{"text": "During the 1982–83 English football season, Gillingham F.C. competed in the Football League Third Division, the third tier of the English football league system. It was the 51st season in which Gillingham competed in the Football League, and the 33rd since the club was voted back into the league in 1950. Two months into the season, Gillingham were in third place in the Third Division league table, a position which at the end of the season would secure promotion to the Second Division, but the team then experienced a run of seven games with only one victory which left them in 12th place at the end of 1982. Their results did not improve in the new year, with only one victory in the first fourteen games of 1983, resulting in them slipping to 19th in the table, only two places above the positions which would result in relegation to the Fourth Division. Six wins in the final eleven games of the season, however, meant that Gillingham finished the campaign 13th out of 24 teams in the division.\nGillingham also competed in two knock-out competitions. They lost in the second round of the FA Cup, but reached the third round of the Football League Cup for the first time in more than a decade, losing at that stage to Tottenham Hotspur of the First Division. The team played 54 competitive matches, winning 19, drawing 14, and losing 21. Tony Cascarino was the club's leading goalscorer, scoring 15 goals in the Third Division and a total of 19 in all competitions. Micky Adams and Mark Weatherly made the most appearances, both playing 51 times. The highest attendance recorded at the club's home ground, Priestfield Stadium, during the season was 14,446 for the League Cup game against Tottenham.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1982–83 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628179, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 295, "char_count": 1704, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The 1982–83 season was Gillingham's 51st season playing in the Football League and the 33rd since the club was elected back into the League in 1950 after being voted out in 1938. It was the club's ninth consecutive season in the Football League Third Division, the third tier of the English football league system, since the team gained promotion from the Fourth Division in 1974. In the eight seasons since then, Gillingham had achieved a best finish of fourth place, one position away from promotion to the Second Division, in the 1978–79 season. The club had never reached the second level of English football in its history.\nKeith Peacock was the club's manager for a second season, having been appointed in July 1981. Paul Taylor served as assistant manager and Bill Collins, who had been with the club in a variety of roles since the early 1960s, held the posts of first-team trainer and manager of the youth team. Dick Tydeman was the team captain. The team's kit for the season consisted of Gillingham's usual blue shirts, white shorts and white socks. The away kit, to be worn in the event of a clash of colours with the home team, was all-red. The team prepared for the new season with a number of friendlies. Steve Butler, a 20-year-old forward, played during the pre-season on a trial basis and scored five goals, but he was serving in the army at the time and the club could not afford to pay for his release. After leaving the armed forces and playing for several other clubs, he would eventually sign for Gillingham in 1995. Writing in the matchday programme for the first game of the season, Peacock expressed disappointment that he had not been able to add any new players to the squad ahead of the new season.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1982–83 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628179, "section": "Background and pre-season", "metadata": {"word_count": 305, "char_count": 1727, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Gillingham began the season with a game at their own ground, Priestfield Stadium, against Oxford United on 28 August; Oxford won 1–0. A week later, Ken Price scored Gillingham's first league goal of the season away to Exeter City. His team were held to a 2–2 draw, however, after conceding a goal with two minutes of the game remaining, and their winless league run continued with a 2–1 defeat away to Bristol Rovers. A goal from Tony Cascarino gave Gillingham their first league win of the season at the fourth attempt on 11 September as the team beat Millwall 1–0 at Priestfield. Gillingham lost 1–0 away to Wrexham on 18 September but then won their next four league games. Cascarino took his league goalscoring tally to four in seven games with the second goal in a 3–0 win against Walsall and the only goal in a 1–0 victory over Reading. The reporter for the Sunday Mercury contended that Gillingham could have potentially scored twice as many goals against a very poor Walsall team. Jeff Johnson, a midfielder newly signed from Newport County, made his debut against Reading.\nThe team began October with a 2–0 victory away to Sheffield United with goals from Mark Weatherly and Steve Bruce. It was the first time that Sheffield United had lost at home for 17 months. A 2–1 win at home to Preston North End on 9 October took Gillingham up to fifth place in the Third Division league table. A week later, the team's run of wins came to an end with a 1–0 defeat away to Cardiff City; the result meant that Gillingham had won four out of five league games at Priestfield but only one out of five away from home. Three days later, they beat Orient 4–0 at Priestfield to move back up from ninth to sixth in the table; Neil Grewcock scored twice in the victory having registered his first goal of the season ten days earlier against Preston, but the three goals would prove to be the only ones he scored in 27 appearances during the campaign. A goal from Bruce, scored from a penalty kick, gave Gillingham a 1–0 win away to AFC Bournemouth on 23 October and took them up to third in the table, a position which at the end of the season would secure promotion to the Second Division. The next game drew Priestfield's biggest attendance of the season so far, but the crowd of 5,919 saw Gillingham defeated 3–1 by Huddersfield Town.\nOn 2 November, Gillingham won 2–1 away to Chesterfield, but it would prove to be their last league victory for nearly two months. They lost 1–0 away to Portsmouth and were held to a 1–1 draw at Priestfield by Doncaster Rovers, who had lost every previous away game since the start of the season. The final game of November resulted in a 2–0 defeat at home to Wigan Athletic, and Gillingham also lost their first two league games of December, away to Newport County and Plymouth Argyle. The team's last two games of 1982 took place on consecutive days. On 27 December, a goal from Weatherly was enough to give them a 1–0 victory over Southend United at Priestfield, ending a run of five Third Division games without a win. A 1–1 draw away to Brentford the following day meant that Gillingham ended 1982 in 12th place in the Third Division league table at the end of 1982; they had won only one of their last seven league games.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1982–83 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628179, "section": "August–December", "metadata": {"word_count": 588, "char_count": 3255, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During January, Gillingham played six matches and did not record any victories. Their first match of 1983 was on 1 January at home to Lincoln City, who were top of the league table, and resulted in a 2–0 defeat. Two days later, they began a run of four consecutive draws with a match away to Bradford City which finished 1–1. On 8 January, Gillingham played Exeter City at Priestfield; the score was 3–2 to Exeter at half-time and 4–4 at the end of the game. Dean White, who had not scored in nine previous appearances since the start of the season, scored three of Gillingham's goals, the first hat-trick by a Gillingham player since November 1976. The next two games, away to Oxford United and at home to Wrexham, both ended 1–1. Phil Handford, an 18-year-old midfielder from the youth team, made his debut against Exeter, and Martin Hodge, a goalkeeper signed on loan from Everton, made the first of four appearances in place of regular starter Ron Hillyard against Oxford. Peacock was keen to sign Hodge on a permanent basis but the club could not afford the transfer fee which Everton stipulated. Gillingham's final match of January was away to Millwall, who were 24th out of 24 teams in the league table going into the game. Cascarino scored a goal inside the first minute, but Gillingham then conceded four goals and lost 4–1. After a 0–0 draw with Walsall, Gillingham won their first game of 1983 at the eighth attempt, beating Chesterfield 3–1, but then went a further six games without a victory.\nAfter a goalless draw away to Preston North End, Gillingham lost consecutive games to Cardiff City and Orient, and then lost 5–2 to AFC Bournemouth, the highest number of goals the team conceded during the season. The correspondent for The Daily Telegraph wrote that Gillingham \"fell apart\" after John Sitton was sent off after less than half an hour. Peacock made changes to the team's midfield for the game against Huddersfield Town on 12 March; Colin Duncan was in the starting line-up for the first time in over a year, and Dave Mehmet, a new signing from Charlton Athletic, made his debut. Mehmet scored the second of Gillingham's two goals as they fought back from three goals down with 20 minutes of the game remaining, but the final score was 3–2 and Gillingham dropped to 19th in the league table, only two places above the positions which at the end of the season would result in relegation to the Fourth Division. The bad run continued with a 2–0 defeat at home to Sheffield United on 15 March, but four days later Gillingham defeated Portsmouth, who were top of the league table going into the game, with a goal from Duncan in the 87th minute. Cascarino, the team's joint top goalscorer for the season so far, made his return as a substitute having been absent for a month with a broken collarbone. He scored in each of the next three games, a 2–0 win away to Doncaster Rovers and draws with Southend United and Brentford. Richie Bowman also scored against Doncaster in his first appearance since a serious knee injury in December 1981.\nOn 9 April, first-half goals from Weatherly and Bruce gave Gillingham a 2–0 win over Newport County, but Bruce broke his leg late in the game as a result of a reckless tackle on Newport's Tommy Tynan; he would be absent from the team for the remainder of the season and the first month of the following campaign. Gillingham extended their unbeaten run to six games with a goalless draw with Reading, and then beat Plymouth Argyle 2–1 at Priestfield with two goals from Cascarino. The team ended April with a 2–2 draw away to Wigan Athletic despite playing much of the second half with only ten men after John Sharpe was sent off. The result left them 14th in the league table with three games remaining. On 3 May, a crowd of 2,716, the lowest of the season at Priestfield, saw Gillingham beat Bradford City 3–0, and the team achieved another win in their final home game of the season, beating Bristol Rovers 1–0. Gillingham's unbeaten run ended in the final game of the season, a 3–1 defeat away to Lincoln; Cascarino scored his fifth goal in the last five games. The result meant that Gillingham ended the campaign 13th out of 24 teams in the Third Division league table.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1982–83 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628179, "section": "January–May", "metadata": {"word_count": 747, "char_count": 4229, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As a Third Division team, Gillingham entered the 1982–83 FA Cup at the first round stage and were paired with Dagenham of the Alliance Premier League, the highest level of non-League football. A goal from Cascarino gave Gillingham a narrow win over their semi-professional opponents and took them into the second round, where they faced Northampton Town of the Fourth Division. The initial match at Priestfield resulted in a 1–1 draw, necessitating a replay at Northampton's County Ground stadium. Weatherly scored twice for Gillingham and with two minutes remaining the score was 2–2, but Northampton then scored a third goal to win the match and eliminate Gillingham from the competition. It meant that Gillingham missed out on a prestigious match at home to Aston Villa, the reigning holders of the European Cup, in the third round.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1982–83 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628179, "section": "FA Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 136, "char_count": 835, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As a Third Division team, Gillingham entered the 1982–83 Football League Cup at the first round stage; their opponents were fellow Third Division side Orient. The first leg of the two-legged tie took place at Priestfield on 31 August. Cascarino scored twice in a 3–0 victory. In the second leg at Brisbane Road, Orient scored twice in the first half but Gillingham held on for a 3–2 win on aggregate. In the second round, Gillingham played Oldham Athletic of the Second Division. The first leg again took place at Priestfield and Gillingham scored twice in the second half to win 2–0 on the night. Oldham won the second leg at Boundary Park 1–0, but Gillingham again won on aggregate and reached the third round (last 32) of the League Cup for the first time since the 1971–72 season.\nIn the third round, played as a single match, Gillingham played at home to Tottenham Hotspur of the First Division, who had reached the final of the competition in the previous season. After conceding a goal in the first 15 minutes, Gillingham equalised when Johnson scored. Tottenham scored a further goal each side of the half-time break to make the score 3–1, but Price reduced the deficit with just over 20 minutes remaining. Tottenham scored a fourth goal in the final minute to win 4–2 and eliminate Gillingham from the competition.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1982–83 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628179, "section": "Football League Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 229, "char_count": 1323, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During the season, 28 players made at least one appearance for Gillingham. Weatherly and Micky Adams made the most, both playing 51 times. Five other players took part in more than 45 of the team's 54 competitive games. Five players made fewer than five appearances, but none played only once. Hillyard's 47 appearances took him past the milestone of having played 400 games for Gillingham. Cascarino was the team's leading goalscorer; he scored 15 goals in the league and a total of 19 in all competitions. Weatherly was the only other player to reach double figures, scoring a total of 12 goals.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1982–83 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628179, "section": "Players", "metadata": {"word_count": 102, "char_count": 597, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Bruce and Adams were both voted into the Professional Footballers' Association Team of the Year for the Third Division by their fellow professionals. Weatherly won the club's own Player of the Year award. At the end of the season, Adams was transferred to Coventry City of the First Division for a fee of £85,000, a new record for the highest transfer fee received by Gillingham. The team's league performance improved in the following season as they finished 8th in the Third Division league table.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1982–83 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628179, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 84, "char_count": 499, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During the 1983–84 English football season, Gillingham F.C. competed in the Football League Third Division, the third tier of the English football league system. It was the 52nd season in which Gillingham competed in the Football League and the 34th since the club was voted back into the league in 1950. The team started the season poorly and were near the bottom of the league table after six games, but won five times in October to move into the top half, where they remained at the end of 1983. After only playing one league match in January, Gillingham were 10th in the 24-team table at the end of February but were in the advantageous position of having up to four games more to play than the teams above them. During March and April, however, they played 15 games and only won three times to fall out of contention for promotion to the Second Division. After winning three out of four games in May, the team finished the season 8th in the table, missing out on promotion by five places.\nGillingham also competed in three knock-out competitions. They lost in the first round of both the Football League Cup and the Associate Members' Cup but reached the fourth round of the FA Cup, at which stage they held Everton of the First Division, the highest level of English football, to two goalless draws before losing a second replay. The team played 55 competitive matches, winning 23, drawing 12, and losing 20. Dave Mehmet was the club's leading goalscorer, with 17 goals in all competitions. John Leslie made the most appearances, missing only one game. The highest attendance recorded at the club's home ground, Priestfield Stadium, was 17,817 for the second of the two replays against Everton.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1983–84 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628180, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 295, "char_count": 1700, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The 1983–84 season was Gillingham's 52nd season playing in the Football League and the 34th since the club was elected back into the League in 1950 after being voted out in 1938. It was the club's 10th consecutive season in the Football League Third Division, the third tier of the English football league system, since the team gained promotion from the Fourth Division in 1974. In the nine seasons since then, the team had achieved a best finish of fourth place, one position away from promotion to the Second Division, in the 1978–79 season. The club had never reached the second level of English football in its history.\nKeith Peacock was the club's manager for a third season, having been appointed in July 1981. Paul Taylor served as assistant manager and Bill Collins, who had been with the club in a variety of roles since the early 1960s, held the posts of first-team trainer and manager of the youth team. Before the new season, Gillingham signed two new players: John Leslie, a forward, arrived from Wimbledon, and David Fry, a goalkeeper, joined the club from Crystal Palace, both on free transfers. Peacock also attempted to sign another forward, Mike Barrett, but although his club, Bristol Rovers, accepted Gillingham's proposed transfer fee, the player chose to reject the move. Players leaving Gillingham included Micky Adams, who was transferred to Coventry City of the First Division for a fee of £85,000, a new record for the highest transfer fee received by the club.\nThe team's kit for the season consisted of Gillingham's usual blue shirts, white shorts and white socks. The away kit, to be worn in the event of a clash of colours with the home team, comprised red shirts, black shorts and black socks. The players prepared for the new season with several friendlies, mostly against other Football League teams but including a match against the national team of Japan, a game attended by the \nJapanese ambassador as well as by Sir Stanley Rous, a former president of FIFA, the sport's global governing body.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1983–84 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628180, "section": "Background and pre-season", "metadata": {"word_count": 344, "char_count": 2030, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Gillingham's first match of the season was away to Sheffield United on 27 August; Leslie made his Gillingham debut, as did Andy Woodhead, a 17-year old defender from the club's youth team. Keith Edwards gave the home team the lead in the first half and then scored three more times in the second half to complete a 4–0 victory. The first league game of the season at Gillingham's ground, Priestfield Stadium, took place a week later against Hull City. Ray Daniel, a teenaged midfielder signed on loan from Luton Town, made his debut. Gillingham conceded a goal in the first half and, although Leslie equalised with his first goal for the club shortly after the interval, ultimately lost 2–1. Another loan player, Paul Garner, made his first appearance against Bolton Wanderers on 6 September in defence; Forward Tony Cascarino, the team's leading goalscorer in the previous season, made his first appearance of the campaign as a substitute for Garner. Goals from Dave Mehmet and Mark Weatherly gave Gillingham their first win of the season. Gillingham drew 1–1 with Plymouth Argyle on 10 September but then lost to both Oxford United and AFC Bournemouth. Fry made his debut against Bournemouth, replacing Ron Hillyard, who had been the team's first-choice goalkeeper since 1974. Steve Bruce, a defender who was only 22 years old but had already played nearly 200 games for Gillingham, returned to the team for the same game after missing the start of the season due to a broken leg. At the end of September, Gillingham were 22nd out of 24 teams in the Third Division league table.\nHaving lost their last two league games of September, Gillingham won their first five matches of October. They began the run by defeating Brentford 4–2 at Priestfield on 1 October with two goals from each of Leslie and Mehmet. A week later, Terry Cochrane, a winger newly signed on loan from Middlesbrough, made his debut and scored the first goal in a 2–0 victory at home to Preston North End. His move to Gillingham would be made permanent later in the month. Cochrane scored again in the next game away to Burnley; after taking a 2–0 lead, Gillingham conceded two goals, but Mehmet scored in the final five minutes to secure a 3–2 victory. Against Exeter City on 18 October, Gillingham scored twice in the first eight minutes and went on to win 3–1. A 2–1 victory away to Wigan Athletic four days later, in which Cochrane scored his third goal in his first four games for the team, meant that for the third consecutive season Gillingham had followed a slow start to the season by winning at least four league games in October. Draws away to Orient and at home to Millwall meant that at the end of the month Gillingham were 10th in the table.\nGillingham won 2–0 at home to Lincoln City on 5 November with goals from Jeff Johnson and Mehmet. A week later, their unbeaten run ended at eight games as they lost 3–1 away to Walsall; while travelling to the game, Clifford Grossmark, who had served as chairman of the club's board of directors for more than 20 years, suffered a heart attack and died, a fact which was not revealed to the players until after the match. In the next game, against Rotherham United, Gillingham took a 2–0 lead through goals from Weatherly and Mehmet but were reduced to ten men shortly before the end of the first half when Johnson was sent off. Although Rotherham scored twice after the interval, both Weatherly and Mehmet scored again and Gillingham won 4–2. Russell Musker, a midfielder signed from Bristol City, made his debut in the game. Gillingham began December with a 1–0 win away to Port Vale, Cochrane scoring the only goal of the game less than a minute from the start. Hillyard played his first game since September in a 2–0 defeat away to Scunthorpe United on 17 December. On Boxing Day, Gillingham achieved their biggest win of the season with a 5–1 victory at home to Southend United. It was the first time the team had scored more than four goals in a game since February 1982 and left them 9th in the league table. Gillingham ended 1983 with two defeats, losing 3–0 away to Bristol Rovers and 1–0 at home to Wimbledon on 31 December, the first time they had lost at Priestfield since mid-September. John Sharpe, a defender who had been a regular in the team since 1978, was injured against Bristol Rovers and would not play again for nearly a year. Cascarino, who had been out injured, returned to the side against Wimbledon. The result left Gillingham 11th in the table at the end of the calendar year.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1983–84 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628180, "section": "August–December", "metadata": {"word_count": 797, "char_count": 4530, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Four of Gillingham's five league games originally scheduled for January were postponed, two of them because of the team's continuing involvement in the FA Cup, with the result that the team played only one Third Division match in the month, at home to Sheffield United. Bruce scored twice and Weatherly and Cochrane added a goal each as Gillingham took a 4–0 lead, but their team-mates John Sitton and Peter Shaw then both scored own goals; the game finished 4–2 to Gillingham. At the end of the month, Gillingham were 12th in the league table but had the advantage that they had between two and five more games still to play than every team above them. They secured a 3–2 win away to Brentford on 4 February and, despite conceding a goal inside the first minute, continued their unbeaten run a week later by beating AFC Bournemouth 2–1. The team's next two matches both ended in draws, 0–0 at home to Bradford City and 2–2 at home to Millwall, and they remained unbeaten in the Third Division in 1984 when two goals from Mehmet and one from Cascarino gave them a 3–0 victory at home to Wigan Athletic on 25 February. At the end of the month, Gillingham were 10th in the table, seven points below the top three places which would result in promotion, but still with the advantage of having played up to four fewer games than all the teams above them.[a]\nGillingham began March with a match against Exeter City, who were 24th in the league table, but were held to a 0–0 draw, and their undefeated league run then came to an end as they were beaten 4–0 by Lincoln City. Gillingham fell further out of contention for the promotion places after losing 3–1 to Walsall on 10 March, a result which left them 13 points below third place. Four days later, Gillingham played away to Oxford United, who were top of the table. Phil Cavener, making his first appearance in the starting line-up, scored a goal inside the first minute and Gillingham won 1–0. It was the first time during the season that Oxford had failed to score in a home league game. Against Preston North End on 17 March, Gillingham scored two goals in the first half through Musker and Brian Sparrow, a defender making the final appearance of a loan spell from Arsenal, but conceded twice in the second half. The team's next two games both ended in 1–0 defeats, at home to Burnley and away to Newport County, meaning that they had won only once in the last seven games. Colin Clarke, a forward signed on loan from Peterborough United, made his debut against Burnley. In the last game of March, goals from Leslie and Mehmet, neither of whom had scored for over a month, and Cascarino secured a 3–1 win over Orient; despite the victory, Gillingham were again 13 points below third place.\nA goal from Cascarino gave Gillingham a second consecutive win as they beat Bolton Wanderers 1–0 on 7 April, but it would prove to be the only victory they achieved in eight matches during the month. Four days later they lost 3–2 away to Bradford City after having been 2–1 up at half-time; Clarke scored the only goal of his eight-game loan spell. Weatherly, who had not played since sustaining a knee ligament injury in January, made his return as a substitute. Leslie scored a late equaliser to secure a draw against Port Vale on 14 April, and the next game against Hull City also ended in a draw. Gillingham's winless run continued on 20 April as they played 23rd-placed Southend United and lost 3–1. Against Bristol Rovers on 23 April, Musker scored an equaliser inside the final ten minutes after Gillingham had conceded a goal, but Bristol Rovers then scored again to win the game. Gillingham fell to a third consecutive defeat against Rotherham United and finished the game with ten men after Cochrane was sent off. Having gone six games without a victory, Gillingham won their first three games of May, beginning with a 2–1 defeat of Plymouth Argyle. In the next game, at home to Newport County on 5 May, Musker scored inside the first minute and Cascarino added two more goals before ten minutes of the match had elapsed; Gillingham went on to win 4–1. Two days later, Gillingham conceded a goal against second-placed Wimbledon just ten seconds after the start of the match, but came back to win 3–1. Gillingham's final game of the season was at home to Scunthorpe United on 12 May. Mehmet scored his 16th league goal of the season in a 1–1 draw which meant that Gillingham finished the season 8th in the league table, 13 points below the promotion places.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1983–84 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628180, "section": "January–May", "metadata": {"word_count": 801, "char_count": 4509, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As a Third Division team, Gillingham entered the 1983–84 FA Cup at the first round stage; their opponents were AP Leamington of the Southern League, who had progressed through four qualifying rounds to reach this stage of the competition. A goal from Phil Handford gave Gillingham a 1–0 victory at Leamington's Windmill Gound and took them into the second round, where they faced another Southern League team, Chelmsford City, at Priestfield. Although Gillingham were held to a 1–0 lead at half-time, they scored five times after the interval and won 6–1. Gillingham's third round opponents were fellow Third Division team Brentford; with less than 15 minutes of the match at Priestfield remaining, Brentford were winning 3–1 and seemed set for victory, but Gillingham scored four goals in the final 11 minutes to secure a 5–3 win and reach the fourth round (last 32) of the competition for only the third time in the club's history.\nGillingham's opponents in the fourth round were Everton of the First Division, the highest tier of English football. The match took place at Everton's ground, Goodison Park, and Gillingham held their higher-level opponents to a goalless draw, meaning that a replay at Priestfield was required. The second match was also goalless at the end of the regulation 90 minutes and went into extra time. Shortly before the end of the additional period, a long clearance out of the Gillingham defence reached Cascarino, who found himself in the clear with only Everton's goalkeeper Neville Southall to beat, but the Gillingham forward hit a weak shot which was blocked by Southall and the final score was again 0–0. In a review of Cascarino's autobiography, published sixteen years later, Dave Hill of the magazine When Saturday Comes described the moment as \"one of the great misses [of all time]\"; in the book Cascarino himself attributed it to a sudden attack of self-doubt at the crucial moment, writing \"Panic was clouding my brain like a fog. [Southall] narrowed the angle and stood his ground. Impulsively I reached for the trigger and kicked an awful shot that almost dribbled into his hands\". As Gillingham won a coin toss to decide the venue of the second replay, it also took place at Priestfield. The match resulted in a 3–0 victory for Everton, ending Gillingham's participation in the FA Cup for the season. The reporter for The Daily Telegraph wrote that Gillingham's decision after winning the coin toss for the choice of ends to play with a strong wind behind them in the first half backfired as it led to them relying too much on long-range shots which lacked accuracy. The gate receipts of £35,070 (equivalent to £140,000 in 2023) for the second replay were a new club record.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1983–84 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628180, "section": "FA Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 457, "char_count": 2719, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As a Third Division team, Gillingham entered the 1983–84 Football League Cup at the first round stage and were drawn to play Chelsea of the Second Division. The first leg of the two-legged tie took place at Priestfield on 30 August; Shaw scored for Gillingham in the first half and the score was 1–1 at half time, but Chelsea scored a second goal after the interval. The second leg took place two weeks later at Stamford Bridge and resulted in a 4–0 victory for Chelsea, making the aggregate score 6–1 and eliminating Gillingham from the competition. Kerry Dixon scored all the goals in the second leg, making him the second player inside three weeks to score four times in a game against Gillingham.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1983–84 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628180, "section": "Football League Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 123, "char_count": 700, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Gillingham entered the 1983–84 Associate Members' Cup, a new competition exclusively for Third and Fourth Division clubs, at the first round stage and were paired with fellow Third Division side Millwall; the match took place nine days after the teams had drawn 2–2 in the league. Both teams scored two goals in the first half and a third after half-time; with the scores level after 90 minutes the match went into extra time. With three minutes of the additional period remaining, 17-year old Teddy Sheringham scored to give Millwall a 4–3 win, meaning that Gillingham were eliminated from the tournament.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1983–84 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628180, "section": "Associate Members' Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 100, "char_count": 606, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During the season, 28 players made at least one appearance for Gillingham. Leslie made the most, playing in 54 of the team's 55 competitive matches. Mehmet and Sitton also played 50 or more times, and another six players made 40 or more appearances. Seven players made fewer than five appearances, four of whom played only once. Mehmet was the team's top goalscorer, scoring 16 times in the league and once in the FA Cup. Cascarino scored 15 goals and Weatherly and Leslie also reached double figures.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1983–84 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628180, "section": "Player details", "metadata": {"word_count": 86, "char_count": 501, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "For the second consecutive season, Bruce was voted into the Professional Footballers' Association Team of the Year for the Third Division by his fellow professionals. Having attracted the attention of several First Division clubs with his performances, the defender left Gillingham at the end of the season to join Norwich City for a fee of £135,000. Shaw won the club's own Player of the Season award. Writing in the matchday programme for the final game of the season, Peacock contended that injuries restricting the players available for selection had been the primary reason for the decline in the team's performances in the final months of the season and their inability to remain in contention for promotion. He added that the club was \"close to developing a side with genuine promotion potential\". The following season, Gillingham matched their best performance since returning to the Third Division, finishing fourth and missing out on promotion by one place. It would not be until 2000 that the club reached the second level of English football for the first time.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1983–84 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628180, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 175, "char_count": 1073, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During the 1984–85 English football season, Gillingham F.C. competed in the Football League Third Division, the third tier of the English football league system. It was the 53rd season in which Gillingham competed in the Football League, and the 35th since the club was voted back into the league in 1950. Gillingham started the Third Division season with five wins in the first seven games and were challenging for a place in the top three of the league table, which would result in promotion to the Second Division. The team's performances then declined, culminating in a 7–1 defeat to York City in November which left them in mid-table. They then won 12 out of 16 games to climb to second place, before a poor run in March meant that they again dropped out of the promotion places. Gillingham finished the season fourth in the table, missing promotion by one place.\nGillingham also competed in three knock-out competitions, reaching the fourth round of the FA Cup and the second round of the Football League Cup but losing in the first round of the Associate Members' Cup. The team played 56 competitive matches, winning 30, drawing 9, and losing 17. Tony Cascarino was the club's leading goalscorer, scoring 20 goals in all competitions. Keith Oakes made the most appearances, playing 54 times. The highest attendance recorded at the club's home ground, Priestfield Stadium, was 8,881 for a League Cup game against Leeds United in September.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1984–85 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73228611, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 243, "char_count": 1445, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The 1984–85 season was Gillingham's 53rd season playing in the Football League and the 35th since the club was elected back into the League in 1950 after being voted out in 1938. It was the club's 11th consecutive season in the Football League Third Division, the third tier of the English football league system, since the team gained promotion from the Fourth Division in 1974. In the 10 seasons since then, the team had achieved a best finish of fourth place, one position away from promotion to the Second Division, in the 1978–79 season. The club had never reached the second level of English football in its history.\nKeith Peacock was the club's manager for a fourth season, having been appointed in July 1981. Paul Taylor served as assistant manager and Bill Collins, who had been with the club in a variety of roles since the early 1960s, held the posts of first-team trainer and manager of the youth team. Dave Mehmet was the team's captain.\nHaving attracted the attention of several First Division clubs, the highly rated young defender Steve Bruce left the club before the new season to join Norwich City for a transfer fee of £135,000. In his place, Gillingham signed two experienced defenders, Keith Oakes from Newport County and Joe Hinnigan from Preston North End. The club also signed two players who were out of contract: Tarki Micallef, a midfielder who had last played for Newport, and Dave Shearer, a forward who had most recently played for Grimsby Town. Another forward, Paul Shinners, joined Gillingham from semi-professional club Fisher Athletic. The team prepared for the new season with friendlies against Brighton & Hove Albion of the Second Division and near-neighbours Maidstone United, the previous season's champions of the Alliance Premier League, the highest level of non-League football. The club also held an open day, during which supporters could obtain players' autographs and watch a specially-arranged training session. The team's kit for the season consisted of Gillingham's usual blue shirts, white shorts and white socks. The away kit, to be worn in the event of a clash of colours with the home team, comprised red shirts, black shorts and black socks. Home appliance manufacturer Zanussi signed a three-year sponsorship agreement with the club, meaning that the company name was displayed on the players' shirts.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1984–85 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73228611, "section": "Background and pre-season", "metadata": {"word_count": 387, "char_count": 2357, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Gillingham's first game of the season was at home to Newport on 25 August; Oakes made his debut against his former club and Hinnigan also played his first game for Gillingham. The match ended in a 1–1 draw; Tony Cascarino scored Gillingham's first goal of the season. A week later, he scored again as the team gained their first win of the campaign, defeating Orient 4–2; Shearer made his debut as a substitute. Victories against Cambridge United and Wigan Athletic, in both of which Cascarino scored, meant that after four games Gillingham were top of the Third Division league table. On 18 September, Gillingham were defeated for the first time during the season, losing 2–0 away to Hull City, but then won their next two league games and were third in the table at the end of September.\nIn the first match of October, Gillingham were 3–0 down to Plymouth Argyle in the second half but scored three goals, including two in the last five minutes, to secure a draw. The team then lost three consecutive league games, culminating in a 5–2 defeat away to Brentford. Martin Robinson, a forward newly-signed from Charlton Athletic, made his debut on 13 October against Bristol City. David Fry, the club's reserve goalkeeper, replaced the injured Ron Hillyard for the Brentford game, and retained his place until late November. Gillingham defeated Reading on 23 October to record their first win for five games, and were moments away from beating Bradford City four days later but conceded a last-minute equaliser. The team's first match of November was away to York City and resulted in a 7–1 defeat; it was the first time Gillingham had conceded seven goals in a game since 1961. The poor run of results meant that the team had slipped to 11th out of 24 teams in the Third Division.\nRobinson scored his first goal for the club to secure a 1–0 win away to Burnley on 6 November, which would prove to be the first of four consecutive league victories. Shearer scored the winner in a 2–1 victory at home to Rotherham United and repeated the feat as Gillingham won by the same score away to Bolton Wanderers on 24 November, the first time Bolton had lost a Third Division match at home since August. Hillyard returned to the team against Bolton and made his 450th appearance for Gillingham. Shearer extended his run of scoring in consecutive league games with two goals in a 4–0 win at home to Preston North End on 1 December, which took Gillingham back up to third in the table. The team's winning run came to an end with a 2–0 defeat away to Lincoln City on 15 December; a week later Gillingham beat Doncaster Rovers 1–0 despite having to play more than half the game with only ten players after John Leslie had to be substituted and subsequently John Sharpe also went off injured. The team's final home match of 1984 was against Derby County on 26 December; the attendance of 7,140 was the highest of the season for a Third Division match at Priestfield Stadium. Gillingham won 3–2 despite having Mehmet sent off; the midfielder angrily pulled off his shirt and threw it at the referee as he walked off the pitch. Three days later the team beat Bristol Rovers 4–1, their seventh win in eight league games, and ended 1984 second in the table.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1984–85 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73228611, "section": "August–December", "metadata": {"word_count": 571, "char_count": 3237, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The team's first match of 1985 was a 2–0 defeat away to AFC Bournemouth on 1 January. Gillingham finished the game with only nine players after both Terry Cochrane and Shearer were sent off; it was the first time in the club's history that two Gillingham players had been dismissed in the same game. Eleven days later, Jeff Johnson was the fourth Gillingham player to be sent off in less than three weeks when he was dismissed in a 2–0 win over Orient; Shearer was injured in the same game and would not play again until March. Robinson scored both goals in the victory, and also scored in the team's first two league games of February, a draw with Swansea City and a win over York City. Hillyard again suffered an injury against Hull City on 26 February which was expected to keep him out of the team for up to six weeks. Fry took his place and conceded only one goal in the next three games, which included a 2–0 win over Brentford on 9 March during which Mehmet scored from the first penalty kick awarded to Gillingham since the previous May. Victory over Newport County on 12 March meant that Gillingham had won 12 out of their last 16 league games and were second in the table.\nGillingham's unbeaten run came to an end with a 3–1 defeat to Bristol City on 16 March; Fry was dropped for the next game and replaced by the Republic of Ireland international goalkeeper Jim McDonagh, whom Peacock had signed on loan from Notts County. Another new signing, defender Dave Rushbury, made his debut on 23 March against Millwall, a game which Gillingham lost 2–1. A draw against Burnley, who were struggling near the bottom of the table, left Gillingham in fifth place at the end of March, two positions below the places which would result in promotion. Derek Hales, a veteran forward signed from Charlton Athletic, made his debut against Burnley in place of Shearer, who had suffered another injury in the match against Millwall. Gillingham beat Cambridge United on 2 April to end a run of four games without a win, before losing to Derby four days later, after which they were in fourth place.\nHales scored his first goal for the team in a 3–2 victory over AFC Bournemouth on 9 April. Four days later Gillingham played Rotherham United, who were in poor form having won only once in their previous eleven league games; Rotherham won 1–0 meaning that Gillingham failed to reduce the gap between themselves and third-placed Millwall, who also lost. Gillingham beat Walsall 1–0 on 16 April, but a defeat and a draw in their next two games meant that they were again in fifth place at the end of April. Hillyard returned to the team for the game at home to Lincoln City on 4 May. Gillingham were losing the match 2–1 with five minutes remaining, but then scored twice to secure a 3–2 victory, although the win did not improve their position in the table. A 3–2 defeat against Bristol Rovers on 7 May meant that, even though Gillingham beat Doncaster Rovers four days later, they were now ten points off third place with only two games left and therefore a maximum of six more points available, making promotion an impossibility. Shearer returned to the team for the penultimate game of the season, a 2–0 win away to Reading. It was Gillingham's tenth league win of the season away from home, a new club record. The team's final game of the season was at home to Wigan Athletic; Shearer, who had not scored a goal in his previous six appearances, scored Gillingham's only league hat-trick of the season in a 5–1 victory. Gillingham finished the season in fourth place and thus missed out on promotion by one place.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1984–85 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73228611, "section": "January–May", "metadata": {"word_count": 644, "char_count": 3606, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As a Third Division club, Gillingham entered the 1984–85 FA Cup at the first round stage; their opponents were a semi-professional team, Windsor & Eton of the Isthmian League. Gillingham took a 2–0 lead but conceded a goal close to the end of the game and only a save from Fry in injury time denied Windsor & Eton a draw. In the second round, Gillingham beat Colchester United of the Fourth Division 5–0; Shearer scored a hat-trick in the team's biggest away win of the season. The teams from the First and Second Divisions entered the competition at the third round stage and Gillingham were paired with Cardiff City of the Second. Several key players were missing, as Mehmet, Cochrane and Shearer were all suspended and Cascarino injured. Leslie scored a late winner to secure a 2–1 victory and send Gillingham into the fourth round, where they played away to Ipswich Town of the First Division. In front of 16,547 spectators at Portman Road, Gillingham came back from two goals down to draw level but then conceded a third goal and were eliminated from the competition. Although the winning goal came courtesy of a lucky deflection off a Gillingham player, Peacock conceded that Ipswich deserved to win as they had been the better team over the whole game.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1984–85 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73228611, "section": "FA Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 218, "char_count": 1259, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As a Third Division team, Gillingham entered the 1984–85 Football League Cup at the first round stage and played Colchester United. Gillingham won both legs of the two-legged tie and progressed to the next round by an aggregate score of 5–2. In the second round, they played Leeds United of the Second Division. The first leg drew an attendance of 8,881, the largest of the entire season at Priestfield; after Gillingham conceded a goal in the first half, Cascarino quickly equalised but Leeds scored again shortly before the end of the game. For the second leg, Shearer was included in the starting line-up for the first time and scored an early goal to level the aggregate score. Both teams scored again before half-time, but Leeds scored two goals in the second half to win the tie 5–3 on aggregate and eliminate Gillingham from the League Cup.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1984–85 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73228611, "section": "Football League Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 146, "char_count": 847, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Gillingham entered the 1984–85 Associate Members' Cup, a competition exclusively for Third and Fourth Division clubs, at the first round stage, and were again paired with Colchester, meaning that the two teams had met in three different competitions during the season. The tournament was regarded as of little importance and the first leg of the two-legged tie drew an attendance of only 963, the lowest recorded for a competitive match at Priestfield since the Second World War. Teenagers Paul Collins, who had made only one previous appearance for the first team, and Ian Young, who had made none, were both included in a Gillingham team held to a 2–2 draw by their Fourth Division opponents. Two weeks later, Colchester won the second leg 2–0, eliminating Gillingham from the competition by an aggregate score of 4–2.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1984–85 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73228611, "section": "Associate Members' Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 135, "char_count": 820, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During the season, 26 players made at least one appearance for Gillingham. Oakes made the most, playing in 54 of the team's 56 competitive games; Mehmet and Cascarino both played 50 or more times. Young made the fewest appearances, playing only once. His appearance in an Associate Members' Cup game was the only match he played for Gillingham and he never played in the Football League for any club. Four other players made fewer than five appearances during the season, including another teenager, Paul Edwards, who played as a substitute in both Associate Members' Cup games. He was the only player to appear for Gillingham during the season without being selected in the starting line-up at any point, and like Young he did not make any other first-team appearances.\nFifteen players scored at least one goal for Gillingham. Cascarino was top scorer with 16 goals in Third Division matches, 2 in the FA Cup, and 2 in the League Cup for a total of 20 in all competitions; Shearer was the second-highest scorer with 16 and Mehmet and Robinson also reached double figures. It was the first of three consecutive seasons in which Cascarino was Gillingham's top scorer.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1984–85 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73228611, "section": "Player details", "metadata": {"word_count": 198, "char_count": 1166, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Writing in the matchday programme for the final game of the season, Peacock acknowledged that the club's supporters would be disappointed at the team's failure to secure promotion, and said that to achieve it in the subsequent season, \"we must improve our performance level by 10 per cent\". Cochrane won the club's Player of the Year award. Cascarino was voted into the Professional Footballers' Association Team of the Year for the Third Division by his fellow professionals, the fourth consecutive season in which a Gillingham player had been selected. During the break between seasons, there was speculation that he might move to a higher-level club, with Coventry City of the First Division reported to be interested in signing him, but ultimately he remained at Gillingham. With a largely unchanged squad, Gillingham were again contenders for promotion in the 1985–86 season. They were in the top three as late as early April, but three defeats in the last six games meant that they finished fifth and again missed out.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1984–85 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73228611, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 168, "char_count": 1024, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During the 2022–23 English football season, Notts County competed in the National League, the fifth tier of the English football league system; this was their fourth season at this level following their relegation from EFL League Two in 2019. The team was involved in an intense race with Wrexham for the league title and the solitary automatic promotion place, with the two clubs dominating the 2022–23 National League season, together surpassing previous divisional records for points, wins and goals scored. Though Notts earned 107 points over the campaign, Wrexham claimed the title by a four-point margin, requiring the former to enter a six-team play-off to determine the second promoted club. Here, the team overturned a 0–2 deficit to defeat Boreham Wood 3–2 in extra time in the semi-final. It then gained a place in the English Football League (EFL) by beating Chesterfield 4–3 on penalties in the 2023 National League play-off final following a 2–2 draw at Wembley Stadium. The team fared less well in cup competitions, losing to Coalville Town in the fourth qualifying round of the FA Cup and to Maidstone United on penalties in the fourth round of the FA Trophy.\nLed by first-year head coach Luke Williams, Notts County played 51 competitive matches, winning 34, drawing 13, losing four, and breaking numerous club records. Macaulay Langstaff scored 42 goals during the campaign, setting new club and league records for the most goals scored by a player in a single season, while Matt Palmer made the most appearances, featuring in all 51 games. The necessity of a team with such a high points tally having to win promotion via the play-offs prompted discussion about increasing the number of promotion and relegation places between the National League and EFL, while the team's rivalry with Wrexham featured in season two of the television programme Welcome to Wrexham. The season was affected by the sudden death, on 30 March, of Jason Turner, the club's chief executive officer, at the age of 50.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 332, "char_count": 2012, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "A founding member of the English Football League (EFL) in 1888, Notts County (nicknamed the Magpies) were relegated to non-League football for the first time in 2019. The 2022–23 season was the club's fourth consecutive season in the National League, the fifth tier of the English football league system, with each of their three previous campaigns ending in defeat in the play-offs. Under the management of Neal Ardley, Notts had finished third in the 2019–20 season, losing the 2020 National League play-off final 3–1 to Harrogate Town. Ardley was dismissed during the 2020–21 season and replaced as head coach by Ian Burchnall. The team finished fifth, and reached the semi-finals of the play-offs, losing 4–2 in extra time at Torquay United. In 2021–22, Burchnall's only full season in charge, Notts again finished fifth. Rúben Rodrigues gave the Magpies a 1–0 lead in their home play-off quarter-final against Grimsby Town at Meadow Lane, Nottingham. However, Grimsby found an equalising goal in the final moments of normal time, and won the match 2–1 late in extra time.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 175, "char_count": 1076, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 27 May, four days after the play-off defeat to Grimsby, Burchnall departed Notts to take the role of head coach at League One side Forest Green Rovers. His assistant Michael Doyle followed four days later. Several players also departed during the off-season: Dion Kelly-Evans, Alex Lacey and Tyreace Palmer were released, Kyle Wootton made a free transfer to Stockport County, and Lewis Knight and Callum Roberts were sold for undisclosed fees to Gateshead and Aberdeen respectively. The club also agreed to terminate the contract of forward Elisha Sam. There was one additional departure during the season, with Notts agreeing to terminate the contract of Joel Taylor on 13 March.\nSeveral Notts players, who would make first-team appearances for the club during 2022–23, were also loaned to other clubs during the season. Frank Vincent was loaned to Aldershot Town in August, initially for one month, but then until January. In November, before his release, Taylor was loaned to Dagenham & Redbridge, originally for two months, and then for one month further. Before making his senior debut for the Magpies at Bromley in March, Tiernan Brooks spent time on loan at Hednesford Town and Boston United, while Kairo Mitchell was loaned to Eastleigh for the remainder of the season in February having found his playing time at Notts increasingly limited. Ed Francis was the final player to be loaned out, moving to Gateshead until the end of the season in March.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "Out", "metadata": {"word_count": 240, "char_count": 1461, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Burchnall was replaced as head coach by former Swindon Town manager Luke Williams, with Ryan Harley as his assistant. Notts County's first player signings came before Williams's arrival, with wing-back Tobi Adebayo-Rowling the first announced on 29 May. The Magpies added two other players to their defensive ranks during the off-season, with Aden Baldwin's signing announced on 23 June, and that of fellow centre-back Geraldo Bajrami coming the following day. Notts also made three attacking signings in the off-season, all of whom featured in the National League North's 2021–22 team of the season. Notts paid undisclosed fees for Gateshead duo Macaulay Langstaff and Cedwyn Scott, who had scored 28 and 24 league goals respectively in the 2021–22 season, with Langstaff also winning the National League North's player of the year award. Joining them from Kidderminster Harriers was winger Sam Austin. Notts made two further permanent transfers as the 2022–23 season progressed: John Bostock, who joined the Magpies on 7 December having been without a club since departing Doncaster Rovers in the summer, and forward Junior Morias, who joined the Magpies on 15 March from Dagenham.\nNotts County brought in five players on loan during the 2022–23 season, starting with Leicester City goalkeeper Brad Young, who joined on 26 August. Intended as a season-long loan, an injury forced his return to Leicester in January. In Young's place, the Magpies secured the loan of Archie Mair from Norwich City. Midfielder Quevin Castro joined on a four-month loan from West Bromwich Albion in September. Following Castro's departure, Notts secured the loan of winger Jodi Jones from Oxford United for the remainder of the season. The club's final loan signing was midfielder Connor Lemonheigh-Evans, who joined on loan from Stockport in February. Though intended to be a loan until the end of the season, Lemonheigh-Evans was recalled by Stockport on 24 March.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "In", "metadata": {"word_count": 308, "char_count": 1948, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Notts County played a series of friendlies to prepare for the new season, defeating Basford United 5–1 in their first match. The Magpies then played a behind-closed-doors match against Leicester City at the latter's training ground on 9 July, coming from behind to win 2–1. After a 2–0 win at Alfreton Town on 12 July, Notts played two 70-minute matches against Cambridge United at St Neots Town's Rowley Park on 16 July. Notts lost the first match 2–0, but won the second 3–2 through a seven-minute hat-trick from Langstaff. Following a 1–1 draw at Boston United on 20 July, Notts County played Nottingham Forest in their only home game of pre-season. Forest, fielding a \"youthful starting XI\", took 1–0 and 2–1 leads, but Notts levelled twice, and the match finished 2–2. In their final pre-season match, Notts played at fellow National League side York City, with the Magpies winning 1–0.\nKey", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "Pre-season", "metadata": {"word_count": 151, "char_count": 895, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2022–23 National League season saw 24 teams play 46 matches each: two against every other team, with one match at each club's ground. Three points were awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for defeats. At the end of the season, the top-ranked team won promotion to EFL League Two. Unlike the divisions of the EFL, where the runner-up was also guaranteed to win promotion, the National League runner-up entered a six-team play-off, featuring the teams finishing between second and seventh place, to determine the second promoted club.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "National League", "metadata": {"word_count": 92, "char_count": 543, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Notts County hosted Maidenhead United on the opening day of the season; Langstaff scored two goals on his debut in a 3–0 win. The first away game, a week later at Boreham Wood, ended 2–2, and was the first of three consecutive draws. Following a 1–1 draw at Gateshead, Notts hosted Chesterfield in their second home match of the season. After falling 2–0 down in the 55th minute, Luke Williams made a double substitution in an effort to salvage something from the game, with Austin and Scott coming on in favour of Jim O'Brien and Mitchell. The effects were immediate; Langstaff pulled a goal back in the 60th minute, and headed a second three minutes later from Austin's cross. The match finished 2–2, but Notts fell to tenth place in the league. The Magpies then won consecutive matches for the first time that season, with a 4–1 win at FC Halifax Town (which featured another brace for Langstaff) and a 1–0 home win over Solihull Moors. Notts County finished August in fifth place with twelve points from six matches.\nSeptember began with a 5–0 away win at Dagenham in which Langstaff scored a hat-trick. Notts were then due to play Bromley at home on 10 September, but this match was postponed following the death of Queen Elizabeth II. When football resumed on 13 September, the Magpies won a fourth consecutive match, this time defeating Aldershot 2–0. The next game, played four days later at Dorking Wanderers, saw Dorking's James McShane score a hat-trick, including goals in the 90th and 95th minute, as Notts County's unbeaten start to the season was ended with a 3–1 loss. Notts were away again the following week, this time at York, with loanee Quevin Castro putting the Magpies 1–0 ahead after five minutes with a long-range free kick. Although Fraser Kerr equalised for the home side, Langstaff restored Notts County's lead against his former club shortly before half-time, and scored a second in the second half to seal a 3–1 win. September ended with Notts in third place, taking 21 points from 10 matches.\nOn 10 October, Langstaff was announced as the National League's player of the month for September. Having previously won the same award for the month of August, Langstaff became the first player to win consecutive National League player of the month awards. His prolific early-season form was receiving increasing media attention, including favourable comparisons to Manchester City's Erling Haaland. Langstaff joked that friends were sending him messages every week to remind him that Haaland was closing in on his goal tally. He told Paul Taylor of The Athletic that comparisons with the City forward were a \"massive, massive privilege\" and that he hoped \"to stay ahead of him\", but continued \"... it is about Notts; about winning promotion and nothing else. If you asked me whether I would rather get more goals than Haaland this season or, alternatively, win promotion – I would pick promotion without hesitation.\"\nIn their first match of October, Notts County defeated Altrincham 3–1 at home. As a result of the previous league leaders Chesterfield's 2–1 defeat to Maidenhead the same day, Wrexham (nicknamed the Red Dragons) and Notts County moved into first and second place in the table, beginning the intense race between the two teams for the league championship. By coincidence, Notts hosted Wrexham in their first meeting of the season three days later. The match attracted 10,741 spectators, and was won 1–0 by the Magpies through a 13th-minute goal by Langstaff, who was able to finish a well-worked free kick routine. The victory put Notts top of the table, a position they retained for the remainder of October after a 3–2 win at Woking, a 3–0 home win over Maidstone United, and a 6–1 win at Wealdstone. The latter was the first time Notts had scored six goals in an away league match since a 6–0 win at Chelsea in February 1924. In their final match of October, Notts stretched their winning run to seven with a 4–0 home win over Torquay, ending the month in first place with 39 points from 16 matches.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "August–October", "metadata": {"word_count": 690, "char_count": 4044, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Notts County's seven-match winning run came to an end in their first match of November, a 1–1 draw at home to Bromley. Notts drew again in their next game, played at Southend United on 8 November; Langstaff and Scott gave Notts 1–0 and 2–1 leads, but Southend levelled twice to secure a 2–2 draw. This result, combined with Wrexham's 3–1 win over Scunthorpe United the following night, saw the Magpies fall to second place. It was the first of four consecutive rounds of fixtures where Notts County and Wrexham would exchange first position. Wrexham were held to a 0–0 draw at Wealdstone on 12 November, allowing Notts to regain top spot with a 2–0 win at Eastleigh. The following week, Notts were held to a 0–0 draw at home to Yeovil Town, a match notable for drawing a record National League crowd of 16,511, the result of a discounted ticket promotion. On the same afternoon, Wrexham defeated Aldershot 2–0, meaning November ended with Notts County in second place, with 45 points from 20 matches.\nNotts regained top spot on 3 December; that afternoon, they defeated Scunthorpe 4–1 at Glanford Park while Wrexham were held to a 1–1 draw at York. Notts County's next match, played at Maidenhead on 10 December, was described by Oliver King of the Nottingham Post as a \"thrilling encounter\". First half goals from Rodrigues, Castro and Langstaff had given Notts a 3–1 lead, but the home side fought back in the second half to level the score at 3–3. In the 83rd minute, Langstaff scored his second when he steered Kyle Cameron's cross past the Maidenhead goalkeeper, and Notts won 4–3. The Magpies finished December with two home matches, the first a 2–0 win over Gateshead in which leading goal scorer Langstaff sustained an injury, keeping him out the following match. Notts fared well without their most prolific forward, defeating Oldham Athletic 4–1 on 26 December, and ended 2022 in first place, taking 57 points from 24 matches.