Burma
Burma（緬甸）

Mientin Nipatatekoan Kapolongan Kitakit (Mientin a sowal:ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံ : Kuwaping a sowal:緬甸聯邦共和國,通稱緬甸).[1]

Takaray a sowal(概要) 
Itiraay i katimol-Sakawaian a Pecihan-Kanatal (Fransu a sowal:Indochine; Ikiris a sowal: Indochinese Peninsula; Kuwaping a sowal:印度支那半島;中南半島). Ano patatili’aen to  katimol no Sakawaian a kanatanatal i,o katimol-Sakawaian Aciya a Korapaw( Ikiris a sowal:Mainland Southeast Asiahananay; Kuwaping a sowal:東南亞大陸地區),[2] [3] o kacingangan no ninian haw i,o misa’ayaway to riyar i sakawali no katimol-Sakawaian Aciya a Korapaw, isaka’etip misi’ayaway to Indo-Riya a pecihan- kanatak,i katimolay no Congko, ikawaliay no Indo kokacingangan. Mahaop ko Mintin, Tayko, Cienposay, Yienan ato Malaysiya.

O dahadah no sera no polong no kitakit ira ko 67.65 ofda㎢, o saka 40 a katata’ak itini i polong a kitakit i hwkal, itini i katimol-Sakawaian Aciya a Korapaw o sakatos ko katata’ak, o nitahepoan no kilakilangan mahaop ko 50%.[4] O polong no tamdaw ira ko 5,567 ofad ko ka’aloman, saka26 ko rayray hekalay kitakit.[5] 

I katimol misi’ayaway to Antaman-Riyar (Andaman Sea;安達曼海), i ka’etip no sakatimol misi’ayaway to Monciyala-Kihaw, o to’edaw no lilis no riyar irako 2831km, makalitosa ko sala’edam konis no polong no kitakit. O stoto i, Naypito(Awkair a tilid:Neipyiṯo; Kuwaping a sowal:奈比多), i’ayaw no 2005 miheca itiraay i satata’angay a tokai Yangkuwang(Mintin a sowal nifalican mitilid: aran-kun mrui) ko syoto.

Tatapangan no ngangan no kitakit(國家名稱之由來) 
Ona ngangan no kitakit hananay tora Miyientin(緬甸) sanay i,ora「Miyien」hananay i,ono niyah pitahidang to tireng no Miyien-Finacadan, nikawrira, sano kuwaping a sowal i,o tadamaraay sanay,orahananay i,o taliyok no niyaro’ a palapalaan.  Orasak,「Miyientin」hananay i, o「tada iraay a palapalan」sanay ko imi nira. Nikawrira, itini I sowal no Miyientin i,o「Miyienma」(Myañma/Myăma;緬馬) hananay ko pitahidang, ano caciyaw i,o Pama(㛧馬／跁馬ဗမာ Băma) hananay.

Yo misiiked to ko kitakit i 1948 miheca, molosifoan a sowal ko sowalno Miyien-Tin,malongangan hananay to no sifo ko ninian. Itiya sato i 1989miheca ono sofitayan a sifo no Miyien-Tin lekal sato o halo no kitakit a ngangan ko nini sato, o kalokitakit no hekal paifaloco’ sa a mifalic a pangangan, nikawrira, ira ho ko o telang ho a ngangan ko pitahidan, patinako han, o Tayko o Pama(㛧馬／跁馬) han nira a mitahidang, onini ko maalay a mitahidang to「เมียนมา Miian-maa;緬馬」.

kaitiraan (地理) 
O kaitiraan no Mien-Tin Nipatatekoan Kapolongan Kitakit itiray i saka’amisan no Katimol-Sakawalian Aciya a Korapaw( Ikiris a sowal:Mainland Southeast Asiahananay; Kuwaping a sowal:東南亞大陸地區), malafiyaw ato Congko, Liyawko ato Tayko, isak’etip madado’edo ato Indo , Monciyala akitakit. Ikatimol no sak’etip misi’ayaway to Monciyala-Kihaw, ikatimol misi’ayaw to Antaman-Riyar. 

