 The language had a brief dormant period in the late 15th to early 16th century, after the Delhi Sultanate was sacked by Timur. Afghan dynasties such as the Suris and Lodis gained control in the north of the subcontinent, and although Afghans at the time were a part of the Persianate world, these rulers were not well-acquainted with the language. In this era, empires all over the subcontinent began to employ Hindustani's emerging predecessor Hindavi (also known as Dehlavi or Deccani) as a language of the court. Work in Persian was however still produced, and Persian still featured in official documents. Notably, the Delhi Sultanate's official language was declared as Persian by Sikandar Lodi, which began a diffusion process outside Islamic nobility; Hindus for the first time began to learn the language for purposes of employment, and there is evidence of them even teaching the language in this period. Height A firman issued under Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, written in Persian. Hindus employed in the Mughal finance department were known to excel at writing these documents, which were used as exemplars in educational institutions. Persian experienced a revival with the advent of the Mughal emperors (1526–1857), under whom the language reached its zenith in the Indian subcontinent. The Mughals were of Timurid origin; they were Turco-Mongols, and had been Persianised to an extent. However, the early Mughal court preferred their ancestral Turkic language. This linguistic situation began to change when the second Mughal Emperor Humayun reconquered India with the aid of Safavid Iran, ushering many Iranians into the subcontinent. His successor Akbar developed these ties by granting these Iranians positions in the imperial service. He also undertook generous efforts to attract many Persian literati from Iran. Akbar's actions established Persian as the language of the Mughal court, transitioning the royal family out of the ancestral language (his own son and successor Jahangir, for example, was more proficient in Persian than Turkic). Under Akbar, Persian was made the official language of the Mughal Empire, a policy it would retain till its demise. His secular and pluralist rule resulted in many natives becoming more open to learning the language, and educational reforms were introduced in madrasas to improve Persian learning. The Mughal association with the Persian language continued with Akbar's successors; the literary environment created under them led one Shah Jahan-era poet to comment, Under the Mughals, Persian took prominence as the language of culture, education, and prestige. Their policies resulted in a process of "Persianisation" by which many Indian communities increasingly adopted the language for social purposes.Kachru, Braj B (2008). "Introduction: languages, contexts, and constructs". In Kachru, Braj B; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S.N (eds.). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5-6. Professions requiring Persian proficiency, previously occupied by Iranians and Turks, came to be shared with Indians. For example, groups such as the Kayasthas and Khatris came to dominate the Mughal finance departments; Indians taught Persian in madrasas alongside masters of the language from Iran. Moreover, the complete Persianisation of the Mughal administration meant that the language reached both urban centres as well as villages, and a larger audience for Persian literature developed. Apart from courtly influence, Persian also spread through religion, particularly the Islamic faith of Sufism. Many Sufi missionaries to the subcontinent had Persian roots, and although they used local Indic languages to reach their followers, they used Persian to converse amongst each other and write literature. This resulted in a diffusion process into the local followers of the faith. Sufi centres (Khanqah) served as focal points for this cultural interaction. Sufism also interacted with Hinduism through the Bhakti movement; Abidi and Gargesh speculate that this could have further introduced Persian to locals. In this way, Persian became a second language to many across North India; Alam contends that it neared the status of a first language. By the 18th century, many Indians in the north of the subcontinent had a "native speaker's competence in Persian".Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman (2003), "A Long History of Urdu Literarature, Part 1", in Pollock (ed.), Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia, p. 849, Decline Following Aurangzeb's death, Persian began to fall into decline, being displaced by Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu). The arrival and strengthening of British political power added a growing influence of English as well. However, for a long time Persian was still the dominant language of the subcontinent, used in education, Muslim rule, the judiciary, and literature. The East India Company acknowledged Persian as a "language of command", necessary to communicate with and control the Indian population. Hence many British officials arriving in India learned Persian in colleges established by the Company. The teachers in these colleges were often Indian. In some cases, Britishers even took over as Persian professors, sidelining the role of the Indians. Punjab As the primary entry point and frontier region of the Indian subcontinent, the Punjab region has had a long association with the Persian language.  Following the defeat of the Hindu Shahi dynasty, classical Persian was established as a courtly language in the region during the late 10th century under Ghaznavid rule. After Lahore was made the second capital of the Ghaznavids, it played host to great poets in the court, and was settled by many Persian-speakers from the West. The first Indian-born Persian poet was from Lahore  . Employed by Punjabis in literature, Persian achieved prominence in the region during the following centuries, as the region came under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals. The language of the Sikh gurus (Sant Bhasha) incorporated Persian, and some of their works were done entirely in the language; examples are the Zafarnama and the Hikāyatān.  Persian continued to act as a courtly language for various empires in Punjab through the early 19th century, and dominated most literary spheres. It served finally as the official state language of the Sikh Empire, under which Persian literature such as  Zafarnamah-e-Ranjit Singh was produced, preceding British conquest and the decline of Persian in South Asia. Muhammad Iqbal, a Punjabi, was one of the last prolific writers of Persian in the subcontinent. Hindustani is a notable exception to this geographic trend. It is a lingua franca spoken widely across the Hindi Belt and Pakistan, best described as an amalgamation of a Khariboli linguistic base with Persian elements. It has two formal registers, the Persianised Urdu (which uses the Perso-Arabic alphabet) and the de-Persianised, Sanskritised Hindi (which uses Devanagari). Even in its vernacular form, Hindustani contains the most Persian influence of all the Indo-Aryan languages, and many Persian words are used commonly in speech by those identifying as "Hindi" and "Urdu" speakers alike. These words have been assimilated into the language to the extent they are not recognised as "foreign" influences. This is due to the fact that Hindustani's emergence was characterised by a Persianisation process, through patronage at Islamic courts over the centuries. Hindustani's Persian register Urdu in particular has an even greater degree of influence, going as far as to admit fully Persian phrases such as "makānāt barā-ē farōḵht" (houses for sale). It freely uses its historical Persian elements, and looks towards the language for neologisms. This is especially true in Pakistan (see #Contemporary). Vocabulary The most significant result of Indo-Persian language contact has been the seepage of a vast and varied Persian vocabulary into the  Indo-Aryan languages. Today, Persian loans are found in almost all spheres of usage, and nouns make up the largest portion of them. Many Persian loans are used commonly in everyday speech ; dukān (shop), hazār (thousand), shehar (city), āinā (mirror), bāzār (market), and dōst (friend) are just a few examples. Loaned Persian words often have an altered pronunciation when compared to modern Iranian Persian . This is partly because the Indic languages took in the older pronunciations of Classical Persian used by Persian speakers in the subcontinent (see #Contemporary section on the nature of this Indian Persian). Nativisation is also responsible for the distinct pronunciation used in the Indic languages. This often depends on the recipient language; for example dard (pain) becomes dôrôd in Bengali and darad in Punjabi . One nativisation common to many languages is the elongation of the haa-e-mukhtafi in Persian to ā. Hence Classical Persian tāzah (fresh) became tāzā, āinah (mirror) became āinā ( Modern Iranian Persianon the other hand transformed these to tāzeh