\nNotts faced Oldham again in the first match of 2023, played on New Year's Day at the latter's Boundary Park. Langstaff returned from injury; he and Scott scored, but the game finished 2–2. The Magpies won their next match 3–0 at Aldershot on 7 January, but were then held to a 1–1 draw with Boreham Wood in their first home game of the year. There then followed an 18-day break in league matches, caused firstly by Notts County's participation in the FA Trophy and then the postponement of their scheduled visits to Chesterfield and Solihull due to freezing weather conditions. Wrexham won two league matches during this period, allowing them to take a three-point lead at the top of the table. With the Red Dragons involved in the FA Cup, the Magpies drew level on points with a 1–0 home win over Halifax on 28 January. They then retook top spot in the final game of January, a 2–1 win in their rearranged game at Solihull. Notts found themselves 1–0 down, but secured victory via two Rodrigues penalties, meaning Notts ended January in first place, taking 68 points from 29 games.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "November–January", "metadata": {"word_count": 523, "char_count": 3019, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Notts County's first match in February was at Torquay, a 2–1 win for the Magpies despite playing the final 25 minutes with only ten men. The following week, Notts travelled to Chesterfield for their rearranged game; Langstaff opened the scoring for the away team, controlling a long pass from goalkeeper Sam Slocombe and beating Ross Fitzsimons. Although Chesterfield equalised before half time, they were reduced to ten men in the second half, and Adam Chicksen's 71st minute goal secured a 2–1 away win. Notts scored four goals in each of their next three matches, first beating Barnet 4–1 at Meadow Lane and then beating Yeovil away by the same scoreline, Langstaff scoring a hat-trick in the latter. A 4–0 home win over Southend was Notts County's 25th league match unbeaten, a club record brought to an end on 25 February when Inih Effiong's 86th-minute goal gave Dagenham a 2–1 win at Meadow Lane. On 28 February, Wrexham defeated Chesterfield 2–1 to move ahead of Notts; as a result, the Magpies ended February in second place, with 83 points from 35 matches.\nNotts were held to a 1–1 draw at Bromley in their first game of March, but then won back-to-back home games against Dorking and Eastleigh; in both matches, the Magpies won 3–1 having fallen 0–1 behind. Notts were then held to another 1–1 draw at Barnet on 18 March, a result that led to the team falling three points behind Wrexham. Notts followed this with a 4–0 home win over Scunthorpe on 25 March, with Langstaff scoring his 38th and 39th goals, equalling the club record for most goals scored in a single season by an individual player. The record was broken in Notts County's final game of the month, played at Altrincham on 28 March, when Langstaff finished a quickly taken free kick from Bostock to put the Magpies 1–0 up. Archie Mair saved a first half penalty for the away team, and Rodrigues's second-half penalty made the final score 2–0 to Notts. This match was brought forward from 1 April due to Altrincham's involvement in the FA Trophy, allowing Notts to end March top of the table on goal difference, with 97 points from 41 matches.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "February–April", "metadata": {"word_count": 369, "char_count": 2117, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In their first game of April, Notts defeated Wealdstone 3–0, with Langstaff scoring to break the National League record for most goals in a season. That same afternoon, Wrexham lost 3–1 at Halifax, meaning the Magpies and Red Dragons were tied on 100 points. Having already beaten or expected to surpass previous divisional records for wins, points and goals scored, the two teams met at Wrexham's Racecourse Ground on 10 April. With only the champions certain to win promotion, and the runner-up at risk of not going up at all, there was significant interest in the match; it received international coverage from The New York Times, and was characterised in the press as the biggest game in National League or non-League history. Notts led 1–0 at half time through a Bostock free kick in added-on time, but Wrexham established a 3–2 lead during the second half. In the sixth minute of injury time, the Magpies were given the chance to equalise when they were awarded a penalty for a handball, but Wrexham's goalkeeper Ben Foster saved the subsequent attempt from Scott, and the Red Dragons held on to win, taking a three-point lead at the top of the table with a game in hand.\nNotts defeated Woking 3–0 at home in their next match, temporarily reducing the gap on Wrexham to one point following the latter's draw at Barnet. However, Wrexham would defeat Yeovil on 18 April to win their game in hand and move four points clear, meaning a victory in either of their two remaining matches would clinch the title. That victory duly came on 22 April, when the Red Dragons beat Boreham Wood. That same day, Notts played their final away match of the season at Maidstone, a 5–2 win in which O'Brien scored a hat-trick. In their final match of the regular season, Notts drew 1–1 with York at Meadow Lane, with Langstaff scoring his 42nd goal. Notts ended the regular season in second place with 107 points from 46 matches, a points tally sufficient to have won any previous National League title.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "February–April", "metadata": {"word_count": 347, "char_count": 1989, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Under the National League's play-off format, second place Notts County and third place Chesterfield advanced directly to the semi-final stage; the pair's opponents were decided in two quarter-finals involving the teams finishing between fourth and seventh. Notts ultimately faced Boreham Wood, the latter having beaten Barnet 2–1 in their quarter-final. Although Boreham Wood had finished 35 points behind Notts in the league standings, closer in points to the relegation places than to the Magpies, Williams anticipated a close match. He told reporters \"... on the day, we know that anything can happen and I don't think there is much difference between any of the teams that a fixture is a given\". Two days before the match, Boreham Wood signed Eastleigh goalkeeper Joe McDonnell on an emergency loan due to an injury sustained by first-choice goalkeeper Nathan Ashmore in the quarter-final. Notts named the same starting eleven as their final regular season match against York City.\nThe semi-final, played at Meadow Lane on 7 May, was attended by 15,617 spectators. The Magpies missed a series of chances during the first half, and their wastefulness was punished in the 37th minute when Femi Ilesanmi scored from close range to put Boreham Wood 1–0 up. Aden Baldwin then had two opportunities to equalise for Notts from long range, but Boreham Wood doubled their lead when Lee Ndlovu pounced on a loose pass from Bostock to Baldwin and found himself one-on-one with Slocombe. The away team led 2–0 at half time. Early in the second half, Baldwin's third long-range effort found the back of the net to reduce the deficit to 1–2. The Magpies then had the chance to equalise when they were awarded a penalty for a foul on Rodrigues; Rodrigues took the penalty himself, but saw it saved by McDonnell. The match remained 1–2 until the sixth minute of injury time, when a powerful cross from substitute Jodi Jones met the head of Baldwin, who directed the ball into the net to make the score 2–2 in the final moments of normal time. Both sides had chances in extra time, but the scores remained tied until the final minute, when Jones's effort from the edge of the penalty area found its way past McDonnell, giving Notts a last-ditch 3–2 victory and sparking a pitch invasion from jubilant supporters.\nBaldwin's two goals were the first of his professional career. Speaking to reporters after the match about his equalising goal, Baldwin said \"it is one of the best feelings I have ever felt – for Jodi to cut in and hit it as hard as he did, I just needed to connect with it, which I did, and I had that realisation that we could only go on to win the game from there.\" Jones's goal was his first since October 2018; he had suffered from a series of anterior cruciate ligament injuries which had prevented him from playing for much of the intervening period. Discussing the immediate aftermath of his goal, Jones told Ben Fisher of The Guardian \"I remember trying to pull my shirt off; I was just so excited I didn't know what to do. I saw all the bench coming towards me, the gaffer trying to chase me but he couldn't keep up.\" The win meant that Notts County qualified for the play-off final, played at Wembley Stadium on 13 May.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "Semi-final v Boreham Wood", "metadata": {"word_count": 561, "char_count": 3230, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Notts County faced Chesterfield (nicknamed the Spireites) in the final, the latter having beaten Bromley 3–2 in extra time in the semi-final. Notts County had previously played at Wembley Stadium in the 1990 Third Division play-off final, 1991 Second Division play-off final, 1994 Anglo-Italian Cup final, 1995 Anglo-Italian Cup final, 1996 Second Division play-off final and 2020 National League play-off final. Asked what a win would mean to the club after missing automatic promotion, Williams said \"we would feel some sort of justification, a sense of confirmation, that all our hard work paid off\". He anticipated \"a real huge clash between two very good teams for the level\". Williams named an unchanged starting eleven from that which had begun the semi-final.\nWatched by 38,138 spectators, the Magpies had to defend an indirect free kick in their own penalty area in the opening minutes, after Slocombe inadvertently took two touches of the ball following a goal kick. Slocombe saved the subsequent attempt from Jeff King, but gave away a penalty for a foul on Andrew Dallas shortly after, and Dallas put Chesterfield 1–0 up; this remained the score at half time. Notts came close to equalising through Austin and Rawlinson during the second half, but the match remained 1–0 until the 87th minute. Awarded a free kick along the left-hand side, Bostock caught goalkeeper Ross Fitzsimons out of position and equalised for the Magpies at the near post. The score was 1–1 at full time.\nChesterfield regained their lead early in the first half of extra time through Armando Dobra, who had time and space to place a shot past Slocombe. Langstaff and Rawlinson both had opportunities to equalise for the Magpies, but the Spireites led 2–1 at half time in extra time. Notts equalised early in the second half through Rodrigues, whose bouncing volley looped into the back of the net. There was no further scoring, and the match finished 2–2, meaning the second promoted club would be decided by a penalty shoot-out. Late in extra time, Williams substituted Slocombe, who had not saved a penalty during the season, for Archie Mair, who had. Mair saved two of Chesterfield's first four penalties, while Langstaff, Rodrigues and Jones all scored with Notts County's first three kicks. This gave Bostock the opportunity to win the match for the Magpies, but his attempted panenka hit the crossbar. Joe Quigley scored Chesterfield's fifth and final penalty, leaving Cedwyn Scott to seal promotion for his team with Notts County's final kick.\nNotts County won promotion despite leading their two play-off matches for a combined total of about one minute. In post-play-off final interviews, Williams paid tribute to his team, saying \"I've learned that when these guys look like they are done, they are not – they have another roll of the dice\". Williams credited the Notts goalkeeping coach Tom Weal for his role in Bostock's equaliser, revealing that, in pre-match analysis, Weal had noticed the Chesterfield goalkeeper's tendency to leave \"big, big gaps\" when defending free kicks, and had put this \"in the mind of the players\". Bostock was able to joke about his penalty miss: \"I thought it was crossbar challenge\", he told BT Sport. Bostock's miss meant the promotion-winning penalty was taken by Scott, who admitted to being \"a bit nervous\" as he prepared to take his kick following \"the affairs that happened at Wrexham\" (the pivotal league match where he had seen his injury-time penalty to equalise saved). \"That hit me hard\" he said, but this time \"gladly I put it away\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "Final v Chesterfield", "metadata": {"word_count": 590, "char_count": 3572, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Notts County entered the FA Cup at the fourth qualifying round stage, where they were drawn at home to Coalville Town of the Southern Football League's Premier Division Central. After making eight changes from their previous league game, the Magpies found themselves 1–0 down almost immediately. Although Austin quickly equalised for Notts, Coalville restored their lead in the 23rd minute, and led 2–1 at half time. In the second half, Notts brought on two first-team regulars, Palmer and Rodrigues, and were level in the 66th minute through Austin's second goal of the game. Langstaff was brought on immediately afterwards in an effort to win the match, but Coalville retook the lead in the 86th minute through Luke Shaw, and held on to win 3–2 in a major upset.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "FA Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 128, "char_count": 764, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Notts County's FA Trophy campaign began in the third round at home to Chorley of National League North. Notts made six changes from their previous league match, including bringing in Bostock for his first start for the club. Chorley took a 1–0 lead through Connor Hall, but Notts were soon level through Austin, who equalised in the 33rd minute. In first-half injury time, Scott Leather turned a cross from Nemane into his own net to give Notts the lead. With no further scoring, Notts won 2–1.\nIn the fourth round, the Magpies were again drawn at home, this time against fellow National League club Maidstone United. Notts made six changes to their starting eleven from their previous league match, and also included youth team members Madou Cisse and Charlie Gill on the bench; both made their debuts in this match. Regan Booty gave Maidstone a 1–0 lead with a first-half penalty, and the away side extended their lead when Roarie Deacon fired into an empty net from 45 yards, after Notts were caught in possession. Chicksen reduced the deficit to 1–2 shortly afterwards, and Notts levelled the game late on when Austin was able to follow up on his own rebound. The match went to penalties, with the away team winning 6–5, Palmer seeing the decisive penalty saved by the Maidstone goalkeeper.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "FA Trophy", "metadata": {"word_count": 222, "char_count": 1294, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Notts County played 51 matches in the 2022–23 season: 46 in the league, two in the play-offs, one in FA Cup qualifying and two in the FA Trophy. Matt Palmer was the only player to feature in every game, starting 48 times and being brought off the bench as a substitute in the other three matches. Across all competitions, Notts made use of 30 different players, four of whom were goalkeepers. A total of nineteen different players scored 128 goals between them across all competitions.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "Player statistics", "metadata": {"word_count": 85, "char_count": 485, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Numbers in parentheses denote appearances as substitute.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "Player statistics", "metadata": {"word_count": 7, "char_count": 56, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Notts County's season was affected by the sudden death, on 30 March, of Jason Turner, the club's chief executive officer, at the age of 50. Among those paying tribute to Turner were the club's owners, Christoffer and Alexander Reedtz; head coach Luke Williams, players from the club and officials from others. The club's first match following Turner's death, the home game with Wealdstone on 7 April, was attended by his family, and preceded by a minute's applause, with the team and coaching staff wearing t-shirts bearing Turner's image. Williams dedicated his team's 3–0 win to Turner: \"I think that was fitting for Jason,\" he told BBC Radio Nottingham. Notts made a large banner featuring Turner in tribute to him; this was taken to Wembley Stadium and displayed there during the play-off final. The players also included a framed photo of him in their celebrations after being presented with the play-off trophy.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "Death of Jason Turner", "metadata": {"word_count": 151, "char_count": 917, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The team broke numerous club records during the 2022–23 season. The 1997–98 team had held Notts County's record for most points in a season (99) and fewest league defeats (5). Its 2022–23 counterparts bettered both of these records, accumulating 107 points and being beaten only 3 times. The 32 wins achieved during 2022–23 surpassed the previous record of 30 held by the 1970–71 team. Between 24 September 2022 and 25 February 2023, Notts County were unbeaten in 25 league matches. This exceeded the previous record of 19 league matches, achieved between 26 April 1930 and 17 December 1930, encompassing the final game of the 1929–30 season and first 18 of 1930–31. In the latter season, Tom Keetley scored 39 goals for the Magpies as they won promotion from Third Division South. This stood as the record for most goals scored for Notts County by an individual player in a single season until beaten by Macaulay Langstaff's 42 goals during 2022–23. Langstaff also broke the previous National League record for goals in a season, beating Ricky Miller's 40 goals for Dover Athletic in 2016–17. In total, the team scored 117 league goals during the 2022–23 season, 10 more than its 1959–60 counterparts and the previous record holder.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "Records", "metadata": {"word_count": 206, "char_count": 1233, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A Notts County player was recognised as National League player of the month four times during the 2022–23 season. Three of these awards were won by Macaulay Langstaff, who was player of the month for August, September and March. Kyle Cameron was named player of the month for December. Langstaff was awarded National League player of the year, while he and Cameron were also named in the National League's team of the year, alongside their Notts County teammates Adam Chicksen, Matt Palmer and Rúben Rodrigues. Luke Williams won manager of the month awards twice during the season, in October and March.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "Awards", "metadata": {"word_count": 101, "char_count": 603, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Promotion meant Notts County regained their status as the oldest EFL club, an important part of their identity before relegation in 2019. Luke Williams described it as an \"enormous ... massive moment in the history of the club. We have shut the door on the worst times the club has experienced since its beginning\". The team returned to Nottingham the day following the play-off final, greeted by hundreds of supporters at Meadow Lane. There were no civic celebrations in the city's Old Market Square to mark the team's achievement, with Nottingham City Council, months away from effectively declaring bankruptcy, initially announcing that none could take place due to pressure on the council's budget. Following criticism, the council announced that it wanted to stage an event before the start of the following season, though Notts County eventually declined this invitation. Council leader David Mellen apologised for the initial decision, saying it had \"not been the council's finest hour\".\nThe necessity of Notts County having to win promotion via the play-offs despite finishing the season with 107 points, a record for a team finishing second, led to \"increasing scrutiny\" of the number of promotion and relegation places between the National League and EFL. \"We want to make it [more promotion places] happen,\" Mark Ives, the National League's general manager, said following the play-off final. \"Everyone would think it is fair that the two teams with more than 100 points went up. We were at risk of that not happening. The issue for me is when and how it works.\" His sentiments were echoed by other figures within the National League, including Chesterfield's manager Paul Cook, who described the league's solitary automatic promotion place as \"an absolute sporting disgrace\", continuing \"Notts County should have gone up automatically without a doubt.\" In February 2025, the 72 National League clubs wrote to the EFL to formally request an additional promotion and relegation place between the two leagues. Coverage of this referenced Notts County's experience, and Dagenham's managing director Steve Thompson cited it as a reason to support the change.\nNotts County's season-long rivalry with Wrexham was the focus of several episodes of season two of Welcome to Wrexham, the FX show documenting actors Ryan Reynolds and Rob McElhenney's takeover of the Red Dragons. Episode 2, titled \"Nott Yet\", focused on Notts County's 1–0 win over Wrexham in their first meeting of the season, while episode 12, \"Hand of Foz\", documented Wrexham's 3–2 win in the second and pivotal match. The final episode, \"Up the Town?\", featured interviews with Luke Williams, John Bostock, Macaulay Langstaff and Cedwyn Scott, and the episode ended with footage of Scott's promotion-winning penalty at Wembley. Scott described the latter as \"a nice touch\", drawing supportive comments from both McElhenney and Reynolds.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022–23 Notts County F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Notts_County_F.C._season", "article_id": 75038855, "section": "Aftermath and legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 460, "char_count": 2908, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Ælfwynn or Ælfwyn (died 8 July 983) was a member of a wealthy Anglo-Saxon family in Huntingdonshire who married Æthelstan Half-King, the powerful ealdorman of East Anglia, in about 932. She is chiefly known for having been foster-mother to the future King Edgar the Peaceful following his mother's death in 944, when he was an infant. She had four sons, and the youngest, Æthelwine, became the chief secular magnate and leading supporter of the monastic reform movement. Ælfwynn donated her estates for his foundation of Ramsey Abbey in 966 and was probably buried there.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ælfwynn, wife of Æthelstan Half-King", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfwynn,_wife_of_%C3%86thelstan_Half-King", "article_id": 71434174, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 94, "char_count": 571, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Ælfwynn was the wife of Æthelstan Half-King, Ealdorman of East Anglia, who was called the Half-King because it was believed that he was so powerful that King Edmund I (r.  940–946) and his brother King Eadred (r.  946–955) depended on his advice. He was a strong supporter of the monastic reform movement and a close friend of Dunstan, who was one of its leaders and a future Archbishop of Canterbury and saint. Æthelstan married Ælfwynn soon after he became an ealdorman in 932. Her parents are not known, but she came from a wealthy Huntingdonshire family. The late tenth-century writer Byrhtferth of Ramsay wrote that her son Æthelwine: \"had a distinguished lineage on his mother's side. In praising her, Archbishop Dunstan said that she and her kindred were blessed.\" She had a brother, Æthelsige, who acted as a surety when estates in Huntingdonshire were sold to Peterborough Abbey.\nÆlfwynn had four sons, Æthelwold, Ælfwold, Æthelsige (his uncle's namesake) and Æthelwine. Æthelwold was appointed an ealdorman for part of his father's territory of East Anglia by Edmund's elder son King Eadwig (r.  955–959) in 956, perhaps in preparation for Æthelstan's retirement shortly afterwards to become a monk at Glastonbury Abbey. In the same year, Æthelwold married Ælfthryth, and after his death in 962 she became the wife of King Edgar the Peaceful (r.  959–975) and the mother of King Æthelred the Unready (r.  978–1016). Ælfwold witnessed Edgar's charters as a thegn from 958 to 972. Ælfwynn's third son, Æthelsige, also witnessed charters as a thegn from 958. He was part of Edgar's inner circle, serving as his camerarius (chamberlain) until 963.\nKing Edmund's younger son, the future King Edgar, was born around 943 and his mother Ælfgifu died in 944. Edgar was sent to be fostered by Ælfwynn, which the Medieval Latin expert Michael Lapidge sees as a \"token of her power and influence\". It enabled Æthelstan's family to strengthen its ties with the royal family. Edgar was probably brought up in Huntingdonshire, which was the location of Ælfwynn's estates and later of Æthelwine's home. In about 958 Edgar gave Ælfwynn a ten-hide estate at Old Weston in Huntingdonshire as thanks. The historian Robin Fleming comments that the ætheling (prince) was profoundly influenced by his upbringing:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ælfwynn, wife of Æthelstan Half-King", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfwynn,_wife_of_%C3%86thelstan_Half-King", "article_id": 71434174, "section": "Life and family", "metadata": {"word_count": 375, "char_count": 2299, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Thus, the ætheling was reared in the household of one of his father's closest allies and raised among the Half-King's own brothers and sons, five of whom at one time or another were ealdormen. Since Half-King was an intimate of the reform circle, in particular with St Dunstan, Edgar came of age in an atmosphere dominated by the ideals of monastic reform. Some of Edgar's affection for monks and his determination to revive Benedictine monasticism must have been acquired in this household of his youth.\nÆlfwynn's youngest son, Æthelwine, was a few years older than Edgar and probably brought up with him. Æthelwine was appointed ealdorman of East Anglia when Æthelwold died in 962, and he became the dominant lay figure in government, attesting charters in first place among the ealdormen, following the death of his chief rival, Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia, in 983. After Æthelsige left Edgar's service, he was active in his brother's administration of East Anglia until he died on 13 October 987.\nÆthelwine was called Dei Amicus (friend of God) because he was the leading lay patron (after Edgar) of the monastic reform movement, and in 966 he founded Ramsey Abbey, together with Oswald, the Bishop of Worcester and later Archbishop of York. Ælfwynn supported Ramsey in preference to the religious houses favoured by her husband, and her estates, including the property donated by Edgar, formed part of the endowment for Ramsey. She may have played a crucial role in its establishment. Her second son, Ælfwold, was a strong supporter of monastic reform who ordered the killing of a man who illegally claimed property belonging to Peterborough Abbey. He and his wife were also benefactors of Ramsey and he was buried there following his death on 14 April 990. Æthelwine ceased attesting charters in 990 and he died on 24 April 992 after a long illness. He was also buried at Ramsey.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ælfwynn, wife of Æthelstan Half-King", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfwynn,_wife_of_%C3%86thelstan_Half-King", "article_id": 71434174, "section": "Life and family", "metadata": {"word_count": 316, "char_count": 1886, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Ælfwynn died on 8 July 983. Her husband was buried at Glastonbury Abbey, whereas Ælfwynn was probably buried at Ramsey. She was recorded in the Ramsey necrology as \"our sister\", the donor of Old Weston, and her death was commemorated each year on 8 July, the same day as King Edgar.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ælfwynn, wife of Æthelstan Half-King", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfwynn,_wife_of_%C3%86thelstan_Half-King", "article_id": 71434174, "section": "Death", "metadata": {"word_count": 51, "char_count": 282, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Arthur Oswin Austin (December 28, 1879 – June 7, 1964) was an American electrical engineer and inventor. He is the inventor of the Austin transformer, a double-ring toroidal transformer used to supply power for lighting circuits on radio towers. Austin's research included improvements to radio transmission equipment and the effects of lightning on high-voltage transmission lines and aircraft. He was a fellow of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and of the Institute of Radio Engineers, and was an expert in high-voltage insulators and fittings. His work on transmitting antennas included both military and civilian projects. \nA native of California, Austin graduated from Leland Stanford University with a degree in electrical engineering. He lived for a few years in New York, where he worked for General Electric and the Lima Insulator Company, but spent most of his adult life in Ohio where he married, worked for the Ohio Brass Company and founded the Austin Insulator Company. He bought a large estate in Barberton, Ohio, lived in the mansion, and built an extensive outdoor electrical laboratory on the grounds.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arthur O. Austin", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_O._Austin", "article_id": 72303219, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 178, "char_count": 1134, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "After graduating from college in 1903, Austin worked for General Electric in Schenectady, New York. He left General Electric in 1904 and worked for Stanley Electric Company in Pittsfield, Massachusetts for a short time. He was hired by Pacific Gas and Electric, initially acting as their eastern representative doing electric insulator testing, and then moving to the company's San Francisco office in 1905. In 1906, he moved to Lima, New York, to work for the Lima Insulator Company, serving as manager and chief engineer. The company's factory was destroyed by fire in 1908, after which Austin moved to Ohio to work for Akron Hi-Potential Porcelain Company. Akron Porcelain became a subsidiary of the Ohio Brass Company which in turn was purchased by Hubbell in 1978.\nDuring the First World War, the US Navy planned work on a military radio facility in Monroe, North Carolina, using arc converter transmitters produced by the Federal Telegraph Company, generating approximately 1 MW of power. Ohio Brass was contracted to supply the antenna insulators, with Austin assigned to the project. The war ended before Federal could deliver the arc converters and the station was never built.\nAustin invented an electrically heated, oil filled porcelain insulator used to support radio transmission towers. Previous porcelain insulator designs had sufficient mechanical strength and electrical insulation for their intended purpose, but could be fragile enough that a tower might be brought down by a vandal with a .22 caliber rifle. Austin's design used a porcelain tube in combination with a bakelite sleeve, the latter having sufficient strength to support the tower if the porcelain was damaged. The porcelain was kept under compression, increasing its strength. The assembly was filled with oil kept warm by a 120-watt electric heater; a thermostat kept the exterior of the insulator above the dew point, preventing moisture from condensing on its surface which would result in leakage of radio frequency (RF) energy. The resistance to condensation in damp weather led Spokane, Washington's radio station KHQ to use this type of insulator in their 826-foot (252 m) 5,000 watt transmission tower which the Spokesman-Review described in 1945 as \"the tallest self-supporting tower in the world\".\nAustin invented an insulated perch which prevented birds from resting on electrical transmission line insulator strings and was granted a patent on the invention in 1928. Austin was a fellow of both the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers. He was a member of several other professional societies, including the American Ceramic Society, the American Society for Testing Materials, the American Electric Chemical Society, the Sigma Xi scientific fraternity and the National Academy of Science.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arthur O. Austin", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_O._Austin", "article_id": 72303219, "section": "Career", "metadata": {"word_count": 440, "char_count": 2828, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In the late 1920s, AM radio station WHK in Cleveland, Ohio was investigating ways to improve their signal coverage. Chief engineer E. L. Grove believed that the station's poor signal coverage was due to the effect of other steel-frame buildings in the vicinity of their transmitter site atop a downtown office building, poor grounding, and power loss from the antenna's support towers. After obtaining permission from the Federal Radio Commission, a new transmitter was built on a hill nine miles south of the city, leaving the studio downtown. Grove consulted with the Ohio Brass Company, where Austin was the chief engineer. A plan was devised to build a transmitting tower in several sections, with each section isolated from the others by insulators, eliminating the parasitic electrical currents induced in the steel structure by the antenna's radiating element. Austin had previously worked on sectionalized high-tension power line towers and held a patent on that design.\nSome radio stations had already built towers which were insulated from the ground, but WHK's design was the first to use insulators in the tower itself, dividing it into multiple isolated sections. In addition to the structural insulators, the tower included special ladders with \"jack knife\" sections at the insulated joints; during transmitter operation, the ladder sections were kept open to preserve the electrical isolation, but could be closed to allow workers to climb the tower for maintenance. During initial testing, the 1,000 watt WHK signal could be heard in New Zealand whereas the previous transmitter, with the same power level, was not even audible throughout all of Cleveland. Austin was granted U.S patent 1,968,868 for this tower design.\nTower lighting was provided by gas carried through copper pipes which transitioned to non-conductive porcelain tubes at the tower joints. A 1932 article in Radio Engineering magazine described the use of gas lighting in towers consisting of multiple electrically isolated segments as in the WHK design, stating that electrical lighting would be impractical due to the need for isolation transformers at every insulating joint. The author speculated that external floodlighting, neon tubes driven from the radiated RF energy, or wind generators might all be practical alternatives to the use of gas.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arthur O. Austin", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_O._Austin", "article_id": 72303219, "section": "WHK transmitter antenna", "metadata": {"word_count": 364, "char_count": 2334, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Austin invented the Austin ring transformer, a type of toroidal transformer with an air gap providing radio frequency isolation between the primary and secondary windings while passing 50/60 Hz power. These are used at the bases of radio transmission towers to allow electrical power to be fed to the tower lights without interfering with the radio-frequency feed. The primary winding is mounted on the ground or on the tower's foundation, with the secondary on the energized tower structure. The windings are usually at right angles to each other and oriented so rain water can drip off the secondary without hitting the primary ring. If an optional lightning protection spark gap is installed, it is oriented with the arc path horizontal, so as to make the arc self-extinguishing.\nAustin ring transformers are well suited for use on towers which are approximately one half wavelength tall. This type of tower will have a large base impedance leading to high voltages across the base insulators which make choke-type power feeds impractical. The large air gap between the primary and secondary windings results in a low coupling capacitance and high breakdown voltage.\nThe 1971 Austin Insulator product catalog listed 21 standard types with power ratings from 0.7 to 7.0 kVA weighing 70–340 pounds (32–154 kg), with the larger units only available on special order. Despite Austin having been issued a large number of patents, there are no known patents on this particular invention. Patrick Warr of Austin Insulators was quoted by Radio World:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arthur O. Austin", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_O._Austin", "article_id": 72303219, "section": "Austin transformer", "metadata": {"word_count": 249, "char_count": 1545, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "I'm not aware that there was ever any patent. There was a story related to me by my predecessors when I first came to work here. It seems that Arthur Austin was happily making ring transformers when he was approached by Hughey and Phillips, a company based somewhere around Los Angeles that was into several types of lighting. Austin told them he wasn't interested in the West Coast market, as he had enough to do in Ohio, and told them how to make the transformer, and to \"go ahead and make it.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arthur O. Austin", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_O._Austin", "article_id": 72303219, "section": "Austin transformer", "metadata": {"word_count": 92, "char_count": 496, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Arthur Oswin Austin (who preferred to be called A. O. Austin) was born on December 28, 1879, in Stockton, California, to Oswin Alonzo and Mary Louisa Austin. He attended high school in Stockton then went to Leland Stanford University, graduating in 1903 with a Bachelors of Arts degree in electrical engineering.\nAustin married Eleanor Briggs on December 28, 1907, in New York City. In 1919, Eleanor was killed (and Arthur injured) in an automobile accident on Massachusetts's Mohawk Trail. Two years later, Austin married Eleanor's sister Augusta in Los Gatos, California; the couple had two daughters, Barbara and Martha. Austin had a brother, Edward, who worked on building Ohio Brass's manufacturing facility in Niagara Falls, Ontario.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arthur O. Austin", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_O._Austin", "article_id": 72303219, "section": "Personal life", "metadata": {"word_count": 116, "char_count": 739, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "By the 1920s, Austin was a wealthy man. In 1926, he purchased 275 acres from the estate of O. C. Barber in Barberton, Ohio, for an undisclosed price. The parcel included the Barber mansion, the gate house, and several barns and other buildings. Construction was of red brick, white concrete block, royal blue trim, and red terra cotta tile roofs. The house, which had gold-leaf ceilings, was described in 2005 by the Akron Beacon Journal as having 52 rooms, \"a breathtaking vista from its east-side perch\", and being \"the most opulent residence between New York City and Chicago\". The house was surrounded by 35 ancillary buildings including barns.\nAustin died at the age of 84 on June 7, 1964, in Barberton after a two-month illness. The Akron Beacon Journal described him in an obituary as \"one of the foremost electrical experts of the century\". After his death, his heirs were unable to maintain the estate. There was an effort on the part of the Barberton community to preserve the property for its historic value, but funding could not be secured and the house was torn down. It was estimated at the time that upkeep of the mansion cost $3,000 (equivalent to $29,900 in 2024) per month.\nIn addition to his professional activities, Austin was involved in a number of civic duties. He was a director of the Barberton Citizens Hospital, a charter member of the local chamber of commerce (serving as president in 1928) and the Barberton Rotary Club (serving as president in 1941–1942). He was a Republican, a Mason and a member of the Order of the Eastern Star, and a member of the First United Presbyterian Church of Barberton. His hobbies included photography and gardening. As of 2024 the Barberton Community Foundation manages the A.O. Austin Engineering Scholarship Fund, awarded to Barberton students seeking post-secondary engineering degrees.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arthur O. Austin", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_O._Austin", "article_id": 72303219, "section": "Personal life", "metadata": {"word_count": 309, "char_count": 1852, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Between 1910 and 1968, the Ohio Insulator Company (which later changed its name to Ohio Brass) built a series of four high-voltage testing labs, with Austin being involved in the first two. The need for such a lab had been driven by the increase in voltages used for electrical transmission. Lines running at 25 kV were typical in 1891 but by the early 1920s lines were commonly running at 220 kV and it was not yet fully understood how these lines would be affected by storms, rain, fog, or snow. The high voltages necessitated physically large equipment and clearances, which meant the labs could no longer fit inside buildings and had to be built outdoors.\nThe first lab was built in 1910. In 1926, Austin built another outdoor electrical testing laboratory on the grounds of the Barber estate. In operation until 1933, this was the second of the four high-voltage labs established by Ohio Brass. It has been described as, \"a juxtaposition of Victorian elegance and high-tech equipment\". Equipment included four iron-core, 60 Hz transformers manufactured by Allis-Chalmers, rated at 2.2 kV input, 600 kV output. By over-exciting the transformers, Austin was able to increase the output rating to 750 kV and produced up to 900 kV in tests. R. P. Cronin of the Sandusky Register wrote that these were connected in series and were \"three of the largest transformers in the world\". A capacitor and synchronous switch was used to produce a transient overvoltage and a spark across a sphere gap which could be applied to objects being studied. A 1933 newspaper report wrote about the lab:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arthur O. Austin", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_O._Austin", "article_id": 72303219, "section": "High-voltage laboratories", "metadata": {"word_count": 268, "char_count": 1585, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The courtyard of the laboratory, where most of the experiments have been conducted, is a weird place, filled with cage-like structural towers, and dominated by three mammoth transformers. From an insulated ball suspended in the air, at Austin's will 30-foot flashes of lightning leap to the ground with a crack like a rifle shot.The space available on the Barber estate was outgrown by 1933 and in 1934, the third lab was built by Ohio Brass adjacent to their factory. In 1968, the fourth lab, which includes a 5000 kV impulse generator, was built in Wadsworth, Ohio. As of 2024 it operates as Hubbell's Frank B. Black Research Center, named in honor of Ohio Brass's founder.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arthur O. Austin", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_O._Austin", "article_id": 72303219, "section": "High-voltage laboratories", "metadata": {"word_count": 115, "char_count": 675, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Austin used his lab to experiment with the effects of lightning on aircraft, both airplanes and lighter-than-air airships from the Goodyear Zeppelin Corporation with his research leading to methods of protecting aircraft from these strikes. Austin's interest in this area stemmed from a 1929 Transcontinental Air Transport crash. In 1930 Popular Mechanics described the lab as \"the most powerful outdoor high-voltage laboratory in the world\". The article observed that aircraft lightning strikes had not previously been a major problem because there were few planes and most would stay on the ground during thunderstorms but the increasing popularity of air travel would make lightning a greater hazard.\nPreliminary experiments at the Barber estate lab were done on scale models of airplanes. The models were hit by artificial lightning strikes measuring millions of volts and hundreds of thousands of amps. These experiments showed that lightning would typically enter and leave the plane at projecting points on the structure; the two points might be the opposite wingtips, the propeller and the tail skid, or other pairs. In one experiment, the pitot tube was struck. The hot engine exhaust gas did not appear to attract strikes, contrary to speculation that it would.\nLater tests used a full-sized Barling NB-3, a monoplane with a fabric-covered all-metal frame which had been provided to Austin by Popular Mechanics for testing. The plane was subjected to repeated lightning strikes while on the ground. Additional tests on the plane's LeBlond 60 engine showed that it would continue to run at idle speed after being struck. Lightning strikes on the tip of the rudder resulted in small holes burned through the fabric covering where it contacted the duralumin frame. Austin's experiments showed bare sheet metal was undamaged by lightning strikes, and only minor damage was caused when the metal was covered by fabric. As of 1930, when these findings were published by Popular Mechanics, additional experiments were planned to investigate the effect of lightning on fuel tanks, the engine crankcase, flight instruments, and control cables.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arthur O. Austin", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_O._Austin", "article_id": 72303219, "section": "Effects of lightning on aircraft", "metadata": {"word_count": 335, "char_count": 2144, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1933, Austin started the A. O. Austin Insulator Company. After Austin's death in 1964, the company passed through a number of ownership changes, being at various times part of Decca Navigator Company (a division of Decca Records). Racal-Decca, and Litton Marine. The purchase by Decca in 1971 was accompanied by a move to the Decca Radar plant in Toronto, Canada. Decca had previously been a customer and relied on the specialized insulators which Austin provided; to ensure the continued availability of these components, Decca bought the company.\nAs of 2024, the company has undergone additional changes of ownership and is being run as an independent company known as Austin Insulators Inc. The company's main products are high-voltage insulators and transformers mostly used by the radio transmission industry. Insulator strings of the \"safety core\" type with mechanical ratings up to 1,000,000 pounds (450,000 kg) are available.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arthur O. Austin", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_O._Austin", "article_id": 72303219, "section": "Austin Insulator Company", "metadata": {"word_count": 146, "char_count": 936, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Blood on the Floor is a suite in nine movements composed for orchestra and jazz trio by Mark-Anthony Turnage. It was composed over a span of three years (1993–1996) after a commission from the Ensemble Modern—a German music group—to produce a piece for an evening jazz event in 1994. After the performance, Turnage expanded the piece into a larger nine-movement suite. During this period of composition, Turnage's brother Andrew died of a drug overdose, shaping the music greatly. As a result, drug culture is one of the main themes in the suite. Blood on the Floor also draws influences from the paintings of Francis Bacon and Heather Betts; the suite's title is an adaptation of Bacon's painting Blood on Pavement.\nLike other compositions by Turnage, Blood on the Floor incorporates elements of both classical and jazz music. Due to this, it has been described as being part of the \"third stream\" genre, a term coined by Turnage's former teacher Gunther Schuller. The suite is written as a concerto grosso and features a blend of classical, jazz, non-western and electronic instruments. As part of this fusion, the suite contains space for soloists to improvise in four of its movements. Blood on the Floor shows elements of non-functional harmony and has complex rhythmic changes, often changing metre every bar. Motifs are found recurring throughout the suite.\nThe premiere performance of Blood on the Floor was by the Ensemble Modern at the Queen Elizabeth Hall, London, in May 1996. The suite received a mixed reception from music critics. Some enjoyed the suite's fusion of classical and jazz music, while others found it to be an unfulfilling combination. Outside of the Ensemble Modern, Blood on the Floor has been performed by various ensembles, including the Berlin Philharmonic, Melbourne Symphony Orchestra and Boston Symphony Orchestra.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 300, "char_count": 1850, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Blood on the Floor was composed by the British composer Mark-Anthony Turnage between 1993 and 1996. During his compositional process, Turnage used sketches he had produced during a period of collaboration with the saxophonist Martin Robertson. These sketches were used to create the prologue of the suite.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "Composition", "metadata": {"word_count": 47, "char_count": 305, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The piece was commissioned in 1993 by the Ensemble Modern—a German group dedicated to contemporary classical music—for an evening jazz event with pieces by George Gershwin, Leonard Bernstein and George Antheil. The version Turnage produced for the event was ten minutes long and was performed in 1994. After the event, Turnage expanded the piece into a nine movement suite; the final composition ended up being a little more than an hour long. This was largely due to persuasion from the Ensemble Modern, who have a history of working on larger musical projects. During the composition of Blood on the Floor, Turnage consulted Robertson, John Scofield and Peter Erskine, who would be playing in the jazz trio with the Ensemble Modern. Erskine objected to the level of notation in the drum kit part for the suite, leading Turnage to have a \"culture shock\" after restricting his score to its essential elements to allow Erskine more freedom.\nBlood on the Floor takes inspiration from the paintings of Francis Bacon as with Turnage's previous works, like Three Screaming Popes. The suite's name is an adaptation of Bacon's painting, Blood on Pavement. Other works by Bacon, as well a painting by the Australian artist Heather Betts, influence elements of the suite. Blood on the Floor reflects Turnage's personal feelings on the death of his brother Andrew, who died of a drug overdose during its composition. As a consequence, drug culture is an overarching theme in the suite. Due to this, the music in Blood on the Floor is often quite harsh, with Turnage commenting that it was \"probably the nastiest thing I have written\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "Composition", "metadata": {"word_count": 270, "char_count": 1624, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Blood on the Floor is written as a concerto grosso, a form of concerto played by a group of soloists. The concertino consists of a jazz trio of electric guitar, soprano saxophone (doubling alto saxophone and bass clarinet) and drum kit. For the suite's orchestration, Turnage uses a mixture of orchestral and non-orchestral instruments, including instruments usually associated with jazz, as well as unusual instruments like synthesisers and scaffolding. The score calls for a large ripieno consisting of the following instruments:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "Instrumentation", "metadata": {"word_count": 81, "char_count": 531, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Blood on the Floor has been described as a \"third stream\" piece: a fusion of classical and jazz styles. The suite uses jazz chords as its harmonic basis and displays aspects of non-functional harmony. Blood on the Floor is neither tonal nor atonal: some passages feature tonal ideas, but there is never a single key that represents a movement. Turnage contrasts thematic ideas with no transitions in between them, creating juxtapositions. Driving rhythms are found in many sections of the suite. Complex metres are used, and metre changes occur in almost every bar.\nIn terms of notation, the concertino parts include a mixture of notated music and space for improvisation. Improvisation forms a major part of Blood on the Floor and appears in four movements (II, V, VI and VIII). Although his works combine classical and jazz music—of which improvisation is a key part—this was the first time that Turnage integrated improvisation into one of his compositions.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "Character", "metadata": {"word_count": 157, "char_count": 960, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Turnage employs musical motifs heavily throughout Blood on the Floor. In his 2008 Doctor of Musical Arts thesis, Matthew Styles identifies a total of eight motifs employed that appear in the prologue and reappear throughout the other eight movements. Styles argues that this use of motifs adds musical unity to the suite and fulfils \"the idea of a prologue\": to introduce themes found later in the suite. One motif used is a recurring glissando played by the brass and low woodwind, which appears in the first, fifth and seventh movements. Another motif featured is a chromatic melody similar to the one played by the soprano saxophone. This melody is played by the bass clarinets and horns, and features a \"spinning\" cycle of notes based around D♯ and E. It appears in the prologue and returns multiple times in the ninth movement, \"Dispelling the Fears\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "Motifs", "metadata": {"word_count": 144, "char_count": 856, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Each movement features different instrumentation and number of players. A full playing of the suite takes approximately 70–80 minutes.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "Movements", "metadata": {"word_count": 19, "char_count": 134, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The suite's prologue is scored for the orchestra and lasts for approximately eight and a half minutes. The prologue features offbeat rhythms played by the soprano saxophone in a rotation of five chromatic notes. The movement is based around the note E, which is rooted in bass instruments at each end of the movement. Chromatic progressions are a major part of the prologue, which along with irregular shaping and metre changes makes the movement have an unrelenting feel. For example, in bars 66–69, Turnage uses a progression of metres: 44 → 78 → 34 → 78. The loss of one quaver (eighth note) when changing to a 78 bar gives the music a stumbling feeling. When paired with an accentuated upbeat, this groove helps to reinforce the melody and move the movement forward. Reflecting this, the music critic Andrew Clements wrote that the prologue of Blood on the Floor \"is perhaps the most uncompromising and unforgiving music Turnage has written to date\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "I. Prologue: \"Blood on the Floor\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 162, "char_count": 954, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "This movement is scored for soprano saxophone, electric guitar and orchestra. \"Junior Addict\" is a wordless musical setting of the eponymous poem, written by Langston Hughes. The movement is in ternary form and lasts for approximately five and three-quarter minutes. \"Junior Addict\" opens with a theme played by the soprano saxophone, which has been described as a \"very lyrical and haunting melody\". This reflects the influence of Turnage's brother, whom the movement is dedicated to. The saxophone melody was later revisited by Turnage and used in the third movement of his 1994 composition, Two Elegies Framing a Shout. \"Junior Addict\" also features an electric guitar solo.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "II. \"Junior Addict\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 106, "char_count": 677, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Shout\" is scored for the orchestra and lasts for approximately five and a half minutes. \"Shout\" both starts and ends with passages played by the scaffolding, which is used as an unpitched percussion instrument throughout the movement, usually paired with the horns. The movements uses a ritornello taken from the prologue, which is found near melodies played by the clarinets.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "III. \"Shout\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 60, "char_count": 377, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Sweet and Decay\" is scored for flutes, soprano saxophone and orchestra. The movement is approximately nine minutes long. \"Sweet and Decay\" originated from one of two sketches Turnage produced for his soprano saxophone concerto, Your Rockaby. The sketch was not used there, as Turnage thought that having two slow movements would be \"overdoing it\". In \"Sweet and Decay\", Turnage uses melodic cells set against a chordal background. The movement features solos from the saxophone and flute. At the end of the movement, Turnage instructs that there should be pause before \"Needles\" begins. This can be replaced with a full interval if wanted.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "IV. \"Sweet and Decay\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 102, "char_count": 640, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Needles\" is scored for a jazz sextet and five other performers (trumpet, two horns, trombone and bass clarinet). The movement is a variation of ternary form (AABA) and lasts for approximately four and three-quarter minutes. Out of all the nine movements, \"Needles\" reflects conventional jazz performances the most. The movement starts with a soprano saxophone head melody, which then progresses to sections of soprano saxophone and electric guitar solos. The brass section continually interrupts the latter solo. These interjections accentuate the offbeats, giving the section a jazzy, big band feel. This feeling is reinforced by the presence of a big band-style riff, played by the group of five performers. After the solos, the movement returns to another playing of the head.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "V. \"Needles\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 121, "char_count": 780, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Elegy for Andy\" is scored for electric guitar and orchestra. It lasts for approximately eight and a quarter minutes. The movement has an angular theme played by electric guitar, which creates a sense of unease. The angular feeling is created by Turnage's use of wide intervals of 7ths and 9ths. This guitar melody progresses into an improvisational section. \"Elegy for Andy\" incorporates musical quotations from a piece played by Turnage at his brother's funeral and Giacomo Puccini's Madama Butterfly. According to Clements, this movement is Blood on the Floor's \"emotional heart\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "VI. \"Elegy for Andy\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 91, "char_count": 583, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The movement is scored for alto saxophone, trombone, drum kit and orchestra. \"Cut Up\" features a trombone solo that was described as \"fiendish\" by Aksel Tollåli of Bachtrack. The movement lasts for approximately six and a quarter minutes. \"Cut Up\" has a complex structure and has been variously labelled a variation on verse and refrain, rondo and ternary forms. The movement's form can be represented using letters as ABCDACEAFCA.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "VII. \"Cut Up\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 69, "char_count": 431, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Crackdown\" is scored for a jazz trio of guitar, bass clarinet and drum kit. The movement is written in the jazz fusion style, and features improvised solos from all three members of the trio. \"Crackdown\" is the shortest movement in Blood on the Floor and lasts for approximately four and a quarter minutes. The movement is conventionally not conducted. It opens with a long improvised solo from the drum kit, which lasts for around two minutes. The solo has no metre. During the solo, the drum kit is asked to start pianissimo, before \"gradually moving towards rhythmic stability\". After the solo ends, the drum kit is instructed to support a funk groove. After solos from the guitar and bass clarinet, the drum kit continues, ending the movement softly.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "VIII. \"Crackdown\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 128, "char_count": 755, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Dispelling the Fears\" is scored for two trumpets and orchestra. The movement takes inspiration from Dispelling the Fears, a painting by the Australian artist Heather Betts, and is dedicated to her and her husband Brett Dean. \"Dispelling the Fears\" is taken from a previous concerto of the same name that Turnage had composed in 1994. It is the longest movement in Blood on the Floor and lasts for approximately fifteen and three-quarter minutes.\nThe movement's style is dissimilar to that of the other movements, bar \"Sweet and Decay\": instead of focusing on rhythmic modulations like the other movements, \"Dispelling the Fears\" is centred on slowly moving chords. Like \"Sweet and Decay\", the movement features use of cells instead of repeating melodic ideas. \"Dispelling the Fears\" uses previous themes encountered in Blood on the Floor: the chromatic saxophone melody from the prologue appears again, now appearing as one of the movement's main themes. It is joined by the chord progression from \"Needles\" which takes place during that movement's solos. The music played by the two solo trumpets has been compared to the style of Miles Davis.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "IX. \"Dispelling the Fears\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 185, "char_count": 1145, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Blood on the Floor was premiered in London in May 1996 at the Queen Elizabeth Hall. It was again performed by the Ensemble Modern at the Salzburg Festival in August 1997. The suite had its American premiere on 28 September 2001 at the Miller Theatre, New York, performed by the Absolute Ensemble under the baton of Kristjan Järvi. As the performance was following the events of the September 11 attacks, the concert almost did not take place due to the \"provocative\" nature of the music. However, the theatre's manager, George Steel, decided to allow the concert to go ahead, as he did not want \"to infantilize the audience\".\nDuring his first month as principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic, Simon Rattle conducted a performance of Blood on the Floor in October 2002. The orchestra also held a workshop event for young musicians to play the suite; according to Franz Xaver Ohnesorg, who ran the event, \"the Blood on the Floor project [gave] a chance to open up a dialogue with young people about drugs.\nBlood on the Floor has become a frequently performed piece, often performed several times a year. Stefan Asbury conducted a Boston Symphony Orchestra performance of Blood on the Floor in the Seiji Ozawa Hall to close the 2006 Tanglewood Festival of Contemporary Music. Also in 2006, the suite received its Scottish premiere, conducted by Martyn Brabbins. Six years later, a performance by the Oslo Philharmonic saw Blood on the Floor conducted by Jonathan Stockhammer, with solo performances from Robertson, Erskine and John Parricelli. On 9 April 2021, the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra performed Blood on the Floor at the Hamer Hall, conducted by Fabian Russel. This was part of their Metropolis concert series, and featured solo performances from Carl Mackey (saxophone), James Sherlock (guitar) and Dave Beck (drum kit).\nThe British choreographer Wayne McGregor chose to use Blood on the Floor as the basis for his debut full-length ballet, L'Anatomie de la sensation. The ballet was influenced by Francis Bacon and premiered in July 2011 with the Paris Opera Ballet. During its run at the Opera Bastille, Turnage's score was performed by the Ensemble intercontemporain.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "Performances", "metadata": {"word_count": 358, "char_count": 2184, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Blood on the Floor is commonly seen as Turnage's most extensive fusion of classical and jazz styles. The suite received a mixed reception from critics. Some critics, like Clements, praised the suite. In a review for The Guardian, Clements commented that in Blood on the Floor, \"Turnage's use of rock and jazz elements [are] integrated much more thoroughly into the melting pot of his style\" than prior compositions, and are \"one of the foreground elements for the first time\". In The Times, Ivan Hewett appraised how Turnage worked with jazz musicians to create a \"truly collaborative piece\". In a more mixed review for AllMusic, Richard S. Ginell said that \"[...] this is definitely not easy listening entertainment\" but considered it to be worth the listening effort.\nOther critics took a dislike to the suite. Writing for The Daily Telegraph, Richard Wolfson considered Blood on the Floor a \"clumsy attempt\" at a fusion of classical and jazz music. Nick Coleman of The Independent agreed, questioning the nature of the work:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "Reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 169, "char_count": 1027, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Is it possible to lose the funk in the bleak architectonics of [Turnage's] formal\ncomposition? Or do we have to take it on trust, because Turnage is interested in \"urban alienation\" and wrote for American jazzers John Scofield and Peter Erskine in his Francis Bacon-inspired Blood on the Floor suite, that some kind of cold fusion has taken place between the tradition of Miles and Marvin and that of European art music?", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Blood on the Floor (Turnage)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Floor_(Turnage)", "article_id": 73723962, "section": "Reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 72, "char_count": 420, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Boundary Fire was a 2017 wildfire in Arizona that burned 17,788 acres (7,199 ha) of the Coconino and Kaibab National Forests. The fire was ignited on June 1 when lightning struck a spot on the northeast side of Kendrick Peak within the Coconino National Forest. The fire spread rapidly because of high temperatures, steep terrain, leftover dead trees from a wildfire in 2000, and high wind speeds.\nThe winds blew smoke over local communities and infrastructure, leading to the closure of U.S. Route 180 from June 8 to June 21. Smoke was also visible from the Grand Canyon. The Boundary Fire burned out on July 3, 2017, after 32 days of firefighting. The cost of managing the fire was $9.4 million (equivalent to $11.5 million in 2023). Damage to the area's foliage increased the risk of landslides into 2018.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Boundary Fire (2017)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Fire_(2017)", "article_id": 74042663, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 140, "char_count": 812, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Wildfires are a natural part of the ecological cycle of the Southwestern United States, but human-induced climate change has caused them to increase in number, destructiveness, duration, and frequency. Fire suppression efforts can also have the contradictory effect of worsening the effects of fires that do occur. The Boundary Fire was one of 2,321 wildfires that burned 429,564 acres (173,838 ha) in Arizona in 2017. In a report released in April 2017, about a month before the fire, Arizona State Forester Jeff Whitney expected a typical season in the state's northern forests but one with high fire potential in the state's southern grasslands because of high temperatures, low humidity, and an abundance of fuels. Temperatures in Arizona were higher than usual through the 2017 season; on July 4, the National Weather Service stated that that year's June was the fifth-hottest recorded in the city of Flagstaff, which sits between the Coconino and Kaibab National Forests. According to the Arizona Department of Health Services, Flagstaff recorded temperatures of up to 93 °F (34 °C) between June 12 and June 27. By August, wildfires had burned the most land since the 2011 season.