O kakahad no pala ira ko 676,578㎢, itini i Katimol-Sakawalian Aciya a Korapaw o sakakahaday ko pala a kitakit. O sakatimol aca ko misi’ayaway to riyar, sahetoay mataliyokay no tokos, ika’etip o Arakan Lotolotokan(Ikiris a sowal:Arakan Mountains;Kuwaping a sowal:若開山 ano ca阿拉干山), isaka’amis o Simayala Lotolotokan (himālaya, Chomolongma;喜馬拉雅山ano ca 珠穆朗瑪峰) mahifalatay ko faco ningra, i kawali ato katimol no sakawali o takaraway a dahetal ato Tansalin Lotolotokan, isasifo’an i o hadhad.Oay isaka’amisay no Simayala Lotolotokan a Kayciyapo-Poco’ o ka’akawang nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 5881m, o sakakaay ko ’akawang i Miyen-Tin.

O ikakaay a ’alo ira ko Irowati-’Alo(Ikiris a sowal:Irrawaddy River ; Kuwaping a sowal:伊洛瓦底江 ano ca大金沙江), o kato’edaw i, ira ko 2,288km, oni rakatan a pala ira ko 420,934㎢,[14] ira ko Cinton-’Alo (Ikiris a sowal:Chindwin River; Kuwaping a sowal:欽敦江), ira ko Sarwen-’Alo (Ikiris a sowal: Salween; Kuwaping a sowal:薩爾溫江), ira ho ko Sitang-’Alo. Orasaka o tamdaw no Miyen-Tin sahetoay maro’ i salawacan a pala no Irowati-’Alo, tada sakakaay a ’alo no Miyen-Tin ko nini.

O kakarayan no Miyen-Tin i,o fa’edetay a kakarayan, isa’owac no ’alo modo’etay kali’oraday i kaciferangan, i laloma’ no karopaw ma’icangay. 

Itini i 22 00 N, 98 00 E, noAsiya ko Burma.
Polong no sekalay i 676,578 sq km “saka 40 ko rayray no ngangan. ”
“O sekalay no sera i, 653,508 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 23,070 sq km ” 
Polong i 56,890,418 ko tamdaw.

sera(土地)
Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 19.2%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 48.20%, malo no roma to a sera 32.60%.

siyoto(首都)
O Nay Pyi Daw(奈比多)Rangoon (Yangon仰光) ko Siyoto.

katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)
Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakacecay 4 a romi’ad.

O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Htin Kyaw(碇喬，或譯作丁覺), patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 3 folad saka 30 a romi’ad.

Kasasilsil no sakowan(行政區劃) 
O polong a sakowan no Miyien-Yin a kitakit i,pitoay ko Tata’akay Sakowan (Miyien-Tin a sowal:တိုင်းဒေသကြီး; Ikiris a sowal:Region)，ila’eno no nini i, misilsil han ho to pito a Finacadan-Kitakit (Miyien-Tin a sowal: ပြည်နယ်, Ikiris a spwal:State）ato cecay a Patateko’an-Kitakit a Tekedan Sakowan o Naypito.( Miyien-Tin a sowal:နေပြည်တော် ပြည်တောင်စုနယ်မြေ, Ikiris a sowal:Naypyidaw Union Territory）. O maro’ay tamdaw tona pitoay a Tata’akay Sakowan ikakaay ko Miyien-Finacadan, oroma sa i,omaro’ay tona pitoay a Finacadan-Kitakit o mamangay a finacadan ko maro’ay.

