The following is an example of co-regulation between a mother and her infant, from Emotional development: The organization of emotional life in the early years . This scenario exemplifies a mother maintaining her infant's engagement via variations in her voice, facial expressions, and body language. She sensitively elicits behaviors from the infant and adds more stimulation when appropriate. Likewise, the infant indicates and maintains the mutual engagement with her own facial expressions, vocalizations, and body language. "Hello there pumpkin ... Mommy's comin' to get you. Yes, she is. Brief pause.%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% Momma's gonna get you and tickle you. What do you think of that? Brief pause.%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% Come on. Come on, you little sweetie. Let me see that smile. Humm? Pause.%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% Yeah, that's right ... thaaaat's right. The infant exhibits a big smile with bobbing head, and mother responds in kind, then says,%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% Oh, well now, are you gonna say somethin'? Are ya? Pause, mother nodding head, widening eyes.%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% Come on! Pause.%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% Come on! The baby begins cycling movements of the arms and kicking the feet.%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% Come on. Drawn out, then longer pause.%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% Yeah! as the baby bursts forth with a gurgling sound, the caregiver then laughs and hugs the baby%DIFDELCMD < ]%%% ." As co-regulation is contingent on reciprocal relationships between members of a dyad, it can be compromised by risk factors within the individuals. As such, a newer line of research has identified children on the autism spectrum as a risk group for disruptions in co-regulation in their parent-child dyads. In the DSM-5, the first diagnostic criterion of ASD is "Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub. Thus, disruptions with co-regulation are inherent in the disorder, in that individuals with ASD exhibit difficulties in social-emotional reciprocity and sharing of emotions. Although only a handful of studies have directly examined co-regulation in parent-child with ASD dyads, converging evidence has demonstrated that parents' immediate responses to emotional distress facilitates self-regulation for children with ASD.Hirschler-Guttenberg, Y., Feldman, R., Ostfeld-Etzion, S., Laor, N., & Golan, O. (2015). Self- and Co-regulation of Anger and Fear in Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Role of Maternal Parenting Style and Temperament. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(9), 3004–3014. URL One particularly interesting finding was that, while mothers of typically developing children transition to more passive co-regulation over toddlerhood, as their children become more independent self-regulators, mothers of children with ASD continued to use active co-regulation strategies throughout the duration of the study. The authors conjectured that this continuation was a reflection of the mothers' sensitivity to their children's heightened developmental needs. 
The following is an example of co-regulation between a mother and her infant, from Emotional Development: The Organization of Emotional Life in the Early Years . This scenario exemplifies a mother maintaining her infant's engagement via variations in her voice, facial expressions, and body language. She sensitively elicits behaviors from the infant and adds more stimulation when appropriate. Likewise, the infant indicates and maintains the mutual engagement with her own facial expressions, vocalizations, and body language. %DIFDELCMD < ] %%% %DIFDELCMD < ] %%% %DIFDELCMD < ] %%% %DIFDELCMD < ] %%% %DIFDELCMD < ] %%% %DIFDELCMD < ] %%% %DIFDELCMD < ] %%% %DIFDELCMD < ] %%% %DIFDELCMD < ]%%% As co-regulation is contingent on reciprocal relationships between members of a dyad, it can be compromised by risk factors within the individuals. As such, a newer line of research has identified children on the autism spectrum as a risk group for disruptions in co-regulation in their parent-child dyads. In the DSM-5, the first diagnostic criterion of ASD is "Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub. Thus, disruptions with co-regulation are inherent in the disorder, in that individuals with ASD exhibit difficulties in social-emotional reciprocity and sharing of emotions. Although only a handful of studies have directly examined co-regulation in parent-child with ASD dyads, converging evidence has demonstrated that parents' immediate responses to emotional distress facilitates self-regulation for children with ASD.Hirschler-Guttenberg, Y., Feldman, R., Ostfeld-Etzion, S., Laor, N., & Golan, O. (2015). Self- and Co-regulation of Anger and Fear in Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Role of Maternal Parenting Style and Temperament. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(9), 3004–3014. URL One particularly interesting finding was that, while mothers of typically developing children transition to more passive co-regulation over toddlerhood, as their children become more independent self-regulators, mothers of children with ASD continued to use active co-regulation strategies throughout the duration of the study. The authors conjectured that this continuation was a reflection of the mothers' sensitivity to their children's heightened developmental needs. See also Interpersonal emotion regulation
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development: The organization of emotional life in the early years
Development: The Organization of Emotional Life in the Early Years
D
"Hello there pumpkin ... Mommy's comin' to get you. Yes, she is.
D
Brief pause.
D
Momma's gonna get you and tickle you. What do you think of that?
D
Brief pause.
D
Come on. Come on, you little sweetie. Let me see that smile. Humm?
D
Pause.
D
Yeah, that's right ... thaaaat's right.
D
The infant exhibits a big smile with bobbing head, and mother responds in kind, then says,
D
Oh, well now, are you gonna say somethin'? Are ya?
D
Pause, mother nodding head, widening eyes.
D
Come on!
D
Pause.
D
Come on!
D
The baby begins cycling movements of the arms and kicking the feet.
D
Come on.
D
Drawn out, then longer pause.
D
Yeah!
D
as the baby bursts forth with a gurgling sound, the caregiver then laughs and hugs the baby
D
."
A
See also Interpersonal emotion regulation