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Boundary Fire (2017)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Fire_(2017)", "article_id": 74042663, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 191, "char_count": 1186, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Boundary Fire was sparked when lightning struck the northeast slope of Kendrick Peak, within Coconino National Forest, at about 2:02 pm on June 1, 2017. The fire grew to 380 acres (150 ha) by June 6. Owing to the danger posed to firefighters by difficult terrain and leftover dead trees from the Pumpkin Fire in 2000, the United States Forest Service (USFS) decided to confine the Boundary Fire to a 15,000-acre (6,100 ha) area around the mountain and allow it to burn out naturally. Firefighters began creating firebreaks along roads in the area on June 6, especially to the west of the fire. On June 8, high winds fanned the fire over the firebreaks to its north and towards U.S. Route 180 (US 180), 2 mi (3.2 km) from the fire at that time. That night, fire managers closed US 180 as firefighters monitored the fire's spread. Smoke from the Boundary Fire drifted into communities surrounding the fire, such as Flagstaff, and was visible from the Grand Canyon, approximately 65 mi (105 km) north of Flagstaff.\nBy June 9, the Boundary Fire had grown to 1,550 acres (630 ha) and was burning along US 180 and within both Coconino and Kaibab National Forests. Fanned by strong winds on June 10 and 11, the fire swelled to 4,420 acres (1,790 ha) and was being managed by 261 firefighters. After June 12, reduced winds enabled the USFS to use aerial ignition, a form of controlled burn, to spread the fire uphill more quickly, reducing the damage to the soil from the fire. By June 14, the fire had grown to 5,784 acres (2,341 ha) and was being managed by almost 500 firefighters with aerial firefighting assets. Low wind speeds allowed ground crews and aerial assets to continue with controlled burns from June 15 to June 19, ahead of forecasted high temperatures in the following days. By June 19, the fire had burned 8,067 acres (3,265 ha). The next day brought light rain, cloud cover, and a higher humidity, which caused the fire to burn lower to the ground and consume detritus rather than foliage. Firefighters were able to secure fire breaks and private property, increasing the portion of the fire that was contained from 18% to 30%.\nThe visibility along US 180 had improved enough by June 21 to allow the Arizona Department of Transportation to reopen the road with reduced speed limits. On June 22, firefighters raised containment of the Boundary Fire to 42 percent despite high winds and temperatures that fanned it to 11,540 acres (4,670 ha). On June 23, the USFS stated that it believed the area closed by the fire could expand to 18,000 acres (7,300 ha), but made progress in containing its spread. By June 25, the fire had grown to 17,049 acres (6,899 ha) but was 88 percent contained, and temperatures dipped to 88 °F (31 °C). Aerial firefighting assets were temporarily grounded on June 25 because a civilian drone flew over the fire. The fire burned out on July 3.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Boundary Fire (2017)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Fire_(2017)", "article_id": 74042663, "section": "Progression", "metadata": {"word_count": 506, "char_count": 2883, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Boundary Fire burned 17,788 acres (7,199 ha) over 32 days and cost $9.4 million (equivalent to $11.5 million in 2023) to suppress. Of the total area burned, three percent suffered total foliage mortality. No structures were damaged or destroyed. Four evacuated civilians suffered injuries related to the fire. Almost 500 firefighters worked to contain and suppress the Boundary Fire at its height. Due to the smoke from the Boundary Fire and plans for a later prescribed burn, the USFS decided to quickly suppress the Government Fire when it ignited \"a few miles away\" in the same season.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Boundary Fire (2017)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Fire_(2017)", "article_id": 74042663, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 98, "char_count": 592, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Trails on Kendrick Peak did not reopen until September 14, 2017, because of the potential for landslides caused by heavy rains brought by the North American monsoon. The Kaibab National Forest Supervisor stated that the closure was prolonged to \"allow the landscape to stabilize during the immediate post-fire period\", particularly with the added monsoon conditions. Forest Road 149, near Kendrick Peak, was closed again in July 2018 because the area was at risk for landslides, as stabilizing foliage growth after the Boundary Fire had been slow in that area.\nThe base camp for fighting the Boundary Fire was located at a nearby fairground. When the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) visited the site for an audit on June 19, 2017, the camp was consuming 106 US gallons (400 L) of diesel fuel per day for lighting, electricity, and food preservation, as well as 2,250 US gallons (8,500 L) of water. The audit also found that 5% of the waste was recycled and all of the batteries were single-use.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Boundary Fire (2017)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Fire_(2017)", "article_id": 74042663, "section": "Environmental consequences", "metadata": {"word_count": 168, "char_count": 1006, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The British government did not seriously consider using its nuclear weapons against Argentina during the 1982 Falklands War. The United Kingdom had ratified the Treaty of Tlatelolco which established a nuclear-weapon-free zone across Latin America in 1969 and made a commitment in the United Nations during 1978 not to use these weapons against non–nuclear powers. The strong international norms against the use of nuclear weapons also influenced British decision making. The British War Cabinet never contemplated the use of nuclear weapons but the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, may have done so separately when considering how she would respond to a serious defeat.\nFour of the British Royal Navy warships which were sent to the South Atlantic following the invasion of the Falklands initially carried a total of thirty nuclear depth bombs as part of their standard armament. The Chief of the Defence Staff, Admiral Sir Terence Lewin, wanted to retain them on the ships in case the Soviet Union became involved in the war but this was opposed by civilian Ministry of Defence staff. The War Cabinet decided on 8 April 1982 to have these weapons removed but reluctantly reversed this decision three days later due to the impracticality of offloading the depth bombs at that time. On 28 May, the War Cabinet decided that the weapons should be returned to the UK and many of them were shipped back before the end of the conflict. The presence of nuclear depth bombs in the naval task force was reported by journalists soon after the end of the war but not confirmed by the British government until 2003.\nIt was alleged during and after the war that the British ballistic missile submarine HMS Resolution had been sent to the South Atlantic to potentially attack Argentina. This has been denied by senior British government figures as well as Resolution's commanding officer. Historians have found no evidence of such a deployment. Nuclear-capable Avro Vulcan bombers were used in the war but were armed only with conventional bombs.\nThe British nuclear arsenal did not deter Argentina's invasion of the Falklands on 2 April 1982 as the Argentine government believed that the weapons would not be used. The Argentine government was unconcerned about the deployment of nuclear-capable British forces during the war. Experts have debated the implications of the war on whether nuclear deterrence prevents conflicts.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "British nuclear weapons and the Falklands War", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nuclear_weapons_and_the_Falklands_War", "article_id": 77009582, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 391, "char_count": 2415, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The Falkland Islands is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean and a British Overseas Territory. The islands are located 8,000 miles (13,000 km) from the UK. Sovereignty over the Falklands has been disputed between Argentina and the UK since 1833. A crisis over the islands developed in early 1982. On 2 April that year, Argentine forces invaded and captured the Falklands. At this time they were defended only by a group of 70 Royal Marines and Royal Navy personnel. The British government decided to retake the Falklands and very rapidly assembled and dispatched a task force of Royal Navy warships to begin this process. The military campaign was very risky for the British as the forces which could be deployed to the South Atlantic were not significantly superior to the Argentine defenders and it was difficult to sustain them at such a distance from the UK.\nAfter initial diplomatic negotiations failed, fighting began on 1 May. Further negotiations proved fruitless, and British forces landed on the islands on 21 May. Following a series of fierce battles the Argentine forces there were defeated and surrendered on 14 June 1982. Several Royal Navy warships were sunk by Argentine air attacks during the war.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "British nuclear weapons and the Falklands War", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nuclear_weapons_and_the_Falklands_War", "article_id": 77009582, "section": "Falklands War", "metadata": {"word_count": 202, "char_count": 1220, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The United Kingdom first tested a nuclear weapon in 1952 and began producing operational nuclear bombs from 1953. This made the UK the third country after the United States and Soviet Union to deploy these weapons. During the Cold War the British military was equipped with hundreds of nuclear devices. The size of the British nuclear arsenal peaked between 1974 and 1981 when it comprised approximately 500 nuclear warheads.\nThe British Armed Forces operated several types of nuclear weapons in 1982. A total of 100 warheads fitted to standard Polaris missiles and 35 fitted to missiles that had been upgraded through the Chevaline programme were carried by the Royal Navy's four ballistic missile submarines. The submarines comprised the British strategic nuclear force and were focused on deterring the Soviet Union. The Royal Navy was also assigned 43 WE.177A nuclear depth bombs; these were tactical nuclear weapons intended to be used against submarines. The Royal Air Force had 250 WE.177 bombs. In addition, the British Armed Forces had access to more than 150 nuclear warheads provided by the United States. Most of the American-owned warheads were assigned to the British Army of the Rhine that was stationed in Germany.\nDuring the early 1980s many Royal Navy warships routinely carried WE.177A nuclear depth bombs. This practice had begun during the 1960s. The weapons had an explosive yield of 0.5 kilotons of TNT (2.1 TJ) and could be dropped from anti-submarine helicopters or Sea Harrier jet fighters. The Royal Navy considered the existence of the WE.177A nuclear depth bombs to be a sensitive issue and they were first officially disclosed as part of the 1981 Defence White Paper. The Navy had a policy of never confirming or denying whether specific ships were carrying nuclear weapons. The British Ministry of Defence had also never publicly commented on the whereabouts of nuclear weapons.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "British nuclear weapons and the Falklands War", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nuclear_weapons_and_the_Falklands_War", "article_id": 77009582, "section": "British nuclear weapons", "metadata": {"word_count": 308, "char_count": 1909, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1967 the British government signed the Treaty of Tlatelolco which established a nuclear-weapon-free zone across Latin America and the nearby waters, including the Falkland Islands. The government ratified the treaty in 1969. Argentina also signed the Treaty of Tlatelolco in 1967 but had still not ratified it at the time of the Falklands War. Under the terms of the treaty, the UK was not able to use nuclear weapons against countries who had ratified the treaty. It also could not station these weapons in the Falkland Islands and its other dependencies in the South Atlantic or their territorial waters. Deploying nuclear weapons to other locations in the South Atlantic Ocean was not prohibited. Nuclear-powered ships, such as the Royal Navy's nuclear submarines, were outside the scope of the Treaty of Tlatelolco.\nPrior to the Falklands War the British government had also provided a commitment not to use its nuclear weapons against countries that did not possess these weapons. In June 1978 the British government issued a \"Negative Security Assurance\" as part of a process overseen by the United Nations' Special Session on Disarmament. In this assurance the government stated that it would not use nuclear weapons against non–nuclear states unless any of these states attacked the \"UK, its dependent territories, its armed forces or its allies\" in \"association or alliance with a nuclear weapons state\". Argentina was a non–nuclear state at the time of the Falklands War. As the country had not ratified the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons or the Treaty of Tlatelolco the British were not legally obliged to treat it as such.\nThe Argentine government knew that it was not protected from British nuclear attack under the terms of the Treaty of Tlatelolco. However, it believed that these weapons would not be used in response to an invasion of the Falklands. This was because there was a strong international norm against the use of nuclear weapons as a result of their devastating effects – often labelled the \"nuclear taboo\". The national security experts John Arquilla and María Moyano Rasmussen have observed that due to the \"normative inhibitions against the threat\" of using nuclear weapons \"there is no evidence of the [Argentine] junta being intimidated\" by the British nuclear arsenal. The Argentine government decided to invade as it believed that the British government was not strongly committed to retaining the Falklands and could not deploy sufficient conventional forces to recapture the islands at such a distance from the UK.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "British nuclear weapons and the Falklands War", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nuclear_weapons_and_the_Falklands_War", "article_id": 77009582, "section": "Pre-war", "metadata": {"word_count": 414, "char_count": 2574, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "From the outset of the conflict the British government had no intention of using nuclear weapons. On 27 April Viscount Trenchard, the Minister for Defence Procurement, stated in the House of Lords that \"categorically ... there is no question at all of our using nuclear weapons in this dispute\". This statement was made to ensure that the British government's position on the matter was clear. An opinion poll conducted in the UK on 14 April 1982 found that 93 per cent of respondents opposed using nuclear weapons against Argentina and 5 per cent supported doing so. A key issue underpinning the government's and public's views was a perception that the use of these extremely powerful weapons would have been grossly disproportionate to the threat Argentina posed to the UK.\nThe British official historian of the Falklands War, Sir Lawrence Freedman, investigated post-war \"suggestions ... that the nuclear option had been seriously considered\" as part of preparing the official history during the early 2000s. He found that the possibility of using nuclear weapons may have been included in a very early draft of the options paper prepared for the British government following the Argentine invasion, but this had been removed well before the paper was completed and submitted to ministers. Freedman concluded that \"I have found no references to any consideration of nuclear employment. This was never taken seriously as a realistic possibility\". This finding is in line with comments made by the Chief of the Defence Staff during the Falklands War, Admiral Sir Terence Lewin, who had told Freedman in 1989 that \"there was never any thought whatever of giving advice to the War Cabinet that nuclear weapons should be used. It never entered our remotest thoughts\".\nDuring the mid-2010s historians Peter Hennessy and James Jinks also looked into the claims that the British government had been willing to use nuclear weapons against Argentina. While endorsing Freedman's conclusion that the War Cabinet did not consider the use of nuclear weapons, they stated that the Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, had probably done so separately. Hennessy and Jinks' source was the former Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Defence, Sir Michael Quinlan, who had stated in a 2013 BBC interview that Thatcher told him after the war that she would have considered using nuclear weapons had the British forces faced defeat.\nThe political scientists Todd S. Sechser and Matthew Fuhrmann considered this issue in 2017. They believe that the British government deliberately deployed nuclear-capable forces to suggest to the Argentines that these weapons could be used, though no preparations to do so occurred. They labelled Quinlan's comments about Thatcher \"a stunning revelation\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "British nuclear weapons and the Falklands War", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nuclear_weapons_and_the_Falklands_War", "article_id": 77009582, "section": "During the war", "metadata": {"word_count": 440, "char_count": 2771, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Royal Navy hurriedly assembled a force of warships in response to the Argentine invasion of the Falklands. It comprised ships stationed in the UK and some that were on exercises or operational deployments elsewhere. It prioritised preparation of the task force as quickly as possible so that it could limit the build-up of Argentine forces on the islands, leading to urgent efforts at the Royal Navy's bases in the UK and Gibraltar to stock the ships with supplies and dispatch them.\nSeveral warships assigned to the task force were carrying nuclear depth bombs. The aircraft carriers HMS Hermes and Invincible had 16 and 10 WE.177A nuclear depth bombs respectively, representing the majority of the Royal Navy's holdings of these weapons. The frigates HMS Brilliant and Broadsword each carried two WE.177As. Three warships and three Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA) support ships carried \"surveillance round\" or \"training round\" variants of the WE.177A. The surveillance rounds were inert WE.177As that were fitted with sensors to monitor conditions in weapons magazines. They did not include any nuclear material but were otherwise almost identical to live WE.177As. The training rounds were empty WE.177A casings which were used to practice handling nuclear depth bombs.\nIt was not feasible to remove the nuclear depth bombs before the warships sailed from Gibraltar and the UK between 1 and 7 April. The main issue which prevented this was the need for the task force be rapidly dispatched. While some of the nuclear depth bombs could have been offloaded from warships at Portsmouth, this could not be done covertly and the unloading process would disrupt work to prepare other ships to deploy given that all major activities needed to cease in a 270-metre (890 ft) radius while the weapons were being moved.\nLewin favoured retaining the nuclear depth bombs on board the ships. He did not believe that they would be necessary and had no plans for them to be used, but thought it was desirable to have the weapons at hand in case the Soviet Union intervened in the war and its submarines attacked the British force. Civilian staff in the Ministry of Defence disagreed with Lewin and advocated for urgent actions to remove nuclear weapons before the warships sailed. This in turn led to concerns among some admirals over civilians overriding military assessments.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "British nuclear weapons and the Falklands War", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nuclear_weapons_and_the_Falklands_War", "article_id": 77009582, "section": "Deployment", "metadata": {"word_count": 386, "char_count": 2364, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The British War Cabinet debated what to do about the nuclear depth bombs. Thatcher and the ministers who made up the War Cabinet had not previously been aware that British warships routinely carried nuclear weapons. They disagreed with Lewin's views on the desirability of sending nuclear depth bombs to the South Atlantic and preferred that this not occur. The matter was considered at the War Cabinet's first meeting on 7 April. At this time its members wanted to remove the weapons before the warships entered combat as long as this could be done covertly so as to not disclose the whereabouts of British nuclear weapons. If the issue was raised in Parliament, the government would have confirmed that nuclear weapons would not be used unless circumstances significantly changed but not comment on whether the warships were carrying them. On 8 April the War Cabinet endorsed a proposal made by the Foreign Secretary, Francis Pym, that the nuclear weapons be removed.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "British nuclear weapons and the Falklands War", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nuclear_weapons_and_the_Falklands_War", "article_id": 77009582, "section": "War Cabinet decisions", "metadata": {"word_count": 160, "char_count": 969, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following the War Cabinet's decision on 8 April, consideration was given to options to unload the weapons from the warships at sea. One option involved transferring the active and inert depth bombs stored on board frigates to the aircraft carriers or RFA ships where they would be less vulnerable. Due to a shortage of ships, no RFA vessel was available to return the weapons to the UK at this time. Consideration was also given to offloading the depth bombs at Ascension Island in the South Atlantic when the task force arrived there. This was ruled out largely on the grounds of urgency, as the operation would delay the task force's departure from Ascension by up to 36 hours. The island was also ill-suited as it lacked suitable facilities for storing nuclear weapons or covertly unloading them from warships.\nDue to the difficulty of offloading the nuclear depth bombs, the War Cabinet agreed on 11 April that they should be retained on board the task force's ships. This decision was made reluctantly. It was decided that all of the weapons would be stored on board the two aircraft carriers as they had the best protected weapons magazines. Thatcher stressed that the ships carrying nuclear weapons must not come within 3 miles (4.8 km) of the Falkland Islands as this could breach the terms of the Treaty of Tlatelolco. The nuclear depth bombs on board Brilliant were transferred to RFA Fort Austin on 16 April. The ship also received a surveillance round from the destroyer HMS Sheffield that day. The nuclear depth bombs on board Broadsword were offloaded four days later to RFA Resource. Both RFA vessels were large fleet replenishment ships that carried ammunition, food and other items. They were fitted to securely transport nuclear weapons.\nThe depth bombs were subsequently transferred to the aircraft carriers. Fort Austin's weapons were moved to Hermes on 9 May and some of Resource's to Invincible on 14 May. A training round was transferred from Invincible to Resource that day. The remainder of the nuclear depth bombs on board Resource and a training round were transferred to RFA Regent on 15 May before the former ship detached from the task force's aircraft carrier battle group to operate near the Falklands. On 17 May Regent received a surveillance round and a training round from Fort Austin and a surveillance round from the destroyer HMS Coventry. Regent returned the depth bombs and two surveillance rounds to Resource on 26 May before it began operating close to the Falklands.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "British nuclear weapons and the Falklands War", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nuclear_weapons_and_the_Falklands_War", "article_id": 77009582, "section": "War Cabinet decisions", "metadata": {"word_count": 421, "char_count": 2509, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The sinking of several British warships by Argentine aircraft in late May led to concerns over the consequences of a ship carrying nuclear weapons being attacked. The War Cabinet decided on 28 May that the nuclear depth bombs as well as the surveillance and training rounds should be returned to the UK. Due to operational demands this could not be achieved immediately. An assessment was made of the risks associated with keeping the weapons on board ships that might be attacked. It was concluded that there was no risk of the nuclear depth bombs exploding if the aircraft carriers were struck by Argentine Exocet anti-ship missiles, though it was possible that the ships would become contaminated with nuclear material.\nThe weapons on board Invincible were transferred to Fort Austin on 2 and 3 June. Fort Austin also received all of Resource's depth bombs and surveillance and training rounds as well as training rounds from Brilliant, the destroyer HMS Glamorgan and RFA Fort Grange on 3 June. The aircraft carrier battle group was operating to the east of the Falklands at this time. Fort Austin arrived in the UK on 29 June. Hermes' nuclear depth bombs and two training rounds were offloaded to Resource on 26 June. This was after the end of the war, and at this time Hermes was the only carrier operating near the Falklands as Invincible was undergoing a period of maintenance at sea 3,000 miles (4,800 km) to the north east of the islands. Resource reached the UK on 20 July. Both RFA vessels unloaded their cargos of nuclear depth bombs and surveillance and training rounds at HMNB Devonport on the day of their arrival in the UK. The weapons were then sent to storage facilities.\nSeven of the containers holding active and inert nuclear weapons were damaged during transfers between the various ships. None of the weapons was affected and they were all found to be safe and serviceable after they arrived back in the UK.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "British nuclear weapons and the Falklands War", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nuclear_weapons_and_the_Falklands_War", "article_id": 77009582, "section": "Removal", "metadata": {"word_count": 331, "char_count": 1931, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Shortly after the Argentine invasion of the Falklands, the BBC World Service incorrectly reported that the nuclear-armed ballistic missile submarine HMS Resolution was operating off Argentina. Resolution was conducting a standard 72-day patrol in the North Atlantic at this time and her commanding officer and navigator were amused when they learned about the story. Family members of Resolution's crew who contacted the Navy about the report were told it was false. In August 1984 New Statesman magazine published an article claiming that the British government had considered using one of the Royal Navy's ballistic missile submarines to attack the mainland of Argentina. This article alleged that a Resolution-class submarine had been sent to operate near Ascension Island following the sinking of Sheffield in early May to bring its missiles within range of Argentina.\nSupposedly, the British government intended to threaten Argentina with nuclear missiles or even make a demonstrative nuclear attack on Córdoba Province if a troop ship or aircraft carrier were sunk. The article stated that its source was the Labour member of parliament Tam Dalyell who claimed to have learned this from an unnamed Conservative member of parliament. The Conservative MP was probably Alan Clark, a backbencher. The British government strongly denied these allegations. The First Sea Lord during the Falklands War, Admiral Sir Henry Leach, stated that \"we did not contemplate a nuclear attack and did not make any preparatory moves for such action\" and that the ballistic missile submarines remained in their usual patrol areas. The claims were raised again in 1989 by the British academic Paul Rogers. In 2005 a psychoanalyst who had regularly met with French President François Mitterrand during the Falklands War claimed that he had told her that Thatcher had threatened to use nuclear missiles against Argentina unless France provided codes to disable Argentina's Exocet missiles.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "British nuclear weapons and the Falklands War", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nuclear_weapons_and_the_Falklands_War", "article_id": 77009582, "section": "Allegations", "metadata": {"word_count": 304, "char_count": 1971, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Freedman investigated these claims in the early 2000s and judged that they were not justified. He did not find any archival evidence that indicated that a Resolution-class submarine had been sent to the South Atlantic. Freedman suggested that the Conservative MP who told Dalyell about the supposed deployment may have done so as \"a mischievous test ... of the latter's gullibility\".\nThe claims that a ballistic missile submarine had been deployed were also explored by Hennessy and Jinks as part of a 2015 history of the Royal Navy's submarine force. They interviewed Resolution's commanding officer at the time of the Falklands War as well as Admiral Sir Peter Herbert who had been the Flag Officer Submarines. Both were adamant that there had been no consideration of sending a ballistic missile submarine to the South Atlantic and that Resolution had completed a standard patrol in the North Atlantic. Hennessy and Jinks also dismissed the claims made by Mitterrand's psychoanalyst, noting that it is not clear what \"codes\" for Exocet missiles she was referring to.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "British nuclear weapons and the Falklands War", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nuclear_weapons_and_the_Falklands_War", "article_id": 77009582, "section": "Historians' assessments", "metadata": {"word_count": 173, "char_count": 1069, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Several of the Royal Air Force's Avro Vulcan bombers were used in the Falklands War. While these aircraft formed a key part of the UK's nuclear deterrent force, they operated during the war solely as conventional bombers. Flying from Ascension Island, Vulcans made seven attacks against Argentine forces in the Falklands during Operation Black Buck.\nThe British government did not consider making preparations for the Vulcans to use nuclear weapons during the Falklands War. However, it was aware that the aircraft were primarily considered nuclear bombers and this was noted as part of a Cabinet discussion on 14 April. The Cabinet also noted the desirability of the Argentine government being concerned that Vulcans would be used to attack the country's mainland, though the British had no intention of doing so. In 2017 Sechser and Fuhrmann suggested that \"Britain may have exploited the aircraft's perceived atomic connection to intimidate Argentina\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "British nuclear weapons and the Falklands War", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nuclear_weapons_and_the_Falklands_War", "article_id": 77009582, "section": "Vulcan bombers", "metadata": {"word_count": 149, "char_count": 955, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The deployment of nuclear weapons–capable British forces to the South Atlantic did not cause the Argentine government to believe that the UK would use these weapons during the war. Argentine officials dismissed the wartime speculation over this issue. The Argentine government also considered it highly unlikely that the British would employ nuclear weapons if their forces were defeated in the Falklands. This was because of the \"nuclear taboo\" as well as an expectation that the Soviet and United States governments would have restrained the British had they threatened to use nuclear weapons. The Argentine government repeatedly claimed during the war that the UK had violated the Treaty of Tlatelolco by deploying nuclear submarines and ships carrying nuclear weapons to the South Atlantic.\nThe Soviet embassy in Argentina encouraged speculation following the sinking of Sheffield that the ship had been carrying nuclear weapons. It was also alleged that the British had raised nuclear depth charges from the wrecks of Sheffield and Coventry, with the Soviets helping to spread these claims. While both destroyers had deployed carrying surveillance rounds, they had been removed prior to their loss. British divers had operated on the wreck of Coventry, but this was to recover classified equipment. The depth of the ocean where Sheffield sank was beyond the reach of diving equipment.\nA collection of letters from a Royal Navy officer who had been killed in the war was published in November 1982. In these letters he observed sighting what he took to be a dummy nuclear depth bomb on RFA Fort Austin. This revelation led at least one journalist to later confirm that nuclear depth bombs had been sent to the South Atlantic. The British government did not confirm or deny these reports, in line with its broader policy of not commenting on the deployment of nuclear weapons.\nIn response to Argentina's claims that the UK had violated the Treaty of Tlatelolco, the British government stated that it had not deployed nuclear weapons \"within the Treaty's zone of application\". The issue was debated at the May 1983 meeting of OPANAL, the regional nonproliferation agency that had been established under the Treaty. The countries who were parties to the Treaty adopted a range of positions on Argentina's claims. The resolution that was adopted at the end of the meeting stated that the participating countries \"note with concern\" Argentina's allegations and \"take note\" of the statement provided by the UK denying them. During the 1980s the governments of Argentina and Brazil also repeatedly claimed that the UK had stationed nuclear weapons in the Falkland Islands following the war. The British government rejected these allegations and stated it had no intentions of deploying nuclear weapons to the military facilities that had been constructed in the islands. The British provided an assurance that they would continue to abide by the Treaty of Tlatelolco.\nThe British Ministry of Defence first confirmed the presence of nuclear weapons on board British warships during the Falklands War in December 2003. This admission was made in response to repeated requests made by a journalist working at The Guardian. The President of Argentina, Nestor Kirchner, requested that the British government \"ask our forgiveness\" for sending nuclear weapons into the South Atlantic. He also said that the revelations had not harmed the relationship between Argentina and the UK. Specific details of the deployment of nuclear weapons during the Falklands War were revealed as part of the British official history that was published in 2005.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "British nuclear weapons and the Falklands War", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nuclear_weapons_and_the_Falklands_War", "article_id": 77009582, "section": "Argentine responses", "metadata": {"word_count": 578, "char_count": 3631, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following the Falklands War British ministers considered whether Royal Navy warships should continue to routinely carry nuclear depth bombs. It was reported in 1985 that the government was reluctant to authorise this due to its concerns over the practice. Eric Grove, a naval historian and defence analyst, wrote in 1987 that it had been decided to \"keep the stockpile [of nuclear depth bombs] ashore during peacetime\". In contrast, defence commentator and historian Norman Polmar stated in 2007 that Royal Navy ships continued to carry nuclear depth bombs until the weapons were retired in 1993.\nThe Royal Navy maintained its policy of not confirming or denying whether individual ships were carrying nuclear weapons following the war. The Australian government, which had a policy of not allowing nuclear weapons on Australian territory, refused permission for Invincible to be repaired in a graving dock at Sydney during December 1983 when the British declined to comment on whether it had nuclear weapons embarked.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "British nuclear weapons and the Falklands War", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nuclear_weapons_and_the_Falklands_War", "article_id": 77009582, "section": "British nuclear weapons policies", "metadata": {"word_count": 159, "char_count": 1018, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Experts have discussed why the British nuclear arsenal did not deter Argentina from invading the Falkland Islands. The Indo-Canadian political scientist T. V. Paul commented on this issue in the conclusions of a 1995 article focused on the implications of non-use of nuclear weapons in the Falklands and Yom Kippur Wars. He observed that \"mere possession of nuclear weapons need not deter a non–nuclear state from launching a conventional attack against the nuclear-armed state if the initiator believes that it can wage a limited war without provoking a nuclear response\" and that nuclear deterrence may only be effective in \"circumstances in which the nuclear-weapon state's existence is at stake\". Jeremy Stocker, a fellow at the Royal United Services Institute, similarly wrote in 2007 that such weapons \"will not deter lesser adventurism where the use of nuclear weapons would be disproportionate and so not credible as a deterrent – for example, the 1982 Falklands War\". In 2017 Sechser and Fuhrmann gave the Falklands conflict as an example of a nuclear-armed country failing to coerce a non-–nuclear nation.\nThe conflict has also been cited as part of broader debate over whether nuclear weapons have the capacity to deter wars. The American philosopher Douglas P. Lackey wrote in 1984 that \"British nuclear threats did not prevent seizure of the Falkland Islands\" as part of a section of a book in which he asserted that nuclear weapons made no difference to the outcomes of international crises and wars. In 1989 Evan Luard, a British international relations writer and former Labour member of parliament and Social Democratic Party politician, reached a similar conclusion. He stated that while international relations theories hold that the ability of nuclear weapons to deter conflict is greatest when one country has them and the other does not, the Falklands War was one of several examples that demonstrated that this was not actually the case. In 2008 the American researcher and anti-nuclear campaigner Ward Wilson argued that the Falklands War was one of a number of conflicts that demonstrated that nuclear weapons do not deter wars. Derrin Culp, who is also an American researcher, authored an article in 2012 critiquing Wilson's views. As part of this, he judged that nuclear deterrence did not fail during the Falklands War as the British government had never indicated it would use these weapons if the islands were invaded.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "British nuclear weapons and the Falklands War", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nuclear_weapons_and_the_Falklands_War", "article_id": 77009582, "section": "Commentary on nuclear deterrence", "metadata": {"word_count": 394, "char_count": 2448, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Brochfael ap Meurig (ruled c. 872 – c. 910) was king of Gwent in south-east Wales. He ruled jointly with his brother, Ffernfael ap Meurig. Gwent and Glywysing, the neighbouring territory to the west, were ruled as a single kingdom in some periods; at other times they were separate and the king of Glywysing had the higher status. Brochfael's father, Meurig ab Arthfael, ruled both territories with the title King of Glywysing, but Brochfael and Ffernfael were only kings of Gwent, and had a lower status than their cousin Hywel ap Rhys, King of Glywysing.\nThe Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia claimed dominion over most of Wales, but in the late 880s Brochfael, Ffernfael and Hywel submitted voluntarily to Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, in order to gain protection from the oppression of Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians. A number of Brochfael's charters survive, mainly grants to Bishop Cyfeilliog and settlements of Brochfael's disputes with the bishop. Brochfael was the last of his line and was succeeded by Hywel's son, Owain ap Hywel.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Brochfael ap Meurig", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochfael_ap_Meurig", "article_id": 77456887, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 173, "char_count": 1040, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The boundaries and names of Welsh kingdoms varied over time in the early medieval period. In the seventh century, south-east Wales was a single kingdom called Gwent, but by the ninth century it had been divided between Glywysing (later Morgannwg and Glamorgan) in the west and Gwent in the east, with the king of Glywysing having the higher status. From the early ninth century, Mercia, the Anglo-Saxon kingdom on the eastern Welsh border, claimed hegemony over most of Wales.\nIn 878, King Alfred the Great of Wessex defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Edington and around the same time King Ceolwulf of Mercia defeated and killed Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great), the powerful king of the north Welsh Kingdom of Gwynedd. Rhodri's sons soon recovered their father's power. In 881 they defeated Ceolwulf's successor as ruler of Mercia, Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians, at the Battle of the Conwy. This victory was described in Welsh annals as \"revenge by God for Rhodri\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Brochfael ap Meurig", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochfael_ap_Meurig", "article_id": 77456887, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 163, "char_count": 969, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Brochfael acceded to the throne of Gwent in around 872. He and his brother Ffernfael ap Meurig were sons of Meurig ab Arthfael. Historians of Wales do not agree on Meurig ab Arthfael's death date. Thomas Charles-Edwards thinks that he may be the Meurig whose death is recorded in the Annales Cambriae under 849, but Wendy Davies argues that 874 is more likely and dates his reign as c. 848 – c. 874 or c. 850 – c. 870. \nIn early medieval Wales, it was common for brothers to share the kingship, and in his Life of King Alfred, written in 893, the Welsh monk Asser describes Brochfael and Ffernfael as kings of Gwent. They are both listed in the twelfth-century Book of Llandaff as witnesses to charters together with their father, but Ffernfael does not have any surviving charters of his own, whereas several show Brochfael as a royal grantor and witness, so Ffernfael may have been subordinate to Brochfael.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Brochfael ap Meurig", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochfael_ap_Meurig", "article_id": 77456887, "section": "Family", "metadata": {"word_count": 161, "char_count": 909, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Brochfael and Ffernfael were joint kings of Gwent, and their cousin Hywel ap Rhys was king of Glywysing. The kingship of Glywysing had a superior status, and Hywel was probably an over-king allowing his cousins to rule Gwent. He gave more grants in Gwent than Glywysing, whereas Brochfael's grants were confined to Gwent. In the previous generation, Davies (followed by Charles-Edwards) states that Brochfael's father Meurig ab Arthfael gave grants in both territories, and that he ruled them both as king of Glywysing. The historian Patrick Sims-Williams dissents, arguing that the charters placing Meurig in Glywysing were forged, and that he had no power outside Gwent.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Brochfael ap Meurig", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochfael_ap_Meurig", "article_id": 77456887, "section": "Territory", "metadata": {"word_count": 106, "char_count": 672, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Æthelred's defeat at the Battle of the Conwy in 881 ended Mercian domination of north and west Wales, but he violently tried to maintain his rule over the south-east. Alfred the Great, King of the West Saxons, became the competitor of Mercia for the allegiance of the south-eastern Welsh kings, and Æthelred's oppression drove them to voluntarily submit to Alfred and seek his protection. Æthelred himself soon followed in abandoning the attempt to maintain his independence and submitted to the West Saxon king.\nIn his Life of King Alfred, Asser listed Brochfael among Welsh kings who submitted to King Alfred:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Brochfael ap Meurig", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochfael_ap_Meurig", "article_id": 77456887, "section": "Kingship", "metadata": {"word_count": 100, "char_count": 611, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "At that time [late 880s], and for a considerable time before then, all the districts of right-hand [southern] Wales belonged to King Alfred, and still do. That is to say, Hyfaidd, with all the inhabitants of the kingdom of Dyfed, driven by the might of the six sons of Rhodri [Mawr], had submitted himself to King Alfred's royal overlordship. Likewise, Hywel ap Rhys (the king of Glywysing) and Brochfael and Ffernfael (sons of Meurig and kings of Gwent), driven by the might and tyrannical behaviour of Ealdorman Æthelred and the Mercians, petitioned King Alfred of their own accord, in order to obtain lordship and protection from him in the face of their enemies.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Brochfael ap Meurig", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochfael_ap_Meurig", "article_id": 77456887, "section": "Kingship", "metadata": {"word_count": 113, "char_count": 666, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Charters in the Book of Llandaff show Brochfael in his early years witnessing his father's charters, and later making grants as king. In about 868, King Meurig surrendered the church at Tryleg and returned it to Bishop Cerennyr in the presence of Brochfael and Ffernfael. Like other Welsh kings, Brochfael had large landed estates, and he made several grants to Bishop Cyfeilliog of land and fishing rights on the coast of the Severn Estuary. Grants to Cyfeilliog between the 890s and 920s were all of land in Gwent, and Brochfael was the main grantor.\nCharters also record Brochfael's disputes with Cyfeilliog. One disagreement concerned a church with three modii (about 120 acres or 50 hectares) of land which Brochfael gave to his daughter, described as \"a holy virgin\", to support her in her religious life. When she died around 910, Brochfael attempted to recover his donation, but Cyfeilliog claimed the property and judgement was given in his favour and endorsed by Brochfael. The historian Lester Little comments that this episode saw Brochfael \"in a relatively docile mood\". Earlier, in about 905, there was a disagreement between Brochfael's familia (household) and Cyfeilliog's. Brochfael insulted Cyfeilliog, who threatened to excommunicate him and his family. Once again, Brochfael backed down and apologised. Cyfeilliog was awarded an \"insult price\" in puro auro (in pure gold) of the worth of his face, lengthwise and breadthwise. Brochfael was unable to pay in gold and instead paid with six modii (about 240 acres or 100 hectares) of land at Llanfihangel.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Brochfael ap Meurig", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochfael_ap_Meurig", "article_id": 77456887, "section": "Charters", "metadata": {"word_count": 253, "char_count": 1572, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Brochfael died in the early tenth century, but the exact date is unknown. Davies dates the end of his rule as c. 910, and Charles-Edwards thinks that Glywysing and Gwent were probably ruled as a single kingdom by Hywel's son Owain ap Hywel by 918. Manuscript D of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in a section probably compiled in the 1050s, states that in 927, Owain, king of the people of Gwent, was one of the British rulers who submitted to Æthelstan, King of England. Davies states that the royal line descended from Meurig ended with Brochfael.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Brochfael ap Meurig", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochfael_ap_Meurig", "article_id": 77456887, "section": "Death", "metadata": {"word_count": 95, "char_count": 544, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Can't Catch Me Now\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Olivia Rodrigo from the soundtrack to the 2023 American dystopian action film The Hunger Games: The Ballad of Songbirds & Snakes. Rodrigo co-wrote the song with its producer, Dan Nigro. Geffen Records released it as the soundtrack's second single on November 3, 2023. A folk rock and chamber-folk ballad driven by acoustic guitars, the song has lyrics about vengeance and the narrator's inescapable presence in the subject's life, inspired by the film's plot.\nMusic critics praised Rodrigo's ability to make folk-influenced music and her vocal performance on \"Can't Catch Me Now\", comparing its sound to the ballads on her own albums. The song received several awards and nominations, including winning Hollywood Music in Media and Gold List awards. It was nominated for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 67th Annual Grammy Awards and was shortlisted for Best Original Song at the 96th Academy Awards. In the United States, the song debuted at number 56 on the Billboard Hot 100. It reached the top 30 in Australia, Ireland, Lithuania, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.\nLeonn Ward directed the music video for \"Can't Catch Me Now\", which intersperses scenes from The Hunger Games: The Ballad of Songbirds & Snakes with clips of Rodrigo singing the song in a cabin and a grass field. She performed the song at the KIIS-FM Jingle Ball and on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. Rodrigo included it on the set list for some dates of her 2024 concert tour, the Guts World Tour. Kelly Clarkson performed a cover version of the song for The Kelly Clarkson Show in April 2024.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Can't Catch Me Now", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Catch_Me_Now", "article_id": 75202026, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 277, "char_count": 1641, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Dan Nigro – the sole producer of Olivia Rodrigo's debut studio album, Sour (2021) – returned as her principal collaborator on the follow-up album, Guts (2023). It included some indie folk songs, with lyrical themes like heartbreak, body image, and social and adolescent anxieties. The album was released to critical acclaim in September 2023. The songs on the albums were autobiographical, reflecting Rodrigo's approach to songwriting like a diary entry.\nIn 2022, Rodrigo was approached to preview the American dystopian action film The Hunger Games: The Ballad of Songbirds & Snakes and potentially write music inspired by it. A fan of the books and the soundtracks from the franchise, she considered it \"such an honor\". Rodrigo was stimulated by one of the final scenes in the movie, an aerial view of birds weaving in and out among trees, which she kept thinking about repeatedly and believed was the \"climax\". She felt a connection to the character Lucy Gray Baird, portrayed by Rachel Zegler; Rodrigo and Nigro wrote the song \"Can't Catch Me Now\" from her perspective, with the intention of capturing the scene. Rodrigo enjoyed the challenge of writing from a movie character's point of view, describing it as \"sort of acting\" and \"character work\", but she also believed parts of the song were about herself: \"I think I injected parts of myself into it too. I saw bits of myself in her; I admired her resilience, so I tried to embody all that and put it into the song.\" Nigro nudged her to experiment with new musical styles on it as well.\nOn November 1, 2023, Rodrigo's hotline began playing a short clip of \"Can't Catch Me Now\" on repeat. The same day, Lionsgate announced that the track would serve as the official song for the film, at a promotional event in Times Square which was attended by its actors Zegler, Tom Blyth, and Josh Andrés Rivera. Alongside a 60-second trailer of The Hunger Games: The Ballad of Songbirds & Snakes, which featured the song, Rodrigo revealed it would be released two days later and expressed her excitement about the opportunity to write for the film. Geffen Records made \"Can't Catch Me Now\" available for pre-order as the opening track on the film's accompanying 2023 soundtrack album, from which it served as the second single. The song was also released on the 7-inch vinyl format on November 3.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Can't Catch Me Now", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Catch_Me_Now", "article_id": 75202026, "section": "Background and release", "metadata": {"word_count": 399, "char_count": 2341, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Can't Catch Me Now\" is 3 minutes and 25 seconds long. Nigro produced and mixed the song, and he engineered it with Dylan Waterhouse. Nigro played guitar, keyboards, bass, and Mellotron; Paul Cartwright conducted the string arrangement and played viola and violin; and Chappell Roan provided the background vocals. Randy Merrill mastered the song.\n\"Can't Catch Me Now\" is a folk rock and chamber-folk ballad driven by acoustic guitar instrumentation. The song opens with that instrument as the sole accompaniment to Rodrigo's voice and subsequently includes strings. She harmonizes with herself on it, which Stereogum's Chris DeVille described as \"piercing\". \"Can't Catch Me Now\" employs a melody which gradually rises to a slow crescendo, and the intensity escalates when Rodrigo belts the titular line over orchestral instrumentation: \"You can't, you can't catch me now.\" Her voice ascends while singing the line \"Coming like a storm into your town.\" The song ramps up and reaches an intense climax, after which Rodrigo sings the final line with \"an open, unresolved cadence\", according to Consequence's Carys Anderson and Jo Vito.\nThe lyrics of \"Can't Catch Me Now\" are written from Lucy Gray Baird's perspective, inspired by the plot of The Hunger Games: The Ballad of Songbirds & Snakes. They are about vengeance and the narrator's inescapable presence in the subject's life. The first verse describes scenes like snowfall and mountains, as the narrator wonders that the subject probably expected them to become less furious over time. In the chorus, they taunt the subject that, despite being everywhere, the latter would not be able to capture them: \"But I'm in the trees, I'm in the breeze / My footsteps on the ground / You'll see my face in every place / But you can't catch me now.\" Rodrigo then sings \"Coming like a storm into your town\", which Steffanee Wang of Nylon interpreted as a reference to Lucy Gray Baird. During the song's conclusion, Rodrigo alludes to the film again: \"Yeah, sometimes the fire you founded / Don't burn the way you'd expect / Yeah, you thought that this was the end.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Can't Catch Me Now", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Catch_Me_Now", "article_id": 75202026, "section": "Composition and lyrics", "metadata": {"word_count": 348, "char_count": 2108, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Music critics were positive about \"Can't Catch Me Now\" and believed its folk-influenced production suited Rodrigo. Vanity Fair's Rob Ledonne described the song as emotional and compelling, noting that it showcased her talent in folk music and marked \"one more step towards Rodrigo's world domination\". Alex Hopper of American Songwriter believed it was alluring, shocking, and \"one of her most interesting songs to date\". Though he thought \"Can't Catch Me Now\" represented a change in Rodrigo's sound, it also felt natural of her and Nigro.\nCritics believed \"Can't Catch Me Now\" resembled the ballads on her own albums, and Billboard's Jason Lipshutz opined it formed an earnest addition to the soundtrack and her discography. Some reviewers, like Anderso, Vito, and The New Zealand Herald's Alana Rae, praised Rodrigo's vocal performance. Liberty Dunworth of NME called her voice \"haunting\", and Wang believed it \"soars into the treetops\". Ledonne, Anderson, and Vito thought the melodies were luxurious, and others described the acoustic instrumentation as intense.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Can't Catch Me Now", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Catch_Me_Now", "article_id": 75202026, "section": "Critical reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 163, "char_count": 1067, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Can't Catch Me Now\" received awards and nominations. The song won the 2023 Hollywood Music in Media Award for Best Original Song in a Sci-Fi, Fantasy or Horror Film, and in 2024, the Gold List award for Best Original Song and the Society of Composers and Lyricists Award for Outstanding Original Song for a Dramatic or Documentary Visual Media Production. It received nominations for Best Original Song at the 2023 North Carolina Film Critics Association and the 2024 Gold Derby Film Awards, as well as the 2024 Guild of Music Supervisors Award for Best Song Written and/or Recording Created for a Film and Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 67th Annual Grammy Awards. \"Can't Catch Me Now\" was shortlisted for Best Original Song at the 96th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Can't Catch Me Now", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Catch_Me_Now", "article_id": 75202026, "section": "Accolades", "metadata": {"word_count": 135, "char_count": 790, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Can't Catch Me Now\" debuted at number 56 on the US Billboard Hot 100 issued for November 18, 2023. In Canada, the song peaked at number 42 on the Canadian Hot 100 issued for December 2, 2023, and was certified platinum by Music Canada. It reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart. \"Can't Catch Me Now\" received a gold certification in the United Kingdom from the British Phonographic Industry, and the Official Charts Company declared it her 16th-biggest song in the country in February 2024.\nIn Australia, \"Can't Catch Me Now\" charted at number 23 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for selling 70,000 equivalent units. The song entered at number 15 in New Zealand and received a gold certification from Recorded Music NZ. It peaked at number 43 on the Billboard Global 200. \"Can't Catch Me Now\" also reached the top 50 at number 5 in Ireland, number 25 in Lithuania, number 37 in Norway, number 44 in the Czech Republic, number 45 in the Netherlands, and number 50 in Slovakia. The song received gold certifications in Belgium, Brazil, and Poland.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Can't Catch Me Now", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Catch_Me_Now", "article_id": 75202026, "section": "Commercial performance", "metadata": {"word_count": 188, "char_count": 1099, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Leonn Ward directed the music video for \"Can't Catch Me Now\", which was released on November 13, 2023. The cinematic video intersperses clips of Rodrigo with scenes from The Hunger Games: The Ballad of Songbirds & Snakes. It begins with a camera tracking shot being guided inside an isolated cabin, where she performs the song on a guitar while perched on a bed. After strolling through the cabin, Rodrigo leaves it and runs through a field of grass in a white dress during the bridge. She also sings the chorus during this sequence: \"You'll see my face in every place / But you can't catch me now.\" Scenes depicting Blyth and Zegler portraying their characters play out simultaneously. In the final scene, sunlight falls upon Rodrigo.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Can't Catch Me Now", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Catch_Me_Now", "article_id": 75202026, "section": "Music video", "metadata": {"word_count": 126, "char_count": 735, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Rodrigo performed \"Can't Catch Me Now\" live for the first time at the KIIS-FM Jingle Ball on December 1, 2023. USA Today's KiMi Robinson remarked that even though the song was only a month old at the time, the fans sang along as if it had been out for much longer, and iHeartRadio's Sarah Tate thought it \"continued to build energy and defiance\" during her set. Ten days later, Rodrigo reprised the song on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. Clad in a white slip dress, she initially sat on a stool amidst bare trees and a fog-covered set before standing to deliver the chorus with a backing band of four musicians and singers in the shadows. Gil Kaufman of Billboard believed the theater was filled with electrifying pop energy. Rodrigo included the song on the set list for some dates of her 2024 concert tour, the Guts World Tour. Miami New Times's Celia Almeida considered it a highlight of the show.\nKelly Clarkson covered \"Can't Catch Me Now\" on The Kelly Clarkson Show on April 25, 2024, in an olive green cargo dress with her hair styled in soft waves. She was supported by a vocalist providing harmonies and a team of instrumentalists. Writing for Billboard, Rania Aniftos described it as \"flawlessly delivered\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Can't Catch Me Now", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Catch_Me_Now", "article_id": 75202026, "section": "Live performances and other usage", "metadata": {"word_count": 214, "char_count": 1222, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Dan Nigro – producer, songwriter, mixing, engineer, guitar, keyboards, bass, Mellotron\nOlivia Rodrigo – songwriter\nPaul Cartwright – string arrangement, viola, violin\nDylan Waterhouse – engineer\nChappell Roan – background vocals\nRandy Merrill – mastering", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Can't Catch Me Now", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Catch_Me_Now", "article_id": 75202026, "section": "Credits and personnel", "metadata": {"word_count": 35, "char_count": 254, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Costello's (also known as Tim's) was a bar and restaurant in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, from 1929 to 1992. The bar operated at several locations near the intersection of East 44th Street and Third Avenue. Costello's was known as a drinking spot for journalists with the New York Daily News, writers with The New Yorker, novelists, and cartoonists, including the author Ernest Hemingway, the cartoonist James Thurber, the journalist John McNulty, the poet Brendan Behan, the short-story writer John O'Hara, and the writers Maeve Brennan and A. J. Liebling. The bar is also known for having been home to a wall where Thurber drew a cartoon depiction of the \"Battle of the Sexes\" at some point in 1934 or 1935; the cartoon was destroyed, illustrated again, and then lost in the 1990s. A wall illustrated in 1976 by several cartoonists, including Bill Gallo, Stan Lee, Mort Walker, Al Jaffee, Sergio Aragonés, and Dik Browne, is still on display at the bar's final location.\nThe bar was founded in 1929 as a speakeasy on Third Avenue by brothers Tim and Joe Costello, who had emigrated to the United States from Ireland. Tim was known as an affable, intelligent proprietor with an interest in literature. In the early 1930s, the bar moved to the corner of East 44th Street and Third Avenue, before moving one door away on Third Avenue in 1949. The bar moved to its final location at 225 East 44th Street in 1974. Costello's closed in 1992; the Turtle Bay Café took over the space, operating until 2005. Since then, the location has been occupied by a sports bar called the Overlook. The bar is remembered through the stories that have been told about it over the years. The writer John McNulty is credited with creating a mythology around Costello's—which he called \"this place on Third Avenue\"—through a series of short stories published in The New Yorker in the 1940s.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Costello's", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costello%27s", "article_id": 77343535, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 322, "char_count": 1873, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Tim Costello (September 5, 1895 – November 7, 1962) and his brother Joe opened the eponymous Costello's (also known as Tim's) in 1929 (during prohibition) as a speakeasy—a bar illicitly selling alcohol—in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It was located on Third Avenue near the East 44th Street intersection and under the Third Avenue El. Tim and Joe were born and raised in Ferbane, Ireland, to James and Teresa (née Flynn), who owned a drapery shop. As a young adult, Tim worked as a taxi driver in Dublin. He was arrested in 1922 for dangerous driving, sentenced to three months in prison, and fined £10 (equivalent to $690 in 2023). Tim emigrated to the United States in 1927; in transit, he met his future wife, Kathleen Gordon. Tim was known as an affable, intellectual proprietor, who was knowledgeable about literature, opinionated about art, and often well-dressed in a Brooks Brothers suit.\nAfter the 1933 repeal of the prohibition of alcohol in the United States, Costello's moved to 701 Third Avenue, on the corner of Third Avenue and East 44th Street. From opening at 701 Third Avenue through World War II, Costello's and its neighbor P. J. Clarke's \"were the great egalitarian mixers of New York\", according to a 1976 story in The New York Times, where \"chauffeurs, ice-men, taxi drivers and hod carriers\" dined and drank with writers, journalists, and artists. Contributors to The New Yorker, columnists and reporters for the New York Daily News, correspondents with the Associated Press and United Press International, and cartoonists for Yank Magazine, as well as people working in the Madison Avenue advertising industry, were attracted to Costello's because of its proprietor's literary knowledge and charm. The journalist John McNulty, a regular at the bar, described it as \"somewhat dim and dusty\" and \"run in a catch-as-catch-can style, with no efficiency at all\". Other notable regulars included the author Ernest Hemingway, the cartoonist James Thurber, the poet Brendan Behan, the short-story writer John O'Hara, and the writers Maeve Brennan and A. J. Liebling. In 1949, Costello's moved one door south to 699 Third Avenue.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Costello's", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costello%27s", "article_id": 77343535, "section": "Early years (1929–1950s)", "metadata": {"word_count": 350, "char_count": 2150, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "When Tim died in 1962 at the age of 67, his son Timothy Costello inherited and continued operating the business. In the 1970s, Costello's began to change along with the neighborhood, which was being developed by larger businesses and facing increasing rents. By 1972, Costello's was no longer a gathering place for authors and journalists; rather, according to Timothy Costello, it catered to businesspeople, whom he referred to as \"technicians\". The bartender John Gallagher said that many of their customers worked on Wall Street. Through the 1970s, however, some Daily News journalists continued to frequent the bar.\n Costello's was evicted from 699 Third Avenue in 1973 because the building's owners intended to tear the building down; the Times reported that a spokesperson for the building's owner said \"Yes, ... it's too bad about Costello's.\" Despite claiming that he could not afford rent in the neighborhood, Timothy Costello reopened the following year at 225 East 44th Street. Costello's closed in the morning of February 29, 1992, in part as a result of the early 1990s recession. Later that year, a dive bar called The Turtle Bay Café moved into the location. The bar was frequented by diplomats, United Nations employees, and the cast and crew of the soap opera Guiding Light. 