Tushpa
Tushpa ( ref Van Kalesi, armenavon Տոսպ, Tosp ) tiyir kelu ke Urartu ise va Van Kalesi ref debak kene Van uzda koe ronefa Turka. Wid vanpiyir kelu ke Urartu gazaxo bak gazugal ke Sarduri ( -834 – -828 AGJ ). Tushpa taneatomon koe kosuteks ke Salmanasar III  gindik miwas va cenera va Sarduri zo ozwar. Tushpa wan tiyir idja ke Urartu remi toloya direfa decemda aze isti -VI-eafa decemda gan  persik zo levrotiyir. Baravaf kosuteks ke Xšayarša I ( -486 – -465 AGJ ) poke ralma kene raporafa dzeta arte 20 m- vamoe sid zo rowir. Kosuteks riwe kotunon lapteyer. Tir dem baroy briz dem 27 conya ( talturonon ) suteyena kan savsafa Persava is  ava is Elam ava. To antaf gazaf kosuteks ke Haxāmanišiya tigis dive Irana.

Bak -331 Tushpa gan Aleksandros Megas ( -336 – -323 ) zo olgalicur aze vanpir digiks ke Seleukos gindaxo radimi inafa awalkera. Mali toza ke -II-eafa decemda tir digiks ke warzafo gazaxo ke Armena. Tir avap bak gazugal ke Tigranes II Mets ( -95 – -54 ) beka warzafu kelu ke gazaxo tir talteon Tigranakert. Azon gola gan  prostelay kali toza ke alubeafa decemda RGJ zo bower. Koe izva va Armena ganon suteyena gan Movses Khorenatsi ( 410 - 490 ), widava gu Tosp ( xayastanavon Տոսպ ) zo yoltar.

Ralma tiyir abrotcafa gu 1050 m- is mantafa gu 50 m- ik 125 m- num welmakirafa gu balemoy iray. Moe arestoy kene Van uzda vamoe widava divetcefa gu mon 30 iray zo kolnayar. Ralma ke Urartu tiyir tela logijafa ke ralmeem ke Urartu num teza ta vegedura va telyona direfa. Nelkafa cugexa tiyir Lamone ke Sarduri. Cugexa ilbodeyena koe rapor don konake slape dere zo katrasiyid.

Rebaveem aname wid tiyir ton gulord, delon rigavayan koe pist. Oye sidkor ke debak, ontine arapeniwer. Mante tiyir vas mon 3 m- isen rojus rasekot moe varafe abrotce belon tigiyid. Rapor ke rebava mal lizukafo raporxo lokon zo divokseyer voxe dere tiyir kum burgifa elega male tculkafa gola kaike uzda. Aldo ke lanyona jola tiyir vas loon 20 decitor. Kolna tigisa koe ralma is miv ralma kum tawotafa norka zo vegeduyud ise tiyid ontinafa vas mon 20 m-. Oye tigira ke ralma moe arestoy, inafe xe moe yona amidafa vwa tigiyid. Gort dem kusk is fogelom kagluyayar.

Vuestexa 

 (en) Bachenheimer, Avi (2018). Old Persian: Dictionary, Glossary and Concordance. John Wiley & Sons.
 (en) Dusinberre, Elspeth R. M. (2013). Empire, Authority, and Autonomy in Achaemenid Anatolia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107577152.
 (en) Khatchadourian, Lori (2016). Imperial Matter: Ancient Persia and the Archaeology of Empires. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520964952.
 (en) Kuhrt, Amélie (2007). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415552790.
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Tushpa
Tushpa