Politics: cooperation and knowing-as-inquiry The branch of philosophy recognized as "politics" concerns the governance of community and group interaction, not merely that of the state as conceived when thinking of a local or national government.  ] ]  ] In Laws of Motion (1920), physicist James Clerk Maxwell articulated the modern conception of "transaction" used here—one that is not exclusive to an economic context or limited to the opposition of a buyer-seller in a trade or analogous situation. Unlike commercial affairs, there is a radical departure from any tendency to perceive buyer-seller ( or organism-environment  ) as if  opposing or separate forces. Transactionalist like Maxwell view the buyer and seller (the organism and its environment) as "two parts  of the same phenomenon." Dewey and Bentley apply this view of the 'transactional' to domain of learning more than any other context. In the educative process, acting without knowing (described below) is a separation or fracturing of the same enjoined phenomenon . Without inquiry acting does not work . Acting and knowing cooperate to provide knowledge to  an organism-environment; both  must essentially involve inquiry into things that have happened and are happening  : Knowledge – if the term is to be employed at all – is a name for the product of competent inquiries, and is constituted only as the outcome of a particular inquiry. It is not "a process taking place , " or some "status" located in an organism  ]  . Knowledge arises from inquiry and the testingof that inquiry to insure the fitness of not only the solutionbut the organism-environment . While a human being is central  or "nuclear" to the conception of an organism-environment, they must abdicate any sense of dominion over the socio-biological cosmosof which being human is but a part  and never outside it that cosmos or environment  . Each situation  —and this transactionalists assert is radical way of thinking—must be examined and determined by a construction of moves and action based on the capacity of that organism  to fulfill its intentions and eventually thrive (or not). Dewey and Bentley later insisted that knowing "as inquiry, [is therefore] a way, or %DIFDELCMD < [%%% a distinct form, of behavior ." Transactionalists view politics as a cooperative,genuine interaction between all participating parties whether buyer-seller , student-teacher, or worker-boss; we are biological as well as social subjects involved not merely in " transacting" for our own advantage or gain but connected to other entities. " S%DIFDELCMD < ]%%% ocial phenomena cannot be understood except as there is prior understanding of physical conditions and the laws of their socio-biological%DIFDELCMD < ] %%% interactions," wrote John Dewey in Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. Furthermore, he added, "inquiry into social phenomena%DIFDELCMD < ]%%% , with respect both to data that are significant and to their relations or proper ordering, is conditioned upon extensive prior knowledge of physical phenomena and their laws. This fact accounts in part for the retarded and immature state of social subjects." Thus, cooperation and knowing as inquiry is foundational to governing communal affairs of any kind including economic trade and our educative process. Intelligence—that which is acquired through inquiry and testing—allows man to  foresee consequences derived from an analysis of past experience or expectationsin order to take control of his/her actions without dogma or beliefs that might be wrong without  proper inquiry. If the philosophical study of politics were  a "study of force," of knowing "what actions are permissible" given that man is an organism-environment, then —transactionalists assert—cooperation and knowing-as-inquiry are vital to functioning successfully among others  . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy noted that Dewey was critical of the classical neoliberal stance that the abstract individual precedes a conception of society or social institutions. He maintained that social institutions were not a "means for obtaining something for individuals. They are means for 'creating' individuals  (Reconstruction in Philosophy, MW12, 190–192)." [C]lassical liberalism treats the individual as ‘something given.’ Instead, Dewey argues, ‘liberalism knows that an individual is nothing fixed, given ready-made. It is something achieved, and achieved not in isolation but with the aid and support of conditions, cultural and physical: — including in “cultural”, economic, legal and political institutions as well as science and art’ (‘The Future of Liberalism’, LW11: 291).For Dewey, such treatment was ‘the most pervasive fallacy of philosophical thinking’ (‘Context and Thought’, LW5, 5). Transactionalism is a radical form of governing that resists the tendency to "divide up experienced phenomena, and to take the distinct analysed elements to be separate existences, independent both of the analysis and of each other." Intelligent thinking is anti-dualistic, accurate, forethought ; taking into account other people, communities, and cultures that stems from a "deliberate control of what is done with reference to making what happens to us and what we do to things as fertile as possible of suggestions (of suggested meanings)." [ Furthermore, intelligent thinking is a means for trying out the validity of those suggestions  . The political governing of thinking towards dualisms and bifurcation as well as the "false conception of the individual"  is what Dewey argued actually limited man's free (meaning "liberal") thought and action. All of this served as the core reasoning behind Dewey's development of an experimental philosophy that offset elite distortions regarding a public education and learning.