Rikisi(歷史) 
Ira ko ma’oasaway a tilid, i’ayaw no 75 ofad ko mihecaan iraay to itini i Miyien-Tin ko tomirengay a tata’angay a lotong ma’orip itini, ira ho a makera ko Katelangay-Fokelohan Mihecaan a dafong itini, mangalefay ko kaadihay no Fa’elohay-Fokelohan Mihecaan nalacolan, patinako han isa’owacan no Ilowati-’Alo (Ikiris a sowal: Irrawaddy River;Kuwaping a sowal:伊洛瓦底江;大金沙江) a niyaro’ ira a makera ko i’ayaway to 5000 mihecan a nalacolan.

Naikoran no Ikiris a micowat a mikowan i,makalitosa a mipecih o cecay i, o Fafa’eday Miyien-Tin(Miyien-Tin a sowal:အထက်မြန်မာပြည်, a-nya tha;Kuwaping a sowal:上緬甸;真緬甸) ato La’enoay Miyien-Tin(Miyien-Tin a sowal: အောက်မြန်မာပြည်,auk tha; Kuwaping a sowal:下緬甸;外緬甸). Ora kocecay a ratoh, i’ayaw ni Yiesoan to 200 a miheca, micomod ko Piyaw-Finacadan(pyū;驃人) i fafa’ed no Ilowati-’Alo, ci’icel a mikowan to lalan i kasala’ed no Congko ato Indo no malali’acaay tamdaw.  

Ikor to 200 miheca, ira a tayni ko Mon-Finacadan i salawacan no Sitan-’Alo, itiya sato i 849 miheca ma’afas no Miyien-Tin Finacadan ko salawacan no Piyaw-’Alo a patireng to Pu-Kan Sakowan(pu.gam).

I 1757 miheca makowan no Mon-Finacadan Hontian Kitakit ko Katimolay Miyien-Tin, nani 1044 miheca tahira i 1287 miheca, nani Pu-Kan Sakowan misatapang ko Honti no Miyien-Finacadan a mipasipapotak a mikowan.

1824-1826 miheca i sakacecay a lalood no Miyien-Tin ato Ikiris, o Ikiris ko pakalowiday. 1852 miheca sakakinatosa a lalood no Miyien-Tin ato Ikiris, matongal ko kakahad no mi’ecoan no Ikiris.1885 miheca sakakinatolo a lalood no Miyien-Tin ato Ikiris,malowid ko Miyien-Tin ha’emin han to no Ikiris a mi’eco ko Miyien-Tin, patatekoen i nikowanan no Ikiris a Indo malocecay no sakowan, malomicongacongay a kitakit no Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep (Commonwealth of Nations;大英國協).

Itiya sato i 1890 miheca tahira i 1947 miheca, o Tan-Pang(撣邦) ato Wa-Pang(佤邦) tatootoor sa malanipa’adingan a kitakit no Ikiris, o Kocin-Pang(克欽邦) ato CinPang(欽邦) misaikedan a mikowan. Ocor han no Ikiris ko Congto no Indo(Ikiris a sowal:Governor-General of India; Kuwaping a sowal:印度總督) ko cacitodong a mikowan to Miyien-Tin.[6] Tahira to i 1937 miheca saka 4 folad saka 1 romi’ad, malaheci ko《Rokec no Indo-Sifo》, miliyas to ko Miyien-Tin to Indo sacecay sato mala Miyien-Tin honpo no Ikiris to picowat i Aciya. 

1942 miheca oya mikeridan ni Ong-San(nifalican tilid no Miyen-Tin:Aung Hcan; Kuwaping a sowal:翁山) aci Ni-Won (nifalican tilid no Miyen-Tin:Ne Win, Kuwaping a sowal:尼溫) a misiikeday a sofitay kamkamen nangra ko sofitay no Dipon, i 1943 miheca micomod a maro’ i Miyen-Tin, 1945 miheca saka 8 folad saka 1 romi’ad, milekal ko Dipon to pikai to Pisiiked-Niyahpikowan, midama a pacakat to sakacemahad no Miyen-Tin kitakit.[7] Yo kalepon sato ko Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal patatiko ko Ikiris tayra i Miyen-Tin, o sofitay ko mikowanay, tona miheca saka 11 folad patireng to pacarcaray a sifo, ci Ong-San ko malafukusoli(副總理), caka halafin macacoli ko laloma’ nona sifo, orasak lasawad sato kona pacarcaray a sifo.[8] 