and āineh respectively). Nativisation has also resulted in phonological changes (see #Phonology below). Outside of these differences, some loans may still appear strange to modern Persian either due to semantic shift or because the inherited word is now archaic in Persian. A categorised list of Persian vocabulary  in the Indic languages is provided below, and is far from exhaustive: +Loan categoryExamplesNounsProper namesMuslim names: Akhtar, Nawaz, Aftab, Dilshad , Feroz, Shah Bano, Zarina Non-Muslim names: Bahadur Shah, Chaman , Iqbal, Roshan.TitlesBahadur Shah, Peshwa, Mirza, Khan, Begum Parts of the bodyjism (body), khūn (blood), nākhūn (nail, of fingers and toes), sīnā (chest), dil (heart), chehrā (face), gardan (neck), zabān (tongue), halaq (throat)Place names (Suffixes)-ābād, -stan  -ganj, -bagh, -sarāi (Hyderabad, Pakistan, Hazratganj, Arambagh, Mughalsarai)Kinship termsdāmād (son-in-law), bābā (father), shauhar (husband), birādar (brother)Foodsabzī (vegetables), nān (bread), kormā (curry) , panīr (Indian cheese), gōsht (meat), kīmā (minced meat), tandūri (roasted) , kofta (meatball) Clothingpaushāk (dress), pajāmā (pyjamas), kamīz (shirt), jeb (pocket), astar (inner, lining)Housegusalkhānā (bathroom), pākhānā (toilet), bāwarchīkhānā (kitchen), darwāzā (door), diwār (wall)Ornamentszewar (ornaments), gulband (necklace), dastband (bracelet), pazeb (anklet)Fruitsseb (apple), anār (pomegranate), angūr (grapes), nārangī (tangerine), bādām (almond), kishmish (raisin)Vegetablesshalgam (turnip), qaddū (pumpkin), sakarqand (sweet potato)Floracinār (plane tree), hinā (henna), banafshā (pansy), gulāb (rose), nīlofar (water lily), yāsmīn (jasmine) Faunajānvar (animal), sher ( lion), khargosh (rabbit), bulbul (nightingale), bāz (falcon), kabutar (pigeon)Professionsdarzī (tailor), hajjām (barber), sabzī-farosh (greengrocer), khānsāmā (cook)Agriculturefasl (crop), rabi (spring), khārīf (autumn), ābpashī (watering), nahar (canal), zamīn (land)Timerōz (day), sāl (year), zamānā (era)Lawadālat (court), qānūn (law), muddai (plaintiff), vakīl (lawyer), muakil (client)Administrationdarbār (court), pādshah (emperor), tehsīldār (tax collector), zila (district)Writingqalam (pen), dawāt (inkpot), syāhi (ink), kāgaz (paper)Religion (non-Arabic terms)rōza (fasting), namāz (ritual prayer), khudā (God), paighambar (Prophet), dargāh (Sufi shrine ), pīr (Sufi master)Measurementgaz (yard), mīl (a mile), man (a mound), ser (a seer), murabbā (square)Militarysipāhī (soldier), top (gun/cannon), topchī (gunner), topkhānā (artillery) Miscellaneousārām (rest), āsmān (sky), dard (pain), dāru (alcohol), insān (human), jāgāh (place), javāb (answer), kharch (expenditure), lāl (red), pasand (liking), yād (memory), zindagī (life) OtherModifiers:bilkul (surely/definitely), garm (hot), sard (cold), tāzā (fresh), āsān (easy), kam (little), āzād (free/independent) , khush (happy) Function words:khud (oneself), magar (but), lekin (but), afsōs (alas), shabāsh (well done) , zabardast (forceful, awesome) Sources in order of importance: To a lesser extent, Turkic words also entered through Persian. The terms under "titles" and "military" in the table above are largely Turkic, due to the rulers' ethnic roots and the prevalence of Turkic soldiers in their armies. In general it is unclear which Turkic words are Persian-mediated, and which direct, since Turkic was used (albeit to a limited extent) in the early medieval period of the subcontinent. Additionally, there is the reverse possibility that Turkic may have contributed some Persian words, since it itself had earlier been Persianised in a similar process to that of the Indic languages (see #Background). Language has always been a dimension of Hindu-Muslim tension in the Indian subcontinent, and the Perso-Arabic elements in Indo-Aryan languages have come to play a part in this. In 19th-century British India, divisions on religious lines led to Hindu groups advocating to de-Persianise language, and Muslims embracing the Perso-Arabic element. Such tensions later contributed to the Partition of India. The most significant and lasting impact of the linguistic divide has been the emergence of Hindi and Urdu as two separate literary registers of Hindustani, both of which are recognised on national levels. Conscious attempts to alter language on such a basis have also been observed in other languages that have both Hindu and Muslim speech communities, such as Punjabi. Urdu has been undergoing further Persianisation in Pakistan, due to a need for new words and coinages to suit modern times.