225 East 44th Street has been occupied by a sports bar called the Overlook since 2004. Regarding the closure of Costello's, the wines and spirits journalist Robert Simonson observed: \"How quickly the character drains from things in 21st-century New York.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Costello's", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costello%27s", "article_id": 77343535, "section": "Later years (1960s–1992)", "metadata": {"word_count": 250, "char_count": 1547, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Costello's was decorated with illustrations that were painted and drawn directly on the walls by several notable cartoonists, including James Thurber, Bill Gallo, Stan Lee, Mort Walker, Al Jaffee, Sergio Aragonés, and Dik Browne. At some point from 1934–1935, when Costello's was located at 701 Third Avenue, Thurber illustrated the walls, depicting the Battle of the Sexes. The journalist Jacquin Sanders described the cartoons as black and white illustrations that were \"full of large, angry women, small, cowed men and regretful dogs\".\nThere are several conflicting accounts of when and how Thurber completed the cartoon. The New York Times journalist Murray Schumach wrote that he borrowed the keys to the bar and painted the cartoon in one day in the winter of 1935. Susan Edmiston and Linda D. Cirino reported that, one night, he drew the cartoon in 90 minutes. By contrast, the Times journalist Robert Tomasson stated that Thurber worked throughout 1934–1935; he would arrive to the bar late at night, working from booth to booth, and in the morning, the walls would be varnished to preserve the illustrations. The cartoon was accidentally destroyed when painters hired by Tim Costello painted over them. Thurber then again illustrated the wall with a similar cartoon. In 1949, that section of the wall was removed and moved to the bar's new location at 699 Third Avenue. On April 8, 1972, several cartoonists who had worked for Yank Magazine during World War II restored the illustrations. The Thurber cartoons were brought to the bar's final location at 701, where they were only occasionally displayed. The Thurber cartoons disappeared in the 1990s.\nIn 1976, two years after Costello's moved to its final location, Timothy Costello enlisted the cartoonist Bill Gallo, who was then president of the National Cartoonists Society, to illustrate one of the walls. Gallo initially declined because he \"didn't want to compete with Thurber\". Eventually, he struck a deal with Costello to close the bar and provide free food and drink for the approximately 40 cartoonists who contributed to the wall, including Stan Lee, Mort Walker, Al Jaffee, Sergio Aragonés, and Dik Browne. The wall features characters such as Hägar the Horrible, Beetle Bailey, and Spider-Man. In 2005, the cartoonist Bill Kresse called the wall the \"Sistine Chapel\" of the National Cartoonists Society.\nWhen the Overlook took over the lease in 2004, there was fear that the cartoons would be removed during renovations. The Overlook's owner denied that they had intended to remove the cartoons; instead, they preserved the cartoons—including old graffiti—under glass. Gallo and two dozen other cartoonists returned in 2005 at the invitation of the Overlook's owner to illustrate a corner of the bar. In 2009, the wines and spirits journalist Robert Simonson wrote that the 2005 illustrations \"feel like wan attempts to recapture a more glorious artistic past\", noting that each of the characters had been given dialogue advertising the Overlook.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Costello's", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costello%27s", "article_id": 77343535, "section": "Cartoon walls", "metadata": {"word_count": 482, "char_count": 3020, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Costello's is a part of the stories and mythologies of several writers. John McNulty wrote about the discussions and happenings at the bar, which he called \"this place on Third Avenue\", in the 1940s in a series of short stories for The New Yorker. In those stories, McNulty recorded the bar's customers and staff, their doings, and their discussions. The journalist Thomas Vinciguerra called McNulty's short stories \"rambling yarns with titles as long and shaggy as the stories themselves\". According to the journalist George Frazier in Esquire, \"there were those New Yorker writers who considered it unthinkable to hand in their manuscripts to the magazine before getting [Tim Costello's] approval\".\nIn one oft-repeated story about Costello's—which was recorded in The Oxford Book of American Literary Anecdotes—in the spring of 1944, Ernest Hemingway and John O'Hara bet $50 (equivalent to $893 in 2024) that Hemingway could not break a blackthorn cane over O'Hara's head. Hemingway then proceeded to do so. The cane was allegedly a gift from John Steinbeck, who was reportedly \"disgusted by the incident and lost any personal admiration he had for Hemingway\". The two halves of the broken cane were displayed over the bar until Costello's closed.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Costello's", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costello%27s", "article_id": 77343535, "section": "Legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 199, "char_count": 1249, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Cross Temple (Chinese: 十字寺; pinyin: Shízì sì) is a former place of worship in Fangshan, Beijing. The temple was used during different periods by Buddhists and early Chinese Christians. Though it was originally built as a Buddhist temple, some scholars hypothesise that it saw Christian use during the Tang dynasty (618–907). The temple was used by Buddhists during the Liao dynasty (916–1125) and by Christians during the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). It returned to Buddhist use during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), before being sold in 1911. It was first recorded in modern scholarship in 1919, damaged during the Cultural Revolution, and re-established as a national-level protected site in 2006. Some scholars consider it to be the only place of worship of the Church of the East (also known as Nestorian Christianity) discovered in China.\nToday, the site features two ancient steles, as well as groundwork and the bases of several pillars. The steles date to the Liao and Yuan dynasties, but their inscriptions were tampered with during the Ming. During the early 20th century, two stone blocks carved with crosses and other patterns were also discovered at the site, with one of them also bearing an inscription in Syriac. The blocks are presently on display at the Nanjing Museum.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cross Temple, Fangshan", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Temple,_Fangshan", "article_id": 75418471, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 209, "char_count": 1287, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "According to a Liao dynasty (916–1125) stele at the temple site, a Buddhist monk named Huijing (惠靜) began building the temple in 317—the first year of the reign of Emperor Yuan, founder of the Eastern Jin dynasty (317–420). In 639, during the Tang dynasty (618–907), a monk named Yiduan (義端) re-furnished the temple. The scholar Wang Xiaojing proposed that the author of the Liao stele was mistaken, and the temple was actually built during the Later Jin dynasty (936–947). The monastery's name during the Jin and Tang periods is not known.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cross Temple, Fangshan", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Temple,_Fangshan", "article_id": 75418471, "section": "Early history: Buddhist use", "metadata": {"word_count": 91, "char_count": 540, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "After the Council of Ephesus in 431 condemned Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople, his followers went into the Sasanian Empire and joined the Church of the East. The Church of the East later sent missionaries into Central Asia, Arabia, and India, and established metropolitan bishoprics along important cities along the Silk Road leading to China. In 635, the Christian monk Alopen reached Chang'an (modern Xi'an), the Tang capital. According to the scholar Nicolas Standaert, Nestorian Christian communities were \"relatively numerous\" during the Tang dynasty, particularly in cities with much foreign trade, but these communities were \"probably not extremely important\". In 845, Emperor Wuzong of Tang initiated the Huichang persecution of Buddhism. Although the emperor mainly intended to suppress Buddhism, he ordered monks of all foreign religions, including Nestorian Christianity, to return to laity. Around the same time, the Tang lost control over modern northwestern China and the routes between China and Central Asia were severed. Although Buddhism rebounded from the persecution, the Church of the East in China disappeared from China along with most other foreign religions.\nOne of the primary sources of Nestorian Christianity in the Tang dynasty is the Xi'an Stele. It was made around 781 with its text written by the Nestorian monk Adam. The text contains Christian doctrines, a history of the Church of the East in China since 635, various praises, and a list of members of the clergy in China. It was discovered near Xi'an in the 1620s.\nCentral Asian Nestorian Christians moved to northern China during the 12th and 13th centuries, although it is unlikely that they had any connection with the Tang dynasty Nestorian Christians. In the early 13th century, when the Mongols conquered northern China, some of these Nestorian Christians took administrative positions. In the same time period, the Church of the East also established new metropolitan provinces along the trade routes to China. The Mongol-ruled Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) put Nestorian churches and hierarchy under its governmental administration: the office of Chongfu Si (崇福司; 'Administration of Honoured Blessing') was established in 1289 to oversee Nestorian clergy and practices, and its inaugural administrator was a Nestorian Arab named Isa. Christianity in China declined again after the fall of the Yuan dynasty. The Nestorian missionaries in China probably departed together with the former Mongol rulers, converted foreigners and foreign traders, when they were expelled from China. The records of the following Ming dynasty (1368–1644) do not mention any descendants of Yuan Christians. According to the scholar Qiu Shusen, most Yuan-era Nestorians were Central Asians of the Semu caste, who later assimilated into the dominant Han culture during the Ming and no longer practised their western religions. This ultimately led to the disappearance of Nestorian Christianity in China.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cross Temple, Fangshan", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Temple,_Fangshan", "article_id": 75418471, "section": "Context of early Chinese Christianity", "metadata": {"word_count": 453, "char_count": 2974, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Some scholars suggested that the Cross Temple may have belonged to the Church of the East in China during the Tang dynasty (618–907). The Japanese scholar P. Y. Saeki speculated that believers fleeing from the Tang capital of Chang'an (modern Xi'an) to Youzhou and Liaodong during the 9th-century Huichang persecution began using the temple. Tang Xiaofeng pointed to inscriptions on the Liao stele as an indication that Christian crosses were present at the temple prior to the Liao dynasty. In addition, Tang claimed that another text written by Li Zhongxuan in 987 indicated a Nestorian presence in Youzhou. However, British sinologist Arthur Christopher Moule believed that there was insufficient evidence to show that the Church of the East in China reached Beijing before the 13th century.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cross Temple, Fangshan", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Temple,_Fangshan", "article_id": 75418471, "section": "Tang dynasty: possible Christian use", "metadata": {"word_count": 126, "char_count": 794, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During the Liao dynasty (916–1125), the Cross Temple was called \"Chongsheng Yuan\" (崇聖院; 'Hall of the Honoured Saint'). Buddhists rebuilt it during the reign of Emperor Muzong of Liao, but the exact date of rebuilding is unclear. The Liao stele on site refers to the tenth year of Emperor Yuan's reign, which corresponds to 960. However, it also states \"Bingzi\" (丙子) as the year's sexagenary cycle—an ancient Chinese system of recording years. These two statements do not align, differing by a span of 16 years. The Liao stele does not indicate any relationship between the site and Christianity, and it is believed that Chongsheng Yuan was a Buddhist temple. The scholar Xu Pingfang held that Nestorian activities at the site commenced only after Buddhist activity had ended. Xu also believed that the errors in the stele text were not likely made by the original authors, but by Ming people who re-carved the steles.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cross Temple, Fangshan", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Temple,_Fangshan", "article_id": 75418471, "section": "Liao dynasty: Buddhist use", "metadata": {"word_count": 153, "char_count": 917, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Nestorian Christianity spread throughout the area after the Mongol capture of the Jurchen Jin capital of Zhongdu (near modern Beijing) in 1215. Under the Mongol-Yuan regime, Beijing had a metropolitan bishop. There are several theories on how the Cross Temple, located outside of Beijing, came into Christian use during the Yuan dynasty. Wang hypothesized that a Nestorian passed by Fangshan, discovered the abandoned temple, and turned it into a monastic retreat. Tang Xiaofeng and Zhang Yingying suggested it is also possible that the Cross Temple was rebuilt during this period.\nRabban Sauma (c. 1220 – 1294) was a Uyghur Nestorian Christian monk born in Beijing during the Yuan, who travelled from China to Baghdad. According to a contemporary record, the young Sauma became an ascetic for seven years on a mountain a day's journey outside of Beijing. Moule conjectured that the Cross Temple was probably near Sauma's hermitage. Shi Mingpei argued that the description of Rabban Sauma's hermitage is \"extremely similar\" to the Cross Temple and its surrounding terrain \"according to records\", and in 2011 Tang Li asserted that Rabban Sauma came from the site.\nWang estimated that Nestorian Christians had abandoned the site before 1358. This was the date when Buddhist monks began rebuilding the temple, a project which was completed in 1365. According to the Yuan stele, a Buddhist monk named Jingshan (淨善) initiated the reconstruction because he dreamed of a deity in his meditation, and then saw a shining cross on top of an ancient dhvaja at the temple site. The stele gives the names of the temple's major benefactors as the prince of Huai Temür Bukha, the eunuch-official Zhao Bayan Bukha (趙伯顏不花), and the minister Qingtong, with the inscription itself being made by Huang Jin. In 1992, Xu Pingfang suggested that Temür Bukha would have been familiar with Nestorian practices because his grandmother Sorghaghtani Beki was a Nestorian. He might have requested that the Buddhist temple continue to use the name \"Cross Temple\" when it was rebuilt, and that its Nestorian artefacts be preserved. However, modern scholars generally consider that the inscription on the Yuan stele is a forgery done during the Ming dynasty, and that the information regarding the Yuan benefactors is false.\nWang suggested that the official name of the temple during the Yuan period was \"Chongsheng Yuan\". She further argued that the Han Chinese population at the time used the term \"cross temple\" to refer to Nestorian churches in general, and that Nestorians at the time would not have called it \"Cross Temple\". However, because the name \"Cross Temple\" was simple and direct, local residents began to use it after the arrival of the Nestorians.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cross Temple, Fangshan", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Temple,_Fangshan", "article_id": 75418471, "section": "Yuan dynasty: Christian use", "metadata": {"word_count": 442, "char_count": 2731, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Nestorian Christians continued to have a presence in northern China during the early Ming dynasty. Around 1437, some Nestorian monks visited the Yunju Temple, which is also in Fangshan, and left a record. The Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci (fl. 1582–1610) was told by a Jewish informant that there was a Nestorian population in northern China during the early Ming. Ricci was told that the Chinese Nestorians were keeping their religious identity a secret, but they still referred to a former Nestorian church as the \"Cross Church\".\nIn 1535, the site was rebuilt by a Buddhist monk named Dejing (德景), supported by local villagers and the family of Gao Rong (高榮), a nephew of the powerful Ming eunuch official Gao Feng. During reconstruction, the inscriptions of the Liao and Yuan steles were altered—with the building officially known as the \"Cross Temple\" by this time.\nDuring the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), in the History of Fangshan County (房山縣誌) compiled around 1664, the Cross Temple was briefly mentioned. It was listed along with other Buddhist temples in the county. In his Yifengtang Jinshi Wenzi Mu (藝風堂金石文字目; 'Index of Texts of Bronze and Stone Inscriptions by Yifengtang') written in 1897, Miao Quansun included the text of the Liao stele. Around 1911, the Buddhist monks sold the temple and the surrounding lands.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cross Temple, Fangshan", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Temple,_Fangshan", "article_id": 75418471, "section": "Ming and Qing dynasties: Buddhist use", "metadata": {"word_count": 216, "char_count": 1325, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "An early mention of the Cross Temple in Western academic context appeared in The New China Review in July 1919, where H. I. Harding noted the temple's existence near Beijing and that its name could have potential links with Christianity. In the same year, the Scottish diplomat Reginald Johnston discovered the site while seeking shelter from a thunderstorm. In October 1919, Johnston published an article about the site entitled \"A Chinese Temple of the Cross\", writing under the pseudonym \"Christopher Irving\". \nThe scholar P. Y. Saeki visited the site in 1931, and recorded that most of the site's buildings still existed at that time. Saeki noted that there was a Shanmen entry (a type of entry hall of Buddhist temples), followed by the Hall of Four Heavenly Kings. Beyond the hall, there was a courtyard with two gingko trees, and the Liao and Yuan steles were next to each tree. The courtyard had a kitchen and a dormitory for the monks to its right and another dormitory to its left. The Main Hall of the temple was at the end of the courtyard, and it contained three statues of the Buddha. A 21st-century study stated that the Shanmen building was 17.5 m (57 ft) south of the Main Hall, with dimensions 7.08 m × 11.24 m (23.2 ft × 36.9 ft).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cross Temple, Fangshan", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Temple,_Fangshan", "article_id": 75418471, "section": "Modern rediscovery and development", "metadata": {"word_count": 221, "char_count": 1249, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During the Cultural Revolution, the two steles were knocked down and broken into pieces. In the 1990s, the Beijing branches of the China Christian Council (CCC) and the Three-Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) rebuilt the site's walls. In 2006, its ruins were designated as a Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cross Temple, Fangshan", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Temple,_Fangshan", "article_id": 75418471, "section": "Modern rediscovery and development", "metadata": {"word_count": 54, "char_count": 339, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Some scholars consider the Cross Temple to be the only place of worship of the Church of the East discovered in China. It is located near Chechang Village (车厂村) in the Zhoukoudian Area, Fangshan District, to the southwest of Beijing City. Its grounds are 50 m (160 ft) across from east to west, and 45 m (148 ft) across from north to south. It is surrounded by walls on four sides, with entrances in the north and south. After severe rain in 2012 damaged the site and the walls, gutters and surveillance cameras were added.\nNo buildings remain standing at the site of the Cross Temple. There is some groundwork at the north and west parts of the site, where the Main Hall and the dormitory of the Buddhist monks once stood. The Main Hall site has dimensions 11.32 m (37.1 ft) from north to south, and 19.6 m (64 ft) from east to west. There are pillar bases scattered the ruins of the Main Hall, and remnants of stairs in front. In front of the Main Hall, there are two ginkgo trees: one ancient and one new. The newer tree was planted to replace another ancient one, which was destroyed by fire. There is a footpath between the trees. On the southern part of the path, there is a Yuan dynasty stele, and a Liao dynasty stele is to its east. To the south of the Yuan stele, there are some hardly noticeable marks of the Shanmen building. A replica of the Xi'an Stele was added to the site during the early 21st century, placed in front of the north wall.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cross Temple, Fangshan", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Temple,_Fangshan", "article_id": 75418471, "section": "Current state", "metadata": {"word_count": 272, "char_count": 1454, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "There are two steles at the Cross Temple site: the Liao stele was raised in 960, and the Yuan stele was raised in 1365. Both were re-carved during the Ming dynasty in 1535. During the Cultural Revolution, the Liao stele was broken in the middle and part of its bottom left corner went missing, while the Yuan stele was broken into three pieces. During the early 21st century, both were repaired and re-raised. Both steles bear inscriptions, though they do not explicitly mention Christianity. The Yuan stele features a cross at its top, but according to the scholar Wang Xiaojing, it was probably not made by the Nestorians, as stele making was a Han Chinese practice, and there were very few Han Nestorians during the Yuan dynasty.\nScholars generally agree that while the two steles were from the Liao and Yuan dynasties respectively, their inscriptions were tampered with by Ming writers, and there are errors in their stated dates and names of individuals. According to Wang Xiaojing, in order to elevate the temple's status and garner more support and donations from Buddhists, the Ming writers changed the inscriptions of the two steles to claim that the temple received royal charters, that it had received donations from famous figures, and that it had been larger in size during the Yuan period. Tang Xiaofeng and Zhang Yingying suggest that the altered inscriptions were based on rumours.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cross Temple, Fangshan", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Temple,_Fangshan", "article_id": 75418471, "section": "Stone steles", "metadata": {"word_count": 234, "char_count": 1397, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A stone plaque inscribed with the characters 「古剎十字禪林」 ('Ancient Cross Buddhist Temple') had previously been installed atop the temple's gate. Records from 1919 indicated the plaque was still present, but in 1931 Saeki noted that it had fallen off and broken. When Wu Mengling (吴梦麟) visited the site in October 1992, he found one of the broken pieces in front of the gingko trees. According to Wang, the plaque is currently stored by the Fangshan District Bureau of Cultural Artifacts, though Tang and Zhang claimed it is on display at the Beijing Stone Carving Art Museum.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cross Temple, Fangshan", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Temple,_Fangshan", "article_id": 75418471, "section": "Stone plaque", "metadata": {"word_count": 96, "char_count": 572, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "There were previously two blocks of carved stone at the Cross Temple site. The two stone blocks are rectangular, with a vertical hollow in the rear. They are 68.5 cm (27.0 in) tall and 58.5 cm (23.0 in) wide. For each, the front face and sides are 22 cm (8.7 in) and 14 cm (5.5 in) thick, respectively. Each have crosses carved into their front face, and flowers carved into each of their two sides. The scholar Niu Ruiji claimed that the two stone blocks were originally connected, with the two crosses at the opposite ends.\nReginald Johnston first discovered the stone blocks and recorded them in his 1919 article. Johnston recorded claims by the monks that the blocks had been discovered underground in 1357, during repairs to the temple's Hall of Heavenly Kings. In 1921, Francis Crawford Burkitt published his identification and translation of the inscriptions on one of the stone blocks.\nFearing that foreigners might remove the stone blocks from the site, Zhuang Shangyan and Wang Zuobin of the Peiping Commission for the Preservation of Antiquities (北平古物保管委員會) surveyed the site in September 1931. The following month, the blocks were transported to the Peiping Museum of History (北平歷史博物館) for exhibition. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, they were transferred to Nanjing, and are currently on display in the Nanjing Museum. A replica of one of the blocks is in the collection of the National Museum of China, and two replicas are at the nearby Yunju Temple.\nAccording to Tang Li, Christians following East Syrian traditions in the Far East often practised adoration of the cross and images. While both feature crosses and flowers in vases, details of the carvings differ between the two blocks. The sides of one block feature chrysanthemums in a vase; the cross on its front is supported by clouds and lotuses, and features a Baoxianghua pattern at its centre. Additionally, the cross is framed by an inscription in Syriac, which reads:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cross Temple, Fangshan", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Temple,_Fangshan", "article_id": 75418471, "section": "Carved stone blocks", "metadata": {"word_count": 325, "char_count": 1949, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "ܚܘܪܘ ܠܘܬܗ ܘ ܣܒܪܘ ܒܗ\nLook towards him and trust in him.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cross Temple, Fangshan", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Temple,_Fangshan", "article_id": 75418471, "section": "Carved stone blocks", "metadata": {"word_count": 12, "char_count": 54, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "According to P. G. Borbone, the text is often associated with the triumphal cross. The text-cross combination is also found on a funerary inscription near Chifeng in Inner Mongolia, but the text is placed above the arms of the Chifeng cross. According to Moule, F. C. Burkitt found the same Syriac text surrounding the Christian cross, but with the addition of the phrase \"the living cross\", in one of the Add. 14459 Syriac gospel manuscripts, as the frontispiece of the Gospel of Luke.\nOn the other stone block, the cross also has a Baoxianghua pattern, but there are two heart-like shapes extensions at the left and right ends of the cross. It is also mounted on two layers of lotuses, one facing up and one facing down. On the side, it depicts peonies in a basin.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cross Temple, Fangshan", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Temple,_Fangshan", "article_id": 75418471, "section": "Carved stone blocks", "metadata": {"word_count": 136, "char_count": 766, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Cyfeilliog (Welsh pronunciation: [kəˈvɛiɬjɔɡ]) or Cyfeiliog (Welsh: [kəˈvɛiljɔɡ], in Old Welsh Cemelliauc; probably died 927) was a bishop in south-east Wales. The location and extent of his diocese is uncertain, but lands granted to him are mainly close to Caerwent, suggesting that his diocese covered Gwent. There is evidence that his diocese extended into Ergyng (now south-west Herefordshire). He is recorded in charters dating from the mid-880s to the early tenth century. \nIn 914 he was captured by the Vikings and ransomed by Edward the Elder, King of the Anglo-Saxons, for 40 pounds of silver. Edward's assistance is regarded by historians as evidence that he inherited the overlordship of his father, Alfred the Great, over the south-east Welsh kingdoms. \nCyfeilliog is probably the author of a cryptogram (encrypted text) which was added as a marginal note to the ninth-century collection of poetry known as the Juvencus Manuscript. Composing the cryptogram would have required knowledge of Latin and Greek. The twelfth-century Book of Llandaff records his death in 927, but some historians are sceptical as they think that this date is late for a bishop active in the 880s.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cyfeilliog", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfeilliog", "article_id": 71536254, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 188, "char_count": 1185, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Cyfeilliog's diocese was located in south-east Wales. In the ninth century, the area was divided into three kingdoms, which were sometimes combined by more powerful kings. Gwent, north of the Severn Estuary, was south of Ergyng (now south-west Herefordshire) and east of Glywysing (now Glamorgan). Mercia, the Anglo-Saxon kingdom on the eastern Welsh border, had claimed hegemony over most of Wales since the early ninth century. In 873 the Vikings drove out King Burgred of Mercia and appointed Ceolwulf as a client king. Ceolwulf maintained Mercian efforts to control the Welsh, and in 878 he defeated and killed Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great), King of Gwynedd in north Wales. Around 879, Ceolwulf was replaced by Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians. In 881, Rhodri's sons defeated Æthelred in battle, but he continued to dominate the south-east Welsh kingdoms, and Rhodri's sons sought the protection of King Alfred the Great of Wessex. Alfred's Welsh biographer, Asser, wrote:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cyfeilliog", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfeilliog", "article_id": 71536254, "section": "Political background", "metadata": {"word_count": 155, "char_count": 975, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "At that time [late 880s], and for a considerable time before then, all the districts of right-hand [southern] Wales belonged to King Alfred, and still do ... Hywel ap Rhys (the King of Glywysing) and Brochfael and Ffernfael (sons of Meurig and kings of Gwent), driven by the might and tyrannical behaviour of Ealdorman Æthelred and the Mercians, petitioned King Alfred of their own accord, in order to obtain lordship and protection from him in the face of their enemies.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cyfeilliog", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfeilliog", "article_id": 71536254, "section": "Political background", "metadata": {"word_count": 80, "char_count": 471, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A cryptogram (encrypted text) in the Juvencus Manuscript, which was written in Wales in the second half of the ninth century, praises a priest called Cemelliauc (the Old Welsh spelling of the Modern Welsh Cyfeilliog). Such cryptograms usually contained the names of their authors, in this case almost certainly Bishop Cyfeilliog as his name was uncommon and he is the only known person with that name who was active when the cryptogram was written. It is in Latin, with each letter replaced by the Greek numeral for the number of the letter in the Latin alphabet. It is described by the scholar Helen McKee as \"charmingly boastful\", and it reads in translation, with some words missing due to deterioration of the manuscript at the edge of the page:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cyfeilliog", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfeilliog", "article_id": 71536254, "section": "Cryptogram", "metadata": {"word_count": 128, "char_count": 749, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Cemelliauc the learned priest\n[ ] this without any trouble\nTo God, brothers, constantly,\nPray for me [ ].\nThe cryptogram is in a different hand from the rest of the manuscript, and it is probably Cyfeilliog's only contribution to it. The main scribe was Núadu, which is an Irish name, and the code of the cryptogram was probably invented by an Irish scholar called Dubthach at the court of Gwynedd in the first half of the ninth century. The cryptogram is one of several indications of Welsh–Irish links in the Juvencus Manuscript.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cyfeilliog", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfeilliog", "article_id": 71536254, "section": "Cryptogram", "metadata": {"word_count": 93, "char_count": 531, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Cyfeilliog may have been an abbot before he became a bishop. He is included in a list of abbots of Llantwit said to have been in a \"very decayed and rent\" parchment discovered in about 1719, but as the source for the document was the forger Iolo Morganwg, it is uncertain whether it was genuine. The historian Patrick Sims-Williams comments that the fact that Cyfeilliog is not mentioned in any charter before he became a bishop \"leaves open the possibility that he really is the Camelauc listed among the abbots of Llantwit, dubious though the source is\".\nCyfeilliog is first recorded in charters dating to the mid-880s. According to a Canterbury Cathedral roll, he was consecrated as a bishop by Æthelred, who was Archbishop of Canterbury between 870 and 888. Historians are uncertain of the validity of the list, but as southern Welsh kings accepted Alfred's overlordship in the 880s, acknowledgement of the primacy of Canterbury by bishops at this time would not be unlikely. Three clerical witnesses to Cyfeilliog's charters also witnessed those of Bishop Nudd, and another three those of Bishop Cerennyr, probably because these bishops were Cyfeilliog's predecessors, and Cyfeilliog inherited members of their episcopal households. Cerennyr was active over the whole of the south-east, suggesting that he had a superior status. In a list of bishops in the twelfth-century Book of Llandaff Cyfeilliog is placed after Nudd.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cyfeilliog", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfeilliog", "article_id": 71536254, "section": "Ecclesiastical appointments", "metadata": {"word_count": 231, "char_count": 1427, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Book of Llandaff claims that there was a succession of bishops of Llandaff, covering the whole of south-east Wales between the River Wye and the River Towy, from the fifth century onwards. This is accepted by the Welsh historian John Edward Lloyd in 1939 in his History of Wales, but is rejected by Wendy Davies and Thomas Charles-Edwards as an attempt to extend the history of the diocese back to an implausibly early date. Cyfeilliog is included in this succession, but his bishopric covered a much smaller area, and the locations of land grants to him suggest that he was mainly active in Gwent. All those which can be securely located are near Caerwent in Gwent, suggesting that he may have been based in the town, and none of the charters relate to Glywysing (Glamorgan) or Llandaff. \nThe early tenth–century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle described Cyfeilliog as bishop of Archenfield, which was the English name for Ergyng. His diocese probably covered both Gwent and Ergyng. In this period, Ergyng was Welsh in language and custom, but under English rule, and he may have ministered to people there with the approval of the Bishop of Hereford.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cyfeilliog", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfeilliog", "article_id": 71536254, "section": "Diocese", "metadata": {"word_count": 194, "char_count": 1146, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Charters preserved in the Book of Llandaff record grants to Cyfeilliog. The earliest charter is probably one dating to around 885: King Hywel ap Rhys of Glywysing gave Cyfeilliog two slaves and their progeny for the souls of his wife, sons and daughters. A witness called Asser attested this charter immediately after Cyfeilliog, a position of honour. The Asser who was the biographer of Alfred the Great spent a year ill in Caerwent at this time, and he may have attested the charter while temporarily attached to Cyfeilliog. \nCyfeilliog received grants of land in several charters from Brochfael ap Meurig, King of Gwent. In one he gave three modii – about 120 acres (50 hectares) – of land with weirs on the Severn and the Meurig, a tributary of the Teifi, together with free landing rights and rights of shipwreck; and in another charter two churches, with six modii of land and free landing rights for ships at the mouth of the Troggy. Other donors included Hywel's son Arthfael, who in about 890 granted Villa Caer Birran, at Treberran, Pencoyd, with four modii of land to Cyfeilliog. \nCyfeilliog had several legal disputes with King Brochfael. In about 905, there was a disagreement between their households. Cyfeilliog was awarded an \"insult price\" \"in puro auro\" (in pure gold) of the worth of his face, lengthwise and breadthwise. The charter refers to his value in accordance with his status, under the ancient legal concept of wynepwerth ('honour', literally face-worth). Brochfael was unable to pay in gold and paid with six modii of land at Llanfihangel instead. Another dispute concerned a church with three modii of land which Brochfael gave to his daughter, described as \"a holy virgin\". In around 910, there was a dispute between Cyfeilliog and Brochfael over the church and its land, and judgement was again given in Cyfeilliog's favour and endorsed by Brochfael.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cyfeilliog", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfeilliog", "article_id": 71536254, "section": "Charters", "metadata": {"word_count": 314, "char_count": 1882, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 914, Cyfeilliog was captured by the Vikings, and the event was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cyfeilliog", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfeilliog", "article_id": 71536254, "section": "Capture by the Vikings", "metadata": {"word_count": 17, "char_count": 104, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In this year a great naval force came over here from the south from Brittany, and two earls, Ohter and Hroald, with them. And they then went west round the coast so that they arrived at the Severn Estuary and ravaged in Wales everywhere along the coast where it suited them. And they captured Cyfeilliog, bishop of Archenfield, and took him with them to the ships; and then King Edward ransomed him for 40 pounds [of silver].\nThe payment of Cyfeilliog's ransom, described by Charles-Edwards as \"a princely sum\", by Alfred's son and successor Edward the Elder is regarded by historians as evidence that he maintained his father's lordship over south-east Wales.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cyfeilliog", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfeilliog", "article_id": 71536254, "section": "Capture by the Vikings", "metadata": {"word_count": 112, "char_count": 660, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Cyfeilliog died in 927 according to the Book of Llandaff. The date is accepted by Charles-Edwards, but Sims-Williams and Davies are sceptical because they regard the date as late for someone consecrated by Archbishop Æthelred, who died in 888. According to the Book of Llandaff, Cyfeilliog was succeeded by Libiau (also spelled Llibio and Llifio). The Canterbury consecration list says that Libiau was also consecrated by Æthelred, which may be a mistake, or Libiau may have had a different see from Cyfeilliog. Most local bishops in the eighth and ninth centuries appear to have been active in both Gwent and Ergyng, but Cyfeilliog's successors seem to have only ministered in Gwent. Bishops of Hereford and of Glasbury may have taken over in Ergyng.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Cyfeilliog", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfeilliog", "article_id": 71536254, "section": "Death", "metadata": {"word_count": 123, "char_count": 751, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Dance the Night\" is a song by English and Albanian singer Dua Lipa from the soundtrack to the fantasy comedy film Barbie (2023). Lipa co-wrote the song with songwriter Caroline Ailin and its producers Andrew Wyatt and Mark Ronson; the Picard Brothers also contributed to production. Atlantic and Warner Records released the song as the soundtrack's lead single on 25 May 2023. A pop, disco, and funk song, it was inspired by a dance sequence in the film and is about always appearing flawless despite heartbreak.\nMusic critics overwhelmingly compared the song's sound to Lipa's second studio album, Future Nostalgia (2020), which was viewed positively by some but left others disappointed. It was nominated for several awards, including Song of the Year and Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 66th Annual Grammy Awards. \"Dance the Night\" reached number one in several countries, including the UK, and received multi-platinum certifications in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Poland, and the UK, as well as diamond in France. It also reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100. \nThe music video for \"Dance the Night\" has a pink theme inspired by the Barbie aesthetic. It intersperses Lipa performing choreographed dances while singing the song with clips of Margot Robbie, Issa Rae, and Emma Mackey dancing at a disco party in the film, featuring a cameo appearance from Barbie's director Greta Gerwig at the end. The video received praise for its playful nature and Lipa's outfit. The song was included as the primary musical motif in the film. In 2024, Lipa sang one line from it while opening the 66th Annual Grammy Awards and performed it in full live for the first time at the Royal Albert Hall.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Dance the Night", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_the_Night", "article_id": 73862312, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 285, "char_count": 1708, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "In March or April 2022, Mark Ronson received a text message from music supervisor George Drakoulias that simply stated: \"Barbie?\" Ronson was initially asked to create two songs for the fantasy comedy film Barbie: a pop song for a big dance sequence that was to be filmed within two weeks and a 1980s-style power ballad inspired by Ken. The film's director, Greta Gerwig, was inspired by the Bee Gees' work on the 1977 Saturday Night Fever soundtrack and requested that the pop song also be disco, sending him a playlist of her favourite music for reference. Observing similarities between Barbie and the ebb and flow of disco's popularity, Ronson watched the 2020 documentary film The Bee Gees: How Can You Mend a Broken Heart, which depicted Disco Demolition Night in 1979 Chicago, an event that signaled the genre's decline and closely paralleled Barbie's situation according to him. He set out to create a disco song which had \"an unexpected slightly harder edge to it\" and created a track called \"Tastes Like Barbie\" with Andrew Wyatt, while nearing the deadline. Gerwig was impressed and played it \"100 times\" while going to the film's set. Subsequently, they made a \"dream list\" of artists they desired to feature on the soundtrack and Ronson produced several other songs for it.\nRonson believed \"Tastes Like Barbie\" sounded like Dua Lipa's second studio album, Future Nostalgia (2020), and direct messaged her on Instagram to ask her to sing it for the soundtrack. Lipa, who was busy headlining the Future Nostalgia Tour and planned to distance herself from that disco sound on the follow-up album, accepted as she was a fan of Gerwig's work. She flew to New York and wrote the lyrics with Caroline Ailin in a studio over one week, the song now titled \"Dance the Night\"; Wyatt and Ronson are also co-writers. Lipa intended to soundtrack a scene where all things go \"from good to bad\" for Barbie, and she goes from being happy to thinking about death: \"I love dance-crying. I knew it had to be fun, but I knew it needed a little element of sadness or a little pang of insufficiency\". Initially satisfied with the melodies, chorus and verses, she later felt it could be improved and created new verses. Lipa wanted to synchronise the song to the choreography in its accompanying dance scene in the film—which she watched—approaching the process like writing a film score. Ronson and Lipa abandoned an initial melancholy version of the song and made it more upbeat to suit the scene, which represented a flawless day in Barbie's life. It was rewritten several times, and Lipa recalled: \"Barbie completely took over our lives — we were completely Barb-ified.\" Parts of the song were updated to complement Margot Robbie's hand movements during the scene. The Picard Brothers assisted Ronson with the string arrangement.\nIn April 2023, it was revealed that Lipa had joined the cast of Barbie as Mermaid Barbie. On 22 May 2023, \"Dance the Night\" was announced as the lead single from the soundtrack, Barbie the Album (2023), set for release three days later. This marked her first musical output since the conclusion of Future Nostalgia's release cycle. Lipa shared a clip, in which she steps out of heels and recreates a shot of Robbie's arched foot in the second Barbie trailer before blowing a kiss to the camera; the song was later included in an official trailer. Warner Music Group sent it for radio airplay in Italy on 26 May, and Atlantic and Warner Records co-promoted the song to contemporary hit radio stations in the United States four days later. Warner also released \"Dance the Night\" on physical formats like cassette and CD.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Dance the Night", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_the_Night", "article_id": 73862312, "section": "Background and release", "metadata": {"word_count": 619, "char_count": 3640, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Dance the Night\" is 2 minutes and 56 seconds long. Wyatt, Ronson, and the Picard Brothers produced the song. Wyatt plays bass and synthesiser; Ronson plays guitar and Rhodes piano; and the Picard Brothers play keyboards and programmed the track with its engineer Brandon Bost. The song also features cello, violin, and viola in its instrumentation, and it was mixed by Serban Ghenea at MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach with assistance from Bryce Bordone.\nMusically, \"Dance the Night\" is a disco, disco-pop, and synth-pop song with influences of dance-pop. Consequence's Mary Siroky described it as \"a pitch-perfect mixture of synth-pop and disco\", and Time Out's Ella Doyle believed the song to be pop but \"reminiscent of disco at points\". An up-tempo song, \"Dance the Night\" begins with violins and theatrical strings, followed by a beat drop. The song incorporates disco elements, acoustic guitars, and funky bass over its synth instrumental. Lipa employs a low yet distinctively feminine voice, which adeptly infuses emotional depth into manufactured-sounding music according to Lucas Martins of Beats Per Minute. Writing for PopMatters, Peter Piatkowski believed its neo-disco pays homage to the classic disco sound of Chic, Ashford & Simpson, and Hal Davis, and the strings and bass resemble the work of Donna Summer and Gloria Gaynor.\nThe lyrics of \"Dance the Night\" relate to the plot of Barbie and are about someone who always appears flawless. They detail how the narrator cannot be bothered to cry about a complex relationship and heartbreak when dancing. Lipa asks the listeners to \"come along for the ride\" and declares that she shines the most when faced with difficult situations. In the chorus, Lipa sings that she will keep dominating the party and \"dance the night away\", without anybody finding out that she is heartbroken. Despite being emotionally on edge, she continues to make herself look good and does not miss a beat while dancing. Lipa compares the tears streaming down her face to diamonds: \"Even when the tears are flowin', they're diamonds on my face.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Dance the Night", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_the_Night", "article_id": 73862312, "section": "Composition and lyrics", "metadata": {"word_count": 337, "char_count": 2083, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Dance the Night\" received acclaim according to People's Jack Irvin. Siroky picked the track as \"Song of the Week\" and believed it could contend for the title of \"song of the summer\". She thought it would continue the trend of Lipa's songs being successful in playlists. Megan Armstrong of Uproxx opined that \"Dance the Night\" would receive a high amount of airplay during the summertime. Writing for Paste, Victoria Wasylak said the song could compete with any track on Future Nostalgia. The Sydney Morning Herald's Robert Moran and Doyle found it the embodiment of Lipa's signature sound.\nThe sound of \"Dance the Night\" was overwhelmingly compared to Future Nostalgia by music critics, some of whom viewed this positively while others considered it a disappointment. Rebekah Gonzalez of iHeartRadio described the track as \"another disco banger\", and Tomás Mier of Rolling Stone thought several songs on the soundtrack bore a similarity to the artists' previous material and that this is what made it succeed. Pitchfork's Cat Zhang believed it was a \"throwaway product\" that was only half saved due to the film usage, and The Independent's Adam White thought the song was a \"flat imitation\" that did not match the quality of Future Nostalgia.\nCritics also commented on Ronson's role as the producer. The Guardian's Elle Hunt believed \"Dance the Night\" featured the same sophisticated orchestration and meticulous attention to detail that made Ronson a highly sought-after producer; The Observer's Kit Buchan thought he succeeded but did not have \"a requisite sprinkling of saccharine camp\" for it. Martins praised the strings and thought the song fitted Barbie perfectly, but he opined that it did not reach the same level as Ronson and Lipa's first collaboration, \"Electricity\" (2018). Piatkowski praised the disco production for defying the bubblegum-pop expectations, and a couple of others thought it was suitable to dance to.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Dance the Night", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_the_Night", "article_id": 73862312, "section": "Critical reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 308, "char_count": 1931, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Dance the Night\" was included on critical lists of the best songs of 2023 at number 15 by Billboard and unranked by Variety. Doyle named it the seventh-best pop song of all time in August that year. The song received several awards and nominations. At the 2023 MTV Video Music Awards, it was nominated for Best Pop Video, Best Choreography, and Song of Summer. \"Dance the Night\" won the Premios 40 Principales for Best International Song that year. At the 66th Annual Grammy Awards in 2024, the song was nominated for Song of the Year and Best Song Written for Visual Media. Other nominations include the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, the Astra Film and Houston Film Critics Society awards for Best Original Song, and the Global Award for Best Song. It was shortlisted for Best Original Song at the 96th Academy Awards but was not nominated.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Dance the Night", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_the_Night", "article_id": 73862312, "section": "Accolades", "metadata": {"word_count": 149, "char_count": 855, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Dance the Night\" became Lipa's fourth number-one single on the UK Singles Chart, making her the sixth British female solo artist to achieve four chart-toppers, and received a double platinum certification from the British Phonographic Industry. The song peaked at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100 issued for 16 September 2023, becoming her fifth to reach the top ten. It reached number four on the Canadian Hot 100 issued for 12 August 2023 and became Lipa's fourth top five single. \"Dance the Night\" was certified 3× platinum in Canada by Music Canada. In Australia, the song charted at number three and received a 4× platinum certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association. It peaked at number five in New Zealand and was certified 2× platinum.\n\"Dance the Night\" reached number three on the Billboard Global 200. Elsewhere, the song charted at number one in Argentina, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. It peaked at number two in Brazil, Lebanon, Panama, and Paraguay. \"Dance the Night\" received a diamond certification in France, Lipa's tenth diamond certification in the country, 2× platinum in Poland and Spain, platinum in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Portugal, Switzerland, and gold in Austria and Greece.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Dance the Night", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_the_Night", "article_id": 73862312, "section": "Commercial performance", "metadata": {"word_count": 217, "char_count": 1403, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The music video for \"Dance the Night\" has a pink theme inspired by the Barbie aesthetic. It prominently showcases items from La Vacanza, a clothing collection that Lipa created with Italian fashion designer Donatella Versace. Lipa wore metallic makeup and a high ponytail in it. Her outfit consisted of a pink and glittery cross-strap halter neck top with a keyhole cutout, alongside an ice-blue sparkling mini skirt with a thigh-high slit and butterfly embellishments. She also donned high-sheen metallic stiletto boots and gold jewellery including earrings, rings, bracelets, and a choker. The video features a cameo appearance from Gerwig and clips of Robbie, Issa Rae, and Emma Mackey in the film. It was released alongside the song.\nIn the video, Lipa gets ready to shoot a music video and learns choreography for it on a pink set, when a large disco ball plummets from the ceiling. According to Ronson, this represents her plans to move away from Future Nostalgia's dance sound with her future music. The words \"This Barbie is making a music video\" are briefly displayed on-screen. The following scenes intersperse Lipa performing choreographed dances while singing the song on a hot pink stage, near giant perfume bottles, and atop a huge Barbie heel, with scenes of Robbie, Rae, and Mackey dancing at a disco party in the film. At its conclusion, Gerwig gets out of a director's chair to praise Lipa's performance and question what happened to the disco ball as it is required for another music video.\nCritics believed the video was playful and fitted the Barbie universe, successfully raising anticipation for the film. Harper's Bazaar Arabia's Pranita Garg thought that everything about it—ranging from the set design and costumes to the cameos—made her anticipate the film's premiere with great excitement. Larisha Paul of Rolling Stone stated that it is \"as much glitter and glam as it is escapism and unease\". Garg also praised Lipa's outfit, which she believed proved Lipa was a \"style icon\". Writing for Cosmopolitan, Megan Wallace opined it was worth fawning over and the inclusion of items from La Vacanza would help viewers get in the mood for parties.\n\"Dance the Night\" was included as the primary musical motif in Barbie, featuring in a dance sequence in the film. On 2 August 2023, Eva Mendes shared a clip dancing to the track. Lipa sang one line from the song while opening the 66th Annual Grammy Awards on 4 February 2024, and it played in a video interlude during a costume change at her Glastonbury Festival 2024 set. She performed it in full live for the first time at the Royal Albert Hall on 17 October 2024, which was released on the live album Dua Lipa Live from the Royal Albert Hall (2024).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Dance the Night", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_the_Night", "article_id": 73862312, "section": "Music video and promotion", "metadata": {"word_count": 459, "char_count": 2723, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Barbie the Album.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Dance the Night", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_the_Night", "article_id": 73862312, "section": "Credits and personnel", "metadata": {"word_count": 11, "char_count": 61, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Edward Dando (c. 1803 – 28 August 1832) was a thief who came to public notice in Britain because of his unusual habit of overeating at food stalls and inns, and then revealing that he had no money to pay. Although the fare he consumed was varied, he was particularly fond of oysters, having once eaten 25 dozen of them with a loaf and a half of bread with butter.\nDando began his thefts in about 1826 and was arrested at least as early as 1828. He would often leave a house of correction and go on an eating spree the same day, being arrested straight away and appearing in court within a few days, only to be put back in prison; his normal defence was that he was hungry. On at least one occasion he was placed in solitary confinement after he stole the rations of his fellow prisoners. Most of his activity was in London, although he also spent time in Kent, much of it in the county's prisons. While in Coldbath Fields Prison in August 1832, Dando caught cholera—part of a long-running pandemic—and died.\nHis death, like his many exploits, was widely and sympathetically reported both in the London daily press and in local newspapers. His name entered into the public argot as a term for someone who eats excessively and does not pay. He was the subject of numerous poems and ballads. In 1837 William Makepeace Thackeray wrote a short story loosely based on Dando; this was made into a play by Edward Stirling. Charles Dickens wrote about Dando and compared him to Alexander the Great.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward Dando", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dando", "article_id": 72834650, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 270, "char_count": 1489, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "There is little published information about Dando's early life, although he was born in around 1803 and was a hatter—possibly an apprentice. Numerous sources give his name as Edward Dando and his nationality as British, although the British Museum describes him as \"John Dando\", an American.\nIn about 1826 Dando began the practice of eating and drinking at different food sellers without being able to afford the meal. Although out of work, he refused poor relief, saying he despised it because he \"had a soul above it\". Dando was arrested for his acts of theft at least as early as 1828. On an appearance in court in April 1830, the arresting police officer said Dando had been arrested two years previously after consuming two pots of ale and two pounds (0.9 kg) of rump steak and onions and then refusing to pay. Dando's April 1830 arrest followed his eating 1.75 pounds (0.79 kg) of ham and beef, a half-quartern loaf, seven pats of butter and eleven cups of tea, coming to 3s 6d, at a time when the average weekly wage for agricultural labourers was between eight and twelve shillings. The magistrate sentenced him to one month at the house of correction in Brixton, Surrey, under the Vagrancy Act 1824. Dando spent some time in solitary confinement after he stole bread and beef from his fellow prisoners.\nOn the day of his release he walked into an oyster shop and ate thirteen dozen (156) oysters and a half-quartern loaf, washed down with five bottles of ginger beer—the ginger beer because, he said, he was troubled with wind. He was arrested and appeared in court; he explained that \"I was very peckish, your Worship, after living on a gaol allowance so long, and I thought I'd treat myself to an oyster\". This was the second oyster shop he visited that day: in the first he ate oysters and bread to the sum of 3s 6d; the shop owner had kicked him and thrown him out of the shop. The magistrate sentenced Dando to three months in prison, and elected that it should be in the Guildford House of Correction in Surrey, which was considered to keep tougher discipline than Dando had experienced in Brixton. He warned Dando that if he repeated his crime, he faced transportation.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward Dando", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dando", "article_id": 72834650, "section": "Biography", "metadata": {"word_count": 385, "char_count": 2185, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Oysters were cheap in the 1820s and 1830s and a basic food source for the poor, who bought them from oyster stalls or wheelbarrows; in The Pickwick Papers (1836), Dickens has the character Sam Weller relate that \"poverty and oysters always seem to go together\", continuing \"the poorer a place is, the greater call there seems to be for oysters. Look here, sir; here's a oyster-stall to every half-dozen houses. The street's lined vith 'em. Blessed if I don't think that ven a man's wery poor, he rushes out of his lodgings, and eats oysters in reg'lar desperation\". In the 1830s oysters could be bought three for a penny, or for up to 1d each. By 1840 Londoners ate 496 million oysters a year—a quarter of which were sold by street sellers.\nNews of his next arrest and court appearance—in August 1830—was published in The Times, and followed Dando's eating eleven dozen (132) large oysters, a half-quartern loaf and eleven pats of butter without being able to pay for them. His defence was that he was hungry after his release from Guildford prison that day: \"I am here at your mercy, and prepared to undergo the punishment that awaits me, whatever it may be; but I again say, that I must satisfy my hunger.\" The magistrate did not impose a sentence on Dando and allowed him to leave. Outside the court, the owner of the oyster stall threw a bucket of water over him and beat him with his cane, \"to the infinite amusement of a throng of persons who had assembled outside and who were aware of the prisoner's transgressions\", according to The Times.\nDando remained out of prison until mid-September, when he was again arrested for eating oysters without being able to pay for them. The owner of the oyster shop in Vigo Street, Piccadilly, was suspicious after Dando consumed two dozen oysters. She challenged him to pay and handed him over to the police when he admitted he could not. Dando was again sent to the house of correction.\nIn early December 1830, when he was back in court again, one newspaper took to calling him \"Dando, the celebrated oyster eater\". His notoriety was spreading and a number of oyster sellers and food shop owners were present in court to see him. They heard that the day after Dando had been released from prison, he visited a tavern in Knightsbridge and drank sixpennyworth of brandy with two Abernethy biscuits and a pint of ale. He did not pay and was caught after fleeing; he was taken to the police station where the landlord forgave him and he was released. He went to a coffee shop where he consumed bread, butter and coffee worth 1s 6d, then ran off without paying. He went to two further inns and drank two pints of ale and 0.25 imperial pints (0.14 L) of rum. The magistrate was not sympathetic to the innkeepers and said they should have asked for their money in advance of providing the food and drink; Dando was released.\nIn early January 1831 Dando was, once again, back in court for non-payment for food—on this occasion soup and bread—and once again he was imprisoned. He was back in court at the end of February, in front of the magistrate Sir Richard Birnie. Having drunk two glasses of brandy in one public house in Queen Street before being thrown out, Dando then moved on to a restaurant near Temple Bar. Here he ate two plates of beef à la mode and drank brandy before it was established that he could not pay. Before sentencing him to three months in prison, Birnie asked Dando about his clothing, which had been acquired at prisons; to laughter in the court, Dando explained", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward Dando", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dando", "article_id": 72834650, "section": "Biography", "metadata": {"word_count": 630, "char_count": 3527, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The jacket, I think, came from Brixton; the waistcoat ... was bestowed upon me at a similar establishment at Guildford; and the trousers I know I acquired by hard servitude in your Middlesex house of correction. I am indebted to the City authorities for the rest of my wardrobe.\nAfter his release Dando was arrested again and served a second three-month sentence in prison before being released in October 1831. The day after his release he went into an oyster shop in Long Lane, Bermondsey, and consumed nine dozen (108) oysters with a half-quartern loaf of bread and butter. As he had no residence, he was committed to three months' imprisonment at the Guildford House of Correction for vagrancy.\nDando was found drunk in January 1832, having been released from prison four days previously. Covered in mud and with a noticeable black eye, he was imprisoned for eight days for public drunkenness. At the end of March he was again arrested, but was discharged. Some attendees in court gave him money to tell them his story, and his tale was duly reported in the press. He explained that he had begun living by stealing food some six years previously and that, if he had a respectable suit of clothes, he could make his way in the world. He reported that he had received numerous beatings for his actions, including one a few weeks previously at Kennington that he would never forget. He received the punishment when he had eaten four dozen (48) oysters with bread and butter and could not pay; he was dragged through a pond, beaten with cudgels and kicked. He said that the tales of his extravagant eating had been exaggerated, and that the most he had ever eaten was 25 dozen (300) oysters with a loaf and a half of bread with butter; he thought he could probably eat 30 dozen (360) oysters. Dando thought he did no wrong in his actions which he justified by stating:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward Dando", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dando", "article_id": 72834650, "section": "Biography", "metadata": {"word_count": 331, "char_count": 1868, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "I refuse to starve in a land of plenty. Instead I shall follow the example of my betters by running into debt without having the means of paying. Why, some men live in great extravagance and luxury, owe money and cheat their creditors, yet they are still considered respectable and honest. I only run into debt to satisfy the craving of hunger, and yet I am despised and beaten.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward Dando", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dando", "article_id": 72834650, "section": "Biography", "metadata": {"word_count": 69, "char_count": 378, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In June 1832 Dando was arrested in Kent after drinking at an inn in the parish of Chilham without paying; he was imprisoned for vagrancy and a description of him appeared in the press, describing him as 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m), brown haired with a pale complexion and lame in the right foot.\nAfter spending time in Kent, Dando returned to London and, after a few days, was arrested and sent to Coldbath Fields Prison. He caught cholera there—part of the long-running pandemic—and died on 28 August 1832. His burial was the following day; Dickens later imagined that Dando \"was buried in the prison yard and they paved his grave with oyster shells\". His death was noted in the press, including The Times and The Observer.