source: Undisclosed Source; Facebook; AIB (Burkina Faso)
actor1: JNIM: Group for Support of Islam and Muslims
actor2: VDP: Volunteer for Defense of Homeland
location: Kargo
notes: On 23 December 2021, suspected JNIM militants attacked a volunteer fighter (VDP) position in the village of Kargo (Zimtenga, Bam). One VDP was killed and others went missing. The militants took control of the village. The Burkinabe air force intervened and conducted airstrike.