Politics: cooperation and knowing-as-inquiry The branch of philosophy recognized as "politics" concerns the governance of community and group interaction, not merely the governing over a state or group as conventionally conceived in thoughts about local or national government. Transactionalists view politics as a cooperative, genuine interaction between all participating parties whether buyer-seller, student-teacher, or worker-boss; we are biological as well as social subjects involved not merely in "transacting" for our own advantage or gain but connected to other entities. " S]ocial phenomena cannot be understood except as there is prior understanding of physical conditions and the laws of their socio-biological] interactions," wrote John Dewey in Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. Furthermore, he added, "inquiry into social phenomena], with respect both to data that are significant and to their relations or proper ordering, is conditioned upon extensive prior knowledge of physical phenomena and their laws. This fact accounts in part for the retarded and immature state of social subjects." Thus, cooperation and knowing as inquiry is foundational to governing communal affairs of any kind including economic trade and our educative process. In Laws of Motion (1920), physicist James Clerk Maxwell articulated the modern conception of "transaction" (or trans-action) used here. His conception is not exclusive to an economic context or limited to the opposition of a buyer-seller in trade or some analogous situation. Unlike commercial affairs, there is a radical departure from any tendency to perceive buyer-seller ( in an organism-environment paradigm ) as if they are opposing or separate forces. Transactionalists like Maxwell view the buyer and seller as "two parts or aspects of the same phenomenon." Dewey and Bentley apply this 'transactional' view to the domain of learning more than any other context. Referred to as the educative process, acting without knowing (described below) often sets up the separation or fracturing of the enjoined phenomenon (e.g., knowing is doing, organizing the mental or physical acts in a pragmatic way). Without knowing-as-inquiry, blindly acting as an organism in an environment often does not work with the exception of beginner's luck. Acting to understand knowing elicits pragmatic knowledge of functioning as an organism-environment; both knowing and acting must essentially involve inquiry into things that have happened and are happening challenging our assumptions and expectations which will wrong in some context : Knowledge – if the term is to be employed at all – is a name for the product of competent inquiries, and is constituted only as the outcome of a particular inquiry. From the constitutive process of knowing and doing, knowledge is more than "a process taking place " or some "status" located in an organism 's of person's] mind . Knowledge arises from inquiry . It arises out of a kind of testing; an iterative process of inquiry into what we know and expect, that insures a suitable fitness of not only in solving problems (finding a solution). It insures the fitness of the organism-environment which may vary dependent on the situation, the time and place, or the culture. While a person is central ( or "nuclear" as in a nucleus) to a conception of organism-environment, human beings as organisms must abdicate any sense of dominion over their social-biological cosmos. Being human is but a part , and never outside , that cosmos or environment which they need to survive and they need to adapt to to thrive . Each situation and assumptions about it —and this transactionalists assert is radical way of thinking—must be tested, examined, and determined by a series of iterative moves and activity based on the capacity of that organism 's ability to fulfill its desired intentions to eventually thrive (or not). Dewey and Bentley later insisted that knowing "as inquiry, [is therefore] a way, or %DIFDELCMD < [%%% distinct form, of behavior , " %DIFDELCMD < ]%%% %DIFDELCMD < ] %%% %DIFDELCMD < ]%%% out of which a transactional competence is achieved. Intelligence—that which is acquired through knowledgeable inquiry and mental testing—allows man to analyze and foresee consequences derived from the past experiences shaping our biases and expectations. Without intelligence of this kind, one is unlikely to control his/her actions without preconceived dogma, rites, or beliefs that might be wrong without a proper inquiry. If the philosophical study of politics were actually considered a "study of force," transactionalists would assert that knowing "what actions are permissible" (or not) given a the condition of being an organism-environment, then co-operation and knowing-as-inquiry into one's bodily condition and conditioning and the situation one is transacting in that conditions one's body, all this is vital to functioning successfully among others in any social situation or environment . In the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , it is noted that John Dewey was critical of the classical neoliberal stance that abstracts the individual from environment as if the individual precedes or lords from outside of a conception of society or social institutions. Dewey maintained that social institutions were not a "means for obtaining something for individuals. They are means for 'creating' individuals in a co-operative inquiry into knowing how to live a satisfying life (Reconstruction in Philosophy, MW12, 190–192)." [C]lassical liberalism treats the individual as ‘something given.’ Instead, Dewey argues, ‘liberalism knows that an individual is nothing fixed, given ready-made. It is something achieved, and achieved not in isolation but with the aid and support of conditions, cultural and physical: — including in “cultural”, economic, legal and political institutions as well as science and art’ (‘The Future of Liberalism’, LW11: 291).For Dewey, such treatment is ‘the most pervasive fallacy of philosophical thinking’ (‘Context and Thought’, LW5, 5). Transactionalism is a radical form of governing one's self in one's environment(s). Transactionalism resists a political tendency to "divide up experienced phenomena, and to take the distinct analysed elements to be separate existences, independent both of the analysis and of each other." Intelligent thinking is anti-dualistic, accurate, forethought . It takes into account other people, communities, and cultures . It stems from a "deliberate control of what is done with reference to making what happens to us and what we do to things as fertile as possible of suggestions (of suggested meanings)." [emphasis added Furthermore, intelligent thinking is a means for trying out the validity of those suggestions and other assumptions . The political governing of thinking towards dualisms and bifurcation as well as the "false conception of the individual" (apart from their environment) is what Dewey argued actually limits man's free (meaning "liberal") thought and action. All of this served as the core reasoning behind Dewey's development of an experimental philosophy that offset elite distortions of public education and learning.