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward Dando", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dando", "article_id": 72834650, "section": "Biography", "metadata": {"word_count": 128, "char_count": 721, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Dando's exploits were widely reported in the press, both in the London dailies and reprinted in local newspapers. The historian Christopher Impey describes much of the reportage as \"romanticised\"; the academic Ann Featherstone considers their tone \"was half-amused, half amazed\". Featherstone believes that Dando \"had a sharp wit and an easy manner and provided reporters with striking quotes\", which helped their sympathetic tone, and his \"audacity [which] drew a sneaking admiration from the more cynical newspaper men\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward Dando", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dando", "article_id": 72834650, "section": "Cultural legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 77, "char_count": 522, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In addition to the newspaper eulogies and obituaries, mostly humorous or whimsical, after Dando's death there were numerous poems and street ballads written about him, as well as several caricatures. Among the ballads published was \"The Life and Death of Dando, the Celebrated Oyster Glutton\" by James Catnach:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward Dando", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dando", "article_id": 72834650, "section": "Cultural legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 48, "char_count": 310, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1837 William Makepeace Thackeray wrote \"The Professor\", a short story loosely based on Dando. The short story was made into a play, Dandolo; or, the Last of the Doges, by Edward Stirling in 1838, which was staged at the City of London Theatre.\nDando's name entered common argot as a word to describe someone who ate at food outlets and did not pay. An 1878 dictionary of slang terms described a dando as \"a great eater, who cheats at hotels, eating shops, oyster-cellars, etc, from a person of that name who lived many years ago, and who was an enormous oyster eater\". In 1850 the Whig politician Thomas Macaulay wrote \"I was a Dando at a pastry-cook's, and then at an oyster shop\", although he did not clarify whether he just ate too much, or whether he also did not pay. In The Book of Aphorisms, published by the Scottish writer Robert Macnish in 1834, Dando appears four times, including in aphorism 405, which states that oysters should be eaten raw: \"depend upon it, this is the approved method among gourmands. My lamented friend, the late Dando, never swallowed them in any other form\".\nThe academic Rebecca Stott considers that Dando is often portrayed \"as a kind of folk hero, transgressing the law to follow his singular passions. A kind of oyster-eating pirate living outside the law.\" During the period when Dando was active, Britain's social and economic situation was in upheaval, with high unemployment, poverty and civil unrest such as the Swing Riots. Featherstone, commenting on Dando's \"I refuse to starve in a land of plenty\" philosophy, sees the background of the Swing Riots as pertinent to his lifestyle. In 1867 the Tory-leaning literary journal Fraser's Magazine wrote that it thought Dando's philosophy had been plagiarised by the Tory politician Benjamin Disraeli. The journal quoted Dando: \"oysters were meant for mankind; don't talk to me of a property acquired by paying for them. So long as oysters exist, I will eat as many as I see fit\" and compared this philosophy unfavourably with what they perceived to be Disraeli's flexible political positions: \"Principles were meant for mankind; don't talk to me of a property acquired by believing in them. So long as principles exist, I will use them in any way, profess them or disclaim them, as I see fit.\"\nThe writer Charles Dickens, a great lover of oysters and oyster culture, kept up a correspondence with the American educator Cornelius Felton. In a letter from July 1842, Dickens gave Felton a potted history of Dando, in which he wrote \"he has been known to eat twenty dozen at one sitting, and would have eaten forty, if the truth had not flashed upon the shopkeeper\". In his literary magazine All the Year Round Dickens compared Dando with Alexander the Great, writing that \"Alexander wept at having no more worlds to conquer, and Dando died because there were no more oyster-shops to victimise.\" One anonymous writer chose to celebrate Dando with the lines:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward Dando", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dando", "article_id": 72834650, "section": "Cultural legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 504, "char_count": 2949, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Dish-bearers (often called seneschals by historians) and butlers (or cup-bearers) were thegns who acted as personal attendants of kings in Anglo-Saxon England. Royal feasts played an important role in consolidating community and hierarchy among the elite, and dish-bearers and butlers served the food and drinks at these meals. Thegns were members of the aristocracy, leading landowners who occupied the third lay (non-religious) rank in English society after the king and ealdormen. Dish-bearers and butlers probably also carried out diverse military and administrative duties as required by the king. Some went on to have illustrious careers as ealdormen, but most never rose higher than thegn.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Dish-bearers and butlers in Anglo-Saxon England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dish-bearers_and_butlers_in_Anglo-Saxon_England", "article_id": 72469603, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 104, "char_count": 696, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The chief attendants at Anglo-Saxon royal feasts were dish-bearers and butlers or cup-bearers. Dish-bearer in Medieval Latin (ML) is discifer or dapifer, and in Old English (OE) discþegn, also discðegn and discþen (dish-thegn). The French medievalist Alban Gautier states: \"Both discifer and dapifer literally mean 'dish-bearer', but in the first case 'dish' should be understood as the disc-shaped object (discus), whereas in the second it refers to the culinary preparation that was inside (dapes).\" The Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources (DMLBS) defines discifer as dish-bearer or sewer, and dapifer as an attendant at meals, a sewer or a steward. Historians often translate discifer as seneschal, but Gautier objects that the word seneschal is not recorded in England before the Norman Conquest. According to the twelfth-century chronicler, John of Worcester, in 946 King Edmund I was killed trying to protect his dapifer from assault by an outlaw. The editors of John's chronicle translate dapifer as 'steward', but the historian Ann Williams prefers 'seneschal'. Tenth- and eleventh-century charters are sometimes attested by several dapiferi or disciferi, suggesting teams of officers, whereas the will of Eadred mentions one discðegn and several stigweard ('subordinate officers', literally 'guardians of the enclosure'), who may have been the head and his deputies. Butler or cup-bearer in ML is pincerna, OE byrele (or birele, byrle, biriele). An officer in charge of drinks was generally described as a pincerna and one in dealing with food as a discifer or dapifer, and Gautier calls them \"officers of the mouth\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Dish-bearers and butlers in Anglo-Saxon England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dish-bearers_and_butlers_in_Anglo-Saxon_England", "article_id": 72469603, "section": "Etymology", "metadata": {"word_count": 251, "char_count": 1640, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Royal feasts played an important part in consolidating community and hierarchy in the Anglo-Saxon elite. Dish-bearers and cup-bearers (butlers), who served at the table, played a major role in helping to make them political successes. Some feasts were compulsory drinking parties, such as the dinner held by Bishop Æthelwold at Abingdon for King Eadred in about 954: the King ordered that the mead should flow plentifully, the doors were locked so that no one could leave, and Northumbrian thegns in the King's entourage got drunk. There may have been teams of dish-bearers and butlers, under the supervision of two of them. They were probably versatile servants of the king, who carried out diverse administrative and military duties as required.\nIn the later Anglo-Saxon period, queens and æthelings (sons of kings) also had dish-bearers. In the early 990s, when King Æthelred the Unready had several infant children, Æfic was dish-bearer to the æthelings, suggesting that they jointly had a household with one dish-bearer. When they grew up, each would have had their own retinue with a dish-bearer, and probably a butler. In 1014 Æthelred's eldest son Æthelstan left eight hides of land and a horse to his discþene in his will. The dish-bearer of Æthelstan's younger brother Edmund (the future King Edmund Ironside) attested a charter at a time when Æthelstan was still alive, showing that kings' younger sons also had dish-bearers.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Dish-bearers and butlers in Anglo-Saxon England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dish-bearers_and_butlers_in_Anglo-Saxon_England", "article_id": 72469603, "section": "Role", "metadata": {"word_count": 231, "char_count": 1436, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Dish-bearers and butlers had a high status in the hierarchy of the court. The offices were held by thegns, who were the third lay rank of the aristocracy. To be a thegn, a man had to at least be a substantial local landowner, and he could be a major magnate owning estates in several counties. He would be expected to perform military and administrative functions. A few were promoted to ealdorman, the top level of the lay aristocracy below the king. According to the historian Simon Keynes, \"collectively, the thegns were the very fabric of social and political order\". Kings and ealdormen could exploit their positions, \"but in the final analysis it was the thegns who counted\".\nThe order of attestations in charters was an indication of status, and dish-bearers and butlers usually attested charters above ordinary thegns. In King Eadred's will, the discðegne, hræglðegne and biriele are listed immediately after the ealdormen and bishops. No dish-bearer or butler witnessed charters of two successive kings with mention of his office, suggesting that his position was a personal one which ended with the king's death. The butler and dish-bearer of Edith, wife of Edward the Confessor, remained close to her when the King died and did not move to serve the new queen.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Dish-bearers and butlers in Anglo-Saxon England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dish-bearers_and_butlers_in_Anglo-Saxon_England", "article_id": 72469603, "section": "Status", "metadata": {"word_count": 212, "char_count": 1271, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The main evidence for the posts of dish-bearer and butler is provided by witness lists to charters. The offices may have been copied from the equivalent Frankish offices, but the sources for the early Anglo-Saxon period are few and problematic and the evidence is too limited to be certain. Between 741 and 809 pincernae attested charters of Kent, the Hwicce and Mercia, and in 785 Eatta attested a charter of Offa of Mercia as \"dux et regis discifer\" (ealdorman and king's dish-bearer), but all later attestations of dish-bearers and butlers are in West Saxon and English charters. In Wessex in the early ninth century, members of great families sought positions as dish-bearers and butlers, and Alfred the Great's maternal grandfather was a famous pincerna. In Alfred's own reign, the offices could be a step in an illustrious noble career. Alfred's pincerna in 892, Sigewulf, later became an ealdorman and died fighting against the Vikings at the Battle of the Holme in 902.\nIn the tenth century, most dish-bearers and butlers were thegns of lesser status who never rose higher, but some members of leading families held the post before becoming ealdormen. Wulfgar and Odda were dish-bearers and leading thegns under King Æthelstan, and were promoted to ealdorman by his successor, Edmund. In 956/57, Ælfheah, who was later to be ealdorman of central Wessex, attested one charter as discifer and another as cyninges [king's] discðegn. Æthelmær, a leading magnate, founder of two abbeys and descendant of King Æthelred I, was discþen to Æthelred the Unready. Æthelmaær's father was Æthelweard, Ealdorman of the Western Provinces, and when he died in 998 Æthelmaær did not succeed as ealdorman, perhaps because he preferred to retain his influential position at court. Under Edward the Confessor, members of the families who held most of the earldoms, those of Godwin and Leofric, did not become dish-bearers or butlers, and the positions may have become less attractive to the greatest aristocrats when they were more powerful than the court. In the 1060s, a new rank of staller was created between thegns and earls, and men with this rank could hold the office of dish-bearer.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Dish-bearers and butlers in Anglo-Saxon England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dish-bearers_and_butlers_in_Anglo-Saxon_England", "article_id": 72469603, "section": "History", "metadata": {"word_count": 356, "char_count": 2179, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "King Edward III of England led a campaign in the Duchy of Brittany in 1342 and 1343. England, at war with France since 1337 in the Hundred Years' War, had sided with John of Montfort's faction in the Breton Civil War soon after it broke out in 1341. The French king, Philip VI, supported Charles of Blois, who was his nephew. By August 1342 Charles had captured John and reduced his partisans back to just one fortification, Brest in western Brittany. An English fleet broke the blockade of Brest on 18 August. On 30 September a numerically inferior English army inflicted a heavy defeat on the French at the battle of Morlaix.\nEdward was supposed to arrive with the next contingent of his army shortly after the first, but had severe difficulties gathering sufficient shipping. On 6 October he abandoned his siege train and set sail with those troops he was able to embark onto the available ships. They reached Brittany on 26 October after a storm-wracked three-week passage and Edward advanced on the major Breton town of Vannes. The naval component went ahead, was mauled by a force of mercenary galleys and then failed in an attempt to take Vannes by a coup de main. The land component was delayed building siege engines before attempting to storm the town on 29 November. The newly reinforced French garrison repelled this assault and a siege began.\nEnglish raiding parties devastated large parts of eastern Brittany, but attempts to reinforce or supply Edward from England failed. A large French army was raised with difficulty and advanced to Malestroit, 18 miles (29 km) from the English camp. Philip moved his court to Brittany and entered into negotiations with Edward. The Truce of Malestroit, which was supposed to pause hostilities for three-and-a-half years, was agreed on 19 January 1343. It is widely seen as favouring the English. Edward arrived back in England on 1 March.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward III's Breton campaign", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III%27s_Breton_campaign", "article_id": 78951718, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 321, "char_count": 1891, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "During the early 14th century Brittany was a province of France, but while the dukes of Brittany were vassals of the French kings they governed the duchy as independent rulers. Nevertheless, when the Hundred Years' War broke out in 1337 between France and England the Duke of Brittany, John III, fought alongside his feudal lord: the King of France, Philip VI. John died on 30 April 1341, leaving a disputed succession, with both his niece, Joan of Penthièvre, and his younger half-brother, John of Montfort, claiming the dukedom. Joan transmitted her title to her husband, who was Charles of Blois, a nephew of the king of France. John had the stronger legal claim but the aristocracy and clergy knew little about him and mostly preferred Charles. John's more limited support came largely from the lower levels of society, especially in the towns.\nCorrectly suspecting that John was negotiating with the English, Philip had the Parlement of Paris – a judicial rather than legislative body, which had been hearing the case in its usual long drawn out manner – declare Charles of Blois the legitimate successor to John III. It complied on 7 September. Philip now found the idea of having a relative as the duke attractive, as it would bring the traditionally semi-autonomous province more firmly under royal control; he therefore despatched an army to support Charles. This army overran all of eastern Brittany apart from Rennes and captured John of Montfort. John's wife, Joanna of Flanders, was in Rennes with their two-year-old son (also named John) and the ducal treasury when news of John's capture arrived. She recalled the Montfortist field army, took command and moved to Hennebont. From there Joanna retained control of most of western Brittany, setting up her son as the faction's figurehead and heir to his father's claim to the duchy. She despatched her senior counsellor, Amaury of Clisson, to Edward III of England, with a large sum in cash, to encourage rapid English military intervention.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward III's Breton campaign", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III%27s_Breton_campaign", "article_id": 78951718, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 331, "char_count": 2004, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "By the end of 1341 the Montfortist cause was being supported by Edward III as an extension of the war with France. This was the start of Edward's provincial strategy, by which he sided with French vassals of Philip in their disagreements with him: this promoted Edward's claim to be the rightful king of France and potentially created military allies. Strategically Edward had the opportunity to set up a ruler in Brittany at least partially under his control, which would provide access to Breton ports, greatly aiding England's naval war and giving ready entry to France for English armies. However, English reinforcements took a long time to reach Brittany.\nA force of 234 men arrived under Sir Walter Mauny, a member of Edward's household, in May 1342 and relieved Hennebont where Joanna was being besieged by a French army. Edward planned to land in Brittany himself in June with a substantial force, but had extreme difficulty in assembling ships. The Admiral of the North Robert Morley applied draconian measures to impress and retain ships; however, they took time to have effect. The Earl of Northampton was supposed to sail from Portsmouth on 8 July 1342 in command of the first contingent of the English army, 1,350 men, but on that date not a single requisitioned ship was present. Morley's heavy-handed policy of threats and confiscations eventually bore fruit, and 440 ships were assembled, split between several ports with the largest group in the Solent. Even this fleet would have to make several trips if it were to carry the total of 6,000 men Edward wished to deploy to Brittany, and contrary winds caused the departure of the first English echelon to be repeatedly put back.\nIn May 1342 Clement VI became pope. He was strongly pro-French and had previously been one of Philip's senior advisers. He despatched two cardinals to attempt a permanent settlement of the Anglo-French war; they were well received by Philip in June, but Edward would not even allow them to cross the Channel. Instead he continued to gather ships and troops. Meanwhile, the French strongly reinforced their army in Brittany; Montfortist garrisons surrendered or slipped away to the west in the face of the huge French military superiority. By July Joanna had been forced back to the far west of Brittany and was besieged in the port of Brest, the only remaining fortified place still held by her faction. Charles of Blois and a large army had invested the town and mercenary galleys, hired from Genoa, blockaded it from the sea.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward III's Breton campaign", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III%27s_Breton_campaign", "article_id": 78951718, "section": "English intervention", "metadata": {"word_count": 425, "char_count": 2523, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "By mid-August there were 140 transports in Portsmouth, with 120 warships to escort them, waiting for a fair wind. Charles was aware that the English fleet was on the verge of sailing and sent twenty-one French vessels – galleys and other oared vessels – to trap those English ships waiting to leave the Solent. The wind shifted and the English sailed for Brest on 14 and 15 August. The French squadron despatched by Charles arrived off the Solent a little later, losing their chance of trapping the English fleet. Instead they razed Portsmouth and devastated the area around Southampton. Brest was on the brink of surrender when the English arrived on 18 August. Their fleet took the Genoese by surprise, defeated them and burnt most of their ships. The 1,350 fighting men carried by the fleet constituted a force far smaller than that of the French besieging Brest. Nevertheless, seeing so many English ships crowded into the area of sheltered water off the port known as the Brest Roads and the English vanguard disembarking onto the beach, they expected an attack by a vast host. Charles promptly broke off the siege, abandoned western Brittany and withdrew 70 miles (100 km) to Guingamp. There he concentrated his forces and called up local levies.\nA few days after landing, the English were reinforced by 800 men under Robert of Artois, a disaffected French nobleman, and absorbed several small English forces and an unknown number of John of Montfort's Breton partisans. This force marched 30 miles (50 km) from Brest to Morlaix, a port on the north coast of Brittany with strong fortifications and a secure harbour, and laid siege to it. Morlaix would make a good disembarkation point for the next echelon of English troops under Edward III. Edward's contingent was still in England waiting for the ships which had transported Northampton's echelon to return. The French mistakenly believed Edward's army would be used in northern France, probably disembarking in Picardy. A French army was gathered to confront this imagined threat, including many men transferred from Brittany. Charles became aware his force greatly outnumbered the English, despite the detachments to Picardy, and took his army west in an attempt to relieve Morlaix. He was defeated on 30 September at the battle of Morlaix, suffering heavy losses.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward III's Breton campaign", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III%27s_Breton_campaign", "article_id": 78951718, "section": "English intervention", "metadata": {"word_count": 384, "char_count": 2325, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 260 English ships which had disembarked Northampton's expedition at Brest on 18 August, together with those which had landed Robert of Artois's reinforcements were supposed to immediately sail back to England. It was envisaged that they would pick up the 3,000 additional men whom Edward had gathered, and return to Brittany by early September. The ships' captains, frustrated at having been requisitioned for up to three months and aware there was little left of the sailing season, deserted en route. When the rest arrived at the English ports there was not enough transport capacity for even half of Edward's force. On 6 October Edward abandoned his siege train on the beach at Sandwich and set sail with those troops he was able to embark onto the available shipping. They reached Brittany on 26 October after a storm-wracked passage.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward III's Breton campaign", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III%27s_Breton_campaign", "article_id": 78951718, "section": "Edward's campaign", "metadata": {"word_count": 139, "char_count": 842, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Edward concentrated the English and Montfortist forces at Brest and called a council of war. It was agreed to move on the major town of Vannes and attempt to capture it. Vannes was the second most populous settlement in Brittany, and had a good harbour and strong walls. From Vannes a strong detachment could control much of southern Brittany. On 7 November both the navy and the army set off. The fleet was depleted even further from the one which had arrived two weeks earlier; in the interim another 186 ships had deserted. Their masters and crews were unhappy at not being paid and at being forced out to sea in dangerous winter weather. Those left sailed along the south coast of Brittany under the command of Robert of Artois, probably carrying the 800 men who had sailed with him from England.\nRobert was a reckless commander and he sailed past Vannes into the Bay of Bourgneuf, south west of Nantes. There he attacked a galley squadron overwintering at Beauvoir-sur-Mer. The galley crews were ready and were able to man their vessels before the English reached them. In the ensuing fighting the English came off much the worse, suffering many casualties and losing several ships. The surviving ships sailed back to Vannes, enduring another winter storm en route. An attempt to take the town with a surprise attack came close to success but was defeated, with Robert being fatally wounded. The attack's main effect was to alert the French, who reinforced the garrison to 300 men and assigned an experienced commander.\nIn England the King's Council attempted to organise a further fleet to carry supplies and reinforcements. Approximately 1,400 men were assembled, but only 56 vessels were mustered. These sailed on or after 3 November carrying 600 men, but were driven ashore in the Isles of Scilly by further storms. They and the 800 men who had not sailed waited for a break in the weather, fruitlessly: they were finally stood down in February 1343. Only the earls of Pembroke and Gloucester, with their immediate entourages, are recorded as having reached Brittany. The rest of the council abandoned attempts to cross the Channel in winter and agreed to reassemble with an army of 6,000 – the large majority much-needed infantry – on the unrealistically early date of 1 March.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward III's Breton campaign", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III%27s_Breton_campaign", "article_id": 78951718, "section": "Move to Vannes", "metadata": {"word_count": 389, "char_count": 2287, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The main English army marched unopposed some 120 miles (190 km) through southern Brittany, halting 12 miles (19 km) from Vannes for a week to make new siege engines – replacements for those the English fleet had been unable to transport. On 29 November the Anglo-Breton army reached Vannes and attempted to take it by storm. The newly reinforced French garrison repelled this assault and a siege began. Vannes suffered from a severe and deadly outbreak of illness in 1342, which may have raised hopes that it would fall rapidly. The siege did not require the entire army and large detachments were sent on chevauchees across eastern Brittany to devastate the region and capture the fortified places. One expedition, commanded by the Earl of Salisbury, razed the outskirts of Dinan and devastated the area around Dol, 100 miles (160 km) north east of Vannes. Ploërmel, Malestroit and Redon were captured and Nantes, the ducal capital, was besieged.\nIncreasing numbers of Breton knights and lords switched their allegiance to the Montfortist cause. However, there were fewer than 5,000 English troops in Brittany, and the term of service of many was running out; it is known that 400 Welsh archers left the army on 17 December for this reason. The English were supplemented by an unknown number of Montfortist partisans; the French believed there were many such men, but their reliability and enthusiasm were uncertain. In particular the Anglo-Breton force was short of infantry. No food supplies were arriving for Edward by sea, and although he sent out columns over a broad area, foraging in winter yielded thin returns. Edward's army was in difficulty.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward III's Breton campaign", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III%27s_Breton_campaign", "article_id": 78951718, "section": "Siege of Vannes", "metadata": {"word_count": 272, "char_count": 1653, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The French were perturbed by Edward's landing in Brittany, when he was expected to invade further east, and by his taking the field so late in the season, when their armies had been disbanded. During November they struggled to put together an army and to accumulate sufficient supplies to feed and equip it. The army was based at the main French supply centre of Angers with King Philip's oldest son, John, Duke of Normandy, in command. There are no contemporary figures on the size of the French army, but it was several times larger than the Anglo-Breton force. It was 14 December before it commenced the 50 miles (80 km) journey west to the Breton border. Edward was sufficiently alarmed to invite the two cardinals he had brushed off in the summer to present their credentials. They had been observing events from Avranches, just over the Breton border, and were allowed no closer than Malestroit, 18 miles (29 km) from the main English camp. Edward suspected that everything they saw would be passed on to the French, and took great care not to betray the small size and poor state of his army.\nOnce started, the French advance was rapid; it was Christmas Day (25 December) 1342 when the French relieved Nantes, just in time to foil a plot to open the gates to the English. Redon, Ploërmel and Malestroit were recaptured during early January and the French encamped around the latter. The two cardinals were probably in Malestroit when it fell to the French, on or shortly after 10 January. Philip VI set up his court at Redon and also sent emissaries to the cardinals at Malestroit. By 19 January 1343 the terms of a truce had been agreed and it was sealed. The break in hostilities was to last until 29 September 1346 and the historian Jonathan Sumption describes the terms as \"astonishingly favourable\" to the English. Both France and England were to retain the territory they held when the truce came into effect: this applied to Brittany, Gascony, Flanders and Scotland. The English garrisoned the fortified places they held in Brittany. Vannes was to be held by the papacy for the duration of the truce, Philip was to immediately free John of Montfort and there was a general exchange of prisoners. Both monarchs pledged to negotiate in Avignon, mediated by Clement, a treaty to permanently end the war. In reality each saw the truce as a mere pause and neither intended to negotiate in good faith; the truce had only been agreed because each king felt it was beneficial to him. Edward left for England, enduring another winter storm which scattered the fleet and sank several ships, and arrived on 1 March.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward III's Breton campaign", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III%27s_Breton_campaign", "article_id": 78951718, "section": "Truce", "metadata": {"word_count": 455, "char_count": 2618, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Philip believed that with the fighting ended, all the English would leave for home. He was mistaken, and the Breton Civil War ground on as a disjointed and inconclusive series of petty sieges, skirmishes and truces, with the English and their Montfortist allies holding almost the whole of Brittany by 1345. Late in 1343 Montfortists in Vannes rose against the Pope's authority, expelled his garrison and delivered the town to the English, who held it until the end of the Breton Civil War in 1364. John of Montfort was not released until September, despite the stipulation of the treaty. Brest remained in English hands for 30 years; as the Hundred Years' War continued it was used to support forces guarding the passage of English ships to and from Gascony and to facilitate descents on the French-held parts of Brittany. The fighting continued much as before in Gascony; by August 1345 the region had reverted to full-scale war with a major Anglo-Gascon offensive.\nBoth the French and the English sent delegations to a peace conference at Avignon sponsored by Clement. Procedural disagreements delayed its start until October 1344. The proposals made by each side were unacceptable to the other, and the English ended the discussion in November. Edward was planning another major invasion of France long before the truce was due to expire in September 1346. He renounced it in June 1345, and personally led another expedition to France in July 1346, this time landing in Normandy.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Edward III's Breton campaign", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III%27s_Breton_campaign", "article_id": 78951718, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 246, "char_count": 1483, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Mount Edziza volcanic complex (MEVC) in British Columbia, Canada, has a history of volcanism that spans more than 7 million years. It has taken place during five cycles of magmatic activity, each producing less volcanic material than the previous one. Volcanism during these cycles has created several types of volcanoes, including cinder cones, stratovolcanoes, subglacial volcanoes, shield volcanoes and lava domes. The roughly 1,000 km2 (400 sq mi) volcanic plateau forming the base of the MEVC originated from the successive eruptions of highly mobile lava flows. Volcanic rocks such as basalt, trachybasalt, benmoreite, tristanite, mugearite, trachyte and rhyolite were deposited by multiple eruptions of the MEVC; the latter six rock types are products of varying degrees of magmatic differentiation in underground magma reservoirs. Renewed effusive volcanism could block local streams with lava flows whereas renewed explosive volcanism could disrupt air traffic with volcanic ash across parts of northwestern Canada. At least 10 distinct flows of obsidian were produced by volcanism of the MEVC, some of which were exploited by indigenous peoples in prehistoric times to make tools and weaponry.\nThe first magmatic cycle took place between 7.5 and 6 million years ago and is represented by the Raspberry, Little Iskut and Armadillo formations, each of which is the product of a different eruptive period. Three distinct periods of eruptive activity also characterized the second magmatic cycle between 6 and 1 million years ago; they are represented by the Nido, Spectrum and Pyramid geological formations. The third magmatic cycle about 1 million years ago is represented by the Ice Peak, Pillow Ridge and Edziza geological formations, each of which is also the product of a distinct eruptive period. Three distinct periods of eruptive activity also characterized the fourth magmatic cycle between 0.8 and 0.2 million years ago which are represented by the Arctic Lake, Klastline and Kakiddi geological formations. The fifth magmatic cycle began at least 20,000 years ago and may be ongoing; the single distinct eruptive period of this magmatic cycle is represented by the Big Raven Formation.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 339, "char_count": 2206, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The Mount Edziza volcanic complex is a linear group of volcanoes in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is about 65 km (40 mi) long and 20 km (12 mi) wide, consisting of several stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, subglacial volcanoes, lava domes and cinder cones. This volcanic complex includes a broad, steep-sided, intermontane plateau that rises from a base elevation of 760 or 816 metres (2,500 or 2,675 feet). A northerly-trending, elliptical, shield volcano consisting of multiple flat-lying lava flows forms the plateau which is capped with several smaller volcanic structures of the complex. Four central volcanoes of felsic composition overlie the plateau, the highest of which is Mount Edziza with an elevation of 2,786 m (9,140 ft). The plateau is subdivided into three smaller plateaus; from north to south they are the Big Raven, Kitsu and Arctic Lake plateaus.\nThe MEVC is one of the largest volcanic complexes in North America, covering about 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) and comprising about 665 cubic kilometres (160 cubic miles) of volcanic material. After Level Mountain, the MEVC is the largest eruptive centre in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province which extends from northwestern British Columbia northwards through Yukon into easternmost Alaska. This volcanic province is the most volcanically active area in Canada, having undergone at least three eruptions in the last 500 years. Volcanism of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province began 20 million years ago, resulting from rifting of the North American Cordillera driven by changes in relative plate motion between the North American and Pacific plates.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 253, "char_count": 1640, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The eruption rate of the MEVC has varied throughout its long volcanic history. When the volcanic complex started erupting at least 7.4 million years ago, it increased the rate of magmatism in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province from 100,000 to 300,000 cubic metres (3,500,000 to 10,600,000 cubic feet) per year. A period of quiescence appears to have followed at the MEVC and elsewhere in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province between about 4 and 3 million years ago. Magmatism of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province has since rebounded to a relatively constant rate of 100,000 cubic metres (3,500,000 cubic feet) per year, significantly less than that estimated for the Cascade Volcanic Arc of western North America. The MEVC has undergone an eruption roughly every 379 years throughout the current Holocene epoch based on the number of demonstrable Holocene eruptions in the last 11,000 years, of which there are at least 29. This makes the MEVC the most active eruptive centre in Canada throughout the Holocene; its relatively frequent eruptions also make it one of the most hazardous volcanic complexes in Canada.\nThe most voluminous rocks produced by volcanism of the MEVC are mafic alkali basalts and hawaiites which represent about 60% of the total eruptive volume. Felsic peralkaline rocks such as trachyte, comendite and pantellerite were also produced by volcanism of the MEVC and represent about 40% of the total eruptive volume, resulting from prolonged fractional crystallization of mantle-derived basaltic magma in magma chambers. Peralkaline volcanism with similar chemistry, mineralogy and isotopic composition has also occurred at the Rainbow Range in central British Columbia, as well as at the Afar Triangle in East Africa and in the Great Basin of western North America. Volcanic rocks of intermediate composition such as benmoreite, trachybasalt, mugearite and tristanite were produced in relatively small volumes; they were the result of alkali basaltic magma having pooled in large subterranean magma chambers on a shorter timespan. The chemistry and petrography of MEVC rocks is indicative of bimodal volcanism, a phenomenon associated with continental rifting.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Eruption rate and composition", "metadata": {"word_count": 337, "char_count": 2204, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Volcanism of the MEVC has taken place during five cycles of magmatic activity in the last 8 million years, each of which began with the effusion of alkali basalt and culminated with the eruption of felsic magma. Each cycle was less productive than the previous one, the first magmatic cycle depositing about 290 cubic kilometres (70 cubic miles) of volcanic material. Eruptions during the second and third magmatic cycles deposited about 255 cubic kilometres (61 cubic miles) and 97 cubic kilometres (23 cubic miles) of volcanic material, respectively. Volcanism during the fourth magmatic cycle deposited roughly 15 cubic kilometres (3.6 cubic miles) of volcanic material whereas the fifth cycle has produced an insignificant volume of volcanic material. The fourth and fifth magmatic cycles could possibly be part of a larger cycle that may be ongoing.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Magmatic cycles", "metadata": {"word_count": 135, "char_count": 854, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The first magmatic cycle was restricted to the Late Miocene between 7.5 and 6 million years ago. Three distinct eruptive periods occurred during this magmatic cycle, each producing different types of volcanic rocks. The first eruptive period is represented by alkali basalt and hawaiite flows of the Raspberry Formation. They rest directly on older rocks of the Stikinia terrane and are exposed along the Mess Creek Escarpment. The Little Iskut Formation represents the second period of eruptive activity, consisting mainly of trachybasalt flows and breccia that overlie the Raspberry Formation. Eruptions of the Little Iskut period immediately followed or may have been coeval with those during Raspberry time due to the lack of an erosion surface between the two formations. The third eruptive period is represented by alkali basalt, comendite and trachyte of the Armadillo Formation which overlies the Little Iskut Formation.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "First magmatic cycle", "metadata": {"word_count": 142, "char_count": 928, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Raspberry eruptive period 7.4 million years ago began with the effusion of basaltic lava flows on an erosion surface from near Raspberry Pass. More than 83 cubic kilometres (20 cubic miles) of lava flows were extruded in rapid succession, forming a Late Miocene shield volcano. They reached a maximum thickness of more than 300 m (980 ft) near their source to only a few metres thick at their terminus. Disruption of the local drainage system by lava flows originating from a cluster of small satellitic cones southeast of the Raspberry shield volcano resulted in the formation of so-named Raspberry Lake in the upper Little Iskut River valley. At least 25 lava flows were extruded during Raspberry time, each reaching thicknesses of 1 to 30 m (3.3 to 98.4 ft). By the time the Raspberry eruptive period had come to an end, the Raspberry shield volcano covered an area of at least 775 km2 (299 sq mi) and reached an elevation of nearly 2,100 m (6,900 ft). Volcanism during Raspberry time did not have long periods of quiescence as suggested by the lack of fluvial layers between individual Raspberry lava flows.\nAbout 119 cubic kilometres (29 cubic miles) of volcanic material were deposited by the Raspberry eruptions, making the Raspberry Formation the second most voluminous geological formation of the first magmatic cycle. After the Raspberry eruptive period ceased, Raspberry Lake had already begun to erode a notch along the eastern edge of the lava dam. The Raspberry shield volcano and associated satellitic cones and ash beds had also begun to erode away, but the valleys and lowlands remained filled with thick piles of basaltic lava flows which later were overlain by the much younger Mount Edziza and Spectrum Range volcanoes. In addition to forming the base of the Mess Creek Escarpment, Raspberry basalt is also exposed along the bases of Artifact and Obsidian ridges, as well as south and southeast of Mount Edziza.\nPotassium–argon dating of volcanic rocks produced during this eruptive period has yielded a wide variety of ages. This includes 11.4 ± 1.5 million years, 8.4 ± 0.4 million years and 6.4 ± 0.3 million years for Raspberry hawaiite and 6.1 ± 0.4 million years and 5.5 ± 0.1 million years for Raspberry alkali basalt, the first of which is anomalously old and has the largest error. Relatively large atmospheric contents and pervasive carbonate alteration in Raspberry rocks is likely the cause of the large spread in ages. A minimum age for the timing of Raspberry volcanism is 7.4–6.2 million years.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Raspberry eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 423, "char_count": 2533, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Little Iskut eruptive period 7.2 million years ago began beneath the waters of Raspberry Lake south of present day Raspberry Pass. Interactions between the lake water and the erupting magma resulted in several violent phreatic explosions, the larger explosions depositing ash and granular particles over much of the lake bed. The phreatic explosions were followed by the eruption of trachybasalt flows which began forming a lava dome on the bed of Raspberry Lake; this lava dome eventually grew above lake level from continued volcanic eruptions to form a small volcanic island. Renewed volcanism then transformed this small island into a broad shield volcano that overlapped with the northern shoreline of Raspberry Lake. By this time much of the original lake had been displaced with shattered rock fragments formed by the quenching and fracturing of lava from thermal shock. Subsequent eruptions of the Little Iskut shield volcano produced thick, irregular, randomly jointed lava flows that travelled down its gentle eastern, southern and western flanks. Lava flowing down the eastern and southern flanks entered the shrinking remnants of Raspberry Lake whereas lava travelling down the western flank merged with the older Raspberry shield volcano.\nThe Little Iskut eruptions were much less voluminous than those of the Raspberry eruptive period, depositing only 14.6 cubic kilometres (3.5 cubic miles) of volcanic material; this makes the Little Iskut Formation the least voluminous geological formation of the first magmatic cycle. Erosional remnants of trachybasalt flows from the Little Iskut eruptive period are exposed in a 10 km (6.2 mi) wide area northeast of the Spectrum Range where they comprise parts of Artifact Ridge and Obsidian Ridge. These flows range in thickness from about 300 m (980 ft) near the centre of Artifact Ridge to 90 m (300 ft) around the perimeter, suggesting their source was located near Artifact Ridge. This is supported by the existence of dikes along the northern side of Artifact Creek valley which may have been feeders for the overlying trachybasalt flows. A single potassium–argon date of 7.2 ± 0.3 million years has been obtained from Little Iskut trachybasalt.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Little Iskut eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 347, "char_count": 2210, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The next eruptive period, the Armadillo period, occurred between 7 and 6 million years ago. It began with explosive activity from a vent at Cartoona Ridge which produced 10 km (6.2 mi) long ash flows and an air-fall pumice deposit that covers an area of several hundred square kilometres. This was followed by the effusion of viscous trachyte and rhyolite lava which piled up around the vent area to produce steep-sided, overlapping domes. As the lava domes continued to grow their slopes became oversteepened, forcing lava to move further away from the vent area. Eventually bulbous mounds of trachyte and rhyolite covered much of the southeastern highlands of the MEVC; these domes were subsequently eroded to form clastic deposits.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Armadillo eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 119, "char_count": 734, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Rapid evacuation of a shallow magma chamber nearly 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Cartoona Ridge resulted in the formation of the 3 km (1.9 mi) wide Armadillo Peak caldera. Fractures in the roof of the magma chamber provided passageways for trachyte magma to reach the subsiding caldera floor, resulting in the formation of lava lakes inside the newly-formed depression. Larger volumes of lava eventually spilled over the caldera rim to produce a nearly 13 km (8.1 mi) long, 460 m (1,510 ft) thick sequence of trachyte and rhyolite flows which extends to the west. A 180 m (590 ft) thick remnant of trachyte flows that pooled inside the caldera forms the 2,194 m (7,198 ft) high summit of Armadillo Peak which lies within its southern limit. Erosion in the middle of the caldera has exposed several granite intrusions that are in the form of sills, dikes and irregular subvolcanic masses. \nOther volcanic centres were active during the Armadillo eruptive period. Tadeda Peak and the IGC Centre, both satellitic vents of the Armadillo Peak caldera, produced trachyte and rhyolite. Alkali basalt, hawaiite and trachybasalt flows erupted from Sezill Volcano and the Little Iskut shield volcano, many of which are exposed along the Mess Creek Escarpment. The thickest sections of Armadillo basalt flows are exposed in Sezill Creek canyon, Kadeya Creek canyon and near the southwestern end of Raspberry Pass where they reach thicknesses of up to 180 m (590 ft). Individual flows of alkali basalt are thin and voluminous, suggesting they were highly fluid at the time of their eruption.\nThe Armadillo eruptions deposited 159 cubic kilometres (38 cubic miles) of volcanic material, making the Armadillo Formation the most voluminous geological formation of the first magmatic cycle. An anomalously old potassium–argon date of 10.2 ± 1.4 million years has been obtained from Armadillo comendite. Potassium–argon dates more in line with the volcanic stratigraphy include 6.9 ± 0.3 million years and 6.1 ± 0.1 million years from comenditic ash flows, 6.9 ± 0.3 million years from comenditic glass and 6.5 ± 0.2 million years, 6.3 ± 0.5 million years, 6.2 ± 0.1 million years and 6.1 ± 0.2 million years from hawaiite.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Armadillo eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 361, "char_count": 2199, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The second magmatic cycle took place between 6 and 1 million years ago during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. Like the first magmatic cycle, it is subdivided into three distinct eruptive periods. The first eruptive period is represented by alkali basalt and hawaiite flows of the Nido Formation. They are exposed along the Mess Creek Escarpment and appear to have originated from several separate eruptive centres along the eastern margin of the MEVC. The Spectrum Formation represents the second period of eruptive activity; it is almost entirely underlain by the Nido Formation and consists mostly of trachyte and rhyolite. The third eruptive period is represented by trachyte, comendite and pantellerite of the Pyramid Formation which overlies the Nido Formation.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Second magmatic cycle", "metadata": {"word_count": 119, "char_count": 770, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Nido eruptive period was a long episode of volcanic activity between 6 and 4 million years ago that involved the effusion of highly mobile, fluid basaltic lava flows from multiple, widely spaced eruptive centres; these eruptive centres included at least six major volcanoes and many more smaller volcanic cones. The lava flows are mineralogically and geomorphologically similar to those of the Raspberry Formation, having buried lag gravels and travelled into valleys where they disrupted the drainage system to form lava-dammed lakes. Volcanism of the Nido eruptive period was limited to the northern and southern ends of the MEVC, such that the lava flows formed two separate lava fields, one at each end of the volcanic complex. The northern lava field is represented by the Tenchen Member while the southern lava field is represented by the Kounugu Member; they are separated by the Armadillo Highlands which acted as a topographic barrier at the time of their eruption. Volcanic activity in both lava fields occurred more or less simultaneously as shown by the existence of Armadillo clasts in glacial deposits that were overridden by lava flows in each field. In 1984, Canadian volcanologist Jack Souther described the lava flows from this period of activity as the remains of composite shield volcanoes.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Nido eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 210, "char_count": 1314, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Three major volcanoes of the Tenchen Member were active during the Nido eruptive period, all of which have since been reduced to eroded remnants. Alpha Peak was the oldest of them; it issued lava flows from both satellitic and central vents which diverted and blocked local streams to form lava-dammed lakes. The second oldest major volcano, Beta Peak, formed 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Alpha Peak. It rose at least 365 m (1,200 ft) above the surrounding landscape and produced lava flows that travelled at least 13 km (8.1 mi) to the north. Remnants of Alpha Peak and Beta Peak basalt are exposed south and east of Mount Edziza. Gamma Peak, the youngest of the three major volcanoes, formed south of Beta Peak on the western flanks of Cartoona Ridge. Lava flows from Gamma Peak buried gently sloping alluvial fans on the northern and western flanks of the Armadillo Highlands. An eroded remnant of this volcano forms a prominent rock pinnacle just southeast of Coffee Crater called Cartoona Peak; Kaia Bluff north of Cartoona Peak is also a remnant of Gamma Peak.\nThe Kounugu Member contains the eroded remains of at least four volcanoes that were active during Nido time. Swarm Peak, the oldest of the four volcanoes, issued lava flows that travelled down the western and southern flanks of the Little Iskut shield volcano. Vanished Peak further to the south was formed during a major eruption that involved lava fountaining; most of the lava from this eruption flowed to the north and west. Lost Peak consists of volcanic ejecta that was deposited in both subaerial and subaqueous environments; the subaqueous material was deposited in a lake that may have formed between the erupting volcano and a lobe of glacial ice. Exile Hill formed on the southwesternmost edge of the MEVC, most of which was engulfed by younger lava that had flowed to the north and west. Basalt from all four volcanoes is exposed around the perimeter of the younger Spectrum Range.\nThe Nido eruptions deposited 127 cubic kilometres (30 cubic miles) of volcanic material, making the Nido Formation the most voluminous geological formation of the second magmatic cycle. Potassium–argon dating of Nido alkali basalt has given ages of 7.8 ± 0.3 million years, 5.5 ± 1.6 million years, 4.5 ± 0.3 million years and 4.4 ± 0.5 million years. The first age comes from basal basalt of the Kounugu Member overlying basement rocks and, if correct, implies that the Nido eruptions may have initiated during the Raspberry eruptive period.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Nido eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 421, "char_count": 2498, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The next eruptive period, the Spectrum period, occurred between 4 and 2 million years ago. A relatively small initial eruption of pumice and ash was followed by the effusion of massive rhyolite flows, each up to 150 m (490 ft) thick and 13 km (8.1 mi) long. These rhyolite flows accumulated in rapid succession to form the broad Spectrum Dome which reached a thickness of at least 750 m (2,460 ft) and a width of more than 25 km (16 mi). The predominantly rhyolitic eruptions were followed by the effusion of trachyte lava as deeper parts of the underlying magma chamber were tapped. Formation of the Spectrum Dome was followed by evacuation of the magma chamber, resulting in the creation of a 4.5 km (2.8 mi) wide caldera which was eventually buried by lava from subsequent eruptions.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Spectrum eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 137, "char_count": 786, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Yeda Peak, a 2,240 m (7,350 ft) high pinnacle in the middle of the Spectrum Range, was the site of an explosive eruption late in Spectrum time that resulted in the formation of a crater. Some of the ejecta accumulated around the vent to form a low volcanic cone whereas the more volatile, pumice-rich phases of the eruption sent ash flows down the slopes of the Spectrum Dome. Renewed volcanism at Exile Hill 8 km (5.0 mi) to the west produced a similar but much smaller eruption that created a roughly 200 m (660 ft) wide breccia pipe. Late-stage volcanism of the Spectrum eruptive period also deposited alkali basalt flows of the Kitsu Member which likely issued from multiple eruptive centres on the dome's summit that have since been removed by erosion. These lava flows travelled over a layer of polymict gravel that overlies older volcanic rocks produced during Spectrum time.\nThe Spectrum eruptions deposited 118 cubic kilometres (28 cubic miles) of volcanic material, making the Spectrum Formation the second most voluminous geological formation of the second magmatic cycle. More than 90% of this volcanic material was erupted as lava whereas less than 10% of it was erupted as pumice and pyroclastic flows; trachyte, pantellerite and comendite are the main rocks comprising this volcanic material. An anomalously old potassium–argon date of 5.9 ± 1.1 million years has been obtained from Kitsu Member alkali basalt. Potassium–argon dates more in line with the volcanic stratigraphy include 3.1 ± 0.1 million years and 3.0 ± 0.1 million years from comendite and 3.4 ± 0.1 million years and 2.9 ± 0.1 million years from comenditic glass.\nThe once continuous Spectrum Dome was substantially eroded to form the current peaks and ridges of the Spectrum Range. Extensive erosion also reduced the size of the dome, leaving behind a few remnants around its northern and southwestern edges. Relatively thin trachyte flows northwest of the Spectrum Range on the Kitsu Plateau are the most distal remnants, although they may have originated from a nearby satellitic vent. Erosional remnants of Kitsu Member alkali basalt flows cap the higher summits of the Spectrum Range where they overlie the unmodified upper surface of the original dome. The original dome was higher in elevation as evidenced by the thick, gently dipping trachyte flows forming the 2,430-metre-high (7,972-foot) summit of Kitsu Peak, the highest point of the Spectrum Range.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Spectrum eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 397, "char_count": 2444, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Pyramid eruptive period 1.1 million years ago involved violent explosive eruptions of rock fragments, gas and trachyte pumice from a vent adjacent to the northwestern margin of the MEVC; this explosivity was accompanied by phreatic explosions and pyroclastic surges. Subsequent eruptions sent thin basalt flows into the valley of a north-flowing glacial stream where they formed a small lava-dammed lake. This short period of basaltic volcanism was followed by the extrusion of felsic flows and domes forming The Pyramid, a pyramid-shaped mound on the northeastern flank of Mount Edziza.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Pyramid eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 90, "char_count": 591, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Renewed volcanism during this eruptive period produced viscous rhyolite lava and volcanic ejecta of the Sphinx Dome which may have formed subglacially. Some of the ejecta settled in a lake that had formed between the growing dome and an ice field along its southern margin, resulting in the formation of an evenly distributed volcaniclastic deposit on the lake bed. The Sphinx Dome reached a height of 800 m (2,600 ft) and a length of 5 km (3.1 mi) by the time activity ceased.\nA third pulse of volcanism constructed the Pharaoh Dome just south of the lake that ponded during Sphinx Dome activity. Eruptions were at first subglacial which led to a series of phreatic steam explosions and the quenching of rhyolite lava by meltwater. Pharaoh Dome eventually built above the level of the surrounding ice as flows of rhyolite continued to enlarge the dome. By the time activity ceased, Pharaoh Dome had risen above the surface of a large ice field as a nunatak; it was subsequently buried under glacial ice.\nThe Pyramid eruptions were much less voluminous than those of the Nido and Spectrum eruptive periods, depositing only 11.4 cubic kilometres (2.7 cubic miles) of volcanic material; this makes the Pyramid Formation the least voluminous geological formation of the second magmatic cycle. Potassium–argon dating of comenditic glass produced during the Pyramid eruptive period has yielded ages of 1.2 ± 0.4 million years and 1.20 ± 0.03 million years. Trachyte produced during this eruptive period has yielded potassium–argon dates of 0.94 ± 0.12 million years and 0.94 ± 0.05 million years.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Pyramid eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 262, "char_count": 1591, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The third magmatic cycle occurred between about 1 and 0.8 million years ago during the Pleistocene. It was characterized by three distinct eruptive periods, each represented by a geological formation. The first eruptive period created the Ice Peak Formation which overlies the Armadillo, Nido and Pyramid formations. A wide variety of volcanic rocks comprise the Ice Peak Formation, including alkali basalt, hawaiite, trachybasalt, tristanite, mugearite, benmoreite and trachyte. The second eruptive period resulted in the creation of the Pillow Ridge Formation which consists mainly of alkali basalt. This geological formation is confined to Pillow Ridge and Tsekone Ridge at the northern end of the MEVC. The third eruptive period produced the Edziza Formation which consists mainly of trachyte that overlies the Ice Peak Formation.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Third magmatic cycle", "metadata": {"word_count": 124, "char_count": 834, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Ice Peak eruptive period began at a time when the MEVC was covered by a regional ice sheet. Volcanism initially began on the southern flank of Sphinx Dome where pyroclastic material mixed with meltwater from residual ice to produce highly mobile debris flows and lahars. Lava flows advanced across the glaciated surface as successive eruptions built Ice Peak, resulting in the formation of narrow meltwater lakes that were displaced as the lava flows continued to advance down slope. Basaltic lava travelled further down slope onto the Big Raven Plateau while more viscous trachybasalt, tristanite, mugearite, benmoreite and trachyte lava accumulated around the vent area to form the steep, upper part of Ice Peak. At its climax, Ice Peak was a symmetrical stratovolcano containing a small crater at its summit; its symmetrical structure was later destroyed by glacial erosion. An erosional remnant etched from the eastern crater rim forms Ice Peak's current 2,500 m (8,200 ft) high summit, exposing bedded tuff and debris that accumulated inside a former crater lake. Potassium–argon dating of massive trachyte flows in the upper part of Ice Peak has yielded ages of 1.5 ± 0.4 million years and 1.5 ± 0.1 million years. These dates being older than those of the Pyramid eruptive period may be due to excess argon in Ice Peak rocks and are therefore considered unreliable; the true age is estimated to be about 1 million years.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Ice Peak eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 235, "char_count": 1431, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Two thick lobes of trachyte lava issued from satellitic domes on the western flank of Ice Peak during this eruptive period, both of which were deposited onto the Big Raven Plateau. The southern lobe, Koosick Bluff, ranges in elevation from 1,890 to 2,010 m (6,200 to 6,590 ft) and is bounded by cliffs that rise 60–90 m (200–300 ft) to a nearly flat surface. With a length of nearly 2 km (1.2 mi) and a width of more than 1 km (0.62 mi), Koosick Bluff is the largest of the two lava lobes. The northern and smaller lobe, Ornostay Bluff, is similar in composition and structure to Koosick Bluff; it has a potassium–argon date of 1.5 ± 0.4 million years which may be due to excess argon. The steep sides and unusually large thicknesses of these two lava lobes is attributed to them having been extruded through glacial ice.\nVolcanic activity during Ice Peak time created two volcanoes west of the Armadillo Highlands. The northern volcano, Camp Hill, began forming when the MEVC was still partially covered by glacial ice. Eruptions under the glacial ice formed a circular meltwater pond which quenched the erupting lava and caused phreatic explosions, resulting in fractured and churned debris accumulating around the erupting vent to create a broad tuff ring. This feature eventually grew above the level of the meltwater pond to produce subaerial lava fountains which formed a relatively steep-sided pyroclastic cone on top of the tuff ring. By this time the surrounding glacial ice had retreated, allowing basalt flows to spread over the Big Raven Plateau. The southern cinder cone, Cache Hill, formed during a period of eruptions on the western side of the Armadillo Highlands; basalt flows blocked a northwesterly flowing river in a broad valley to form a lava-dammed lake. Subsequent basalt flows travelled to the southeast and northwest, the southeasterly flows entering the lava-dammed lake to create pillow lava.\nA circular volcanic plug called The Neck formed southeast of Ice Peak on the northern side of Sorcery Ridge during this eruptive period. It was the source of more than one trachyte eruption; the magma from these eruptions solidified in the conduit to create the outer ring of fine grained trachyte and the inner core of coarse grained trachyte comprising The Neck. This volcanic plug, roughly 300 m (980 ft) in diameter, has a potassium–argon date of 1.6 ± 0.2 million years which may be due to excess argon.\nThe eruptions during Ice Peak time deposited 76.7 cubic kilometres (18.4 cubic miles) of volcanic material, making the Ice Peak Formation the most voluminous geological formation of the third magmatic cycle. This is the latest MEVC eruptive period involving the outpouring of more than 20 cubic kilometres (4.8 cubic miles) of lava. It is also the only eruptive period of the MEVC involving the eruption of large volumes of intermediate rocks.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Ice Peak eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 480, "char_count": 2873, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The next eruptive period, the Pillow Ridge period, occurred when the MEVC was still overlain by an ice sheet. Subglacial volcanism at the northern end of the Big Raven Plateau injected basaltic lava into the base of the ice sheet where the molten basalt was quenched in a meltwater cavity. Accumulation of this quenched lava resulted in the formation of a pillow mound under glacial ice between 300 and 930 m (980 and 3,050 ft) thick. As the volcanic activity progressed, it became more energetic and created a subglacial cone of tuff breccia at least 300 m (980 ft) in height. Formation of the cone was accompanied with Surtseyan explosions which may have been caused by a change in eruption rate, a change in confining pressure, or a change in the nature of the magma being erupted. Breaching of the ice surface, upwards growth of the pillow mound, or the draining of meltwater may have contributed to a drop in confining pressure. This stage of the eruption was followed by the effusion of two pillow lava units under at least 300–600 m (980–1,970 ft) of water or ice; a relative episode of quiescence took place between the emplacement of these two units. The final stage of volcanic activity, which resulted in the creation of Pillow Ridge on the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza, involved the effusion of two other overlying pillow lava units.\nAnother pulse of subglacial volcanism during the Pillow Ridge period created nearby Tsekone Ridge. Interaction with the surrounding ice and meltwater created pillow lava interbedded with tuff breccia which was likely fed by a fissure. This north–south elongated ridge formed in a similar environment to that of Pillow Ridge and is considered to be a subglacial mound, a glaciovolcanic landform created when a volcano does not build above the surrounding meltwater during a subglacial eruption. The basaltic magma that issued during the Tsekone Ridge eruption may have been left over from the volcanism that formed Pillow Ridge.