1946 mihheca saka 8 folad patireng haca to sakatosa a pacarcaray sifo,ci Ong-San ko Congli(總理), nikawrira, to cila a miheca i 1947, saka 7 folad saka 19 romi’ad takawen no cima a mipatay ci Ong-San ato aenem a malatapangay no sifo a tamdaw.[9] I 1948 miheca saka 1 folad saka 4 romi’ad malaheci to no Miyen-Tin a miliyas ko Ikiris a Misiied-Niyah pikowan, milekal a patireng to Mien-Tin Nipatatekoan Kapolongan Kitakit(緬甸聯邦共和國), ci So-Roy-Tai( Sao Shwe Thaik;蘇瑞泰) ko sarakatay malacongton.

1962 miheca tahira i 1974 mihecan, afasen ni Ni-Won(尼溫) ko sakowan a ’icel no sifo, oalasawaden ningra ko tatapangan a rikec no kitakit tora kinpo hananay, oaceroren a patireng to「Mien-Tin Kapolongan Misafa’elohay a Iinkay」(Ikiris a sowal:Union Revolutionary Council (of Burma)，decdecan a tilid:URC; Kuwaping a sowal:聯邦革命委員會), milalang to sinkiw a faco, misatapang to ko sofitay a miteked a mikowan to kitakit. To ikor to i, ona 「Mien-Tin Kapolongan Misafa’elohay a Iinkay」 falicen to「Mien-Tin Nipatatekoan Siyakai Syuki Nikapolongan Citodongay to Demak no Kitakit a Iinkay」, o「Mien-Tin Kapolongan」sanay a ngangan no kitakit i,falicen to「Mien-Tin.

Siyakai Syuki Nikapolongan Kitakit」, malaheci a mipatireng to dengan cecay aca ko centang a mikowan sanay a faco no sieci, midemak to misa Mien-Tinay a Siyakai Syuki.

1989 miheca saka 6 folad saka 18 romi’ad oya kakerida no sofitayan a sifo ci Tan-Roy (Than Shwe;丹瑞) falicen ningra koya Ikirisay a tilid「Burma」 to「Myanmar」. 

2011 miheca saka 3 folad saka 30 romi’ad malacongtong ci Ten-Sen (Thein Sein; 登盛). 2012 miheca saka 4 folad ska 1 romi’ad ira ko pipatongal a misinkiw to kiing no Pikaikian no kitakit to 45 ko tamdaw, o nikeridan ni Ong-San-Soci (Latin a tilid:Aung San Suu Kyi) a Polong no kitakit a Lekatep no Finawlan( National League for Democracy) pakaala to 43 ko tamdaw akiing, ci Ong-San-Soci matama malakiing.

I 2015 miheca saka 11 folad saka 8 romi’ad midemak ko Mien-Tin to tata’angay a sinkiw to sarakatay to 25 a miheca ko kahalafin, pakaala ko nikeridan ni Ong-San-Soci a Polong no kitakit a Lekatep no Finawlan to kalitosa no kiing, orasaka o cefang to na Ong-San-Soci ko cacitatodong a mipatireng to sifo a matayal to demak no sifo, mapalasawad to ira ko 54 miheca ko kahalafin a pikowan no sofitay a sifo.