Apart from courtly influence, Persian also spread through religion, particularly the Islamic faith of Sufism. Many Sufi missionaries to the subcontinent had Persian roots, and although they used local Indic languages to reach their followers, they used Persian to converse amongst each other and write literature. This resulted in a diffusion process into the local followers of the faith. Sufi centres (Khanqah) served as focal points for this cultural interaction. Sufism also interacted with Hinduism through the Bhakti movement; Abidi and Gargesh speculate that this could have further introduced Persian to locals. The language had a brief dormant period in the late 15th to early 16th century, after the Delhi Sultanate was sacked by Timur. Afghan dynasties such as the Suris and Lodis gained control in the north of the subcontinent, and although Afghans at the time were a part of the Persianate world, these rulers were not well-acquainted with the language. In this era, empires all over the subcontinent began to employ Hindustani's emerging predecessor Hindavi (also known as Dehlavi or Deccani) as a language of the court. Work in Persian was however still produced, and Persian still featured in official documents. Notably, the Delhi Sultanate's official language was declared as Persian by Sikandar Lodi, which began a diffusion process outside Islamic nobility; Hindus for the first time began to learn the language for purposes of employment, and there is evidence of them even teaching the language in this period. Height A firman issued under Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, written in Persian. Hindus employed in the Mughal finance department were known to excel at writing these documents, which were used as exemplars in educational institutions. Persian experienced a revival with the advent of the Mughal emperors (1526–1857), under whom the language reached its zenith in the Indian subcontinent. The Mughals were of Timurid origin; they were Turco-Mongols, and had been Persianised to an extent. However, the early Mughal court preferred their ancestral Turkic language. This linguistic situation began to change when the second Mughal Emperor Humayun reconquered India with the aid of Safavid Iran, ushering many Iranians into the subcontinent. His successor Akbar developed these ties by granting these Iranians positions in the imperial service. He also undertook generous efforts to attract many Persian literati from Iran. Akbar's actions established Persian as the language of the Mughal court, transitioning the royal family out of the ancestral language (his own son and successor Jahangir, for example, was more proficient in Persian than Turkic). Under Akbar, Persian was made the official language of the Mughal Empire, a policy it would retain till its demise. His pluralist rule resulted in many natives becoming more open to learning the language, and educational reforms were introduced in madrasas to improve Persian learning. The Mughal association with the Persian language continued with Akbar's successors; the literary environment created under them led one Shah Jahan-era poet to comment, Under the Mughals, Persian took prominence as the language of culture, education, and prestige. Their policies resulted in a process of "Persianisation" by which many Indian communities increasingly adopted the language for social purposes.Kachru, Braj B (2008). "Introduction: languages, contexts, and constructs". In Kachru, Braj B; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S.N (eds.). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5-6. Professions requiring Persian proficiency, previously occupied by Iranians and Turks, came to be shared with Indians. For example, groups such as the Kayasthas and Khatris came to dominate the Mughal finance departments; Indians taught Persian in madrasas alongside masters of the language from Iran. Moreover, the complete Persianisation of the Mughal administrative system meant that the language reached both urban centres as well as villages, and a larger audience for Persian literature developed. In this way, Persian became a second language to many across North India; Alam contends that it neared the status of a first language. By the 18th century, many Indians in the north of the subcontinent had a "native speaker's competence in Persian".Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman (2003), "A Long History of Urdu Literarature, Part 1", in Pollock (ed.), Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia, p. 849, Decline Following Aurangzeb's death, Persian began to fall into decline, being displaced by Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu). The arrival and strengthening of British political power added a growing influence of English as well. However, for a long time Persian was still the dominant language of the subcontinent, used in education, Muslim rule, the judiciary, and literature. The East India Company acknowledged Persian as a "language of command", necessary to communicate with and control the Indian population. Hence many British officials arriving in India learned Persian in colleges established by the Company. The teachers in these colleges were often Indian. In some cases, Britishers even took over as Persian professors, sidelining the role of the Indians. Punjab As the primary entry point and frontier region of the Indian subcontinent, the Punjab has had a long