’etan no Hongtolas, o i’sayaway a sakakaay a nili’etanan o kafi-liomah, pawli-liomah, pakaen to ’afar ato Wukoyu, simal no nanges ato misanga’ay to riko’ a katayalan.

O sakakaay a saka’orip no Hongtolas o liomah, 2013 miheca mahaop ko 14% no polong no kitakit a nili’etanan. O nipasadakan i roma a kitakit a paliwal o kafi(3.4’ok Amirika-Payso), mahaop ko 22 % no nipasadakan a paliwal no polong no Hongtolas. Itiya i 1998 mihecaan a Mici-faliyos haoto a ma’emin malefek ko pawli, ’ayaw nona faliyos o sakatosa o sakakaay ko nipasadakan a paliwal ko pawli, yahira to i 2000 miheca malolol to 57% ka maalaay a heci. O paka’enenay to ’afar ko roma a sakakaay a nipasadakan a paliwal. Nani 1970 miheca, isaka’amisan a tokay patireng to misongila’ay to dafong a katayalan, mangalefay itira i Sinfo(聖佩德羅蘇拉; Sipanya a sowal:San Pedro Sulaato) ato Kortos-minato.

O tadamaanay a fokeloh ira ko tada’ekim, ‘ekim, fodawan, ‘enor, marad, sikitang, ira ho ko kilang ato foting, patahtahay to nanom-dinki ato kinairaira no liomah, o nipasadakan o sakakaay o kafi ato pawli, mahaopay no Amirika ko 60% a dafong no Hongtolas a mi’aca, o cecay no sakakaay pili’etan to Amirika-Payso. 2012 miheca ono liomah a nipili’etan mahaop ko 12.6% no GDP, o misanga’ay to dafong mahaop ko 26.7%, a mihamhamay to lafang a tayal mahaop ko 60.5%2pasasotiri’en to roma a tayal, o misanga’ay to dafong manikaw to sakadademak, halafin to takaraw ko kiyam no Hongtolas, orasaka, o takaraway ko i potalay-kiyam a manikaway kitakit han no Hekalay a Kiking a Lekatep(International Monetary Fund，IMF). I satapangan no miheca i 2010 tomireng ko fa’elohay a sifo, midekam to macacorocorokay a tayal to sakacemahad no saka’orip, orasaka, tona mihecaan macakat ko saka’orip pasasotiri’en to 2009 miheca, tahiraay to i 2.6% ko kacakat, nikawrira, miti’eray ta to to pi’aca to sapisanga’ to dafong ato saka’orip to kaloromi’ad, manikaw heca to sapatireng to maamaan, caho ka pakatorro to roma a kitakit ko tadamaanay taneng, orasaka, sahetoay miti’eray to roma akitakit a padahof to sakaemahad no saka’orip.

2015 miheca, pararid ko pipanakay no matayalay i roma akitakit a tamdaw no Hongtolas to payso, mararid heca ko katekes no ‘aca no nipaliwalan a kafi , oniian ko sakaidahi no kasipon i 2014 miheca toya pifalic to faco no sata, latek i’ayaway a pinengneng ira ko 2.5~3.5% ko kacemahad no kaci’etan no tamtamdaw.

Punka(文化) 
Ira ko tosa a rocokan no hekalay kitakit i Hongtolas, itiraay i Kofan a Maya-Nalacolan ato Pidipotan to kina’orip i Polatano-’Alo.

Tahira i 2004 mihecaan, o mitiliday no Hongtolas mahaop ko 83.6% no polong a tandaw no Hongtolas, o mitiliday i no Ka’emangay-Pitilidan a nikalecad ira ko 94%. adihay ko mahatosaay-sowal(Sipangya sowal ato Ikiris sowal) ato mahatoloay-Sowal( Ikiris sowal,Arapiya sosowal ato Toic sowal) a pitlidan. o tata;angay pitilidan o Hongtolas kitakitan-niyahpikowan Tasie, itiraay i pinapina a tadamaanay tokay. O cinganganay a tata’angay pitilidan ira ho Hongtolas Tinsikiw-Tasie, Siepitoro-Tasie, Sifo’ay-Amirika Citanengay-Tasie, Hongtolas Citanengay-Tasie.