\nThe eruptions during Pillow Ridge time were much less voluminous than those of the Ice Peak eruptive period, depositing only 2.9 cubic kilometres (0.70 cubic miles) of volcanic material; this makes the Pillow Ridge Formation the least voluminous geological formation of the third magmatic cycle. Fission track dating of alkali basalt from Pillow Ridge has yielded ages of 0.9 ± 0.3 million years and 0.8 ± 0.25 million years, potentially making Pillow Ridge the best documented example of where the Cordilleran Ice Sheet reached a regional high point during the middle Pleistocene.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Pillow Ridge eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 422, "char_count": 2561, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Edziza eruptive period constructed the symmetrical stratovolcano of Mount Edziza after the regional ice sheet had retreated from the MEVC. Growth began on the upper northern flank of Ice Peak with the eruption of viscous trachyte flows and steep-sided lava domes; dome formation was punctuated by vent-clearing explosions which ejected volcanic blocks and lava bombs onto the slopes of the growing stratovolcano. Formation of the stratovolcano was followed by collapse of the original summit, creating the 2 km (1.2 mi) in diameter crater that truncates it. The cause of this collapse may have been a violent, climactic eruption that deposited parts of the original summit onto the flanks of the volcano. Prior to collapse, the summit of Mount Edziza was at least 610 m (2,000 ft) higher than its current elevation of 2,786 m (9,140 ft). Part of the eastern crater rim was destroyed by a small phreatic explosion which provided a new passageway for the venting of volcanic gases. Individual lava flows range from 1–5 m (3.3–16.4 ft) to as much as 150 m (490 ft) thick; this variation in thickness may have been due to changes in viscosity as volcanic gases escaped the erupting magma. The trachyte erupted during this period straddles the pantelleritic trachyte and comenditic trachyte boundary.\nThe Edziza eruptions deposited 18 cubic kilometres (4.3 cubic miles) of volcanic material; this makes the Edziza Formation the second most voluminous geological formation of the third magmatic cycle. Most of the volcanic activity during Edziza time occurred from the summit of Mount Edziza, but at least a few vents were active on the flanks of the volcano. Volcanism on the southeastern rim of the summit crater created Nanook Dome; lava from this dome flowed down the exterior flanks of the stratovolcano and also into the summit crater to form lava lakes. Triangle Dome and Glacier Dome formed on the western and northeastern flanks of Mount Edziza, respectively; Triangle Dome may be the product of subglacial volcanism. A trachyte flow from Glacier Dome travelled around the base of the older Pyramid Dome into the head of Pyramid Creek. Lava from a small pyroclastic cone on the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza nearly engulfed Tsekone Ridge and partially buried Pillow Ridge; this lava and the associated pyroclastic cone may have been products of volcanism during the latter stages of the Edziza eruptive period. Edziza trachyte of comenditic composition has yielded a potassium–argon date of 0.9 ± 0.3 million years.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Edziza eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 410, "char_count": 2527, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The fourth magmatic cycle took place between 0.8 and 0.2 million years ago during the Pleistocene. Like the previous three magmatic cycles, it was characterized by three distinct eruptive periods. The first eruptive period created the Arctic Lake Formation which underlies much of the Arctic Lake Plateau near the Spectrum Range. Alkali basalt flows and related pyroclastic rocks comprise the Arctic Lake Formation. The second eruptive period is represented by the Klastline Formation along the Kakiddi and Klastline valleys; thick alkali basalt flows are the main features of this geological formation. The third eruptive period produced thick trachyte flows and pyroclastic rocks of the Kakiddi Formation which occupy valleys on the eastern flank of Ice Peak.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Fourth magmatic cycle", "metadata": {"word_count": 116, "char_count": 761, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Arctic Lake eruptive period 0.71 million years ago created at least seven basaltic volcanoes on and adjacent to the Arctic Lake Plateau. Lava fountaining at the extreme northern end of the Arctic Lake Plateau created the Outcast Hill cinder cone which blocked westerly flowing streams to create a temporary lake against its eastern side. Lava from Outcast Hill flowed into the lake, but most of it travelled to the northwest towards the Mess Creek Escarpment. Tadekho Hill, a cinder cone 4 km (2.5 mi) to the south, formed on top of a 180 m (590 ft) high remnant of Spectrum trachyte. Outcast Hill and Tadekho Hill both formed when the Arctic Lake Plateau was relatively free of glacial ice.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Arctic Lake eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 120, "char_count": 695, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Arctic Lake Plateau was subsequently covered with ice as glaciers advanced from the neighbouring Spectrum Range. Subglacial volcanism at the height of this glacial advance created Wetalth Ridge, a subglacial mound near the middle of the plateau. This was followed by the eruption of four other volcanoes on the Arctic Lake Plateau during the waning stages of glaciation. Two small mounds of quenched pillow lava informally called Knob 1 and Knob 2 formed subglacially about 4 km (2.5 mi) south of Wetalth Ridge. The third volcano, Source Hill, is a cinder cone that was created about 3 km (1.9 mi) to the northwest during a massive eruption of lava when only the central part of the Arctic Lake Plateau contained a thin lobe of glacial ice. Late-stage volcanism during Arctic Lake time formed Thaw Hill, a cinder cone about 7 km (4.3 mi) east-southeast of Source Hill on the eastern side of the Arctic Lake Plateau.\nThe Arctic Lake eruptions were much less voluminous than those of the Edziza eruptive period, depositing only 2 cubic kilometres (0.48 cubic miles) of volcanic material; this makes the Arctic Lake Formation the least voluminous geological formation of the fourth magmatic cycle. Alkali basalt of this eruptive period mainly rests on Mesozoic and Paleozoic rocks of the Stikinia terrane, although it also locally overlies rhyolite of the Spectrum Formation. Nearly all of the basalt was erupted at elevations greater than 1,000 m (3,300 ft), but at least one basalt flow descended into Mess Creek valley. Subaerial alkali basalt flows are large in areal extent and have thicknesses of 2 to 3 m (6.6 to 9.8 ft). Arctic Lake Formation alkali basalt has yielded potassium–argon dates of 0.71 ± 0.05 million years and 0.45 ± 0.07 million years.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Arctic Lake eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 294, "char_count": 1759, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Klastline eruptive period 0.62 million years ago was characterized by minor lava fountaining and the effusion of massive basalt flows from at least three vents along the northern flank of Mount Edziza. The basalt flows travelled adjacent to Buckley Lake on the northwestern side of the Big Raven Plateau and into the Klastline and Kakiddi valleys north and east of the plateau. Explosive interaction between lava and meltwater from an alpine glacier formed the Klastline tuff cone higher up on the plateau whereas eruptions on the lower slopes of the plateau created subaerial pyroclastic cones. Lava from Klastline Cone entered Kakiddi Valley where it blocked Kakiddi Creek and then flowed north across dry gravel bars to the confluence with Klastline Valley, temporarily damming the Klastline River to form a large shallow lake. Most of the lava continued to flow westward through Klastline Valley and reached the Stikine River.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Klastline eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 149, "char_count": 934, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Lava of the Klastline eruptive period continued to flow 55 km (34 mi) downstream along the Stikine River from its confluence with the Klastline River. As the lava advanced it buried glacial and nonglacial sediment along the Stikine and Tahltan rivers; isolated remnants of this lava are preserved along the river canyon walls and are subdivided into two geological members. The Junction Member is characterized by swirly jointed basalt whereas the overlying Village Member consists of regular columnar basalt jointing. At least five distinct lava flows comprise the Village Member which collectively reach a maximum thickness of 100 m (330 ft) and are vesicular in texture. The Klastline lava along the Stikine River had travelled some 83 km (52 mi) from the MEVC.\nThe Klastline eruptive period deposited 5.4 cubic kilometres (1.3 cubic miles) of volcanic material, making the Klastline Formation the second most voluminous geological formation of the fourth magmatic cycle. Potassium–argon dating of Klastline alkali basalt has yielded ages of 0.62 ± 0.04 million years and 0.33 ± 0.03 million years. The first date is from a lava flow remnant in Klastline Valley whereas the second date is from a Village Member basalt flow on the Tahltan River. Argon–argon dating of Village Member basalt about 2 km (1.2 mi) downstream from the mouth of the Tahltan River on the east bank of the Stikine River has yielded an age of 0.30 ± 0.10 million years.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Klastline eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 237, "char_count": 1445, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Kakiddi eruptive period 0.3 million years ago involved the eruption of a massive trachyte flow that reaches almost 1 km (0.62 mi) wide and 60–90 m (200–300 ft) thick. It advanced 7 km (4.3 mi) down the eastern flank of the MEVC into Kakiddi Valley where it spread out into a more than 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi) terminal lobe near Kakiddi and Nuttlude lakes. The source of this lava flow remains unknown, but it may have originated from Ice Peak and possibly Nanook Dome at the summit of Mount Edziza. Another possible source is The Neck which lies at the western end of the inferred maximum extent of this lava flow. However, this possibility cannot be confirmed until additional age-related data are provided for The Neck.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Kakiddi eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 128, "char_count": 720, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Minor tristanite and a relatively small but thick trachyte flow issued from a vent on the western flank of Ice Peak where it advanced onto the Big Raven Plateau. Breccia and spatter agglutinated around the vent area to create Punch Cone, a roughly 1 km (0.62 mi) long, steep-sided ridge projecting through Mount Edziza's ice cap. Pyroclastic rocks erupted during Kakiddi time are exposed on the eastern flank of Mount Edziza where they take the form of scoria and blocky explosion breccia.\nThe Kakiddi eruptions deposited 8.3 cubic kilometres (2.0 cubic miles) of volcanic material; this makes the Kakiddi Formation the most voluminous geological formation of the fourth magmatic cycle. Potassium–argon dating has yielded ages of 0.31 ± 0.07 million years for Kakiddi mugearite and 0.30 ± 0.02 million years, 0.29 ± 0.02 million years and 0.28 ± 0.02 million years for Kakiddi trachyte, suggesting the Kakiddi eruptions may have been coeval with those of the Klastline period. Kakiddi trachyte likely erupted more fluidly than trachyte of the Edziza eruptive period, but its mineralogical composition is nevertheless similar to Edziza trachyte. The Kakiddi eruptive period was short-lived as suggested by the small error and close clustering of the potassium–argon dates.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Kakiddi eruptive period", "metadata": {"word_count": 200, "char_count": 1271, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The fifth magmatic cycle, which may still be ongoing, commenced at least 20,000 years ago with the onset of the Big Raven eruptive period. It was marked by the eruption of subglacial volcanoes, cinder cones and lava flows along the entire length of the MEVC, as well as a single eruption of pumice from the southwestern flank of Ice Peak. Most of the Big Raven eruptions took place on the western flank of Ice Peak and on the northern flank of Mount Edziza where lava flows from several vents accumulated to form the Desolation and Snowshoe lava fields. Volcanic activity in the two lava fields most likely overlapped in time and display similar surficial features. The exact timing of Big Raven volcanism is unknown, but it may have initiated during the Last Glacial Maximum between 23,000 and 18,000 years ago. At least 1.7 cubic kilometres (0.41 cubic miles) of volcanic material has been deposited by the Big Raven eruptions.\nThe rocks deposited during the Big Raven eruptive period comprise the Big Raven Formation. This geological formation consists mainly of alkali basalts and hawaittes, but it also contains a small volume of comenditic trachyte assigned to the Sheep Track Member. More than 29 eruptions took place during this eruptive period, most of which resulted in the creation of cinder cones. These cones are of Holocene age and occur on Mount Edziza, in the Snowshoe and Desolation lava fields and adjacent to the Spectrum Range. Eruptions during Big Raven time continued within the last 2,000 years, but the exact age of the latest one is unknown; it may have occurred between 450 and 160 years ago. Holocene eruptions of the MEVC have been mainly characterized by the effusion of basaltic lava flows, but at least one explosive eruption has also occurred.\nVolcanism during the fifth magmatic cycle may have deposited the Finlay tephras. These are two 5-to-10-millimetre-thick (0.20-to-0.39-inch) tephra layers of phonolitic to trachytic composition in the Dease Lake and Finlay River areas of northern British Columbia. Radiocarbon dating of terrestrial plant macrofossils directly overlying the youngest tephra layer suggest an Early Holocene age for this volcanic material. MEVC volcanic deposits of Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene age are largely basaltic in composition, but their exact ages and chemical compositions are not well-known. Therefore, the MEVC has been suggested as a potential source for these two tephra layers along with Hoodoo Mountain, Heart Peaks and Level Mountain.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Fifth magmatic cycle", "metadata": {"word_count": 405, "char_count": 2514, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "One of the first volcanoes to erupt during the Big Raven eruptive period was Tennena Cone which formed high on the western flank of Ice Peak. It issued basaltic magma under an ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum, under an expansion of Mount Edziza's ice cap during the Younger Dryas between 12,900 and 11,600 years ago or during a more recent glacial advance. As the molten basalt accumulated around the erupting vent, it was quenched by the overlying ice to form the steep-sided, pyramid-shaped pile of pillow breccia and tuff breccia that comprises Tennena Cone. A meltwater channel thawed from the base of the cone provided the pathway for a thin lava flow. As the lava flow reached the western edge of the ice, it caused a violent interaction with meltwater which spread onto the Big Raven Plateau. Two unnamed volcanoes also in the Snowshoe Lava Field formed subglacially south of Tennena Cone.\nAfter the ice retreated from lower elevations, renewed volcanism in the Snowshoe Lava Field constructed Cocoa Crater, Coffee Crater, Keda Cone and other subaerial cinder cones by lava fountaining. Their construction was accompanied by the eruption of very large lava flows that travelled west into the valleys of Sezill Creek and Taweh Creek at the southwestern end of the Big Raven Plateau. A fissure eruption from The Saucer south of Tencho Glacier issued lava flows that travelled west into Taweh Creek and east into Shaman Creek; this was one of the most recent eruptions in the Snowshoe Lava Field.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Snowshoe Lava Field", "metadata": {"word_count": 253, "char_count": 1509, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "At least three eruptive centres were active on the deeply eroded eastern flank of Mount Edziza during Big Raven time. Cinder Cliff in the northern fork of Tenchen Creek valley formed when an eruption of basaltic magma ponded against an ice dam and engulfed debris such as moraine and talus. The other two eruptive centres, Icefall Cone and Ridge Cone, consist of bombs and agglutinate; they have been glaciated and are poorly exposed. Both cones produced lava flows but they are also poorly exposed, having been almost completely buried under glacial ice and debris. A more than 10 km (6.2 mi) long lava flow occupying a narrow, wedge-shaped valley on the eastern slope of Mount Edziza may have originated from Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone or an undiscovered vent inside the valley. Its terminus lies between Kakiddi and Nuttlude lakes where it is well exposed for 2 km (1.2 mi).\nTwo Big Raven centres formed at the southern end of the MEVC. The southernmost eruptive centre, Nahta Cone, erupted about 7 km (4.3 mi) southwest of the Spectrum Range near the northern edge of the Arctic Lake Plateau and produced a narrow, 3 km (1.9 mi) long basaltic lava flow that travelled northward into the head of Nahta Creek. Extending roughly 500 m (1,600 ft) west and 700 m (2,300 ft) north of Nahta Cone are two tephra deposits; their distribution suggests the volcano was in eruption at least twice during two differing wind directions. The other eruptive centre is a now-destroyed cinder cone that formed on the unstable southern flank of Kuno Peak at the southwestern end of the Spectrum Range. It produced a basaltic lava flow that travelled onto the Arctic Lake Plateau, but subsequent landsliding on Kuno Peak removed much of the original cone and buried the associated lava flow.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Arctic Lake Plateau and east slope centres", "metadata": {"word_count": 302, "char_count": 1773, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The first cones to form in the Desolation Lava Field were Sleet Cone and Storm Cone, which are about 4 km (2.5 mi) apart and produced lava flows that travelled over glacial till. Later volcanism created the three Triplex Cones 3 km (1.9 mi) north of Storm Cone which issued a 12 km (7.5 mi) long series of lava flows extending northwesterly to near the south shore of Buckley Lake. Renewed eruptive activity formed Sidas Cone and Twin Cone 8 km (5.0 mi) apart, both of which are products of simultaneous lava fountaining from more than one vent. Lava flows from these cones travelled to the northwest and northeast, respectively. The subsequent eruption of Moraine Cone 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Sidas Cone produced a roughly 14 km (8.7 mi) long lava flow that travelled northeast into the Kakiddi Creek and Klastline River valleys; both streams were temporarily dammed by the lava flow. Eve Cone and Williams Cone were created 5 km (3.1 mi) apart by the latest Desolation Lava Field eruptions, which issued lava flows more than 10 km (6.2 mi) long that reached Buckley Lake and the Klastline River, respectively. Willow twigs preserved in ejecta from Williams Cone have yielded a radiocarbon date of 610 CE ± 150 years.\nThe Mess Lake Lava Field northwest of the Spectrum Range issued from three cinder cones adjacent to the edge of the Mess Creek Escarpment. Lava flows from the two oldest cones travelled to the west and most likely cascaded down the escarpment into Mess Creek valley, but no evidence of this phenomenon has been found on or below the escarpment. The youngest cinder cone, The Ash Pit, formed at the south end of the Mess Lake Lava Field on the northern side of Nagha Creek. The Ash Pit eruption, which may be the most recent of the MEVC, issued mainly pyroclastic ejecta in the form of ash and cinders; much of this material was blown to the north-northeast by a strong, uniform wind during eruption and deposited onto the Kitsu Plateau. Some lava did, however, flow to the northwest through Nagha Creek valley towards Mess Lake in Mess Creek valley.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Desolation and Mess Lake lava fields", "metadata": {"word_count": 362, "char_count": 2068, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Kana Cone eruption about 18 km (11 mi) north of Mount Edziza was characterized by the effusion of basaltic lava flows and the build up of volcanic ejecta around the erupting vent. Several lobes of lava were produced during this eruption, some of which flowed around eroded remnants of lava produced during the Klastline eruptive period and engulfed Klastline Valley where they temporarily dammed the river. The lava dam formed a new route for the Klastline River along the northern valley wall where it still flows to this day, although some of the lava may have flowed further downstream where it potentially reached the Stikine River to form another temporary dam. Several episodes of lava effusion occurred during the Kana Cone eruption, each resulting in the formation of new lava channels.\nTwo small Big Raven cinder cones formed in Walkout Creek valley about 18 km (11 mi) southwest of Mount Edziza, both of which produced basaltic lava flows. The larger cone is about 120 m (390 ft) high and was constructed on top of a slow-moving landslide originating from the northern side of the valley. Bombs and agglutinated spatter of the smaller cone about 3 km (1.9 mi) to the east are exposed north of Walkout Creek where they overlie colluvium deposits. Deep dissection has occurred at both cones, the larger cone having been segmented into arcuate, step-like slices from continued movement of the landslide.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Kana Cone and Walkout Creek centres", "metadata": {"word_count": 236, "char_count": 1414, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A small but violent VEI-3 eruption occurred from a vent on the southwestern flank of Ice Peak near the end of the Big Raven eruptive period. It deposited granular trachyte pumice of the Sheep Track Member which fell over an area of about 40 km2 (15 sq mi). Larger, snowball-sized chunks of this pumice fell near the vent area whereas smaller, pea-sized fragments landed around the perimeter of the deposit. All of the Snowshoe Lava Field flows and cones are covered by Sheep Track pumice with the exception of The Saucer which likely postdates the Sheep Track eruption. The location of the vent that ejected the pumice is unknown, but it may lie under Tencho Glacier, the largest glacier of the MEVC. Fission track dating indicates the Sheep Track pumice was erupted in the last 7,000 years, most likely around 950 CE.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Sheep Track Member", "metadata": {"word_count": 142, "char_count": 818, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Volcanism of the MEVC produced at least 10 distinct flows of obsidian, some of which were used by indigenous peoples in prehistory to manufacture projectile points and cutting blades. The obsidian was widely traded throughout the Pacific Northwest; it has been recovered from archaeological sites in Alaska, Yukon, western Alberta and along the British Columbia Coast. It occurs over an area of more than 2,200,000 km2 (850,000 sq mi), making MEVC obsidian the most widely distributed obsidian in western North America. Obsidian from the Hidden Falls archaeological site in Alaska has yielded a hydration date of 10,000 years; this suggests the MEVC was being exploited as an obsidian source soon after ice sheets of the Last Glacial Period retreated.\nObsidian from the MEVC occurs in at least four geological formations, the largest occurrence being centred on Goat Mountain of the Spectrum Formation. The Armadillo Formation contains five flows of obsidian that are more widely distributed throughout the MEVC; locations include Cartoona Peak, Coffee Crater, Destell Pass, Artifact Creek and the Artifact Creek–Fan Creek confluence. The Ice Peak and Pyramid formations each contain two flows of obsidian that occur on Sorcery Ridge and The Pyramid, respectively.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Indigenous peoples", "metadata": {"word_count": 195, "char_count": 1264, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Volcanism of the MEVC is glaciologically significant because some of its volcanic deposits have recorded evidence of ice presence and thickness in a region that has received insignificant field research on ice conditions before the Last Glacial Period about 115,000 to 11,700 years ago. The earliest recorded evidence of ice presence at the MEVC is preserved in the 4.4-million-year-old Nido Formation, which contains glacial deposits that are interbedded with lava flows. A record of Early Pleistocene glaciation is preserved by a sequence of diamictites between basaltic lava flows of the approximately 1-million-year-old Ice Peak Formation.\nThe lowermost basalt flow of the Ice Peak Formation contains basal pillows; it also directly overlies hyaloclastites and is brecciated and deformed, suggesting it may have been extruded onto a glacier or an ice sheet. The thicknesses of Ornostay Bluff of the Ice Peak Formation and Triangle Dome of the 0.9-million-year-old Edziza Formation suggest that they were extruded when the MEVC was covered with at least 225 m (738 ft) of glacial ice. Glacial sediment under a 0.3-million-year-old basalt flow of the Klastline Formation in the Stikine River valley corresponds with marine isotope stage 10 of the Middle Pleistocene.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Paleo-ice conditions", "metadata": {"word_count": 194, "char_count": 1268, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The possibility of renewed volcanism of the MEVC cannot be ruled out since it is one of the most recently active volcanic complexes in Canada. It is also generally regarded to be dormant rather than extinct, having undergone several pulses of eruptive activity over the last 2,000 years. Any renewed volcanism of the MEVC would possibly be similar to what has occurred throughout its long volcanic history, potentially producing explosive eruptions and damming local streams with lava flows. Glaciovolcanism is also a possibility since the MEVC contains an ice cap that covers an area of about 70 km2 (27 sq mi). Explosive volcanism could disrupt parts of northwestern Canada; ash columns can drift for thousands of kilometres downwind and often become increasingly spread out over a larger area with increasing distance from an erupting vent.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex", "article_id": 75510639, "section": "Future volcanism", "metadata": {"word_count": 135, "char_count": 843, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Eye (Spring/Summer 2000) was the fifteenth collection by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. It was inspired by the culture of the Middle East, particularly Islamic clothing, as well as the oppression of women in Islamic culture and their resistance to it. The collection crossed traditional Middle Eastern garments with elements drawn from Western fashion such as sportswear and fetishwear. Jeweller and frequent McQueen collaborator Shaun Leane provided the collection's best-known design: a yashmak made from chainmail.\nThe runway show for Eye was staged at Pier 94 on 16 September 1999, during New York Fashion Week. In the days leading up to the runway show, Hurricane Floyd was threatening New York City, and although numerous other designers cancelled shows, McQueen decided to go ahead with Eye. Despite the weather, more than 1,000 guests attended. The show was presented on a runway flooded with several inches of water, dyed black to resemble oil. Sixty-eight looks were presented in the main show, after which a bed of nails rose up from the water on the floor for the show's finale. Strobe lighting played while acrobats dressed in robes descended from the ceiling suspended from wires. When McQueen walked out for his final bow, he dropped his trousers to display boxer shorts styled to look like the American flag.\nCritical response to Eye was mixed. While some reviewers enjoyed the theatrical approach, others found that it overwhelmed the clothing. Many critics found that the designs lacked innovation. The frock coats and dresses were consistently deemed the strongest part of the collection. Critical analysis has typically interpreted Eye as a statement about the contrast between the sexual and political values of the Western world and the Middle East. Accessories from Eye appeared at both stagings of the retrospective exhibition Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty, and clothing from the collection appeared in the 2022 exhibition Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Eye (Alexander McQueen collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)", "article_id": 74131474, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 319, "char_count": 2037, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "British fashion designer Alexander McQueen was known throughout his nearly twenty-year career for his imaginative, sometimes controversial designs. His fashion shows were theatrical to the point of verging on performance art. As a British designer, McQueen presented at London Fashion Week for much of his career, although he had reprised his early shows Banshee (Autumn/Winter 1994) and Dante (Autumn/Winter 1996) in New York City at the behest of fashion promoter Derek Anderson.\nMcQueen drew inspiration for his clothing and shows from a broad range of sources, including history, world religions, art, and his own life. He often used his work to explore themes of female victimisation, resistance, survival, and empowerment, although his aggressive, sexualised designs sometimes drew accusations of misogyny. He examined religious ideas throughout his career: religious motivations for warfare in Dante (Autumn/Winter 1996); martyrdom in Joan (Autumn/Winter 1998), and religious persecution in In Memory of Elizabeth Howe, Salem, 1692 (Autumn/Winter 2007). He often played with notions of clothing as armour and vice versa.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Eye (Alexander McQueen collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)", "article_id": 74131474, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 165, "char_count": 1127, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Eye (Spring/Summer 2000) was the fifteenth collection by British designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. Inspired by Turkish music McQueen heard in a taxi as well as the London Arab community, the collection explored the culture of the Middle East, particularly Islamic clothing. McQueen stated that he wished to examine the oppression of women in Islamic culture and their resistance to it.\nTo this end, the collection took traditional Middle Eastern and Islamic garments such as harem pants, baggy trousers fitted to the ankle; Islamic veils including the yashmak and niqāb; and the burqa, which fully covers the body and the face, and infused them with elements drawn from Western fashion styles such as sportswear and fetishwear. There were also frock coats and low-rise trousers with keyhole cutouts or scooped hems. Fetishwear concepts included face masks, body-conscious silhouettes, and leather harnesses. Sportswear was presented in the form of football jerseys bearing red crescent moons, and boxing shorts with McQueen's name in faux-Arabic script.\nThe collection's primary palette was red, black, and white, with metallic and embroidered elements. As was typical for McQueen, tailored items featured heavily, including coats and suits. There were also a number of draped dresses in lightweight jersey. Many items were made from brocade fabric and embroidered leather. Some items had prints resembling traditional Islamic art. The designs were cut to either conceal the body, in the Middle Eastern tradition, or reveal it, in a more Western manner. Garments were decorated with sewn-on coins, bells, and ribbons, reminiscent of belly dancing costumes. Accessories included headdresses made from coins, provided by milliner and frequent McQueen collaborator Philip Treacy. Pieces using diamonds were created by winners of an international jewellery competition.\nAnother longtime associate, jeweller Shaun Leane, created a yashmak made to look like chainmail, consisting of aluminium plates inset with red Swarovski crystal cabochons. According to Leane, McQueen showed him an antique belt made of filigree metalwork, set with red jewels, which Leane has variously recalled as Ottoman or Moghul, and asked him to produce something inspired by the belt which covered the entire torso and head. That was the extent of the creative brief: McQueen trusted Leane to produce something suitable, and McQueen did not see the finished item until three days before the show. The nose and eyebrow pieces for the yashmak were hand-carved by sculptor Annika Hellgren.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Eye (Alexander McQueen collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)", "article_id": 74131474, "section": "Concept and creative process", "metadata": {"word_count": 394, "char_count": 2583, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Eye was the first show McQueen had premiered outside of London. The decision was somewhat controversial in the British press, as McQueen's departure left London Fashion Week without one of its largest-drawing names. Lisa Armstrong at The Times of London speculated that McQueen might have been feeling spiteful toward the British Fashion Council, as he believed they had \"never properly recognised his part in transforming British fashion over the past few years\".\nMcQueen stated the move to New York was a business decision intended to showcase the Alexander McQueen brand to fashion industry personnel who did not attend London Fashion Week. He viewed this as a step toward developing the brand internationally, and was clear from the outset that he intended to return to England the following season. The move resulted in his show being nearly a week and a half earlier than it would have been in London, prompting a rush for his employees to ensure the collection was ready in time.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Eye (Alexander McQueen collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)", "article_id": 74131474, "section": "Move to New York City", "metadata": {"word_count": 163, "char_count": 986, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The show was staged in a Pier 94 warehouse at 9:00 p.m. on 16 September 1999, during New York Fashion Week. McQueen had initially requested permission to stage the runway show for Eye on the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City, but the New York City Police Department declined for safety reasons. In the days leading up to the runway show, Hurricane Floyd was threatening New York, prompting closure of schools and businesses. Several other designers cancelled shows, but McQueen decided to go ahead with Eye. Announcing McQueen's decision not to cancel, his publicist, Pierre Rougier, reportedly claimed that the storm \"will add atmosphere\". Some joked that McQueen had arranged for the hurricane to coincide with his show for the effect. Jeanne Beker of the Ottawa Citizen speculated that he had enjoyed the opportunity to inconvenience \"snooty\" industry figures. Despite the weather, more than 1,000 guests attended, including several major fashion industry figures: Anna Wintour of Vogue, Kim Hastreiter of Paper, Katherine Betts of Harper's Bazaar, Hal Rubenstein of InStyle, and Patrick J. McCarthy, editorial director of Fairchild Publications.\nThe show was unusually expensive. Estimates of the budget varied widely; pre-show rumours projected that it would cost anywhere from £500,000 (US$800,000) to £1 million (US$1.62 million). McQueen told The Times in January 2000 that it had cost roughly £460,000 (US$750,000), while Harper's Bazaar reported in December 1999 that the show had cost £500,000 (US$800,000). Sponsor American Express, in their third year as McQueen's backer, contributed approximately £600,000 (US$970,000) to the show's budget. De Beers contributed an unspecified amount of funding, and lent a 1,220-diamond necklace and a 407-diamond pin for the runway show. These items were reportedly worth £1.24 million (US$2 million). Other backers included Onward Kashiyama, Swarovski and MAC Cosmetics.\nMcQueen typically worked with a consistent creative team for his shows. Joseph Bennett, who had designed all of McQueen's runways since No. 13 (Spring/Summer 1999), returned to handle set design. Overall styling was handled by Katy England, while Gainsbury & Whiting oversaw production. Hair and make-up were handled by Guido Palau and Val Garland, respectively.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Eye (Alexander McQueen collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)", "article_id": 74131474, "section": "Production details", "metadata": {"word_count": 346, "char_count": 2283, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Models walked down a 100-foot (30-metre) catwalk filled with several inches of water, dyed black to resemble crude oil, a major Middle Eastern resource. McQueen had previously used liquid runways in Bellmer La Poupée (Spring/Summer 1997) and Untitled (Spring/Summer 1998). The primary make-up look was heavy black eyeliner. The models had their skin darkened with fake tan lotion. Many of the models were styled with headdresses which covered their whole face except their eyes. Others wore black wigs. \nSixty-eight looks were presented in the main show, with an additional nine looks presented during the finale. The show's soundtrack was described by Alex Kuczynski at The New York Times as \"ominous disco\"; it also included drums and sounds of screaming. The show opened with a black frock coat with heavy silver embroidery, worn with only black underpants beneath. Look 2 combined a black face covering with a black tailored trouser suit, a classic McQueen ensemble. The chainmail yashmak was presented in Look 13, styled with red and silver underpants. For Look 15, Gisele Bündchen wore a bodysuit covered with metallic paillettes and an embroidered headdress. McQueen referenced the burqa in Look 22, a black robe which concealed the face but was cut short in the front, revealing embellished black underwear.\nFor the show's finale, a bed of nails rose up from the water on the floor. Strobe lighting played while acrobats dressed in robes resembling burqas descended from the ceiling suspended from wires, floating, gyrating, and dancing. Following this, the lights came back up and the models took their final turn. Finally, \"Can You Handle It\" by Sharon Redd played while McQueen walked out for his final bow in blue jeans. At the top of the runway, he dropped his pants to display boxer shorts styled to look like the American flag. The show reportedly received a standing ovation.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Eye (Alexander McQueen collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)", "article_id": 74131474, "section": "Catwalk presentation", "metadata": {"word_count": 308, "char_count": 1891, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Eye drew a varied reception from contemporary critics, and retrospectives differ in their assessment of the critical consensus. Author Andrew Wilson reported that the show earned \"rave reviews\", albeit more for the performance than for the clothes. In contrast, author Katherine Gleason and curator Kate Bethune each reported that reception was mixed, with Gleason writing that critics felt McQueen had \"overdone the theatrics\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Eye (Alexander McQueen collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)", "article_id": 74131474, "section": "Reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 63, "char_count": 428, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A number of reviewers regarded the clothing and show as an overall success. Rebecca Lowthorpe at The Independent called Eye \"the highlight of the week\" and predicted that it would draw the attention that McQueen was looking for. Michael Quintanilla of the Los Angeles Times wrote that with Eye, \"The bad boy did good.\" Fiona McIntosh, also at The Independent, said that McQueen's theatrical presentation had \"managed to upstage Hurricane Floyd\".\nLisa Lenoir of the Chicago Sun-Times called it \"fashion meets theater\". For The New York Times, Cathy Horyn called Eye \"a great show, as circus goes\", describing it as \"art for fashion's sake\". Libby Callaway of the New York Post agreed that the show mostly existed for the performance rather than for the fashion, but in a positive way, saying \"Let's see Ralph [Lauren] or Donna [Karan] pull that off.\" Beker, in an article that contended that \"fashion is pretty much over\", took the finale as a visual metaphor for \"ris[ing] above the dangerous inanity of the scene\".\nOn the other hand, many reviewers felt the theatrical presentation had eclipsed the clothing it was intended to display. Several compared the show to a circus. Hilary Alexander at The Daily Telegraph called the show a \"war on the senses\". The staff writer at Women's Wear Daily (WWD) and Robin Givhan of The Washington Post remarked on the irony of staging a fashion show that involved purposely dragging expensive high-end clothing through water. Marisa Fox of the Chicago Tribune could not decide whether it was \"poetic justice\" that models had to walk through water during a hurricane or \"merely a sensationalist gimmick.\" Colin McDowell, writing for The Sunday Times, dismissed Eye as a retread of things McQueen had done before. WWD ultimately concluded that they would have preferred to see \"more fashion innovation\" and less bombast. Similarly, Givhan wrote that McQueen had created not fashion but \"a collection of costumes for a fascinating theatrical event\".\nSuzy Menkes, writing for the International Herald Tribune, gave \"high marks for showmanship\" but wrote that McQueen had \"missed the magical fusion of function and fantasy\" that characterised his earlier shows. Writing for The Detroit News, Nicola Volta Avery said that \"McQueen pushed it up and over a scary edge\". Lowthorpe felt the seizure-like movement of some of the dancers in the finale \"had a nasty pointlessness to it\", while Givhan found these movements disturbingly like \"death throes\". McDowell called the finale a \"sinister and dreary\" attempt to distract from the \"mediocre\" clothes.\nSeveral reviewers commented on McQueen's stunt at the final bow. Horyn took it as an affectionate gesture, while Lowthorpe regarded it as affectionate but defiant. Lowthorpe thought the gesture might shock the American audience more than the disturbing finale. Fox was not sure whether Americans would appreciate the gesture but noted that it had guaranteed him publicity. Walton Scott of The Atlanta Journal-Constitution felt it indicated that he had \"undoubtedly come to conquer\". McDowell described it as a \"cheap stunt\" and said he could not imagine other designers needing to resort to such tactics. Alexander took it to mean that McQueen was suggesting the show was \"all in fun\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Eye (Alexander McQueen collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)", "article_id": 74131474, "section": "Presentation", "metadata": {"word_count": 526, "char_count": 3267, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Most reviewers highlighted the frock coats and dresses as the strongest part of Eye. Quintanilla felt that most of the clothes were \"pure fantasy\" but found the coats and dresses to be \"standout pieces\". Lisa Armstrong suggested these concepts could be \"easily interpreted into store-ready versions\" and called the collection overall a \"tailoring coup\". WWD found the dresses and coats \"highlighted the designer's brashness as much as his technical skill\". Both Givhan and Menkes appreciated these more commercial pieces, but felt that the more dramatic garments in the collection overwhelmed them. Callaway highlighted the dresses and pantsuits as her favourites. Laura Craik of The Guardian complimented the \"witty\" sportswear items, which Avery said provided a \"hint of Americana\". Lenoir highlighted the costumes worn in the finale, saying that they \"might not be Academy Award night material, but they rose above anything else seen on the runway\".\nNot every reviewer was impressed with the designs. Horyn found the clothing less impactful than the runway show, remarking that \"the clothes didn't break new ground\" but that one had to respect McQueen's vision nonetheless. John Davidson for The Herald of Glasgow was ambivalent, saying that, although the clothing featured \"clever cutting and magical decoration\", it lacked McQueen's usual \"finesse\". Armstrong worried that McQueen's interest in increasing sales in the United States might lead him to undercut his creativity in pursuit of commercial gains. Scott found that the runway items \"defied description, if not reasoning\" but noted that McQueen's retail clothing was usually \"more realistically wearable\". Alexander appreciated the \"precision cutting and elaborate detail\", and felt that the loose harem-style trousers and tops \"showed his softer side\". However, she was strongly opposed to the fetishwear, calling it \"grotesque and unnecessary\".\nSome critics questioned the commercial viability of the designs for Eye, particularly of the fetishwear shown on the runway. Jean Fraser of the Edmonton Journal enjoyed the performance but wrote of the designs: \"As fashion that might actually sell, it's dubious.\" Mimi Spencer of the Evening Standard sarcastically said that \"leather restraining hoods are not top of my shopping list for spring\". Similarly, David Graham of the Toronto Star remarked that \"there was very little to wear to the office\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Eye (Alexander McQueen collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)", "article_id": 74131474, "section": "Clothing", "metadata": {"word_count": 366, "char_count": 2411, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Critics have typically interpreted Eye as a statement about the contrast between the values of the Western world and the Middle East. Writing in retrospect, authors Judith Watt and Andrew Wilson both regarded Eye as a commentary on contemporary American foreign policy in the Middle East and the resulting cultural conflict. Others felt it was an exploration of the way Islamic and Western cultures choose to conceal or reveal the female figure, respectively. Kate Bethune wrote that the appearance of traditional-looking tunic tops cut unusually high to reveal the midriff were a \"comment on the concealment of the Middle Eastern female body\", while the breast-exposing fetish harnesses \"attested to Western liberalization\".\nMost contemporary reviews were unconvinced by McQueen's attempt at social commentary. Givhan's review called it a \"tormented and often muddled commentary\" on female sexuality. WWD dismissed the collection's narrative as \"the defiant self-indulgence of a major talent intent on leaving his audience talking\". Speaking of the outfits that concealed the face but exposed the nipples and buttocks, Armstrong wrote: \"In every McQueen collection, there's always an element that makes you wonder if he likes women at all.\" Alexander had similar thoughts, saying \"There are times when McQueen reveals more than we need to know about his attitude to women.\" Fox asked if he was making a point about Islamic oppression or women or \"merely going for the jugular?\" Conversely, Holly Hanson of the Detroit Free Press argued that McQueen had backed up the shock value of Eye with \"an intriguing point of view\".\nAuthor Ana Finel Honigman wrote that the collection's sexualised niqāb designs \"carried the poisonous sting of cultural appropriation and desecration\". She compared Eye with Between (Spring/Summer 1998), a collection by Turkish Cypriot designer Hussein Chalayan which similarly explored women, clothing, and sexuality in Islam, but \"from an insider's perspective\".\nTextile curators Clarissa M. Esguerra and Michaela Hansen criticised the way McQueen mixed and matched ideas from various cultures into one \"sensational vision\", calling Eye a form of turquerie, an 18th-century European trend for a romanticised version of Turkish culture and fashion. They found that despite McQueen's goal of exploring religious repression of women, the collection \"offered no clear commentary on women's agency\", in part because the pieces actually sold in stores lacked the religiously provocative stylings included in the runway show. Esguerra and Hansen compared Eye to McQueen's Scottish-inspired Autumn/Winter 2006 collection, The Widows of Culloden, because of the way both collections drew from history. They argued that Widows succeeded where Eye failed because of McQueen's \"intimate knowledge of and personal attachment to\" the subject matter. They also contrasted Eye with Between, finding that Eye lacked \"cultural sensitivity\" in comparison to Chalayan's personal experience with the culture he was examining.\nCritics have noted the ambiguity of Shaun Leane's chainmail yashmak. It can be viewed as both armour and jewellery; Leane described it as \"jewelry covering the body to create this formidable structure\". It combines a reference to the armour worn by Christian soldiers of the Crusades – a series of religious wars in which Christians fought against Muslims – but also the traditional dress of Muslim women. Curator Soyoung Lee wrote that the yashmak \"signals mystery and forbiddance\" by concealing the wearer's body and face yet possesses a \"sensuous fluidity\" in its movements.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Eye (Alexander McQueen collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)", "article_id": 74131474, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 547, "char_count": 3607, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The original chainmail yashmak by Shaun Leane was reworked for McQueen's The Horn of Plenty (Autumn/Winter 2009), where it was presented as part of Look 42, underneath a silk gown printed with milk snakes in red, black, and white. The Victoria and Albert Museum (the V&A) in London owns a replica version of the yashmak made in 2015. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (The Met) in New York City commissioned a replica of their own in 2017, which stands in the museum's permanent collection.\nLeane's yashmak was one of several items that appeared in the October 2001 Fashion in Motion event at the V&A, which served as a retrospective of their creative relationship. The yashmak also appeared at the 2006 exhibition Love and War: The Weaponized Woman at The Museum at FIT. Three of the coin headdresses from Eye appeared in the exhibition Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty, originally staged in 2011 at The Met. The V&A's replica yashmak appeared in that museum's 2015 version of Savage Beauty. The Met's replica appeared in their 2018 exhibition Jewelry: The Body Transformed. Several ensembles and coin headdresses appeared in the 2022 exhibition Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse.\nWhen early McQueen employee Ruti Danan auctioned her personal archive in 2020, a pair of embroidered trousers from Eye sold for a reported US$1,875.\nThe Alexander McQueen brand returned to New York Fashion Week for Autumn/Winter 2022; it was their first show there since Eye.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Eye (Alexander McQueen collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(Alexander_McQueen_collection)", "article_id": 74131474, "section": "Legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 240, "char_count": 1462, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 1992 Fountain Fire was a large and destructive wildfire in Shasta County, California. The fire ignited on August 20 in an act of probable but unattributed arson, and was quickly driven northeast by strong winds. It outpaced firefighters for two days, exhibiting extreme behavior such as long-range spot fires, crown fire runs, and pyrocumulonimbus clouds with dry lightning. The fire was contained after burning for nine days, though work to strengthen and repair fire lines continued for more than two months.\nThe Fountain Fire consumed 63,960 acres (25,880 ha) and destroyed hundreds of homes, primarily in Round Mountain and Montgomery Creek along the State Route 299 corridor. In 1992, it was the third most destructive wildfire in California's recorded history, though it no longer features among the 20 most destructive California wildfires. At a suppression cost of more than $22 million (~$43 million in 2023), it was also for a time the most expensive fire to contain in state history.\nAt the time, the Fountain Fire was recognized not just as a major disaster, but also as a 'fire of the future'. The devastation the fire left as it moved through private timberlands interspersed with rural communities made it emblematic of the challenges residents and firefighting personnel both face in the wildland-urban interface. The Fountain Fire was surpassed by later California wildfires in metrics for losses, but it remains notable for its speed, its widespread destruction in multiple communities, and the long-term alteration of the landscape within its footprint.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 250, "char_count": 1576, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The Fountain Fire burned in eastern Shasta County, part of the southern extent of the Cascade Range. The area was a secondary forest, having entirely regrown after logging in 1886–1923. The forest contained mixed conifers, comprising incense cedar, Douglas fir, sugar pine, and ponderosa pine, among other species. Most of the forest that the Fountain Fire burned—65 percent—was owned and managed by timber companies, including Roseburg Forest Products, Sierra Pacific Industries, and Fruit Growers Supply. Only one percent of the forest was owned by the state or the federal government; the other 34 percent belonged to smaller private landowners.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 99, "char_count": 648, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Both long-term climatic patterns and short-term weather conditions helped create an environment conducive to a large and uncontrollable wildfire in late August 1992. Between 1987 and 1992, California experienced a six-year drought of a duration and severity not seen in the state since the 1920s and 1930s. Four of these six years ranked in the driest 10 percent of years by runoff. The stress on forests led to widespread bark beetle infestations.\nSeveral weeks of high temperatures—equal to or exceeding 100 °F (38 °C) for 22 days—also preceded the fire in Shasta County. There were also fewer firefighting personnel and equipment available than normal due to an already-active fire season in California; during the Fountain Fire's first day four thousand firefighters were deployed on the destructive Old Gulch Fire in Calaveras County.\nLastly, a critical fire weather pattern developed in Northern California. The influence of an upper-level trough moving onshore in the Pacific Northwest and a strong upper-level jet situated over Northern California created strong flow out of the southwest and Foehn winds on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada. Those winds also brought dry air, a result of the dry slot—a zone of clear, dry air which often accompanies low-pressure systems. The Northern California Geographical Coordination Center identifies this as a typical critical fire weather setup in northeastern California and the southern Cascades: \"Pre-frontal conditions occur when strong, southwesterly or westerly winds are generated by the dry, southern tail of a rapidly moving cold front.\" In the Fountain Fire's vicinity on August 20, southwest winds were blowing at speeds of up to 25 miles per hour (40 km/h).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "Climate and weather", "metadata": {"word_count": 274, "char_count": 1747, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Fountain Fire was first spotted by a fire lookout atop Hogback Mountain in the Shasta-Trinity National Forest at about 12:50 p.m. PDT on August 20. The lookout reported a smoke column behind a ridge, near a historic drinking fountain along Highway 299 (which gave the incident its name). They could not see the actual ignition point of the growing fire, which was confirmed by the Shasta Bear Mountain lookout's cross-check to be about two miles (3.2 km) from the fountain in dry grass off of Buzzard Roost Road, just west of Phillips Road and south of Highway 299. When a resident of Phillips Road spotted the fire shortly before 1:00 p.m., it was already 30 feet (9.1 m) across and it had climbed into the tree canopy.\nThe California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (then CDF, now Cal Fire) dispatched numerous resources over the next 10 minutes; an observation aircraft arrived overhead by 1:07 p.m., reporting that the fire had already spread to 2–3 acres (0.8–1 ha) and was moving north quickly. Ground personnel arrived at 1:19 p.m., 29 minutes after the first report. The first two fire engines on the scene were forced to defend an under-construction house that was at risk from blowing embers. Firefighters saved multiple homes, but the fire still grew rapidly. By 2:17 p.m. the Fountain Fire had burned 40–50 acres (16–20 ha) in its first 90 minutes, and Cal Fire officials later marked this as the point where the fire exceeded the ability of the resources on scene to control it. By 2:50 p.m. these resources included 25 fire engines, ten air tankers, and three helicopters. At around 3:30 p.m., per a Roseburg Forest Industries brochure, fire activity intensified still further.\nOfficials initially hoped to hold the fire at Highway 299 outside of Round Mountain, keeping it under 200 acres (81 ha). They were nearly successful, but the high winds drove the fire into brush beneath power lines, which arced, starting multiple spot fires. Firefighters were unable to keep the Fountain Fire from continuing towards the community of Round Mountain. Round Mountain, Montgomery Creek, and the small subdivision of Moose Camp were all evacuated around 4:00 p.m. By 4:30 p.m., the fire had crossed Highway 299. This was also the approximate time that a new wildfire, the Barker Fire, began in Trinity County and further stretched firefighting resources in Northern California.\nThe Fountain Fire's northeastern push developed into an intense crown fire, with flame lengths of up to 300 feet (91 m) that kept ground crews from safely engaging. The wind helped embers ignite spot fires at least one mile (1.6 km) ahead of the main fire. The pyrocumulonimbus plume generated by the Fountain Fire reached at least 25,000 feet (7,600 m) in altitude, as detected by weather radars in Medford, Oregon, and generated numerous lightning strikes. The 50–70-mile-per-hour (80–113 km/h) jet stream blowing out of the west created a chimney effect when it met the billowing smoke plume, ventilating the fire and increasing fire behavior.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "August 20", "metadata": {"word_count": 504, "char_count": 3044, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A Forest Service meteorologist speculated that, based on witness reports and debris, intense fire-generated vortices developed in the Fountain Fire. A National Weather Service meteorologist in Redding assigned to the incident concurred, noting that investigators found pine trees two to three feet (0.61 to 0.91 m) in diameter snapped in half by possible \"fire tornadoes\". Such vortices have been recorded in other Northern California wildfires, including the 2014 Eiler Fire near Hat Creek and the 2018 Carr Fire on the outskirts of the city of Redding.\nAs the fire swept through the community of Round Mountain, it burned at temperatures of up to 2,000 °F (1,090 °C), melting a cast-iron bathtub, stainless steel knives, chrome car bumpers, glass bottles, and even cooking potatoes growing underground. No one was killed or severely injured when the fire front pushed through the town, but multiple people drove out through the flames or left their properties just before the fire reached them.\nBy 5:00 p.m., fifteen people were trapped in an 80-acre (32 ha) meadow at the end of Frisby Road after flames blocked the way out to Highway 299. The McMillan family, ranchers and owners of the meadow property, had planned to go there in case of a fire and were able to wet the area down with water trucks and flood it by blocking irrigation ditches. The group remained there as the fire moved through with 200-foot (61 m) flame lengths, blowing the roofs off of nearby barns with the force of its passage. Two men put out spot fires with a bulldozer. A helicopter looking for people who had not evacuated eventually discovered the group, surrounded by flames. It was able to land and extricate two women and a two-year-old child, but could not return. Firefighters could not safely reach the remaining people and evacuate them until 10:00 p.m., five hours after they had taken refuge in the meadow.\nMeanwhile, the fire continued moving north and east: by midnight, the fire had pushed further along the Highway 299 corridor and was south of Montgomery Creek. By then it had burned approximately 12,000 acres (4,900 ha) and forced 1,000–2,000 people to evacuate.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "August 20", "metadata": {"word_count": 360, "char_count": 2159, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The following day marked the single largest day of growth for the Fountain Fire as similar weather conditions continued to fuel extreme fire behavior. At one point the fire burned 80 acres (32 ha) every minute and spread at a rate of six miles per hour (9.7 km/h). This growth was enabled by more long-range spotting, as wind-borne embers started spot fires between one-quarter mile (0.40 km) and two miles (3.2 km) ahead of the main body of the fire.\nIn the morning, fire crews focused on protecting Montgomery Creek by attempting to stop one branch of the fire's advance at Fenders Ferry Road off of Highway 299, south of the community and north of Round Mountain. While firefighters were able to protect many structures along the road, they were unable to prevent the winds (a combination of continuing gusts from the southwest and inflow winds towards the Fountain Fire's massive plume to the east) from pushing the flames across the road. This happened shortly after noon, and the fire then pressed towards Montgomery Creek. The fire entered the center of the community along Highway 299 by 3:00 p.m. Multiple homes were destroyed, but firefighters protected the local school, post office, and other major structures with assistance from aircraft.\nMeanwhile, the larger head of the fire to the east continued advancing, forcing the communities of Big Bend, Hillcrest, and Moose Camp to be evacuated. The fire burned through Moose Camp—a community of 60 summer cabins and several permanent homes—later that day, leaving about 20 cabins standing. By 6:00 p.m. on August 21, the larger town of Burney was placed under a voluntary evacuation advisory. California Highway Patrol officers used bullhorns to warn residents, and the Red Cross shelter that had been established there was also forced to move.\nThe fire moved so quickly and fiercely that firefighters did not expect to be able to stop it short of where the conifer forests gave way to old lava beds east of Burney. By dusk, the fire had advanced all the way to Hatchet Mountain and Hatchet Mountain Pass, damaging radio equipment on the mountain's summit. Flames were visible from Burney. By 10:00 p.m., the fire front was within 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of the town, and had set a log deck on fire at Sierra Pacific Industries' mill on its western outskirts. However, once the Fountain Fire crested the hills west of Burney, it was no longer in alignment with the wind and up-slope terrain that had driven it along the Highway 299 corridor for the previous 36 hours. By midnight, the fire had burned more than 35,000 acres (14,000 ha) in total.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "August 21", "metadata": {"word_count": 442, "char_count": 2600, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Fountain Fire's behavior and growth over its first two days were sobering to firefighters. On August 22, the third day of the fire, Cal Fire deputy incident commander Bill Clayton predicted that the fire would grow to 100,000 acres (40,000 ha). A memo posted for crews read: \"The fire has moved 7 miles in 6.5 hours the first day, faster the second day (Friday). Prepare for more of the same today. It is critically dry, fueled with variable winds, has produced rapid fire runs and heavy spotting which have ran out crews many times.\"\nHowever, August 22 ended up bringing much more moderate weather conditions and fire behavior. Cooler temperatures and lighter winds allowed firefighters to gain ground. That morning, firefighters lit backfires off Highway 299 near Hatchet Mountain to prepare and strengthen control lines. This tactic was repeated in the afternoon as the fire closed to within one mile (1.6 km) of Burney. By the end of the day, it was clear that the head of the fire was progressing to the northeast of Burney and not towards it, and the Forest Service was calling the fire 30 percent contained.\nDuring the 22nd and 23rd, the flanks of the fire remained problematic: the fire moved both northeast towards the Pit River and southwest towards Oak Run and other communities. Stopping the Fountain Fire from crossing the Pit River was a high priority, as officials cited the steepness of the terrain beyond it, dense fuels, and the high resource values (such as old-growth forests and endangered spotted owl habitat) that would be at risk if it crossed. In that case, officials feared a \"whole new ball game\" with \"uncontrollable\" fire conditions. Crews were aided on that side by strong winds from the north, though the same winds made containing the southern flank more difficult. Residents of Round Mountain and Montgomery Creek were briefly allowed to return to their properties.\nBefore dawn on August 24, low humidity and winds of up to 25 miles per hour (40 km/h) prompted a red flag warning for much of Northern California and also caused the fire to briefly become more active, jumping the fire line into the drainage of Cow Creek. Some evacuation orders were re-issued, including for Oak Run and Mill Creek, but the fire did not burn any more structures and by that afternoon it was 40 percent contained in all.\nThe winds failed to re-materialize on the 25th, though the weather remained hot and dry. Firefighters constructed firebreaks by hand in the Pit River canyon, in terrain so rugged that bulldozers could not operate and described by a Shasta-Trinity National Forest spokesperson as \"steeper than a cow's face.\" Big Bend, Moose Camp, and Hillcrest alone remained under mandatory evacuation orders. Firefighter reported re-burning and flare-ups of activity near unburned islands (ranging from 30–400 acres (12–162 ha)) of vegetation and structures within the fire. By midday on August 26 the fire was 75 percent contained. On August 27 it remained hot and dry but with calm winds.\nOn August 28, the Fountain Fire was declared 100 percent contained, having burned a total area just shy of 64,000 acres (26,000 ha). Firefighters continued to monitor 12,000 acres (4,900 ha) of unburned vegetation within the perimeter that risked reigniting, primarily on Hatchet Mountain and Lookout Mountain. The fire was officially declared controlled on November 1. Other fire suppression operations continued until mid-November.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "August 22 onwards", "metadata": {"word_count": 569, "char_count": 3449, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A deadlock between the Democratic California state legislature and Republican governor Pete Wilson meant that the state was without a budget between July 1 and September 3 in 1992, and consequently forced to pay many state employees or contractors in official IOUs during that period. These included Cal Fire firefighters on the Fountain Fire, many of whom bought and wore T-shirts that displayed the names of major fires, a \"beleaguered firefighter\", and the words \"All this for an IOU?\"\nOn August 23 the Fountain Fire was reported to be short of 105 wildland firefighters (equivalent to seven handcrews) primarily because of resources taken up by the Old Gulch Fire in Calaveras County. There were also fewer replacements in part because the budget stalemate meant that fire departments throughout the state were in some cases unwilling to send their idle units, worried about potential budget cuts and the need to maintain their own operations in the face of uncertain funding and reimbursement.