source: Whatsapp; Infowakat
actor1: VDP: Volunteer for Defense of Homeland
actor2: JNIM: Group for Support of Islam and Muslims and/or Islamic State (West Africa) - Greater Sahara Faction
location: Koare
notes: On 5 August 2020, volunteer fighters pursued presumed ISGS or JNIM militants in the area of Koare (Fada Ngourma, Gourma), following exchanges of gunfire. The volunteer fighters recovered three motorbikes and livestock taken from a pastoralist man assassinated earlier. No casualties reported.