source: Undisclosed Source; Facebook; MinuteBf; Twitter; L'Observateur Paalga
actor1: VDP: Volunteer for Defense of Homeland
actor2: JNIM: Group for Support of Islam and Muslims and/or Islamic State (West Africa) - Greater Sahara Faction
location: Kalamba
notes: On 30 November 2021, volunteer fighters (VDP) and presumed ISWAP (Greater Sahara) or JNIM militants clashed in the forest of Kalamba (Bouroum, Namentenga). 21 militants were killed and 3 VDP wounded.