source: Twitter; Whatsapp
actor1: JNIM: Group for Support of Islam and Muslims and/or Islamic State (West Africa) - Greater Sahara Faction
actor2: VDP: Volunteer for Defense of Homeland
location: Boukouma
notes: On 12 September 2020, presumed ISGS or JNIM militants ambushed volunteer fighters (VDP) in Boukouma (Arbinda, Soum). Two VDPs wounded.