\nAt the peak of the suppression effort, around 4,464 personnel—of whom at least 600 were California Conservation Camp Program prison inmates paid one dollar per day—worked to fight the fire. Firefighters worked shifts as long as 24 hours. The Shasta County fairgrounds in the town of Anderson, south of Redding, served as the main base camp for firefighters. On Sunday, August 23 alone, air tankers dropped 212,000 gallons of fire retardant, a then-record for the Forest Service air attack base in Redding. Aircraft, including Grumman S2Fs and Lockheed P-3 Orions, dropped over 740,000 gallons of fire retardant in total and were joined by at least 15 water-dropping helicopters and more than 470 ground vehicles. A Cal Fire official described the air attack fleet as \"larger than the Peruvian Air Force.\" When suppression was complete the Fountain Fire had become the then-most expensive wildfire to contain in recorded California history, at a total cost of more than $22 million (equivalent to about $43 million in 2023).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "Firefighting effort", "metadata": {"word_count": 326, "char_count": 2022, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Many residents who lost their homes in the Fountain Fire afterwards expressed criticisms of the firefighting effort. They argued that the firefighters should have cut more and larger fire lines between the flames and Montgomery Creek, and that crews did not defend structures that could have been saved. They also contended that many resources stood idle without orders for too long before engaging the fire or refused to engage at all. Multiple residents believed their homes were destroyed in backfires set by firefighters to slow the main fire. A Cal Fire battalion chief was assaulted during the fire by a man who reportedly disagreed with the way it was being fought. Eventually, in November, more than 200 residents attended a meeting to air their disagreements over Cal Fire's efforts. Representatives for area politicians, including for U.S. House Representative Wally Herger, attended.\nFire officials pushed back on these criticisms, asserting primarily that fire behavior was so intense that losses were unavoidable: many structures lay at the end of long driveways adjacent to heavy vegetation and could not have been safely protected. They also argued that without the context of internal communications, firefighters running out of water and leaving to get more was likely misinterpreted as abandoning structure defense. Finally, they pointed to at least 228 buildings that had been saved as evidence of their success in the face of the adverse conditions. One firefighter noted the challenges posed by the Fountain Fire burning largely in privately-owned forests: firefighters could have built fire lines and conduct firing operations wherever they chose in national forests, but not on land under private ownership and with power line.\nThe Rural Fire Protection in America Steering Committee interviewed fire officials, though not local residents, and produced a report analyzing Cal Fire's initial mobilization for the Fountain Fire. The report was favorable, though it noted that during the fire's early stages radio frequencies were overloaded and firefighters generally lacked good information on which homes were or were not defensible.\nIn March 1993, about 400 people attended a hearing on the fire held in Redding by the California State Senate Committee for Natural Resources and Wildlife. In the same month, Cal Fire also released its own internal report on the Fountain Fire. Issued by a four-member committee of Northern California fire chiefs and officers, it relied on interviews with 24 different fire officials (but no victims). The Cal Fire report was again mostly favorable to the agency, but listed several areas for improvement. It concluded that during the first 48 hours of the fire there were too few managers for the amount of equipment (the result of budget reductions and fires elsewhere), as well as serious communications issues. During the fire, 72 amateur ham radio operators had coordinated closely with Cal Fire and other agencies in the absence of telephone access. The report also criticized private firefighting equipment operators who showed up to the fire in hopes of being hired on the spot, causing confusion among officials who did not want responsibility for potentially unqualified operators. On the other hand, the committee report noted that 60 percent of the homes in the area of the Fountain Fire fell short of state standards for wildfire safety, including construction, brush clearance, and water access. The fire could not have been stopped given the windy conditions, most of the homes destroyed were indefensible, and the area was \"a disaster waiting to happen\", the report concluded.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "Criticism and response", "metadata": {"word_count": 574, "char_count": 3649, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1994, Cal Fire Director Richard A. Wilson ordered a series of audits of the agency's spending on wildfires, prompted by that year's expensive fire season. The first audit focused on the Fountain Fire. Some news articles seized on purchases made during the fire deemed extravagant, such as an order for more than 1,800 pounds (820 kg) of honey, as well as large bills for coffee, hotel rooms for firefighters, paperwork, and other goods and services. More systematically, the audit criticized the use of large and expensive helicopters and air tankers, and the disparity in compensation between very low-paid inmate firefighters (who did much of the difficult and dangerous physical labor on the fire line) and their correctional officers/supervisors.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "State audit", "metadata": {"word_count": 119, "char_count": 753, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Investigators pinpointed the precise spot where the fire started, using forensic techniques that even included examining the \"pattern of charring on cow patties\". They used satellite data to confirm that there had been no recent lightning strikes nearby, and traffic patterns to rule out a sparks from a vehicle's exhaust or a hot catalytic converter. No downed power lines were found at the site; nor indeed was any ignition source found at the fire's origin location, including matches, cigarette butts, or a \"trace of exhaust carbon from machinery\".\nThese methods led investigators to announce on August 25 that the cause of the Fountain Fire was probable arson. A Cal Fire spokesperson declared that \"the probability is that someone used a match or cigarette lighter to ignite the fire and took it with them.\" Secret Witness, a non-profit organization, offered a $10,000 reward for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the responsible party. Cal Fire investigators followed about 50 leads, with none leading to an arrest. The statute of limitations for prosecuting the presumed act of arson expired three years later in 1995, though Cal Fire said then that it would continue investigating, with a spokesperson noting that \"If a person has ignited one fire, they may have lit them before or they may light them later.\" A new California arson statute with harsher penalties and a longer statute of limitations was enacted in 1994 but did not apply retroactively.\nNo precise motive or perpetrator was ever determined, though one federal prosecutor told The Sacramento Bee in 1994 that he believed it was economic arson committed by someone intending to make money from the fire suppression effort. This was a motive linked to several other fires in Northern California at the time, some of which resulted in indictments.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "Cause", "metadata": {"word_count": 299, "char_count": 1836, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "No deaths were directly caused by the fire. However, three loggers—Melvin Bentley, Donald Hendrickson, and Steve Horton Tyler—were killed in separate incidents during salvage logging operations in the burn area; they are commemorated on a Fountain Fire historical marker. On October 15, Bentley was killed when he was struck by a partially-burned limb that fell from a tree as he took a break beneath it. On November 2, Hendrickson, a skidder operator, was hit by a falling snag and died after being airlifted to a Redding hospital. Tyler died almost a year later, on July 15, 1993, after being run over by a tractor he was operating. At least two other workers were seriously injured during Fountain Fire salvage logging, both of them struck in the head by trees that snapped back after being pinned down by other falling trees.\nThere were also at least 11 firefighter injuries during the fire itself. One firefighter was struck by a falling branch, and another broke an ankle. At least three state prison inmates were also injured, including one who suffered a broken leg. One firefighter was forced to deploy their fire shelter when overcome by flames while trying to protect a house. There were also substantial livestock losses, with entire herds of swine and cattle killed.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "Casualties", "metadata": {"word_count": 214, "char_count": 1279, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The fire caused Highway 299 to close from Oak Run in the west to Four Corners in the east, and Highway 89 to close from Highway 44 in the south to Interstate 5 in the north. Highway 299 reopened on August 29, following the removal of hazardous trees and the replacement of around 300 burned guard rail posts. McArthur-Burney Falls Memorial State Park, home to Burney Falls, was closed when the evacuation warning for Burney was issued and thereafter used as a camp for firefighters. In total, about 7,500 people were forced to evacuate because of the Fountain Fire. The majority of these evacuees were able to return to their homes on August 22, leaving 2,000–3,000 still displaced from Moose Camp, Montgomery Creek, Hillcrest, and Round Mountain. Some residents of burned areas were able to access their properties on August 23 and 24. By August 25, Big Bend, Moose Camp, and Hillcrest were the only communities still under mandatory evacuation orders, and almost all evacuees were able to return by August 28. At least two Shasta County residents were convicted of burglary for looting an evacuated home in Oak Run.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "Closures and evacuations", "metadata": {"word_count": 190, "char_count": 1117, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Fountain Fire destroyed 636 structures. Homes accounted for 330 of them, with the remainder being commercial structures or outbuildings such as barns or sheds. Another 78 homes were damaged. The fire burned part of the elementary school in Round Mountain, including its auditorium and library. The Hill Country Community Clinic also burned down, leaving the nearest physician 30 miles away in Redding. The California Office of Emergency Services preliminarily estimated the cost of the Fountain Fire's damage to private property at $105.6 million (equivalent to about $205.9 million in 2023). This estimate—made the day the fire was contained—included almost $18 million in residential losses, almost $2 million in commercial losses, and $86 million in timber losses. At the time, the Fountain Fire was the third most destructive wildfire in recorded California history (after the Oakland firestorm of 1991 and the 1990 Painted Cave Fire in Santa Barbara), though it no longer ranks among the top 20 most destructive California wildfires.\nThe communities affected were economically vulnerable before the fire; as much as 90 percent of the populations of Round Mountain, Montgomery Creek, and nearby areas relied on some sort of public assistance. Jobs were often seasonal or dependent on tourism. The Red Cross estimated that 3/4ths of all those who lost their homes in the fire lacked insurance.\nThe fire also damaged much of rural Shasta County's basic infrastructure. All of eastern Shasta County lost power when the Fountain Fire burned the Cedar Creek PG&E substation in Round Mountain. More than 150,000 feet (46,000 m) of telephone cable operated by Citizens Utilities was burned. Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) was forced to replace 45,000 feet (14,000 m) feet of electrical distribution lines, repair 150 miles (240 km) of transmission lines, and replace approximately 300 wooden power line poles that had burned.\nAt the time, fire officials highlighted the Fountain Fire as a \"fire of the future\", connecting the destruction of the wildfire to California's growing population, particularly in the wildland-urban interface. A Cal Fire spokesperson called fires like it \"the price we pay for living where we choose to live\". By 1992, more than 1,000 building permits were being issued every year outside of cities and towns in Shasta County. Firefighters recalled the first two fire engines on the scene being forced to defend a structure in the path of the Fountain Fire instead of suppressing the fire directly, and emphasized the lack of sufficient vegetation clearance around most structures.\nAn article ran in the Paradise Post two weeks after the Fountain Fire, noting that the city of Paradise, California was susceptible to a similar wildfire, with its comparable geography, fuels, and climate. In 2018 most of Paradise burned to the ground in an urban firestorm when the wind-driven Camp Fire blew through, killing 85 people and destroying more than 18,000 structures to become California's deadliest and most destructive wildfire.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "Damage", "metadata": {"word_count": 482, "char_count": 3061, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The smoke plume from the Fountain Fire gradually drifted southwest over the Bay Area and California coast, including Sonoma, Mendocino, Lake, and Napa counties; it prompted hundreds of calls to fire departments in Santa Cruz, Scotts Valley, and elsewhere on August 22 and 23 from people who thought the smoke came from a local fire.\nVarious local flora and fauna were threatened by the fire. The fire approached critical habitats for the endangered and protected northern spotted owl and California spotted owl. The fire also threatened the only known populations of the Shasta snow-wreath, a rare deciduous shrub only recognized as an undiscovered species by botanists in May 1992, just months before the Fountain Fire—but the plants survived. A biologist for the California Department of Fish and Game predicted potential major impacts on local fish populations.\nIn a report for the Forest Foundation that advocated for thinning forests and post-fire replanting, retired forestry professor Thomas Bonnicksen used a Forest Carbons and Emissions Model (FCEM) to calculate that more than 13 million tons of carbon dioxide were released through combustion and decay in the Fountain Fire—equivalent to more than 17 percent of annual passenger vehicle emissions in California in 2005. However, the report received pushback: it was never peer-reviewed, and California Air Resources Board and Forest Service officials critiqued it as probably overestimating the amount of emissions. Other critics noted Bonnicksen's alignment with the timber industry.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "Environmental impacts", "metadata": {"word_count": 235, "char_count": 1545, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Shasta County Sheriff Jim Pope declared a local emergency on August 21, the day after the fire had begun and burned through Round Mountain. On the same day, Governor Wilson declared a state of emergency in Shasta County. On August 22, U.S. House Representative Wally Herger toured the disaster area and called for a federal disaster declaration from President George H. W. Bush. President Bush then authorized federal relief for Shasta County on August 29. Shasta County and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) agreed to drop all fees for fire victims seeking to rebuild their homes, and FEMA funded an additional building inspector for rebuilding efforts in the fire area for 18 months. Democratic Party U.S. Senate candidate Dianne Feinstein visited Redding on September 1 for her campaign, receiving a briefing at the incident command post in Anderson and a tour of the fire's footprint via helicopter.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "Political response", "metadata": {"word_count": 148, "char_count": 916, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Before the Fountain Fire the predominant forest cover type in the area was Sierra Nevada mixed conifer, with Pacific Ponderosa pine cover at lower elevations. Tree species included ponderosa pine, sugar pine, Douglas fir, white fir, incense cedar, and California black oak, while the understory was dominated by manzanita and Ceanothus species. The fire largely burned at a high severity, and killed much of the vegetation within its footprint.\nIn the weeks after the fire, Cal Fire conducted reseeding operations via helicopter, spreading 42 tons of native grass seeds over more than 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) judged prone to erosion. Timber companies built stream buffers and check dams in vulnerable waterways. Erosion concerns were borne out when a large autumn storm at the end of October brought rockslides and debris down onto Highway 299 in the burn area, temporarily blocking it. The following spring, rain on the hydrophobic soil (ash leaving it unable to absorb water) carved deep gullies, carried off topsoil, and washed roads out across the county.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "Post-fire landscape", "metadata": {"word_count": 169, "char_count": 1058, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The vast majority of the area burned by the Fountain Fire was privately owned. Of the nearly 64,000 acres (26,000 ha) burned, 41 percent (more than 25,000 acres (10,000 ha)) belonged to Roseburg Forest Products, 15 percent (more than 9,000 acres (3,600 ha)) to Sierra Pacific Industries, and nine percent to Fruit Growers Supply. Thirty-four percent belonged to small private landowners, and one percent belonged to the state or federal government. In total, 41,300 acres (16,700 ha) of the burn area were under industrial ownership.\nCalifornia's Forest Practices Act permits timber companies to quickly harvest burned trees without first submitting thorough timber harvest plans to the state, in a practice called salvage logging. Salvage logging is an environmentally controversial but profitable enterprise for timber companies. After the Fountain Fire, Roseburg was able to keep multiple sawmills in Northern California open to process the salvaged wood, temporarily saving hundreds of jobs and prolonging the mills' lives by months when they had previously been slated to close over new environmental restrictions on logging public lands. By the end of the salvage logging effort in 1993, 600 million board feet of timber had been harvested from the burned trees, as well as 913,000 tons of wood chips for biomass power plant fuel.\nIn 1977, 10 families belonging to the Pit River Tribe of Native Americans had occupied Smith Camp (a defunct logging camp), claiming ancestral rights to the surrounding land. Roseburg Forest Products, which acquired the land in 1979 from another logging company, left the group undisturbed in the hopes that they would eventually leave. When the Fountain Fire burned through the area, it also destroyed the structures at Smith Camp, and Roseburg refused to authorize FEMA to place trailers there for the Native group to live in while they rebuilt. Roseburg also sought to conduct salvage logging operations on the land, and was resisted. The Native Americans demanded the legal title to the Smith Camp property, supported by the Pit River Tribal Council.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "Salvage logging", "metadata": {"word_count": 331, "char_count": 2091, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Roseburg and the other timber companies sprayed the land slated for replanting with herbicides, such as hexazinone, intended to suppress brush growth that might compete with replanted conifer saplings. Local residents organized a rally at a creek in the proposed spraying area with more than 100 attendees, worried about potential environmental contamination and side effects from the herbicides. Company officials dismissed concerns, arguing that the chemicals were known to be safe.\nLogging companies began to replant in the spring of 1993, about seven months after the fire, and those efforts continued for five years. Roseburg planted \"a combination of ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, and white fir with 10-foot spacing.\" The scale of the replanting was significant: Roseburg Forest Industries planted 10 million seedlings, Sierra Pacific Industries planted three million, and Fruit Growers Supply Co. and W.M. Beaty and Associates planted the remaining four million, for a total of 17 million seedlings replanted in the burn area. The replanted trees are estimated to reach maturity at 100 feet (30 m) in height by 2065, although the growing forest is less varied than the second-growth forest that burned in the fire.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "Herbicide application and replanting", "metadata": {"word_count": 188, "char_count": 1220, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Wildfire concerns in the Fountain Fire's footprint also helped sink a contentious large wind farm project proposed for timberland property west of Burney and north of Highway 299. Known as the Fountain Wind project and proposed by energy firm ConnectGEN LLC, the project would have included up to 71 wind turbines, 679 feet (207 m) tall, with the capacity to generate 216 megawatts of electricity. The project's location within a high wildfire hazard zone, as evidenced by the Fountain Fire, was cited by opposing residents as a reason to deny approval to the project. They argued that the turbines could ignite fires (either by malfunctioning or by attracting lightning), would require significant vegetation clearance, and would make aerial firefighting more difficult. Officials with the Fountain Wind project argued that it would serve as a large-scale fuel break between the communities along Highway 299. A report by Shasta County's fire chief noted that the turbines would present an obstacle to aerial firefighting operations, but would not totally prevent them. It also described the help that the access roads cleared of vegetation would provide to crews. In 2021, the Shasta County Planning Commission voted unanimously to reject the project's use permit, followed by an appeal to the Shasta County Board of Supervisors that was denied in a 4–1 vote to deny the appeal. Wildfire risks and firefighting challenges, among other issues, were given as a primary reason for the rejection.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fountain Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_Fire", "article_id": 71965219, "section": "Fountain Wind Project", "metadata": {"word_count": 238, "char_count": 1494, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Free and Candid Disquisitions is a 1749 pamphlet written and compiled by John Jones, a Welsh Church of England clergyman, and published anonymously. The work promoted a set of specific reforms to both the Church of England and its mandated book for liturgical worship, the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. Through these proposed changes, Jones hoped that the more Protestant independent Dissenters – who had largely broken with the Church of England in 1662 and been legally tolerated since 1689 – could be reintegrated into the church.\nFree and Candid Disquisitions followed a failed attempt at a revised Book of Common Prayer in 1689 and other unsuccessful efforts towards reintegrating the independent Protestant Dissenters. Jones's proposals included combining and abbreviating the Sunday liturgies, removing latent Catholic influences from several rites, and providing improved hymns and psalms. He also challenged the requirement that clergy subscribe to the doctrinal statements of the Thirty-nine Articles. The text included an appendix of statements from historical figures and Jones's contemporaries supporting his positions.\nThe pamphlet's contents were the subject of significant discussion, with several responding texts both lauding and criticizing Jones's work. Despite a positive reception by Thomas Herring, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Jones's proposals were generally not accepted by the Church of England. However, his suggested alterations to the prayer book and advocacy of privately published liturgies were influential upon several Dissenter liturgical texts – including Theophilus Lindsey's liturgy and successive Unitarian prayer books – and the first editions of the American Episcopal Church's prayer book. Until the beginning of the Tractarian movement in the 19th century, Free and Candid Disquisitions remained a major influence on proposed liturgical changes in the Church of England.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Free and Candid Disquisitions", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_Candid_Disquisitions", "article_id": 75691568, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 280, "char_count": 1912, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Following the collapse of the Protectorate – a republican government which had been established after the 1642–1651 English Civil War and favoured the more Protestant practices of Puritanism – and the re-establishment of the monarchy with the 1660 Stuart Restoration, Charles II came to power as the King of England. He elevated the Episcopalian party – members of the Church of England who favoured bishops and whose worship was more similar to Catholic practices – that had been marginalized during the preceding Interregnum. Charles had promised religious toleration to both Royalist Presbyterians – who did not approve of bishops and worshipped according to Reformed forms within the Church of England – and Episcopalians with the Declaration of Breda in 1660. He had disadvantaged the Presbyterian party by convening of the Savoy Conference in 1661 to consider the future of the Church of England's liturgical worship. Episcopalians supported restoring the previously forbidden Book of Common Prayer, forcing the Presbyterians to make a case against such a proposal. The Savoy Conference ended without compromise: Parliament rejected proposals from both Presbyterians and the surviving Durham House Group of Caroline Divines over sentiments that they were each responsible for the violence of the preceding 20 years.\nInstead, the Church of England's Convocation produced the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. The new prayer book's use was legally required with the Act of Uniformity 1662, and episcopal holy orders were mandated for all clergy. Some 2,000 Nonconformist clergymen who refused to submit were ejected from their benefices on St Bartholomew's Day, 24 August 1662. Anglican liturgical historian Ronald Jasper put forward that the 1662 prayer book \"marked a firm rejection of the Presbyterian schemes for comprehension\", with comprehension referring to the reintegration of the independent Protestant Dissenters into the Church of England.\nIn 1688, ire over King James II's personal and political favour of Catholicism spurred English Protestants towards forming a united opposition against the king, reviving Church of England interest in comprehension. William Sancroft, the Archbishop of Canterbury, had advised bishops in July 1688 to enjoin their flock to be wary of Popery and to show affinity towards Dissenters. With the help of some other Anglican divines, Sancroft began crafting a plan that would revise the Church of England's liturgy towards comprehension.\nThe 1688 Glorious Revolution expelled James II and installed William III – a Dutch Calvinist – and Mary II as joint monarchs. While Sancroft was deprived of his benefice as part of the Nonjuring schism, William III supported comprehension and the new king established a commission in September 1689 to draft a comprehending liturgy. The resulting 1689 Liturgy of Comprehension was rejected by Convocation due to disinterest, preferring to discuss the fate of the nonjurors. As Dissenters enjoyed better legal standing, interest in comprehension waned. After the Toleration Act was passed in May 1689, Dissenters were free to worship outside of the Church of England and its prescribed prayer book. The manuscript for the Liturgy of Comprehension was kept from public view by Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Tenison, who feared that the text would result in angst from those who felt its concessions were too great and could be used to \"justify their nonconformity\" by those who found its \"concessions were too little\".\nIn 1712, Samuel Clarke, the Church of England rector of St James's Church, Piccadilly, published The Scriptural Doctrine of the Trinity. In the book, he challenged Trinitarian orthodoxy and suggesting alterations to the prayer book, such as excising the Athanasian Creed. Clark privately revised a copy of the prayer book in 1724 with his own manuscript changes to reflect these desires, removing or changing references to the Trinity and replacing the Nicene Creed with a psalm. John Jones, a semi-Arian Welsh Church of England priest who was the Vicar of Alconbury from 1741 until 1750, was referred to by Jasper as Clark's \"foremost disciple\". The essays that would comprise Free and Candid Disquisitions were presented to \"a very eminent and worthy Prelate\" in 1746, with the intention of their presentation to Convocation. Jones launched a campaign in 1748 to make the Liturgy of Comprehension publicly available. This effort failed, and it was not until the House of Commons ordered its publication in 1854 that the manuscript's contents were made public. Those interested in using the Liturgy of Comprehension for their own proposed revisions to the prayer book in the 18th century would rely upon distorted records of the 1689 commission's findings published by William Nicholls and Edmund Calamy. However, public discussion regarding revising the prayer book persisted.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Free and Candid Disquisitions", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_Candid_Disquisitions", "article_id": 75691568, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 757, "char_count": 4877, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Free and Candid Disquisitions was published anonymously as a 367-page pamphlet in an octavo printing by A. Millar of London in the first week of June, 1749. At least two further editions were published that year. The volume consists both of passages that Jones compiled from divines – many of whom were his contemporaries – and essays containing Jones's own suggestions. It is presented as a series of \"queries and observations\" on a number of issues, primarily liturgical, and is addressed to the Church of England, the state, and – most directly – Convocation. An appendix was included containing documentary evidence and quotations dating from between 1604 and 1748, starting with Francis Bacon and including Calamy's coverage of the 1689 Liturgy of Comprehension effort.\nThe text comprises 13 sections, an extended introduction, a postscript, and an appendix. Section I was concerned with a new Bible translation. The next sections described revising the prayer book: sections II–IV proposed alterations to the Sunday liturgies, section V addressed issues with the scriptural readings and psalters, section VI suggested the removal of the Athanasian Creed and revision of the catechism, section VII critiqued several rites, and section VIII proposed some additional rites for specific circumstances, including a rite for use during the visitation of prisoners. Section IX expressed a desire for printings of the Bible and prayer book to be correct and criticized limitations on when marriages were allowed to be held. Section X challenged requirements that clergy subscribe to the doctrinal statements of the Thirty-nine Articles.\nAmong the changes to the prayer book and its liturgies that Jones sought in order to effect comprehension were the removal of the Athanasian Creed (due to its complexity rather than any theological error), the deletion of excessive repetition of the Lord's Prayer and Gloria Patri, and the excision of anything not permitted by the Bible. The lectionary and liturgical calendar were scrutinized, with Jones suggesting that proper psalms be assigned to each Sunday. Jones's Puritan-like views were made evident in urging for the sign of the cross in the baptismal rite be made optional and private baptism abolished. The matters of the sign of the cross and ending the practice of sponsors at baptism were raised due to Jones's identification of these actions as vestiges of Catholicism that should be expunged. A similar grievance was raised about prohibitions on marriages occurring during particular seasons of the year. The only explicit doctrinal change suggested in Free and Candid Disquisitions was the alteration or outright cessation of infant baptism.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Free and Candid Disquisitions", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_Candid_Disquisitions", "article_id": 75691568, "section": "Contents", "metadata": {"word_count": 421, "char_count": 2695, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Jones contended that there was a pressing need for additional topical prayers and other new content in the prayer book, expressing a desire for prayers for families and use in prisons. He declared that introducing the proposed changes to collects from 1689 would bring them to \"the utmost perfection\". Jones also pressed for combining and abbreviating the Sunday morning liturgies. Finding that the Sunday recitation of Morning Prayer, the Litany, and the Ante-Communion rites was repetitive, Jones suggested they should be combined into a single, shorter rite. The 1637 Scottish Book of Common Prayer was suggested as a possible guide for revising the Communion rite. Should the Church of England fail to adopt these comprehending liturgical reforms, Jones argued, Dissenters should begin privately creating their own revisions.\nConcern was also raised regarding the state of many parishes being such that no hymns were recited, with Jones writing, \"neither psalm nor hymn can be had even on Sundays, much less on holy‐days and other days of prayer. So thin are the congregations, and so unskilled in singing.\" Jones praised Dissenter Isaac Watts's psalms and hymns – commenting on \"the Christian instruction, and goodly solace and comfort\" they provided – and called for further hymns to be written. Jones desired a better metrical psalter and targeted the Sternhold and Hopkins psalter commonly printed with the prayer book for removal.\nFree and Candid Disquisitions also argued for other substantial reform in the Church of England, including reducing the number of tenets to which clergy would be required to subscribe. The pamphlet followed Clarke's example in its proposals challenging Trinitarian orthodoxy. Jones's work also challenged the requirement of subscribing to the Thirty-nine Articles for those who may not fully understand what teachings the articles affirm. He also questioned the relevancy of The Books of Homilies. He appraised the Reformation as an unfinished work and sought its completion, suggesting alterations to the Canons of 1604.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Free and Candid Disquisitions", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_Candid_Disquisitions", "article_id": 75691568, "section": "Contents", "metadata": {"word_count": 320, "char_count": 2061, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Upon publication, Free and Candid Disquisitions and its proposals reinvigorated public debate regarding reform in the Church of England and has been credited as reopening the discussion in favour of comprehension. The September and October 1749 issues of The Gentleman's Magazine carried summaries of the pamphlet, and replies came quickly. These included clergyman John Boswell's large, two-part Remarks Upon a Treatise, which was published in 1750 and 1751 and argued against the need for the proposed reforms. This piece defended the 1662 prayer book as containing the best of early Christian liturgies and supported continuing both clerical subscription to the Thirty-nine Articles and the restrictions of the Test Acts. Boswell further argued against Free and Candid Disquisitions's Puritanism, as he deemed such sentiments as responsible for \"the dreadful Scene of Misery, which we suffer'd in the last Century\". Another critique was published in 1751 by John White, who was a vicar in Nayland and a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.\nClergyman Francis Blackburne published his own pamphlet, An Apology for the Author of the Free and Candid Disquisitions, in 1750 in defence of Free and Candid Disquisitions. This led some to believe that Blackburne had been the author of the original 1749 text. Blackburne had not contributed to Free and Candid Disquisitions, but he had read it in manuscript and returned it without corrections. After reading the manuscript, Blackburne lambasted Jones for the latter's trepidation over possibly offending those in power. The second volume of Boswell's critique of Free and Candid Disquisitions was also replying to Blackburne's 1750 pamphlet and the two-volume An Appeal to Common Reason and Candor, the latter published anonymously in 1750–1751.\nIn 1753, A New Form of Common-Prayer was published anonymously and gave credit to Free and Candid Disquisitions on its first page. A New Form of Common-Prayer offered liturgical revisions that answered Jones's queries, submitting these proposals and the duty of finally perfecting the Reformation to the Archbishop of Canterbury. However, it is generally considered that Thomas Herring – himself the Archbishop of Canterbury – wrote A New Form of Common-Prayer. According to Jasper, Herring's motivation to accept the position of archbishop may have been theological beliefs he shared with Jones. Herring came to express uncertainty regarding pursuing reform for fear of encountering clerical and lay resistance that showed \"determination and even peremptoriness\". Ultimately, Convocation did not address Jones's proposals. Only one proposed alteration to the prayer book was actually accepted: in 1759, a topical prayer \"for the ceasing of the distemper which lately raged among the horned cattle in this kingdom\" – something Jones had specifically requested – was added.\nJones published Catholic Faith in Practice in 1765 and established a Protestant-aligned society to effect \"a new Reformation in England\". He died in 1770. Jones has been publicly identified as the sole author of Free and Candid Disquisitions since at least 1800. Free and Candid Disquisitions, along with Blackburne's 1766 The Confessional, proved influential upon the 1771–1774 Feathers Tavern Petition against the requirement of clerical subscription to the Thirty-nine Articles.\nFree and Candid Disquisitions's appeal for unofficial revisions succeeded. Between 1751 and 1768, six people created their own formulas for revising the prayer book – including A New Form of Common-Prayer – with each demonstrating varying degrees of influence from the 1689 proposal and Jones's work. Of these six liturgies, only one expressed orthodox Anglican theology and five made reference to Free and Candid Disquisitions. Theophilus Lindsey, a Feathers Tavern petitioner who was a son-in-law of Francis Blackburne, acquired a copy of Clarke's manuscript changes to the prayer book from John Disney, another son-in-law of Blackburne. From this, Lindsey published a revised prayer book which he used at his Essex Street Chapel. Crediting both Clarke and Free and Candid Disquisitions, Lindsey's liturgy proved the dominant influence on Unitarian prayer books. John Wesley's 1784 The Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America shared similarities to Lindsey's liturgy, Jones's suggestions, and the Savoy Conference's Puritan proposals.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Free and Candid Disquisitions", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_Candid_Disquisitions", "article_id": 75691568, "section": "Reception and influence", "metadata": {"word_count": 662, "char_count": 4396, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following the 1775–1783 American Revolution, the Episcopal Church of the United States set about revising its own edition of the prayer book. The proposed revision submitted in 1786 featured a preface of queries later described by liturgist Marion J. Hatchett as an outline of Free and Candid Disquisitions. William Smith's work in creating the 1786 proposed prayer book led some of his fellow clergymen to believe he had made the revision while consulting a copy of Free and Candid Disquisitions. The new church desired substantial change beyond simple alterations, the 1786 text was seldom used before the Episcopal Church adopted another revision submitted in 1789. Hatchett held that Jones's work was also among the influences of the 1789 American Book of Common Prayer. According to Hatchett, influences from Free and Candid Disquisitions and other early 18th-century texts that advocated for reforms acceptable to a broader set of Protestants (a belief known as latitudinarianism) were more significant in the production of the 1789 prayer book than described by other scholarship. A shortened version of the 1786 preface retaining the influence from Free and Candid Disquisitions has been used in the succeeding prayer books of the Episcopal Church through to its present, 1979-dated edition.\nRichard Watson, the Bishop of Llandaff, published an anonymous pamphlet in 1790 containing liturgical proposals also based on Clarke and Free and Candid Disquisitions. William Winstanley Hull published a work in 1828 that looked favourably upon the 1789 American prayer book and put forward that a royal commission or House of Commons select committee be established to reform the prayer book. Among the changes Hull submitted was a synthesis of the three Sunday morning liturgies based on Jones's proposals. Hull's proposed liturgical revisions were similar to others in the early 19th century, demonstrating a Low-Church bias and relying upon the prior works of the 1689 effort, Clarke, and Jones. Such proposals remained the norm until Tractarians later in the 19th century renewed interest in pre-Reformation ritual and prompted revisions which were intended to restore these practices.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Free and Candid Disquisitions", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_Candid_Disquisitions", "article_id": 75691568, "section": "Reception and influence", "metadata": {"word_count": 338, "char_count": 2190, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Sir Charles William Fremantle (12 August 1834 – 8 October 1914) was a British governmental official who served 26 years as deputy master of the Royal Mint. As the chancellor of the exchequer was ex officio master of the Royal Mint beginning in 1870, Fremantle was its executive head for almost a quarter century.\nEducated at Eton College, Fremantle entered the Treasury in 1853 as a clerk. He served as private secretary to several officials, lastly Benjamin Disraeli, both while Disraeli was chancellor of the exchequer, and then in 1868 while he was prime minister. Disraeli's appointment of Fremantle as deputy master of the Royal Mint excited some controversy but was supported by his political rival William Gladstone.\nFremantle began as deputy master to Thomas Graham, the master of the Mint. Graham died in September 1869, and the Treasury decided the mastership should go to the chancellor of the day, with the deputy master the administrative head of the Royal Mint. Fremantle began work to modernise the antiquated Royal Mint. Much of the work had to wait until the Royal Mint was reconstructed at its premises at Tower Hill in 1882. Fremantle sought to beautify the coinage and, believing the Mint's engraver, Leonard Charles Wyon, not up to the task, sought to do so by resurrecting classic coin designs, like Benedetto Pistrucci's depiction of St George and the dragon for the sovereign.\nIn 1894, at the age of sixty, Fremantle retired from the Royal Mint and thereafter spent time as a corporate director and as a magistrate. He died in 1914, just under two months after his eightieth birthday.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Charles William Fremantle", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Fremantle", "article_id": 77191036, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 269, "char_count": 1608, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Charles William Fremantle was born on 12 August 1834, the third son of Sir Thomas Fremantle, Bt (later Baron Cottesloe) and his wife, the former Louisa Nugent. He was educated at Eton and then entered the Treasury as a clerk in April 1853. While there, he acted as a private secretary to several officials, successively Sir William Hayter, Sir William Hylton Jolliffe and The Honorable Sir Henry Brand, later speaker of the House of Commons. \nWhen Benjamin Disraeli was appointed chancellor of the exchequer in 1866, Fremantle served as his private secretary. Fremantle was recommended to Disraeli by Brand, who had served as parliamentary secretary to the Treasury. In 1867, Fremantle was made secretary to the boundary commission under the Representation of the People Act. When Disraeli became prime minister in early 1868, Fremantle was one of his private secretaries, along with Montague Corry, keeping that position until appointed deputy master of the Royal Mint in December of that year.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Charles William Fremantle", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Fremantle", "article_id": 77191036, "section": "Early life and career", "metadata": {"word_count": 160, "char_count": 995, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1868, the deputy mastership of the Royal Mint fell vacant with the death of William Barton, and the appointment was in the gift of the prime minister, Disraeli, who appointed Fremantle. Disraeli felt that the Mint had been run by its master, the chemist Thomas Graham, with little energy or administrative skill, and would benefit from an infusion of new blood. The long-time senior clerk, Robert Mushet, desired the position, with the support of Graham and the former master, Sir John Herschel, and the appointment was questioned in parliament. Disraeli defended the appointment, denying that Fremantle was his political follower, and stating that Fremantle was chosen for his youth and experience at the Treasury. Disraeli's political rival, William Gladstone, himself a former master of the Mint, agreed with his rival Disraeli that the Royal Mint needed someone from outside who had worked in one of the great departments of state. According to the numismatic historians, G. P. Dyer and P. P. Gaspar, in The New History of the Royal Mint, \"with the great men thus in agreement, the House was content to let the matter rest.\"\nDisraeli also stated that Graham supported the appointment, though Dyer and Gaspar found it significant he was not advised in advance. According to Sir John Craig in his history of the Royal Mint, \"Graham's general administration caused some unease\" and Fremantle was appointed \"to pull the place together\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Charles William Fremantle", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Fremantle", "article_id": 77191036, "section": "Appointment", "metadata": {"word_count": 235, "char_count": 1439, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following a royal commission in 1848, the Royal Mint was reorganised in 1851, with the Company of Moneyers, the guild with whom the government had long indentured for production of coinage, given three months' notice, as provided for in the indenture. By the time of Fremantle's appointment, Graham (who was appointed in 1855) had gone from attempts at reform to being the target of accusations of corruption and nepotism.\nGraham died on 16 September 1869. With a vacancy in the mastership, reform could be considered more readily, and Fremantle worked with Charles Rivers Wilson, a former colleague at the Treasury, on a report, submitted on 6 November. They recommended that the Royal Mint consolidate to a smaller site, either at its current premises at Tower Hill or somewhere closer to the City of London. Herschel and Graham were noteworthy scientists, but the Fremantle-Wilson report deemed this unnecessary to run the Mint. What was needed was \"active and intelligent control and the application of well-trained experience in matters of business\".\nIn a supplemental report on 17 November, Fremantle and Wilson recommended reductions of staff and salaries, proposing that Fremantle's post of deputy master be eliminated as unnecessary. Fremantle may have expected to be given Graham's title. The Treasury accepted most recommendations with a minute dated 7 January 1870, but instead of the position of deputy master being abolished, the mastership was to be held by the chancellor of the exchequer ex officio and without salary, with the Mint to be run by the deputy master. This was formalised in the Coinage Act 1870, which consolidated the laws relating to the Royal Mint to a single document, another of the recommendations. Fremantle did not initially receive the master's salary of £1500 (equivalent to £181,287 in 2023), but this followed within a few years.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Charles William Fremantle", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Fremantle", "article_id": 77191036, "section": "1870 reforms", "metadata": {"word_count": 301, "char_count": 1872, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1870, Fremantle undertook a tour of European mints in company with the newly appointed chemist of the Mint, William Chandler Roberts, and an engineer, James M. Napier. The Treasury allocated £1800 (equivalent to £217,545 in 2023) for expenses on this tour, which took place from May to July of that year. Their published report stated that the Royal Mint had fallen behind European mints in scientific research and in the application of the sciences to the Mint's work. Fremantle later stated that since the Royal Mint's current equipment had been installed in 1816, every Continental mint had updated its equipment, even that in Constantinople, making the Royal Mint the least efficient in Europe.\nIn the 1870 act, parliament required the deputy master to submit an annual report. These contained detailed information and statistics regarding the Mint's activities. With the first report, published in 1871, Fremantle began a series that Dyer and Gaspar described as \"long and extremely helpful\", and that would continue for over a century. These were published as parliamentary papers and contained lengthy appendices by Roberts and others.\nRoyal Mint workers were paid mostly through piece-rates, which were pooled and shared. This could work harshly in slack times. In 1870, Fremantle decreased the piece-rates while increasing weekly wages, reducing the reliance on piece payments. Piece-rates at the Royal Mint were not entirely abolished in favour of weekly wages until 1923, long after Fremantle's departure. Also in 1870, Fremantle recruited a section of mechanics to deal with machinery repair and fabricate items needed in the works; until then, all but the most minor mechanical repairs were contracted out. From 1880, the Royal Mint built automatic weighing machines to weigh newly-struck coins, with improvements by the Mint mechanics.\nTo Fremantle's frustration, rebuilding the Royal Mint with up-to-date equipment proved a difficult process to even begin, with the question of whether to rebuild on the existing site at Tower Hill or find new premises elsewhere in London tied up in Treasury and parliamentary red tape. These delays led to a shutdown of nearly five months in 1876 when antiquated equipment broke. So long as removal of the Royal Mint was a possibility, according to Craig, Fremantle \"grumbled in vain through twelve years' search for a new site\".\nNegotiations for the government to acquire land at Whitefriars from the corporation of London began in 1878 but three years of discussions produced no result, and a committee of the House of Commons decided upon a reconstruction at Tower Hill. Fremantle was opposed because this would require a complete shutdown of coinage, but agreed once it appeared that the Bank of England had an abnormally large stock of gold coins, bronze coinage could be contracted from Ralph Heaton & Sons of Birmingham, and a stock of silver coins could be built up before the commencement of work on 1 February 1882. The work ran for ten months, during which time, among other accomplishments, the old beam engines were replaced by modern gear, the Mint's first electrical generation station was installed, and most of the old coinage presses were sold (and replaced with new ones), except for some retained for striking medals. There was no change in the land area occupied by the Royal Mint; the next time a move was considered, in 1922, it was because the Mint was short of space. When the work was done, Fremantle stated that the facilities compared favourably to those of any other mint.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Charles William Fremantle", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Fremantle", "article_id": 77191036, "section": "Updating the Royal Mint", "metadata": {"word_count": 577, "char_count": 3554, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Fremantle, described by Dyer and Gaspar as a \"gentleman of cultivated taste\", sought to improve the appearance of Britain's coinage, generally through the re-issuance of classic designs. In 1871, he restored Benedetto Pistrucci's design depicting Saint George and the dragon to the sovereign for the first time in almost half a century. Stated Fremantle, \"it is hardly possible to over-rate the advantages accruing to a coinage from an artistic and well-executed design\". Nevertheless, he considered the Royal Mint's engraver through most of his time there, Leonard Charles Wyon, competent but not outstanding in a field that might not produce a genius in every generation, and wrote in 1880 \"I am sorry to say there is, in my opinion no really good English Engraver now living. Our Mint 'Modeller & Engraver', Mr Leonard C. Wyon ... is certainly the best.\" According to Dyer and Gaspar, Fremantle meant, \"the best in a poor field\".\nAnother engraver that Fremantle was able to recommend, in 1876, was George T. Morgan of Birmingham. This was in response to a request by the director of the United States Mint, Henry R. Linderman, who was seeking a good British engraver. Linderman hired Morgan, who emigrated to the United States, as a special assistant. Morgan went on to design the Morgan silver dollar, struck beginning in 1878.\nFremantle's next opportunity for coinage redesign at the Royal Mint came with the Jubilee coinage of 1887, which saw new designs for several denominations. This coinage was delayed by slow progress on the portrait of Queen Victoria which was to appear on them, by Joseph Boehm; on 15 January 1886, Fremantle wrote to a Treasury official to secure payment of £200 (equivalent to £27,519 in 2023) to Boehm, which Fremantle described as a moderate fee for the work of seven years. When the new coins were issued, Fremantle wrote an article for the June number of Murray's Magazine, entitled, \"Our New Coins and Their Pedigree\", in which he criticised the coins of the earlier part of the Victorian era, calling them \"commonplace\". Fremantle, though, had praise for Pistrucci's \"beautiful design of St George\", which was expanded to the crown, double sovereign, and five pound piece.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Charles William Fremantle", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Fremantle", "article_id": 77191036, "section": "Coinage redesign and other activities", "metadata": {"word_count": 364, "char_count": 2211, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The new coins, which bore Boehm's portrait of Victoria and were engraved by Wyon, were released in June 1887, and were widely mocked for the small crown depicted on the Queen's head, which looked like it might fall off. Fremantle mourned, \"the sad turn affairs have taken, most unexpected to me\". In a letter to Robert Hunt, Deputy Master of the Sydney Mint, Fremantle stated, \"without a great & skilled Engraver we shall never have a really fine head on our coinage\". Fremantle took consolation in that, \"at any rate they are better than the old ones\". Still, in 1891, the year of Wyon's death, Fremantle sat as a member of a committee to advise on new coinage designs. The result was the Old Head coinage (1893–1901) in which particular attention was given to the crown, which Fremantle stated \"left little to be desired as a work of art\".\nThe Old Head coinage was engraved by George William de Saulles, who was given only a probationary contract. On 1 January 1894, Fremantle wrote to the Treasury to request that de Saulles be given permanent status on the ground that his work on the Old Head coins had been praised both by experts and the public. De Saulles would go on to design the coinage of King Edward VII, shortly before dying in 1903. \nFremantle was himself a coin collector, and, from 1879, a member of the Numismatic Society of London. He had the Royal Mint's collection catalogued and the catalogue published. Finding gaps in the collection, he obtained permission from the Treasury to restrike 18th- and 19th-century coins to fill them. When the new coinage designs of 1887 and 1893 were struck, he made proof sets available to the public, though at high prices. He exhibited his collection of coins at the Royal Yorkshire Jubilee Exhibition near Bradford in 1887.\nFremantle visited the mints in the United States in 1884, travelling with Roberts, and also planned to inspect the assay offices. He also visited Canada on a tour that brought members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science across the Atlantic. In Montreal, the correspondent of the New-York Tribune described Fremantle as \"a man of imposing presence, tall and erect, with strong features. He is an authority on all matters pertaining to metals.\"\nFremantle served as a British delegate to the International Bimetallic Conference in 1881, and was at the Monetary Congress of 1889, both in Paris, also serving as a British delegate to the International Monetary Congress of 1892 in Brussels. He also served as a member of the Royal Commission on Gold and Silver in 1886, and was a member of several interdepartmental committees relating to the Civil Service.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Charles William Fremantle", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Fremantle", "article_id": 77191036, "section": "Coinage redesign and other activities", "metadata": {"word_count": 453, "char_count": 2656, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Fremantle retired as deputy master in September 1894 and was succeeded by Horace Seymour. Fremantle's service of almost 26 years is the longest of any deputy master of modern times. The London correspondent of The Yorkshire Herald wondered at Fremantle's retirement, given he was sixty and in good health, and was the boss in a position described as \"none too arduous\".\nIn 1895, Fremantle travelled to Japan, where he was given a tour of the Osaka Mint by its director, Hasegawa Tameharu, whom he had met while the Japanese official was touring Europe. In 1897, he contributed an article entitled \"The Queen's Coinages\" to the Diamond Jubilee number of The Financial News.\nFrom 1896 to 1903, Fremantle was one of the British directors on the board of the Suez Canal Company. He served as vice president of the Corporation of Foreign Bondholders. He was a member of the board of directors of, among other concerns, Parr's Bank, the Standard Bank of South Africa, the Bank of Australasia, the Eagle Insurance Company and the Egyptian Delta Light Railways. He joined the Royal Society of Arts in 1895 and was elected one of its vice presidents the same year, holding that position at the time of his death in 1914. He served as a magistrate for Middlesex, London and Westminster.\nBoth before and after his retirement, Fremantle was involved with the Charity Organisation Society, chairing its council in 1892 and 1893, and was chairman of the Whitechapel Charity Organisation Committee for more than twenty years. The Charity Organisation Review deemed him one of the \"Fathers of our movement\" and that his talents and activity \"entitle Sir Charles Fremantle to an honoured place among those who have served the good cause\".\nFollowing a short illness, Fremantle died on the evening of 8 October 1914 at 4 Sloane Street, his London residence. The Daily Telegraph recorded that since his retirement from the Mint, \"Sir Charles had been for the last twenty years a well-known and popular personality in the City, having been identified with various important undertakings\". He had celebrated his eightieth birthday in August and had continued to attend to his positions in the City in apparent good health.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Charles William Fremantle", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Fremantle", "article_id": 77191036, "section": "Retirement and death", "metadata": {"word_count": 366, "char_count": 2200, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Fremantle's father, Sir Thomas Fremantle, was ennobled as Baron Cottesloe in 1874, entitling his sons to preface their names with \"The Honourable\". Charles was his third son; the eldest, Thomas, succeeded to his father's titles. The second son was the Very Rev. The Honourable William Henry Fremantle, dean of Ripon, and the fourth was Admiral The Honourable Sir Edmund Fremantle.\nCharles Fremantle's paternal grandfather was Vice-admiral Sir Thomas Francis Fremantle, whose son (Charles's uncle) was Admiral Sir Charles Fremantle, after whom the city of Fremantle, Western Australia, is named. His maternal grandparents were Sir George Nugent, and the American-born diarist Maria Nugent.\nOn 20 April 1865 at St Peter's Church, Eaton Square, Fremantle married Sophia Smith, youngest daughter of Abel Smith; the marriage was performed by his uncle, Rev. William Fremantle. The couple had four sons and a daughter. Charles Fremantle was created a companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1880, and a knight commander of that order (KCB) in 1890.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Charles William Fremantle", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Fremantle", "article_id": 77191036, "section": "Family and honours", "metadata": {"word_count": 164, "char_count": 1045, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Dyer and Gaspar wrote that under Fremantle, the Royal Mint of \"Graham, with its haphazard administration and antiquated machinery, had given way to a modern mint which no longer relied upon others to show it the way forward\". One way he did so was his encouragement of Roberts (who took the name Roberts-Austen) who in his third of a century at the Royal Mint until his death in 1902, believed that research into metals could advance the Royal Mint's abilities. \"It was the achievement of Fremantle, who by his breadth of vision promoted the work of Roberts-Austen to place the Mint for a quarter of a century within the circle of the world's great scientific institutions.\"\nThe Royal Mint Museum, in their page on Fremantle, called him \"without doubt one of the key figures in the development of the Royal Mint\". The chancellor of the exchequer at the time of Fremantle's retirement, Sir William Harcourt, wrote of him, \"Sir Charles Fremantle has served with eminent distinction first in the Treasury and afterwards as Deputy Master of the Mint. His diligence, fidelity, and remarkable capacity have, throughout a period of more than forty years, commanded the confidence and respect of all the Heads of Departments in which he served.\" A later deputy master, Thomas Henry Elliott, wrote of Fremantle after his death in 1914, that the experience gained from his visits to the foreign mints in 1870 and 1884 \"enabled Sir Charles to carry out various reforms in the different departments of the Mint which were of the greatest value, and his arrangements in all their general principles have stood the test of time and made the task of his successors a comparatively easy one\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Charles William Fremantle", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Fremantle", "article_id": 77191036, "section": "Assessment", "metadata": {"word_count": 284, "char_count": 1676, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Freston is a Neolithic causewayed enclosure, an archaeological site near the village of Freston in Suffolk, England. Causewayed enclosures were built in England from shortly before 3700 until at least 3500 BC; they are characterised by the full or partial enclosure of an area with ditches that are interrupted by gaps, or causeways. Their purpose is unknown; they may have been settlements, meeting places, or ritual sites.\nThe Freston enclosure was first identified in 1969 from cropmarks in aerial photographs. At 8.55 ha (21.1 acres) it is one of the largest causewayed enclosures in Britain, and would have required thousands of person-days to construct. The cropmarks show an enclosure with two circuits of ditches, and a palisade that ran between the two circuits. There is also evidence of a rectangular structure in the northeastern part of the site, which may be a Neolithic longhouse or an Anglo-Saxon hall. In 2018, a group from McMaster University organized a research project focused on the site, beginning with a geophysical survey and a pedestrian survey to collect any items of archaeological interest from the surface of the site. This was followed by an excavation in 2019 which recovered some Neolithic material and obtained radiocarbon dates indicating that the site was constructed in the mid-4th millennium BC. Other finds included oak charcoal fragments believed to come from the palisade, and evidence of a long ditch to the southeast that probably predated the enclosure, and which may have accompanied a long barrow, a form of Neolithic burial mound. The site has been protected as a scheduled monument since 1976.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Freston causewayed enclosure", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freston_causewayed_enclosure", "article_id": 77492703, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 264, "char_count": 1641, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Freston is a causewayed enclosure, a form of earthwork that was built in northwestern Europe in the early Neolithic period. Causewayed enclosures are areas that are fully or partially enclosed by ditches interrupted by gaps, or causeways, of unexcavated ground, often with earthworks and palisades in some combination. The function of causewayed enclosures is debated. They may have been settlements, perhaps for a single family, or used for herding animals. The causeways are difficult to explain in military terms since they would have provided multiple ways for attackers to pass through the ditches to the inside of the enclosure, though archaeologists have suggested they could have been sally ports that defenders could emerge from to attack a besieging force. Evidence of attacks at some sites provided support for the idea that the enclosures were fortified. They may have been seasonal meeting places, used for trading. There is also evidence that the enclosures played a role in funeral rites: food, pottery, and human remains have all been found deliberately deposited in the ditches.\nThe construction of these sites would have required substantial labour for clearing the land, preparing trees for use as posts or palisades, and digging the ditches, and would probably have been planned for some time in advance, as the enclosures were built in a single operation. Over seventy causewayed enclosures have been identified in the British Isles, and they are one of the most common types of early Neolithic site in Western Europe. About a thousand are known in all. They began to appear at different times in different parts of Europe: dates range from before 4000 BC in northern France, to shortly before 3000 BC in northern Germany, Denmark, and Poland. The enclosures began to appear in southern Britain shortly before 3700 BC, and continued to be built for at least 200 years; in a few cases, they continued to be used as late as 3300 to 3200 BC.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Freston causewayed enclosure", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freston_causewayed_enclosure", "article_id": 77492703, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 322, "char_count": 1959, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Freston enclosure is in Suffolk, near the village of Freston, south of Ipswich. It lies 31 m (102 ft) above sea level on the Shotley peninsula in southeast East Anglia, between the estuaries of the Orwell and Stour rivers. A modern road, the B1080, passes through the site from south to northeast. Farm buildings (part of Potash Farm) along the southwest part of the circuit date from the 17th century, and in the 19th century two cottages (known as Latimer Cottages) were built to the southeast of the centre of the enclosure. The site became a scheduled monument in 1976.