source: Undisclosed Source; Facebook
actor1: Islamic State (West Africa) - Greater Sahara Faction
actor2: VDP: Volunteer for Defense of Homeland
location: Tokabangou
notes: On 15 January 2022, presumed ISWAP (Greater Sahara) militants and volunteer fighters (VDP) exchanged gunfire in the village of Tokabangou (Markoye, Oudalan). The militants withdrew. There were no casualties.