source: Signal; Undisclosed Source; Facebook; L'Observateur Paalga; Sahel Security Alerts
actor1: JNIM: Group for Support of Islam and Muslims
actor2: VDP: Volunteer for Defense of Homeland
location: Badnongo
notes: On 4 August 2021, presumed JNIM militants attacked the village of Badnongo (Pensa, Sanmatenga). The militants killed at least one volunteer fighter (VDP) and two civilians, burned houses and seized livestock.