R
that of the state as conceived when thinking of a
the governing over a state or group as conventionally conceived in thoughts about
A
Transactionalists view politics as a cooperative, genuine interaction between all participating parties whether buyer-seller, student-teacher, or worker-boss; we are biological as well as social subjects involved not merely in "transacting" for our own advantage or gain but connected to other entities. "
A
S
A
ocial phenomena cannot be understood except as there is prior understanding of physical conditions and the laws of their
A
socio-biological
A
interactions," wrote John Dewey in Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. Furthermore, he added, "inquiry into
A
social phenomena
A
, with respect both to data that are significant and to their relations or proper ordering, is conditioned upon extensive prior knowledge of physical phenomena and their laws. This fact accounts in part for the retarded and immature state of social subjects." Thus, cooperation and knowing as inquiry is foundational to governing communal affairs of any kind including economic trade and our educative process.
R
used here—one that
(or trans-action) used here. His conception
R
a trade or
trade or some
R
or
in an
A
paradigm
A
they are
R
Transactionalist
Transactionalists
D
(the organism and its environment)
A
or aspects
D
view of the
R
to
view to the
R
In
Referred to as
R
is a
often sets up the
R
same enjoined phenomenon . Without inquiry acting
enjoined phenomenon (e.g., knowing is doing, organizing the mental or physical acts in a pragmatic way). Without knowing-as-inquiry, blindly acting as an organism in an environment often
R
. Acting and knowing cooperate to provide knowledge
with the exception of beginner's luck. Acting
A
understand knowing elicits pragmatic knowledge of functioning as
A
knowing and acting
A
challenging our assumptions and expectations which will wrong in some context
R
It is not
From the constitutive process of knowing and doing, knowledge is more than
D
,
A
's
A
of person's
A
mind
R
and the testingof that inquiry to insure the
. It arises out of a kind of testing; an iterative process of inquiry into what we know and expect, that insures a suitable
R
the solutionbut the
in solving problems (finding a solution). It insures the fitness of the
R
. While a human being is central
which may vary dependent on the situation, the time and place, or the culture.
A
While a person is central (
R
to the conception of an
as in a nucleus) to a conception of
R
they
human beings as organisms
R
the socio-biological cosmosof which being
their social-biological cosmos. Being
A
,
R
it
,
A
which they need to survive and they need to adapt to to thrive
A
and assumptions about it
R
examined
tested, examined,
R
construction of moves and action
series of iterative moves and activity
A
's ability
R
intentions and
desired intentions to
D
a
D
."
D
Transactionalists view politics as a cooperative,genuine interaction between all participating parties whether buyer-seller
D
student-teacher, or worker-boss; we are biological as well as social subjects involved not merely in
D
transacting" for our own advantage or gain but connected to other entities. "
D
S
D
ocial phenomena cannot be understood except as there is prior understanding of physical conditions and the laws of their
D
socio-biological
D
interactions," wrote John Dewey in Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. Furthermore, he added, "inquiry into
D
social phenomena
R
, with respect both to data that are significant and to their relations or proper ordering, is conditioned upon extensive prior knowledge of physical phenomena and their laws. This fact accounts in part for the retarded and immature state of social subjects." Thus, cooperation and knowing as inquiry is foundational to governing communal affairs of any kind including economic trade and our educative process.
out of which a transactional competence is achieved.
R
inquiry and
knowledgeable inquiry and mental
A
analyze and
R
an analysis of past experience or expectationsin order to take control of
the past experiences shaping our biases and expectations. Without intelligence of this kind, one is unlikely to control
R
dogma
preconceived dogma, rites,
A
a
A
actually considered
R
of
transactionalists would assert that
R
given that man is
(or not) given a the condition of being
R
—transactionalists assert—cooperation
co-operation
R
are
into one's bodily condition and conditioning and the situation one is transacting in that conditions one's body, all this is
A
in any social situation or environment
R
The
In the
R
noted that
, it is noted that John
R
the abstract individual precedes
abstracts the individual from environment as if the individual precedes or lords from outside of
R
He
Dewey
A
in a co-operative inquiry into knowing how to live a satisfying life
R
was
is
R
that resists the
one's self in one's environment(s). Transactionalism resists a political
R
; taking
. It takes
R
that
. It
A
emphasis added
A
and other assumptions
A
(apart from their environment)
R
limited
limits
R
regarding a
of