source: Undisclosed Source; Wakat Sera; Twitter
actor1: JNIM: Group for Support of Islam and Muslims and/or Islamic State (West Africa) - Greater Sahara Faction
actor2: VDP: Volunteer for Defense of Homeland
location: Kalamba
notes: On 1 January 2022, presumed ISWAP (Greater Sahara) or JNIM militants attacked a volunteer fighter position in the village of Kalamba (Bouroum, Namentenga). Four VDP and one civilian were killed and three others wounded. The Burkinabe air force intervened and conducted airstrike (coded separately).