Pitooran(宗教) 
Talacowa o mitooray to Tinsikiw(o sakakaay a pitooran sanay) sanay to tireng, nikawrira, malowanay ko salikaka, roma sato i, matongelay ko Fa’elohay-Pitooran a mitooray. Itiya i 2008 miheca sowal no Paifaloco’ay pitoor i Hekal, do’edoen ko pisahapinang no Kayropo to harateng no kalotamdaw,ira ko 51.4% o mitooray to Tinsikiw, 36.2% o mitooray to Fangcalay-Sowal Rekad no Fa’elohay-Pitooran, 1.3% ono roma a pitoooran, tinako han o Islam-Pitooran, Fociyaw(mipaypayay), Yotaya-Pitooran, Lastafali-Pitooran, ira ho ko 11.1% awaay ko pitooran ano ca cowa ka paca’of tp licay. 8% a tamdaw o caay ka pakaso’elin to maamaan a pitooran ano ca Awaay ko kafana’an.

Tamdaw(人口) 

Tahira i 2018 miheca, o polong a tamdaw no Hongtolas ira ko 9,587,522 ko tamdaw. itiya ho i 2015 mihecaan o ila’enoay no 15 ko mihecaan a tamdaw mahaop ko 36%, nani 15 tahira i 65 ko mihecaan ira ko 58.9 %, isaka no 65 ko mihecaan mahaop ko 4.3%.

O kasalilac no finacadan i, 90% o Mitiso-tamdaw, 7% o Amirika-Karopaw a Indian ato 1% a kohecalay-tamdaw(2017 miheca a sa’osi). o nikalecad no fainayan ato fafahiya 1:01.o sofoc 1:05, 15~24 mihecaan a nikalecad 1:04, 25~54 mihecaan a nikalecad 1:02, 55~64 mihecaan a nikalecad 0:88, 65 ano ca ikaka no 65 ko mihecaana nikalecad 0:77. o pa’ayaway pinengneng to ‘orip no nisofocan ho a fainayan ato fafahiyan 70.9 ato 75.9.

Nani 1975 miheca, nikaira no cipaysoay a maforaway ato maforaway no sieci, mapacekil ko kaforaw no tamdaw no Hongtolas. O maforaway a tamdaw no Hongtolas sahetoay itiraay i Amirika a maro’. I 2012 mihecaan a sa’osi no Cotodongay to Demak no Amirika, latek ira ko 80 ’oaf tahira i 1oo ‘ofad ko maro’ay i Amirika a tamdaw no Hongtolas. I 2010 miheca a sa’osi no tamdaw no Amirika, ira ko 617,392 ko Hongtolas tamdaw, tahira to i 2000 mihecaan ‘edengan 217,569 ko tamdaw no Hongtolas.

Tadatakaraw ko cilafoay no Hongtolas, inian sato o kanikaw to maamaan, itiraay i 2015 miheca a mapatayay 10 ’ofad ko tamdaw ira ko 60 ko mapatayan tamdaw, o cecay a sakakaay a cilafoay a kitakit i hekal. Misahalaka ko sifo ato katayalan to sapisongila’aw to taliyo ato pisalamaan no lafang, orasaka, otiraay i Loatan ato Kihaw-Kanatanatalan isafaay no roma a tokay ko palafoay a mipatay to tamdaw. O caowa ka hakowa ko tamdaw a Kolasiyas-Atiaws Etal, resap hato sananay ko mipaliwalay to sawarak. o pipalitan no Hongtolas o kalawan, cilacila ira ko makakowangay, i 2013 miheca yo itiraay i ngata no syoto tatapangan-niyaro’ a pipalitan ira ko rawraw, tatolo ko mapatayay, 12 ko madoka’ay, palimo’ot sato ko congtong ci Poerfiliaw Lowo ( 波爾菲里奧·洛沃·索薩:Sipanya a sowal:Porfirio Lobo Sosa) o sofitay to ko mamikowan tona pipalitan sato.

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