association with the Persian language. The name of the region is itself a Persian coinage (panj-āb, ). Following the defeat of the Hindu Shahi dynasty, classical Persian was established as a courtly language in the region during the late 10th century under Ghaznavid rule. After Lahore was made the second capital of the Ghaznavids, it played host to great poets in the court, and was settled by many Persian-speakers from the West. The first Indian-born Persian poet was from Lahore , as were the earliest notable figures in Indo-Persian literature, Masud Sa'd Salman and Abu-al-Faraj Runi . Employed by Punjabis in literature, Persian achieved prominence in the region during the following centuries, as the region came under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals. The language of the Sikh gurus (Sant Bhasha) incorporated Persian, and some of their works were done entirely in the language; examples are the Zafarnama and the Hikāyatān. Sikhism has since retained many Persian elements in its religious vocabulary. Persian continued to act as a courtly language for various empires in Punjab through the early 19th century, and dominated most literary spheres. It served finally as the official state language of the Sikh Empire, under which Persian literature such as the Zafarnamah-e-Ranjit Singh was produced, preceding British conquest and the decline of Persian in South Asia. Muhammad Iqbal, a Punjabi, was one of the last prolific writers of Persian in the subcontinent. Hindustani is a notable exception to this geographic trend. It is an Indo-Aryan lingua franca spoken widely across the Hindi Belt and Pakistan, best described as an amalgamation of a Khariboli linguistic base with Persian elements. It has two formal registers, the Persianised Urdu (which uses the Perso-Arabic alphabet) and the de-Persianised, Sanskritised Hindi (which uses Devanagari). Even in its vernacular form, Hindustani contains the most Persian influence of all the Indo-Aryan languages, and many Persian words are used commonly in speech by those identifying as "Hindi" and "Urdu" speakers alike. These words have been assimilated into the language to the extent they are not recognised as "foreign" influences. This is due to the fact that Hindustani's emergence was characterised by a Persianisation process, through patronage at Islamic courts over the centuries. Hindustani's Persian register Urdu in particular has an even greater degree of influence, going as far as to admit fully Persian phrases such as "makānāt barā-ē farōḵht" (houses for sale). It freely uses its historical Persian elements, and looks towards the language for neologisms. This is especially true in Pakistan (see #Contemporary). Vocabulary The most significant result of Indo-Persian language contact has been the seepage of a vast and varied Persian vocabulary into the Indic lexicon, particularly the Indo-Aryan languages. Today, Persian loans are found in almost all spheres of usage, and nouns make up the largest portion of them. Many are used commonly in everyday speech . They often have an altered pronunciation when compared to modern Iranian Persian ; this is partly because the Indic languages took in the older pronunciations of Classical Persian used by Persian speakers in the subcontinent (see #Contemporary section on the nature of this Indian Persian). Nativisation is also responsible for the differences in pronunciation, and is determined by the particular recipient language . One nativisation common to many languages is the elongation of the haa-e-mukhtafi in Persian to ā. Hence Classical Persian tāzah (fresh) became tāzā, āinah (mirror) became āinā ( in modern Iranian Persian, these are tāzeh and āineh respectively). Nativisation has also resulted in phonological changes (see #Phonology below). Outside of these differences, some loans may still appear strange to modern Persian either due to semantic shift or because the inherited word is now archaic in Persian. A categorised list of Persian vocabulary found in the Indic languages is provided below, and is far from exhaustive: +Loan categoryExamplesNounsProper namesMuslim names: Akhtar, Nawaz, Aftab, Dilshad Shah Bano, Zarina Non-Muslim names: Bahadur Shah, Chaman Lal, Iqbal Singh, Lal Bahadur, Roshan LalTitlesKhan Bahadur, Rai Bahadur, Yavar Jung, Salaar JungParts of the bodyjism (body), khūn (blood), nākhūn (nail, of fingers and toes), sīnā (chest), dil (heart), chehrā (face), gardan (neck), zabān (tongue), halaq (throat)Place names (Suffixes)-ābād, -stan , -ganj, -bagh, -sarāi (Hyderabad, Pakistan, Hazratganj, Arambagh, Mughalsarai)Kinship termsdāmād (son-in-law), bābā (father), shauhar (husband), birādar (brother)Foodsabzī (vegetables), nān (bread), kormā (curry) gōsht (meat), kīmā (minced meat), tandūri (roasted) Clothingpaushāk (dress), pajāmā (pyjamas), kamīz (shirt), jeb (pocket), astar (inner, lining)Housegusalkhānā (bathroom), pākhānā (toilet), bāwarchīkhānā (kitchen), darwāzā (door), diwār (wall)Ornamentszewar (ornaments), gulband (necklace), dastband (bracelet), pazeb (anklet)Fruitsseb (apple), anār (pomegranate), angūr (grapes), nārangī (tangerine), bādām (almond), kishmish (raisin)Vegetablesshalgam (turnip), qaddū (pumpkin), sakarqand (sweet potato)Floracinār (plane tree), hinā (henna), banafshā (pansy), gulāb (rose), nīlofar (water lily), yāsmīn (jasmine) Faunasher ( lion), khargosh (rabbit), bulbul (nightingale), bāz (falcon), kabutar (pigeon)Professionsdarzī (tailor), hajjām (barber), sabzī-farosh (greengrocer), khānsāmā (cook)Agriculturefasl (crop), rabi (spring), khārīf (autumn), ābpashī (watering), nahar (canal), zamīn (land)Timerōz (day), sāl (year), zamānā (era)Lawadālat (court), qānūn (law), muddai (plaintiff), vakīl (lawyer), muakil (client)Administrationdarbār (court), pādshah (emperor), tehsīldār (tax collector), zila (district)Writingqalam (pen), dawāt (inkpot), syāhi (ink), kāgaz (paper)Religion (non-Arabic terms)rōza (fasting), namāz (ritual prayer), khudā (God), paighambar (Prophet), bihisht (Paradise ), pīr (Sufi master)Measurementgaz (yard), mīl (a mile), man (a mound), ser (a seer), murabbā (square)Militarysipāhī (soldier), top (gun/cannon), topchī (gunner), topkhānā (artillery) Miscellaneousāinā (mirror), bāzār (market), dōst (friend), shehar (city) OtherModifiers:bilkul (surely/definitely), garm (hot), tāzā (fresh), āzād (free/independent) Other Function words:khud (oneself), magar (but), lekin (but), afsōs (alas), shabāsh (well done) Sources in order of importance: To a lesser extent, Turkic words also entered through Persian. In general it is unclear which Turkic words are Persian-mediated, and which direct, since Turkic was used (albeit to a limited extent) in the early medieval period of the subcontinent. Additionally, there is the reverse possibility that Turkic may have contributed some Persian words, since it itself had earlier been Persianised in a similar process to that of the Indic languages (see #Background). Language has always been a dimension of Hindu-Muslim tension in the Indian subcontinent, and the Perso-Arabic elements in Indo-Aryan languages have played a part in this. In 19th-century British India, divisions on religious lines led to Hindu groups advocating to de-Persianise language, and Muslims embracing the Perso-Arabic element. Such tensions later contributed to the Partition of India. The most significant and lasting impact of the linguistic divide has been the emergence of Hindi and Urdu as two separate literary registers of Hindustani, both of which are recognised on national levels. Conscious attempts to alter language on such a basis have also been observed in other languages that have both Hindu and Muslim speech communities, such as Punjabi. Urdu has been undergoing further Persianisation in Pakistan, due to a need for new words and coinages to suit modern times.
A
Apart from courtly influence, Persian also spread through religion, particularly the Islamic faith of Sufism. Many Sufi missionaries to the subcontinent had Persian roots, and although they used local Indic languages to reach their followers, they used Persian to converse amongst each other and write literature. This resulted in a diffusion process into the local followers of the faith. Sufi centres (Khanqah) served as focal points for this cultural interaction. Sufism also interacted with Hinduism through the Bhakti movement; Abidi and Gargesh speculate that this could have further introduced Persian to locals.
D
secular and
R
administration
administrative system
D
Apart from courtly influence, Persian also spread through religion, particularly the Islamic faith of Sufism. Many Sufi missionaries to the subcontinent had Persian roots, and although they used local Indic languages to reach their followers, they used Persian to converse amongst each other and write literature. This resulted in a diffusion process into the local followers of the faith. Sufi centres (Khanqah) served as focal points for this cultural interaction. Sufism also interacted with Hinduism through the Bhakti movement; Abidi and Gargesh speculate that this could have further introduced Persian to locals.
D
region
A
The name of the region is itself a Persian coinage (panj-āb, ).
A
, as were the earliest notable figures in Indo-Persian literature, Masud Sa'd Salman and Abu-al-Faraj Runi
A
Sikhism has since retained many Persian elements in its religious vocabulary.
A
the
R
a
an Indo-Aryan
A
Indic lexicon, particularly the
D
Persian loans
R
; dukān (shop), hazār (thousand), shehar (city), āinā (mirror), bāzār (market), and dōst (friend) are just a few examples. Loaned Persian words
. They
R
. This
; this
R
distinct pronunciation used in the Indic languages. This often depends on the recipient language; for example dard (pain) becomes dôrôd in Bengali and darad in Punjabi
differences in pronunciation, and is determined by the particular recipient language
R
Modern Iranian Persianon the other hand transformed these to
in modern Iranian Persian, these are
A
found
D
, Feroz,
R
, Iqbal, Roshan.TitlesBahadur Shah, Peshwa, Mirza, Khan, Begum Parts
Lal, Iqbal Singh, Lal Bahadur, Roshan LalTitlesKhan Bahadur, Rai Bahadur, Yavar Jung, Salaar JungParts
A
,
D
, panīr (Indian cheese),
D
, kofta (meatball)
R
Faunajānvar (animal), sher (
Faunasher (
R
dargāh (Sufi shrine
bihisht (Paradise
R
Miscellaneousārām (rest), āsmān (sky), dard (pain), dāru (alcohol), insān (human), jāgāh (place), javāb (answer), kharch (expenditure), lāl (red), pasand (liking), yād (memory), zindagī (life)
Miscellaneousāinā (mirror), bāzār (market), dōst (friend), shehar (city)
D
sard (cold),
D
āsān (easy), kam (little),
R
, khush (happy)
Other
D
, zabardast (forceful, awesome)
D
The terms under "titles" and "military" in the table above are largely Turkic, due to the rulers' ethnic roots and the prevalence of Turkic soldiers in their armies.
R
come to play
played