Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 - 8 September 2022) anal Mfumukazi ya ku United Kingdom kuyambira 6 February 1952 mpaka imfa yake mu 2022. zolembedwa motalika kwambiri mwa mfumu iliyonse ya dziko lodziimira. Pa nthawi ya imfa yake, Elizabeth analinso Mfumukazi ya mayiko ena 14 a Commonwealth, kuwonjezera pa United Kingdom.

Elizabeth anabadwira ku Mayfair, London, monga mwana woyamba wa Duke ndi Duchess aku York (kenako King George VI ndi Mfumukazi Elizabeth). Abambo ake adakhala pampando wachifumu mu 1936 atalandidwa mchimwene wake, King Edward VIII, ndikupangitsa Elizabeti kukhala wodzikuza. Anaphunzitsidwa payekha kunyumba ndipo adayamba kugwira ntchito zaboma pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, akutumikira mu Auxiliary Territorial Service. Mu November 1947, anakwatiwa ndi Philip Mountbatten, yemwe kale anali kalonga wa Greece ndi Denmark, ndipo ukwati wawo unatha zaka 73 mpaka imfa yake mu April 2021. Iwo anali ndi ana anayi: Charles III; Anne, Mfumukazi Yachifumu; Prince Andrew, Duke waku York; ndi Prince Edward, Earl wa Wessex.

Bambo ake atamwalira mu February 1952, Elizabeth, yemwe panthaŵiyo anali ndi zaka 25, anakhala mfumukazi m’mayiko asanu ndi aŵiri odziimira okha a Commonwealth: United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, ndi Ceylon (lero limatchedwa Sri Lanka). komanso Mutu wa Commonwealth. Elizabeti analamulira monga mfumu ya malamulo kudzera mu kusintha kwakukulu kwa ndale monga Troubles ku Northern Ireland, devolution ku United Kingdom, decolonization of Africa, ndi United Kingdom kulowa mu European Communities ndi kuchoka ku European Union. Chiŵerengero cha madera ake chinasiyana m’kupita kwa nthaŵi pamene madera akupeza ufulu wodzilamulira ndipo madera ena asanduka malipabuliki. Maulendo ake ambiri akale ndi misonkhano ikuphatikizapo maulendo a boma ku China mu 1986, Russia mu 1994, Republic of Ireland mu 2011, ndi maulendo asanu ndi Papa.

Zochitika zazikulu zikuphatikiza kukhazikitsidwa kwa Elizabeti mu 1953 komanso zikondwerero za Silver, Golden, Diamond, ndi Platinum Jubilees mu 1977, 2002, 2012, ndi 2022 motsatana. Elizabeti anali mfumu ya ku Britain yomwe inakhala kwautali kwambiri ndiponso inalamulira kwautali kwambiri kuposa mfumu ina iliyonse ya ku Britain, ndiponso inali yachiwiri kwa mfumu yodziwika kwautali kwambiri pa mbiri ya padziko lonse, koma pambuyo pa Louis XIV wa ku France. Nthawi zina amakumana ndi malingaliro aku Republican komanso kudzudzula banja lake, makamaka pambuyo pakusokonekera kwa maukwati a ana ake, annus horribilis wake mu 1992, komanso imfa ya mpongozi wake wakale Diana, Princess of Wales, mu 1997. chifukwa ufumu wa ku United Kingdom udali wapamwamba kwambiri, monganso kutchuka kwake. Elizabeth anamwalira pa 8 September 2022 ku Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire. Anatsogoleredwa ndi mwana wake wamwamuna wamkulu, Charles III.

Zolemba 
1926 kubadwa
2022 imfa