I 2021 miheca saka 2 folad saka 1 romi’ad, mifelih ko sofitay sifo, mapalit no sofitay ci Ong-San-Soci ato papinapina na tapang no sifo,[10] maketon ko dingwa,[11] cisowal sa ko palisyangay tilifi no kitakit masamo’ay ko kikai sa maketon ko dingwa sanay,[12] to ikor to ira to ko sowal no sofitay a sifo cecay miheca ko kafafolawan no kitakit, mapalitay to ci Ong-San-Soci to nika raraw nira i 2020 miheaan a sinkiwa sato ko sowal no sofitay a sifo.[13]

Kicai (經濟) 
O liomah ko sakakaay a saka’orip no Miyen-Tin, o Lalen a ’Etan no kalotamdaw (per capita disposable income ,GNI) to cecay a mihecaan ira ko 1180 Amirika-Payso, o maomahay a tamdaw mahaop ko 60% no polong a tamdaw no kitakit, o nipalomaan a losay i, ira ko panay, moki, tefos. Oni tahepoan no kilakilangan to pala no kitakit mahaop ko 50%, sahetoay o ma’ikesay( ko’esitay) a kilang ato yumu(柚木).

O misanga’ay to lalosidan ira ko miilangay to panay, masongila’ay kilang, mikarkar to kasoling simal, masanga’ to mamangay kikai,ato mikarkar to tadafakeloh. 

Tahini to to aniniay a 21 sici, o ’orip no polong a tamdaw no Miyen-Tin, cowa ka samaan ko kacakat pasatatili’en ato ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood i hekal, i raremay ho. O sa’osi no mikakinkiway i,i 1936 miheca o Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit( Gross Domestic Product:GDP ) marawisay to ko 121.97 Amirika-Payso, o Lalen a ’Etan no kalotamdaw (per capita disposable income ,GNI) i,ira ko 776 Amirika-Payso, nikawrira i 2004 miheca saka 11 dolad a sa’osi i, o Lalen a ’Etan no kalotamdaw edeng 356 Amirika-Payso, wataay ko kalowan.

2011 miheca satapang ko Miyen-Tin sifo pateli to tata’angay a payso to sapitpatireng to maamaan a parananan, pateli to 589 ok Amirika-Payso patireng to Towa Tekedan Katayalan(土瓦經濟特區) ato talolongay minato. Imitini mapapadangay ato Tayko a matayal to pinapina ademak, to ikor to i, patosok sa a misanga’ to no nanom a dingki, no simalan dafong ato misongila’ to simal.

O tamdaw ato finacadan(人口和民族)

O polong a tamdaw no Miyen-Tin ira ko 5,000 ofad ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ no nini i,o Miyen-Finacadan mahaop ko 68% ko sa’osi. O roma a mamangay a finacadan ira ko San-Finacadan(9%), ora ko Koren-Finacadan (7%),Lokay-Finacadan(3.5%),Kuwaping-Finacadan (2.5%), Mon-Finacadan (2%), Kocin-Finacadan (1.5%), Koyie-Finacadan 0.75%) ato romaroma a Finacadan (4.5%), o roma sato i,ira ho ko Indo-Tamdaw ato Monkara-Tamdaw (1.25%).

Nikawrira, imatini, cowa ho ka pihaien i rikec no Myien-Tin a sifo to Kuwaping-Tamdaw, Indo-Tamdaw, Monkara-Tmdaw ato Losinya-Tamdaw, caay ka o pilalang aca to Losinya-Tmadaw, patatekoen i Monkara-Tamdaw.

O sowal(語言) 
Ono sifoan a sowal i,o Miyien-Tin sowal, oninian a sowal i,o sowal no Miyien-Tin Finacadan a sowal ko nini,o kasasiromaroma a finacadan ilaloma’ no Miyien-Tin ono niyah a sowal ko sakawasowal to romi’ami’ad.

