source: Undisclosed Source; AIB (Burkina Faso)
actor1: VDP: Volunteer for Defense of Homeland
actor2: JNIM: Group for Support of Islam and Muslims
location: Tanwalbougou
notes: On 9 December 2021, volunteer fighters (VDP) and presumed JNIM affiliated militants clashed between Tanwalbougou (Fada Ngourma, Gourma) and Piega (Matiacoali, Gourma). Two militants were killed and one VDP wounded.