This research is a review and assay of literature data on the properties of DNA open states . The states result from large fluctuations of a duplex and have a great influence on a wide range of biochemical processes , including electric charge transfer in DNA  . A comparative analysis of kinetic and thermodynamic experimental data on  DNA open states has been performed for a wide temperature range . Apparent contradictions between the data of different experiments have been explained. Based on differences in thermodynamic properties and other characteristics three different types of DNA open states have been identified; a modern definition of the term "open state" has been given. A brief review of simple mathematical models of DNA has been presented; in most of the models the state of every base pair is defined by one or two variables. The central problems of investigation of heterogeneous DNA within the approaches of the level considered are examined. The roles of every model group in experimental data interpretation are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the study of transfer and localization of base pair vibration energy in mechanical models. These processes have been shown to play a key role in heterogeneous duplex dynamics, and their theoretical treatment is critically important for the development of modern molecular biology and biophysics. The key features of theoretical approaches, that enabled description of various experimental data , have been considered. The future development of the models has been described, some particular details of their optimization have been suggested; probable ways of improving some experimental techniques have been proposed .
Literature data on the properties of DNA open states are reviewed and analyzed. These states are formed as a result of strong DNA fluctuations and have a great impact on a number of biochemical processes ; among them is charge transfer in DNA , for example . A comparative analysis of experimental data on the kinetics and thermodynamics of DNA open states for a wide temperature range was carried out. Discrepancies between the results of various experiments have been explained. Three types of DNA open states are recognized based on their differences in thermodynamic properties and other characteristics . Besides, an up-to-date definition of the term "open state" is given. A review is carried out for simple mathematical models of DNA in most of which the state of one pair is described by one or two variables. The main problems arising in theoretical investigations of heterogeneous DNA in the framework of models of this level are considered. The role of each group of models in interpretation of experimental data is discussed. Special consideration is given to the studies of the transfer and localization of the nucleotide pairs oscillations' energy by mechanical models. These processes are shown to play a key role in the dynamics of a heterogeneous duplex. Their theoretical interpretation is proven to be very important for the development of modern molecular biology and biophysics. The main features of the theoretical approaches are considered which enabled describing various experimental data . Prospects of the models ' development are described, particular details of their optimization are suggested, and possible ways of modernization of some experimental techniques are discussed .
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