source: Facebook; MinuteBf; Undisclosed Source
actor1: JNIM: Group for Support of Islam and Muslims
actor2: VDP: Volunteer for Defense of Homeland
location: Gargaboule
notes: On 4 December 2021, presumed JNIM militants attacked the village of Gargaboule (Pobe-Mengao, Soum). Clashes erupted between militants and volunteer fighters (VDP). Three VDP and about ten militants were killed. The militants also burned several houses.