source: Signal; Undisclosed Source; Facebook
actor1: VDP: Volunteer for Defense of Homeland
actor2: JNIM: Group for Support of Islam and Muslims
location: Koulponsgo
notes: On 14 April 2021, volunteer fighters (VDP) clashed with presumed JNIM militants in the bush of Koulponsgo (Tougouri, Namentenga). Two VDPs were wounded.