O i kasafaleday a tamdaw i, sahetoay a mafana’ay to sowal no Ikiris. Tadahalafin ko pikowan no sofitay, matiya ko kahalafin o Miyien-Tin Finacadan ko sakakaay,orasaka malalangay ko romaroma a finacadan somowal tono niyah a finacadan a sowal i pitilidan. Onini to ko sakalahedawaw sato koninian a sowal. O nano mikowanan no Tata’akay Ikiris-Hontian kitakit ko Miyien-Tin, nika awa no pitilidan sakacaay ka tenak ko sowal no Ikiris, itini i mikowanan no Ikiris a kitakit o micidekay ko Miyien-Tin a kitakit.

Pitooran (宗教)   
Ira ko 89% a tamdaw no Miyien-Tin mitooray to Sangcopo-Fociyaw (sowal no Pali:Theravāda; Kuwaping a sowal:上座部佛教), nikawrira, ira ho ko 5% a tamdaw pakaso’elinay tono to’asan ho kawas.roma a pitooran ira ko Islam-Pitooran, Kristo-Pitooran, Tinsikiwa-Pitooran ato Indo-Pitooran.

O sakakaay ko Fociyaw o tahapinangan i Miyien-Tin, o Kristo a pitooran itiraay i saka’amis no Miyien-Tin. Itiya ho i’ayaw a miheaan malalang ko roma a pitooran, tona pinapina a mihecaan mitengil to mamang ko sifo to ngiha’ no finawlan, sa ira sato ko pipa’ading to patenak to roma a pitooran ato mitooray. Ano matinitiniay i,tahanini mapa’ekeray ho no sifo ato kalotamdaw ko Islam a pitooran, mangalefay ko pipenec to mitooray to Islam-Pitooran a Losingya a tamdaw, tadaawaay ko pikalotamdaw a pinengngen no sifo.

Tahapinangan a tilid (文獻參考) 
[1] Steinberg, David I. The Crises That Are Burma/Myanmar. Burma/Myanmar. Oxford University Press. 2013-09-26. ISBN 978-0-19-998168-7

[2] 薄文澤. 东南亚大陆地区民族的源流与历史分布变化. 東南亞研究. 2006, (06): 82–86.

[3] 李一平. 东南亚岛屿地区先于半岛地区沦为殖民地的原因. 南洋問題研究. 2000, (01): 48–54.

[4] 国家信息. 緬甸駐中國大使館. [2020-12-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-04）.

[5] Asian Development Bank–Myanmar Fact Sheet, Retrieved 8 July 2010 (PDF). [2012-02-07]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2018-12-26）.

[6] 陳水逢.《東南亞各國史略與現勢》. 台北: 臺灣商務印書館. 1969:252.

[7] 陳水逢. 《東南亞各國史略與現勢》. 台北: 臺灣商務印書館. 1969:254.

[8] 陳水逢. 《東南亞各國史略與現勢》. 台北: 臺灣商務印書館. 1969:155-256.

[9] 陳水逢. 《東南亞各國史略與現勢》. 台北: 臺灣商務印書館. 1969:257-258.

[10] Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. DW | 01.02.2021. DW.COM. [2021-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-01） （中文（中國大陸））.

[11] 《財經》新媒體. 缅甸军方：实施为期一年的紧急状态. finance.sina.com.cn. 2021-02-01 [2021-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-09）

[12] MRTV. www.facebook.com. [2021-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-22） （中文（簡體））.

[13] 立場報道 | 立場新聞. 立場新聞 Stand News. [2021-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-12） （英語）. 

[14] 喻菲. 中国科学家确定雅鲁藏布江等四条国际河流源头. 科學網. 2011-08-22 [2011-08-23].

Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) 

 緬甸概況 - 新華網
 緬甸中文網---緬甸第一中文媒體（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
 《世界概況》上有關Burma的條目 （英文）
 開放式目錄計劃中和緬甸相關的內容 （英文）
 維客旅行上的緬甸（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）（英文）
 維基媒體的緬甸地圖集  （英文）
 OpenStreetMap上有關緬甸的地理資訊
 谷歌地圖

 CIA
 外交部
 List of current heads of state and government
 

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