\nThe ditch circuits, as revealed by cropmarks, consist of two concentric circles, with numerous gaps in the ditches. Cropmarks also show faint traces of a line between the circuits which may indicate where a palisade once stood, though this is only clear in the north and northeastern parts of the circuit. The remains of a rectangular structure, 37 by 9 m (121 by 30 ft), can be detected within the enclosure in the northeastern corner. The structure has not been dated, but it is likely to be either a Neolithic longhouse or an Anglo-Saxon hall. Few such buildings have been found, and either would make Freston a site of \"potentially national importance\", according to English Heritage. If it is a longhouse, it could have been built either before or after the enclosure was constructed. \nThe enclosure is 8.55 ha (21.1 acres) in area, which makes it one of the largest causewayed enclosures in Britain. The short sections of the ditch that have been excavated were found to be well over 2 m (6.6 ft) deep, significantly deeper than those of other nearby enclosures. The excavators calculated that, if the ditches were all equally deep, they would have taken between 2,800 and 4,200 person-days to dig, and stated that the project would have been \"one of the greatest Early Neolithic engineering works of East Anglia\". Freston appears to have at least two and perhaps as many as five entrances, defined as places where wide causeways line up in both circuits to make a broad path to the interior of the site. Another possible explanation for some of the gaps in the circuit, where no cropmarks can be seen, is that the spring in the centre of the site may have periodically overflowed, carving an east-west channel which has since filled in, and eliminating the cropmarks that might have appeared at the points where the stream crossed the circuit. The site has no features that are visible above ground; all banks and ditches have been levelled by ploughing, perhaps as long as 2,000 years ago.\nNeolithic farmers began to reach Britain in about 4050 BC, spreading from mainland Europe across the English Channel, and reaching southeastern England, including Suffolk, early in this migration. Freston is about 13 km (8 mi) from the sea; it would have been about 18 km (11 mi) from the sea at the start of the Neolithic. The location between two river valleys would have made it more easily accessible to the groups that crossed by sea from mainland Europe, and a spring within the enclosure would have made the site attractive—for practical reasons, and perhaps also for the ritual or symbolic significance of springs.\nRadiocarbon dating suggests that the inner ditch was built between 3800 and 3500 BC, with the most likely period around 3700 BC. The palisade was probably added some time after the initial construction of the enclosure, and the rectangular structure at the northeast corner of the enclosure was also probably constructed some time after the ditches were dug.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Freston causewayed enclosure", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freston_causewayed_enclosure", "article_id": 77492703, "section": "Site", "metadata": {"word_count": 606, "char_count": 3557, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Aerial photographs taken by the Royal Air Force in 1944 showed no sign of cropmarks; the site is partly visible in a series of photographs taken in 1966 by the Ordnance Survey, but was not noticed at the time. The site was discovered in 1969 by J. K. St Joseph, who ran the Cambridge University Committee for Aerial Photography (CUCAP) program for many years; he identified it on a reconnaissance flight that year and took aerial photographs that recorded cropmarks in the northern part of the site. Further photography was undertaken in the 1970s by CUCAP and the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (RCHME). The site was included on a list of sixteen possible causewayed enclosures based on observed cropmarks published in 1975. Fieldwalking (surveying the site on foot) in the winter of 1979–1980 and again in 1985 found some worked flint, including an arrowhead, pot boilers, blades, and flint flakes. In 1995 Carolyn Dyer of the Air Photography Unit of the RCHME used aerial photographs to create a map of the site showing the cropmarks overlaid on the local topography.\nIn 2007 a geophysical survey was performed on the northeastern quadrant of the enclosure, east of the B1080, using magnetometry and earth resistance measurements. The survey identified several possible pits, some of which could be Saxon sunken-featured buildings, though this will require excavation to confirm. The survey also found a linear feature that might be a Neolithic trackway, running past the rectangular structure in the northeast of the site. In November 2007 construction work on one of the cottages within the enclosure required archaeological monitoring, which identified a single flint from the diggings.\nAlthough the site is a scheduled national monument, the area of the road that passes through it is not protected, and in 2010 the local electricity provider excavated a trench alongside the southern part of the road, to bury a cable that had been run overhead on telegraph poles. The excavation was monitored, and the removed soil examined for artefacts. Four sherds of pottery were found; two were thought to date to the Middle Bronze Age (about 1400 BC to 1000 BC), but the other two could not be dated. A total of 47 flints were recovered, dated from the early to late Neolithic. Three flakes were identified as a type of flint known to come from the Thames Basin.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Freston causewayed enclosure", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freston_causewayed_enclosure", "article_id": 77492703, "section": "Discovery, fieldwalking, and watching briefs", "metadata": {"word_count": 397, "char_count": 2385, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 2018 a team from McMaster University began the Freston Archaeological Research Mission (FARM), a project designed to gather more information about the enclosure, and to contribute to the study of the cultural changes of the early Neolithic. That year Tristan Carter and Deanna Aubert of McMaster University conducted two weeks of fieldwalking on Latimer Field, a small part of which overlaps with the southeast quadrant of the site, to the east of the B1080. The finds were sparse compared to results from other Neolithic sites. Twelve flints were found, all of which were considered to date to the Early Neolithic, except for two gunflints, probably dating from the 17th or 18th century AD. Ceramic finds included a sherd of Thetford ware, dated to the 9th to 11th centuries AD, and some salt-glazed stoneware that was manufactured between 1400 and 1900 AD. Most sherds were from the 18th or 19th century. Other finds included glass from bottles, glasses, bowls and serving vessels; roof-tile fragments; and pieces of clay pipe stems. Most of the area that was surveyed lay outside the causewayed enclosure, and the low density of finds was consistent with the results of the geophysical survey in 2007, which had found \"increased activity within the enclosure and very little activity outside it\". The ceramic finds were spread more or less evenly across the field, rather than being more common near the cottages by the northwestern corner of the field, and this may have been from manuring practices in the 19th century. Manure from horses in London streets was swept up and sold to farms as fertiliser; the resulting product probably included street detritus such as broken pottery and clay pipe stems. Spreading the manure on a field could have resulted in the even distribution of finds seen in Latimer Field.\nIn 2019 a magnetometry and resistance survey was performed in the southeast quadrant, in preparation for a planned excavation of the site. The survey located both the inner and outer ditches, and a linear feature that was considered to be the remains of a palisade that ran between the two circuits. As with the 2007 survey of the northeast quadrant, multiple possible pits were identified. These were more frequent in the southern part of the survey area. The survey was limited by the presence of a metal fence which caused magnetic interference, and by the dry soil, which reduced the sensitivity of the resistance measurements. The results were used to select an area for excavation, and a more detailed resistance study was conducted on the area of the planned trench, without finding new features.\nThe site was excavated in 2019 by a team led by Carter. The main goals of the excavation were to prove that Freston was a causewayed enclosure, and to obtain material that could be used for radiocarbon dating. Since causewayed enclosures often have high densities of deposits at the ends of their ditches, the area of excavation was chosen to overlap a causeway in Latimer Field, so that the trench exposed the adjacent ditch termini for both the inner and outer circuit of ditches.\nAll four ditch termini (F1 to F4 in the diagram) were found where the cropmarks suggested they would be. The lowest layers in F1 and F2 (the termini of the inner circuit) contained clear evidence of deliberate deposits, including semi-complete pots. In F1's case, it was apparent that material had been placed in the ditch very soon after it had been dug. F4, one of the termini of the outer ditches, was partially excavated, but there was not enough time to go down past the upper layers. F11, a narrow feature in between F2 and F4, was thought to be part of the palisade trench. Four pits, labelled F5, F6, F8 and F15, were excavated; the two smallest (F8 and F15) might have been postholes, but there was not enough context to be sure of this. A ditch discovered at the south end of the trench had been identified on the geophysical survey, which showed that it ran for 70 m (230 ft). F14 was dug as a cross-section across this ditch, which runs north-to-south at that point. The ditch probably predated the causewayed enclosure and may have been dug next to a long barrow, a form of Neolithic burial mound. Several other features in the trench were either determined to be natural or could not be definitely identified as man-made.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Freston causewayed enclosure", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freston_causewayed_enclosure", "article_id": 77492703, "section": "FARM project", "metadata": {"word_count": 740, "char_count": 4342, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Both F1 and F2, the inner ditch termini, were over two metres deep, and in both cases the upper half contained few finds, and probably consisted of soil that had washed into the ditches after the enclosure was abandoned. The lower half of each ditch was rich in finds.\nThe excavation produced 14.5 kg (32 lb) of pottery sherds, mostly from the enclosure ditches. Assessed as a ratio of finds to the length of the excavated ditch sections, this is higher than at the other causewayed enclosures in East Anglia that have been investigated: St. Osyth, Haddenham, and Kingsborough. The pottery finds included Mildenhall ware, a form of Neolithic pottery found in southern England that dates from the mid-fourth millennium BC. Flint finds mostly came from F1 and F2. Debris from knapping and retouching was plentiful, indicating that the flint tools were produced on-site, though some of this activity might have predated the construction of the enclosure. Most of the tools were blades, but four arrowheads were found, along with some other forms such as scrapers and piercers. Charcoal fragments were recovered, mostly from F5, one of the pits, but also from the other circular pits. The palisade trench F11, identified next to F2, contained oak charcoal, and it is possible that the palisade was made of oak. F15 may have been a posthole supporting one of the palisade timbers. Other plant remains included hazelnut shells and a smaller quantity of cereal grains; this is a common pattern in British Neolithic sites, but it is also possible that the acidic soil destroyed more of the grains. No animal or human bones were found, probably because of the high acidity of the soil.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Freston causewayed enclosure", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freston_causewayed_enclosure", "article_id": 77492703, "section": "Finds from 2019 excavation", "metadata": {"word_count": 282, "char_count": 1676, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Frye Fire was a wildfire that burned 48,443 acres (19,604 ha) in Graham County, Arizona, United States, from June 7 to September 1, 2017. The fire was ignited by a lightning strike on Mount Graham, within the Coronado National Forest, and spread rapidly until it was mostly contained on July 12. The Frye Fire destroyed three buildings, briefly threatened the Mount Graham International Observatory, cost $26 million to contain (equivalent to $33 million in 2024) and suppress, and involved more than 800 firefighters. There were no fatalities, but 63 firefighters were quarantined as a result of a strep throat outbreak.\nBeginning in July 2017, rains from the annual North American monsoon season washed sediments off mountain slopes in the Frye Fire's burn scar. This runoff, consisting of rainwater, ash, and debris, clogged creeks and damaged infrastructure within Graham County. The fire particularly affected the endangered Mount Graham red squirrel, whose remaining habitat on Mount Graham was devastated.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Frye Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frye_Fire", "article_id": 72610510, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 158, "char_count": 1016, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Wildfires are a natural part of the ecological cycle of the Southwestern United States. The Frye Fire was one of 2,321 wildfires that burned 429,564 acres (173,838 ha) in Arizona in 2017. Arizona State Forester Jeff Whitney expected a typical season in the state's northern forests but one with high fire potential in the state's southern grasslands because of high temperatures, low humidity, and an abundance of fuels. By August 2017, wildfires had burned the most land since the 2011 season.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Frye Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frye_Fire", "article_id": 72610510, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 81, "char_count": 494, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On June 7, 2017, lightning struck a portion of chaparral on Mount Graham in the Coronado National Forest and Graham County, Arizona, which had not burned since the Nuttall Complex Fire in 2004. By June 9, an area of 15–20 acres (6.1–8.1 ha) was on fire, and the flames were spreading in the direction of the Frye Mesa Reservoir. The United States Forest Service (USFS) closed trails near the fire and began fire suppression, which was complicated by difficult terrain. The burned area grew from 630 acres (250 ha) by June 13 to 6,305 acres (2,552 ha) by June 18. The USFS closed all campgrounds and trails in the Pinaleño Mountains within the Coronado National Forest on June 19.\nBeginning on June 18, an enlarged force of over 300 firefighters focused on preventing the Frye Fire from reaching the Mount Graham International Observatory (MGIO). Over the next day the fire spread towards but did not reach the MGIO; Pavel Gabor, Vice Director of the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope (VATT), stated that fires had reached to within 30 ft (9 m) of the VATT. On June 24, the Frye Fire was pushed back from the MGIO and was estimated to be 29 percent contained, but the burned area had grown to 35,569 acres (14,394 ha).\nOn June 23, Doug Ducey, Governor of Arizona, declared a state of emergency in Graham County, securing additional state and federal aid for containing the Frye Fire. Firefighters made progress on containing the spread of the Frye Fire on June 25 and June 26, which allowed Gabor to inspect the VATT on June 27 and report that the facility had sustained no heat or smoke damage. From June 27 to July 12 the Frye Fire grew from 38,395 acres (15,538 ha) to 48,443 acres (19,604 ha). The fire was 88 percent contained by July 12. Recreational areas within the Coronado National Forest began reopening on July 13. By July 17 the fire had not grown any further and firefighters were demobilized to contain other wildfires.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Frye Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frye_Fire", "article_id": 72610510, "section": "Fire", "metadata": {"word_count": 339, "char_count": 1937, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On June 17, the USFS announced that an outbreak of streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) had begun among the firefighters assigned to contain the Frye Fire. Tucson-based ABC affiliate KGUN-TV reported on June 18 that 21 firefighters had been quarantined; other local news organizations quoted a USFS spokesman who reported a total of 45 cases. According to a report published by the Wildfire Lessons Learned Center (WLLC), a federally-funded research database, quarantine of personnel showing strep throat symptoms, regular testing for strep throat, and regular disinfection of equipment began on June 16. No new cases were detected after June 16; 300 people were exposed to strep throat, of which 63 individuals were quarantined. During the 2020 Western United States wildfire season and the concurrent COVID-19 pandemic, the WLLC and some news publications highlighted the Frye Fire strep throat outbreak as an example of how to effectively contain outbreaks of infectious diseases in firefighting camps.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Frye Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frye_Fire", "article_id": 72610510, "section": "Strep throat outbreak", "metadata": {"word_count": 153, "char_count": 1009, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Frye Fire burned 48,443 acres (19,604 ha) over 86 days, growing to its greatest extent on July 12, and cost $26 million (equivalent to $33 million in 2024) to suppress. Of the total area burned, 13 percent suffered total foliage mortality. Three structures were damaged or destroyed by the Frye Fire. More than 800 firefighters worked to contain the Frye Fire at its height.\nBy July 18, a USFS Burned Area Emergency Response (BAER) team began assessing the environmental and civic risks posed by the Frye Fire's burn scar. They released a report on July 20 that recommended stabilizing soil deprived of understory and the clearing of roads of drainages. At the same time, Graham County officials issued warnings about severe, damaging floods as annual monsoon rains were expected to wash unsecured, burned soil out of the Frye Fire's burn scar. Those monsoon rains arrived by July 19 and washed surface runoff laden with ash into nearby communities, prompting the Coronado National Forest to delay reopening and the closure on July 31 of Arizona State Route 366 (SR 366) after it was damaged by runoff. Two homes were damaged on July 31 when Ash Creek overflowed and was partially filled in with sediments washed out of the burn scar. On August 11, the Ash Creek flooding threatened to shut down the town of Pima's sewage system.\nThe Coronado National Forest secured funding for the implementation of the BAER team's suggestions on July 23, which included aerially reseeding 1,023 acres (414 ha) of the most severely burned parts of the Frye Fire burn scar. By August 10, 57,000 lb (26,000 kg) of sterile barley seeds were dropped over this area to stabilize the ground and allow native grasses to grow and replace the barley. On August 9, a bridge and culvert over Wet Canyon on Mount Graham, which had been damaged by runoff and debris from the burn scar, was demolished to open Wet Canyon as a drainage. Cleanup of Ash Creek and construction of water management infrastructure in and around Pima lasted into September 2017; SR 366 reopened on September 14. In July 2021, the USFS and Arizona Department of Forestry and Fire Management began to employ inmates from the Fort Grant state prison in a three-year project to restore trails on Mount Graham.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Frye Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frye_Fire", "article_id": 72610510, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 385, "char_count": 2257, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Frye Fire had a traumatic effect on the Mount Graham red squirrel, an endangered subspecies of the American red squirrel that lost most of its habitat and population to the fire. According to a report published by the Arizona Game and Fish Department on October 17, 2017, the Mount Graham red squirrel's population had been reduced from 252 squirrels in 2016 to 35 squirrels. The Mount Graham red squirrel was expected to go extinct in 2017 because of this decimation, loss of habitat, predation, and competition with other squirrel species. Following efforts to restore its habitat in 2018, the population of Mount Graham red squirrels rose to 67. As of December 2022, the Mount Graham red squirrel has still not recovered to its pre-Frye Fire population.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Frye Fire", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frye_Fire", "article_id": 72610510, "section": "Effect on the Mount Graham red squirrel", "metadata": {"word_count": 127, "char_count": 760, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Gao Qifeng (Chinese: 高奇峰; pinyin: Gāo Qífēng; 13 June 1889 – 2 November 1933) was a Chinese painter who co-founded the Lingnan School with his older brother Gao Jianfu and fellow artist Chen Shuren. Orphaned at a young age, Gao spent much of his childhood following Jianfu, learning the techniques of Ju Lian before travelling to Tokyo in 1907 to study Western and Japanese painting. While abroad, Gao joined the revolutionary organization Tongmenghui to challenge the Qing dynasty; after he returned to China, he published the nationalist magazine The True Record, which later fell afoul of the Beiyang government. Although offered a position in the Republic of China, Gao chose to focus on his art. He moved to Guangzhou in 1918, taking a series of teaching positions that culminated with an honorary professorship at Lingnan University in 1925. Falling ill in 1929, Gao left the city for Ersha Island, where he took students and established the Tianfang Studio. \nIn his painting, Gao blended traditional Chinese approaches with foreign ones, using Japanese techniques for light and shadow as well as Western understandings of geometry and perspective. Although he painted landscapes and figures, he is most recognized for his paintings of animals, particularly eagles, lions, and tigers. In his brushwork, he combined the vigour of his brother's technique with the elegance of Chen's. Gao taught numerous students, including Chao Shao-an and Huang Shaoqiang; he was particularly close to Zhang Kunyi, with whom he may have been romantically involved.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Gao Qifeng", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Qifeng", "article_id": 77895078, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 246, "char_count": 1553, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Gao was born Gao Weng (高嵡) in Yuangang Township, Panyu County, Guangdong, on 13 June 1889. The family was poor, and his father Boxiang died in 1895; his mother followed two years later. A sickly child, Gao was sent to live with a relative. One of six brothers, he ultimately became the ward of his brother Jianfu – ten years his elder – and followed him into the arts.\nIn his youth, Gao learned the water infusion and \"boneless\" painting techniques employed by Ju Lian. Sources disagree to the provenance of this knowledge. Gao Jianfu is known to have studied under Ju at his Xiaoyue Qin Pavilion, and thus he is often attributed as teaching them to his brother. Others have suggested that Gao Qifeng studied directly with Ju. No archival material has been found to support the latter scenario, and Ralph Croizier notes in his study of the Lingnan School that, if true, Gao studied under Ju only briefly.\nGao attended a Christian school by the age of fourteen, and later converted to Christianity. In the mid-1900s, he took an apprenticeship with Pastor Wu Shiqing, painting lampshades at his Yongming Zhai glass shop. He later worked with Wu's brother Jinghun to open another storefront. As an adult, he took the courtesy name Qifeng. On his early paintings, he used the art name Fei Pu (飞瀑); the seal with which he signed his paintings was marked Fei Pu Sketching.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Gao Qifeng", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Qifeng", "article_id": 77895078, "section": "Early life", "metadata": {"word_count": 239, "char_count": 1366, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1907, Gao travelled to Tokyo with his brother to further study art. While Jianfu was enrolled at the Tokyo School of Fine Arts, Gao became a student of Tanaka Raishō; he appears to have also drawn influence from artists such as Takeuchi Seihō and Hashimoto Kansetsu. All of these artists promoted the nihonga style, which blended Western techniques with Japanese ones. Through his studies, Gao learned Western approaches to perspective and sketching and became familiar with the works of the Kyoto school. He developed a style that blended these various influences, seeking to combine the naturalism of Western art with the lyricism and philosophy of traditional Chinese painting.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Gao Qifeng", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Qifeng", "article_id": 77895078, "section": "Artistic career", "metadata": {"word_count": 109, "char_count": 683, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "After returning to China in 1908, the Gao brothers moved to Nanhai. Gao Qifeng became a teacher at the Nanhai Middle School, while also learning psychology and sociology, holding that the truth, goodness, and beauty of art could better address the human condition with insight into the problems of society. Teaching art, Gao believed, would allow the transmission of a better understanding of ethics and social conditions. In 1908, he donated several paintings to a fundraiser for flooding victims in western Guangdong. \nIn Japan, the Gao brothers had joined the Tongmenghui, an organization established to overthrow the Qing dynasty. Gao Jianfu arranged the assassinations of several Qing leaders, with the death of General Fengshan attributed to a painter whom he had recruited; Gao Qifeng may also have been involved in this cell, and his friend and fellow revolutionary Wang Jingwei recalled him sleeping soundly in a room full of explosives. After the 1911 Revolution, the brothers were offered positions in the new Republic of China by Tongmenghui leader Sun Yat-sen, but declined. \nInstead, the Gao brothers moved to Shanghai and established The True Record, a large-format magazine that consisted of pictures, paintings, cartoons, chronicle paintings, essays, reviews, and sketches. This nationalist magazine, subsidized in part by the new government, published seventeen issues between June 1912 and March or April 1913, with Gao Qifeng as the editor-in-chief. The Gaos believed that pictorials could best \"arouse people's patriotic thoughts and support the order of social progress\". In essays, the brothers called for the creation of a new approach to art, as well as improvements in art education; other parts of the magazine offered news and social commentary. They also decried the increasingly authoritarian Beiyang government. \nGao – writing with Xie Yingbo and Ma Xiaojin – published an article in 1913 implicating Provisional President Yuan Shikai in the assassination of nationalist leader Song Jiaoren. According to the writer Cai Dengshan, Yuan thus issued a warrant for their arrest, and Gao began a self-imposed exile in Japan. This claim is not supported universally among scholars, though Gao is thought to have spent time learning woodblock printing in Japan. As the decade continued and China's nascent democracy devolved into corruption and warlordism, Jianfu grew disenchanted with politics; the art critic Li Yuzhong suggests that Qifeng was likely influenced by his brother in this regard. \nIn the 1910s, the Gaos had established the Aesthetic Institute, a combined gallery, exhibition hall, and publishing house, in Shanghai. Through the bookstore, they sold reproductions of Chinese and Western paintings, including their own works. As the decade continued, Gao devoted himself exclusively to painting and teaching. He moved to Guangzhou in 1918 to lead the Art and Printmaking Department at the Class A Industrial School. He also established the Aesthetics Museum on Fuxue West Street. In 1925, Gao was made an honorary professor at Lingnan University (now part of Sun Yat-sen University). He was provided land upon which he built a studio; according to the curator Christina Chu, these were his most productive years. \nThrough the 1920s, Gao gained increasing recognition for his artwork, and he was frequently featured in The Young Companion, a bilingual pictorial magazine published in Shanghai. Prior to the construction of the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, Gao was asked to contribute three of his works: Sea Eagle (海鷹), White Horse in the Autumn River (秋江白馬), and Lion (雄獅); during his lifetime, Sun Yat-sen had expressed a fondness for these paintings, none of which has survived.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Gao Qifeng", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Qifeng", "article_id": 77895078, "section": "Artistic career", "metadata": {"word_count": 579, "char_count": 3718, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Around 1929, Gao fell ill with pneumonia and removed himself from the city to recover, being admitted to the Zhujiang Nursing Home on Ersha Island in the Pearl River. After a year, Gao was released, choosing to establish the Tianfang Studio on the island to continue his work. There, he taught numerous students, with the seven most famous becoming known as the Tianfeng Seven. However, Gao remained sickly, and his productivity suffered; he only made one trip, to Guilin in 1931, to find new inspirations and materials.\nIn 1933, an exhibition of contemporary Chinese painting was scheduled in Berlin. Gao was selected as a government representative, and asked to travel to Shanghai for a preliminary meeting. On the ship from Guangzhou, Gao fell ill, and his fellow passenger Ye Gongchuo sought medical attention. Gao was diagnosed with tuberculosis, and after the ship arrived in Shanghai he was brought to Dahua Hospital. \nGao died on 2 November 1933, aged 44. Before his death, he had asked that his artworks be donated to museums and that his Tianfeng Pavilion art studio be maintained as the Qifeng Painting Academy. Per his request, funeral preparations were handled by his student Fan Tchunpi. A memorial service was held at the China Funeral Parlor on Haige Road (now Huashan Road), attended by artists such as Chen Shuren and Ye Gongchuo, as well as politicians such as Wang Jingwei, Cai Yuanpei, and Wu Tiecheng. Other tributes came from Sun Fo, Ju Zheng, and Zhang Ji. Gao's body was subsequently escorted by his student Zhang Kunyi to Guangdong, where he was interred at the Christian Cemetery in Henan; the national government contributed 2,000 yuan (equivalent to ¥197,000 in 2019) to cover expenses.\nZhang pushed for the state to give Gao recognition, finding support from numerous prominent politicians, including Sun Fo, Cai Yuanpei, and Yu Youren. They petitioned for Gao to be reinterred closer to the national capital in Nanjing, arguing that he deserved the recognition due to his contributions to the country as well as his artistic skill. This petition was heeded, and Gao was reinterred at Qixia Mountain on 27 December 1936. A mausoleum was erected, as was a marker bearing an inscription by then-President Lin Sen: \"The Tomb of Mr. Gao Qifeng, the Sage of Painting\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Gao Qifeng", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Qifeng", "article_id": 77895078, "section": "Later years and death", "metadata": {"word_count": 380, "char_count": 2293, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Gao is recognized, together with his brother Jianfu and fellow Ju Lian student Chen Shuren, as a founder of the Lingnan School of painting. All three shared similar backgrounds, and drew on Western influences in their art, believing that synthesis was necessary to preserve Chinese tradition while creating a new style of \"national painting\" suited for modern times. Among Gao's students were Zhang Kunyi, Zhou Yifeng, Ye Shaobing, He Qiyuan, Rong Shushi, Huang Shaoqiang, and Chao Shao-an. These students, later known as the Tianfeng Seven as they had studied at the studio, continued to spread the influence of the Lingnan School. Several of them later settled in Hong Kong and Macau, bringing the school and its teachings to these territories. \nGao had five brothers: Guiting (桂庭), Lingsheng (灵生), Guantian (冠天), Jianfu (剑父), and Jianseng (剑僧); Lingsheng had been born to Gao Boxiang's second wife. Guantian had been a partner in the Aesthetic Institute, though he was not an artist. Another brother, Jianseng, travelled to Japan in 1911, and as with Qifeng and Jianfu developed a style that blended Japanese, Western, and traditional Chinese art. He died in 1916, not having gained the same prestige. \nGao married the Suzhou-born Yang Cuixing in 1915 and had a daughter named Liandi the following year. The marriage ended in 1921 when Gao's wife took their daughter and left. Cai Dengshan attributes this to Gao's devoting himself entirely to art.\nGao had a close relationship with his student Zhang Kunyi, who has been described as his goddaughter or adopted daughter, but was also rumoured to have been his lover. Gao dedicated several paintings to her in the late 1920s. She, meanwhile, moved in with Gao despite being married. After he became ill, she tended to him, handled the housework, and studied art under him. Cai Dengshan writes that, after Gao's death, Zhang was so distraught that she mixed her tears with powder to paint plum blossoms, using her own blood for the sepals; he attributes this to filial piety. Gao Jianfu's student Zheng Danran recalled that the Gao brothers had a falling out, which he attributed to Qifeng's relationship with Zhang. In the 1940s, Zhang arranged for ninety of Gao's works to be brought on a touring exhibition through the United States and Canada.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Gao Qifeng", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Qifeng", "article_id": 77895078, "section": "Relationships", "metadata": {"word_count": 379, "char_count": 2298, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Stylistically, Gao Qifeng had many similarities with Gao Jianfu and Chen Shuren, the other founders of the Lingnan School. All three had learned the techniques of Ju Lian, and all three had spent time in Japan learning Japanese and Western approaches to painting. Collectively, these artists sought a balance between innovation and tradition, absorbing new ideas while keeping Chinese techniques foundational. In their early years, the Gaos both drew extensively from contemporary Japanese art, with Croizier noting \"strong stylistic evidence\" that Gao Qifeng had attended the Japan Fine Arts Exhibition and imitated works presented therein. All embraced, to varying extents, the \"boneless\" technique. Likewise, all produced works that combined traditional Chinese techniques with Western understandings of perspective and chiaroscuro, thereby blending romanticism and realism.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Gao Qifeng", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Qifeng", "article_id": 77895078, "section": "Comparison with other Lingnan founders", "metadata": {"word_count": 124, "char_count": 877, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "They also had their individual styles, with Chen remarking to Jianfu, \"You partake of the strange and marvelous; I of the orthodox; Mr. Qifeng maintains a middle position.\" Cai Dengshan agrees, writing that, where Jianfu employed a majestic and innovative approach and Chen's style was dignified and elegant, Qifeng balanced the strengths of both of his peers. Similarly, Li notes that Gao blended the vigour of his brother's brushstrokes with the elegance of Chen's. Croizier writes that, of the three, Gao Qifeng was the most strongly influenced by their Japanese training, with a proclivity for broad ink washes and strong tonal contrasts reminiscent of the Shijō school. Each artist favoured different subjects, with Gao Qifeng being best known for his beasts, Gao Jianfu for his landscapes, and Chen for his bird-and-flower scenes.\nGao Qifeng's works tend to fetch higher prices than those of the other Lingnan masters. As of 2014, his most expensive painting is Lion (雄狮, 1915), which was sold by China Guardian in 2010 for 6.72 million yuan (US$993,000). At Sotheby's Hong Kong in 2004, his Four Landscape Screens (山水四屏) sold for 3.982 million Hong Kong dollars (US$511,300). That same year, Beijing Hanhai sold Gao's Pine and Monkey (松猿图) for 1.32 million yuan (US$159,000). The higher auction prices of Gao's works may be attributed, at least in part, to their relative paucity compared to those of his longer-lived peers.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Gao Qifeng", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Qifeng", "article_id": 77895078, "section": "Comparison with other Lingnan founders", "metadata": {"word_count": 231, "char_count": 1431, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "I [...] picked out the finest points of Western art, such as the masterful strokes of the pen, composition, inking, coloring, inspiring background, poetic romance, etc. and applied them to my Chinese techniques. In short, I tried to retain what was exquisite in the Chinese art of painting, and at the same time to adopt the best methods of composition which the world's art schools had to offer, thereby blending the East and the West into a harmonious whole.\nAs with his peers, Gao drew from diverse sources. His paintings show the influence of Ju Lian and his relative Chao, though not as prominently as in those of Gao Jianfu. These influences are most evident in his earliest works, which employ water infusion and the \"boneless\" technique while leaving the backgrounds as negative space. After his interactions with the nihonga school, Gao began to blend traditional Chinese approaches to painting with foreign ones, sketching his subjects before rendering them with ink and colour. His use of light and shadow reflects Japanese tradition, while his understandings of geometry and perspective draw from Western ones. Gao's later works employed a more freehand approach, with the paintings produced after his illness being described as direct and straightforward, with reduced narrative and little diversity in colour. According to Croizier, they appear rougher yet more intimate, with meticulous detail giving way to more spontaneous imagery.\nAccording to Li Gongming of the Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts, Gao favoured vigorous yet delicate brushwork and vivid images. He used these primarily to depict flora and fauna in a naturalistic manner; his depictions of eagles, lions, and tigers are particularly celebrated. Li Yuzhong suggests that Gao's angry lions and roaring tigers evoke a \"bold and unyielding spirit\", while Sun Yat-sen deemed his depictions of animals to reflect a revolutionary spirit. Croizier describes Gao as the Lingnan School's premiere painter of tigers, employing a painstaking realism that implies a deep absorption of Meiji-era techniques, though he also showed great skill with large birds. \nLandscapes and figures are also attested in Gao's oeuvre. Several works depict moonlit nights and winter snows, which Cai Dengshan describes as often having a \"delicate, graceful, crystal clear, and clean charm\". However, pure landscapes are rare, as Gao's images of trees – some of which were completed with the assistance of his brother – and riverbanks are used as settings for animal subjects. \"Boneless\" colour washes are common in these works. His figures, meanwhile, are mostly religious, and include holy figures such as Bodhidharma, though a portrait of the poet Li Bai after Liang Kai is known.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Gao Qifeng", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Qifeng", "article_id": 77895078, "section": "Style", "metadata": {"word_count": 432, "char_count": 2731, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 18 February 1478, George, Duke of Clarence, was executed in the Tower of London following his conviction for high treason in parliament. Tradition has it that he was drowned in a butt of malmsey, by order of his brother, King Edward IV. Relations between Clarence and the King had been tempestuous for several years. They had fallen out in the late 1460s when the Duke defied his brother and married Isabel, daughter of Richard, Earl of Warwick, then joined the Earl's ill-fated rebellion in 1470. Although Clarence had returned to his brother's side the following year, his authority over his Midlands and Welsh March heartlands gradually declined. For this, Edward was partially responsible, as he had liberally recruited from his brother's tenantry. The King had also promoted his in-laws—personal enemies of Clarence—often at the Duke's expense. \nIn December 1476, Isabel died in Tewkesbury following childbirth, as did their newly-born son a few days later. Historians have speculated that Clarence now became near deranged with grief, and that he came to imagine she had been poisoned. The following April he sent an armed force to arrest one of her ladies, Ankarette Twynho, in Frome, Somerset. A servant of Clarence's, John Thursby, was accused of poisoning the Duke and Duchess's newly-born son. Another man, Roger Tocotes, was accused of harbouring them, but evaded arrest. Twynho and Thursby were found guilty and immediately executed. The following month, in response, the King ordered an investigation into possible treason among some of Clarence's closest retainers and servants. This resulted in the execution of two of the Duke's associates, Thomas Burdet and John Stacy. Clarence publicly disputed the findings of the commission, and this, and other allegations, led to his own arrest and eventual execution. \nHistorians have generally considered Clarence's fall from power to have been the direct result of his abuse of his feudal authority and usurping of the King's justice. While none consider Clarence's actions as justifiable, differing motives have been presented. His original attack on Twynho, Tocotes and Thursby has been variously been put down to either petulance or a lack of mental stability. The executions, in turn, were probably a symptom of his declining authority. Haemorrhaging support as his affinity was, Clarence may have intended both a show of strength and a warning to his followers not to betray him.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence", "article_id": 78903786, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 389, "char_count": 2447, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Relations between King Edward IV of England and his brother George, Duke of Clarence, had been fraught since the late 1460s, when Clarence had drifted into the orbit of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, who himself had become increasingly dissatisfied with Edward's rule. Originally Warwick's protégé—the Earl had been largely responsible for Edward's accession in 1461—Edward had become increasingly independent. In 1464, he angered Warwick by marrying Elizabeth Woodville, whom the Earl saw as being from a parvenu family, and thus a marriage against the country's interests. In 1469, Warwick had rebelled; Clarence was by now his ally, as Edward had tried to prevent the Duke's marriage to Warwick's daughter Isabel. Although Clarence had returned to Edward's side in 1471, and fought with him against Warwick at the Battle of Barnet, he was no longer fully trusted.\nThe Midlands was the heart of Clarence's power in the 1470s. Since 1473, it had become his primary residence, and he went out of his way to recruit local families traditionally loyal to the Beauchamp earls of Warwick. Notwithstanding the Duke's efforts, his authority was slowly being eroded, mainly through the competitive recruitment of his tenants by other nobles and the King himself. The power of William, Lord Hastings—a new favourite of the King—had been gradually increased in the Midlands at the Duke's expense, who had lost the Honour of Tutbury to him. The King appears to have been dismayed at Clarence's inability to rule the region effectively and regularly intervened to buttress his brother's power in the region. His having to do so emphasised Clarence's own ineffectualness. This regional weakness was in part due to Edward's own policy of appointing castellans to Duchy of Lancaster (i.e. royal) castles surrounding the Duke's lands, encircling him with men loyal to the King rather than the Duke. Clarence was also jealous of the power of his and Edward's younger brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, while the Woodvilles encroached on his Marcher lands, where they were building a regional hegemony.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence", "article_id": 78903786, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 334, "char_count": 2091, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "By the early 1470s, suggests the historian Charles Ross, the two brothers were on \"thoroughly hostile terms\". The Croyland Chronicle reports that both parties had spies in the other's household—whom the chronicler calls \"flatterers\"—reporting back on the private conversations of the other and that Edward and Clarence \"now each began to look upon the other with no very fraternal eyes\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence", "article_id": 78903786, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 60, "char_count": 387, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Clarence and Isabel already had a son, Edward, and on 5 October 1476 in Tewkesbury Abbey, Gloucestershire, Isabel gave birth to another, whom they named Richard. Contemporary reports suggest she looked healthy in the period immediately after the birth. Clarence took her back to Warwick Castle on 12 November, but she may have become ill. Contemporaries—including the Abbey's own chronicler—believed Isabel to be suffering a postpartum illness. She died on 22 December 1476, aged 25. By then her death appears to have been expected. In a double blow, Richard died eight days later on 1 January.\nIsabel was buried in Tewkesbury Abbey, accompanied by \"elaborate obsequies\" and a month-long lying in state, with vigils and funerary masses. Richard was buried in Warwick Castle with less fanfare. Clarence may have been suspicious that the deaths of two people close to him―possibly by poison―in such a short space of time were not a coincidence. But if so, he did not immediately act upon his suspicions, and it is possible that he had to travel to Ireland in the meantime, where he was lord lieutenant.\nIt is curious, suggests the medievalist John Ashdown-Hill, that the deaths of Isabel and her son occurred at such different lengths of time following their supposed ingestion of poison. According to the later charge, Isabel was poisoned on 10 October 1476, but did not die until 22 December, a period of 73 days. Their son Richard was supposed to have been poisoned on 21 December 1476 and to have died on 1 January, a period of only 11 days. Ashdown-Hill explains this by suggesting that October was actually a scribal error for December, in which case she died the day, possibly a few hours, after her son. This would also explain why Isabel was erroneously said to have been at Warwick when she was actually in Tewkesbury.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence", "article_id": 78903786, "section": "Deaths", "metadata": {"word_count": 309, "char_count": 1826, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Ankarette Twynho was seized at her house in Keyford, near Frome, on 12 April 1477; Clarence may have believed her to be a witch. The historian Michael Hicks has called the method of Twynho's arrest \"highly irregular\" and it has been compared to an abduction. She was taken 90 mi (140 km)—across three shires—in three days. For context, this was akin to the speed with which some of the most important political news of the previous 20 years had travelled. For example, the report of the dumping of William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk's murdered body on the Dover shore on 2 May 1450 arrived in London on 4 May. This was a distance of approximately 70 mi (110 km), averaging 35 mi (56 km) a day. Similarly, in 1455, news of the murder of Nicholas Radford in Devon took five days to travel the 185 mi (298 km) from Exeter to London, averaging 37 mi (60 km) a day.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence", "article_id": 78903786, "section": "Arrest", "metadata": {"word_count": 161, "char_count": 861, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Ankarette Twynho and her husband William, who had died by 1476, were minor Somerset gentry. William had been a long-term Clarence retainer, while Twynho had been in the Duchess of Clarence's service until her death, possibly as a lady's maid. She had a role caring for Isabel after Richard's birth but seems not to have been a midwife nor involved in the birth itself. It seems unlikely that Twynho accompanied her mistress to Warwick.\nAccused with Twynho was one John Thursby, a politically insignificant Warwickshire yeoman. He was charged with poisoning baby Richard, in whose service he had been. Another man, Sir Roger Tocotes, was accused by Clarence of aiding, abetting and harbouring the criminals, and possibly of orchestrating the whole plot. He managed to avoid capture. Of the three accused, Tocotes was the most important; he was brother-in-law to the influential ecclesiastic Richard Beauchamp, Bishop of Salisbury, whose executor he was to be. By 1477, he was a knight banneret and had twice been Member of Parliament for Wiltshire and sheriff.\nTocotes is known to have been in Clarence's inner circle from 1468. A close personal friend, \"nobody was a more constant associate of the Duke of Clarence in adversity or prosperity\", according to Michael Hicks. As such, Hicks suggests, \"a more improbable object of Clarence's hostility it is difficult to imagine\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence", "article_id": 78903786, "section": "Accused parties", "metadata": {"word_count": 223, "char_count": 1375, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Clarence forbade Twynho's daughter and son-in-law from entering Warwick, and they had to await news in Stratford-upon-Avon. Twynho was stripped of her jewels and money and imprisoned in the castle. On Tuesday 15th, with Thursby, she was tried in the guildhall. She was charged with veneficium, by giving Isabel \"a venomous drink of ale mixed with poison\". The killing of a master or mistress by a servant was legally petty treason; Twynho pleaded not guilty. Thursby was accused of poisoning Richard, also with bad ale. The trial was brief. The Duke was present for the proceedings, and may even have led the prosecution.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence", "article_id": 78903786, "section": "Trial and execution", "metadata": {"word_count": 103, "char_count": 621, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Twynho and Thursby were found guilty; there was only one penalty. Sentenced to death, they were to be \"led from the bar to the said lord King's gaol of Warwick aforesaid, and drawn from that gaol through the centre of that town of Warwick to the gallows at Myton, and be hanged there on that gallows until ... dead\". Before Twynho was taken from the castle for the last time, several jurors visited her in remorse. They explained how being in fear of the Duke, they came to a judgment \"contrary to their conscience\". The Parliament Roll later recorded thatDiverse of the same Jurre, after the said Judgment goven, came to the seid Ankarette, havyng grete remorce in their consciens, knowyng they hadde goven an untrue Verdyt in that behalf, humbly and pituously asked forgefnes thereof of the seid Ankarette...\nBoth Twynho and Thursby were \"drawn at the horse's tail\" through Warwick to their execution. This had been carried out by noon; between arraignment and death less than three hours had passed.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence", "article_id": 78903786, "section": "Trial and execution", "metadata": {"word_count": 172, "char_count": 1002, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As Warwick was the Duke's caput baroniae, it was unlikely that the accused would receive a fair trial. Clarence could bring influence to bear both on jurors—four of whom were his tenants from Warwick and Solihull—and on the justices. All of these were local men. Hicks argues that \"undue pressure\" was undoubtedly required to reach the verdicts Clarence wanted. The historian A. J. Pollard has called it a kangaroo court, with Clarence acting, a contemporary record says, \"as though he had used a Kyng's power\".\nIt is possible that the Duke deliberately altered the chronology of events, depending on whether October was a scribal error for December when the charges were read. Twynho was accused of committing the crime while she and Isabel were at Warwick Castle—thus allowing the Duke to try her there—although contemporaneous evidence indicates that the Duchess was at Tewkesbury until mid-November. To gain the verdicts he needed, Clarence probably engineered proceedings, and if he deliberately changed December to October in the charges, then he also fabricated evidence. Further, all the responsible officials were his men. These included not only the county clerk, but also the justices of the bench, John Hugford and Henry Boteler. The latter were the Duke's current and former retainers respectively. On these grounds, suggests the historian Christine Carpenter, the indictments were most improper.\nAddressing the possibility that Clarence's suspicions were correct, Hicks considers it unlikely that Isabel was poisoned at all because it took so long for her to die: there were no contemporary poisons capable of producing such a protracted death. He suggests that the Duke was guilty of embracery at the least, and Twynho's original arrest and detention was probably illegal also since the royal commission later referred to \"the unlawful taking of Ankarette through three shires\". On the other hand, the speed with which proceedings had been conducted—and the swiftness to execution—\"about which the petitioner also complained might have been unfair, but it was not illegal\", says the legal scholar John Bellamy. Even the charge of embracery is not watertight; as a member of the Warwickshire bench, recommending a verdict to a jury was within the Duke's remit.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence", "article_id": 78903786, "section": "Clarence's involvement", "metadata": {"word_count": 359, "char_count": 2274, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In what the scholar Cora Scofield calls \"revenge ... in a manner scarcely less extraordinary\" than the Duke's own, and what may have been a subtle warning to Clarence, the King instructed a commission of 17 lay magnates to investigate the judicial proceedings. Investigation swiftly led to an Oxford University clerk called John Stacy, a prominent alchemist, alleged astrologer and magnus necromanticus, or great sorcerer. Contemporaries suspected him of practising the dark arts, and it was known he had predicted the death of William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk. Stacy—under acerrimum examen, literally, \"severe examination\" (i.e. torture)—in turn implicated Thomas Burdet of Arowe, a member of Clarence's household. Burdet had supposedly turned against the King after he had hunted in Burdet's park and killed his favourite white buck. Following Stacy's confession, Burdet and another Oxford clerk, Thomas Blake, were arrested. The commission condemned all three. In what Ross has called a \"staged political trial\", they were found guilty of \"calculat[ing] by art magic, astronomy, and necromancy\" the fates of the King and his heir, and thereby \"'imagining and compassing' the King's death\" with incantations over a three-year period. This was high treason. Blake was reprieved after a petition from the Bishop of Norwich, but Burdet and Stacy, still protesting their innocence, were taken to Tyburn the following day and hanged, drawn and quartered. The same day—and although two of the parties were by now dead—a writ of certiorari was dispatched to the sheriff of Warwick, transferring the Twynho-Thursby-Tocotes case to the King's Bench in Westminster. On learning of this writ—which removed the danger of his arrest by the Duke—Sir Roger Tocotes surrendered himself to the Marshalsea Prison; he was later acquitted of complicity in the death of the Duchess.\nClarence proclaimed Burdet innocent. Accompanied by the Minorite preacher Dr John Goddard, the Duke interrupted a royal council meeting while the King was in Windsor. Goddard read out Burdet's gallows statement. When Edward heard, reports Croyland, \"he was greatly displeased and recalled information laid against his brother which he had long kept in his breast\". An appeal to the King's council, however impromptu, was within the boundaries of acceptable political protest, particularly for a leading magnate. It was, though, unwise; in voicing his belief so publicly, Clarence associated himself with Burdet's treason. It was also near-treasonable to criticise the findings of a royal commission as this could be interpreted as a denunciation of royal justice, which to contemporaries was an extension of divine justice. Clarence's choice of spokesman was also unfortunate. Goddard was the priest who had publicly, and vehemently, advocated Henry VI's return to the throne in April 1470 at St Paul's Cathedral, after Edward had been forced into exile by Warwick and Clarence. Compounding his appearance of guilt, Clarence may have also been circulating rumours of the King's illegitimacy—rumours originally promulgated by him and Warwick in the late 1460s. This was also treason, as it implicitly alleged the illegitimacy of Edward's heir, thus endangering the succession.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence", "article_id": 78903786, "section": "Stacy and Burdet", "metadata": {"word_count": 498, "char_count": 3242, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Clarence felt that he had multiple legitimate reasons for unrest. Following his wife's death, he proposed that he should marry Duchess Mary of Burgundy. This proposal failed to gain the King's support, who prohibited the match; Croyland reports that \"such an exalted destiny for an ungrateful brother was not to the liking of the King\". Worse for Clarence, Edward proposed that their brother-in-law Earl Rivers marry Mary instead. While this match was never likely to come to fruition—Mary was already engaged to Maximilian, son of the Holy Roman Emperor—it furthered the Duke's discontent: Rivers was a Woodville, and to Clarence the whole family was an enemy. Worse, Edward also vetoed King James III of Scotland's suggestion—of which Clarence approved—that the Duke should marry James's sister Margaret. Hicks notes that, at this point, Clarence might justifiably have recalled how Edward had tried to prevent his first marriage too. The Duke at this point had done nothing new wrong: \"the animosity was on the King's side\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence", "article_id": 78903786, "section": "Proposed marriages", "metadata": {"word_count": 164, "char_count": 1027, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In late June 1477, Clarence was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London on charges of usurping royal authority, or \"violating the laws of the realm by threatening the safety of judges and jurors\", states Bellamy. He remained in custody until parliament met in January 1478. Except for some minor business, this parliament—to which a large number of both royal and Woodville clients had got themselves elected—had been called expressly to attaint him of high treason. The trial and executions of Twynho and Thursby did not form part of the prosecution case, although during the course of the parliament, Roger Twynho successfully petitioned that the proceedings and verdict against his grandmother should be overturned. He was probably aided by several MPs connected to the case, who included John and William Twynho—sitting for Gloucester and Dorset respectively—and Robert Tocotes, Sir Roger's brother. Tocotes's brother-in-law, the bishop of Salisbury, was also sitting as a Lord spiritual.\nThe petition was politically opportune, as the King was unlikely to ignore an opportunity to discredit his brother further. Croyland reports how the parliament became a battle of wills between the brothers: \"no one spoke against the Duke but the King, and no one answered but the Duke\". Clarence, in desperation, offered to submit to trial by combat; his request was ignored. On top of the charges of spreading slander and usurping royal authority were further accusations. Clarence was alleged to have encouraged Edward's subjects to withdraw their allegiance from him. Clarence was also supposed to have claimed that the King poisoned his subjects—and had intended to poison the Duke—through necromancy. Clarence was accused of planning violent resistance to the King, ordering his men to be ready to fight at an hour's warning. He was also judged guilty himself of sorcery, and of scheming to usurp Edward's throne. Found guilty, Clarence was sentenced to death.\nAlthough the King hesitated for several days, the sentence was carried out in a private execution within the Tower on 18 February 1478. Tradition has it, immortalised by Shakespeare in Richard III, that the Duke was drowned in a butt of malmsey, a sweet wine from Greece. \nAlthough Clarence had procured the execution of Ankarette, John Twynho of Bristol seems to have remembered the Duke sympathetically despite the death of his kinswoman. In his will, proven in 1485, he left a silver cup to the Abbess of Shaftesbury inscribed venerabilis dux Clarencie ex sua benevolencia michi dedit (\"given me by the Duke of Clarence in his benevolence\").", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence", "article_id": 78903786, "section": "Clarence's arrest and fall", "metadata": {"word_count": 417, "char_count": 2610, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Although a local affair, the Twynho case has attracted commentary from modern political and social historians. The folklorist George Kittredge called it a cause célèbre, while more recently Carpenter has described it and the subsequent arrests and execution of Burdet and Stacy as being of \"considerable significance\" at the time. To Hicks, Twynho's execution was judicial murder, and \"one of the most flagrant abuses of noble power in late medieval England\", and a blatant example of how an overmighty subject could abuse his position. Ross called it a \"scandalous demonstration\" of the misuse of magnate authority, while Rosemary Horrox cites Clarence's over-awing of the jury as a \"classic symptom of bastard feudalism\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence", "article_id": 78903786, "section": "Historiography", "metadata": {"word_count": 112, "char_count": 723, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Clarence's degree of personal responsibility has also been discussed. Professor J. R. Lander found the charges against Twynho and Thursby too implausible to credit, calling them \"fantastic\". He blames Clarence's actions as the result of a \"seriously disturbed mind\". However, Hicks criticises this as \"too facile a solution\", as it effectively absolves Clarence of mens rea. He also argues that there is a contradiction, if Clarence was both sufficiently disturbed to believe in Twynho's guilt but sensible enough to recognise the weaknesses in the case and to stage-manage evidence. Conversely, David Hipshon considers Clarence to have been merely petulant (albeit to an \"alarming degree\"). \nFleming also sees an interplay between the Twynho affair and national politics, although he considers the precise connection unclear. That previously loyal household servants such as Twynho and Thursby, and intimates as Tocotes, no longer felt the Duke's service provided security or the prospect of promotion is apparent. Members of Clarence's affinity were wavering in their loyalties; Carpenter comments that \"even in this bastion of Warwick [Clarence's] power began to fall apart\". It was alleged, for example, that he planned to send his son and heir, Edward, abroad to drum up support for his cause. His long-time servants John Harewood and John Tapton were supposedly to find a child, 'in likeness' of the Duke's own, and place him in Warwick Castle, and Edward taken to Ireland, Flanders or Burgundy. That Clarence could no longer rely on his word being faithfully obeyed is indicated by Harewood and Tapton's subsequent behaviour. Far from doing as the Duke requested, they immediately revealed his plans to the King. Ashdown-Hill has proposed an innocent explanation for Clarence to do so: that following the deaths of his wife and baby in quick succession, he was not only suspicious but also fearful of further deaths, and particularly the well-being of his two-year-old heir. Further indicating the loss of cohesion in Clarence's power base, Burdet—a personal squire—was himself betrayed by another Clarence retainer and \"constant associate\", Alexander Rushton, who had also been approached by Burdet and Stacy.\nEven before their arrests, relations between Clarence and King had been under strain. Afterwards, it must have been clear that Clarence's fortunes were liable to break sooner rather than later. From the King's point of view, Clarence was proving to be completely ineffectual as a mighty lord in his own lands; now he had suborned royal justice and forced Edward's local royal officials to obey him rather than their King. This was despite Edward's having made law and order the centrepiece of his return to power in 1471.\nCompared to Clarence, the Woodville family, headed by Queen Elizabeth, had grown powerful, and with the royal children growing up, their households were also increasing. For example, John Twynho, the Bristol recorder, joined the household of the Prince of Wales. Ankarette Twynho was unemployed after Isabel's death and would have presumably accepted employment with any lord or lady, while Tocotes had become Master of Game for the Queen. Hicks suggests that the possible disintegration of his affinity at the hands of his brother and in-laws was sufficient to drive Clarence to seek revenge; it also demonstrated \"a talent for swift and ruthless action\" in him. Carpenter agrees that the weakening of Clarence's authority in the Midlands was central to Clarence's response. He may have thought a dramatic demonstration of his power in his heartland would stop the bleeding of retainers to Hastings and Woodville. But, she comments, \"if this was his purpose, the gesture was meaningless\":", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence", "article_id": 78903786, "section": "Historiography", "metadata": {"word_count": 587, "char_count": 3729, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "All Clarence had succeeded in showing was that by the use of military force near the heart of his domain he could overawe some of the middling gentry ... where, if he had been a real force, his word would normally have been law.\nHicks speculates that Clarence wanted to show he was not to be \"trifled with\", but in fact, by doing so, he helped prepare the way for his own downfall. Bellamy has argued that Clarence's wielding of the legal machinery for personal motives only caused the subsequent outcry it did because he was out of royal favour and with waning prospects. Clarence may have intended Twynho's execution as a lesson not just to the community at large but also a warning to his retainers on the penalties of betrayal. Bellamy also doubts whether there was any basis for the Duke's suspicions. By 1477, his behaviour was \"quite irresponsible, even unbalanced\". This included public insults to the King, such as ostentatiously dropping unicorn horn into his cup at a 1477 royal banquet, thus suggesting to observers that he was reluctant to trust the King. Carpenter also suggests that Clarence could quite possibly have become deranged, possibly delusional following the loss of his wife; there seems no doubt that his grief was genuine. Lander considers that Clarence's self-control—\"never very strong\"—completely collapsed. David Cook suggests that Clarence was motivated by \"greed and resentment\", while Hazel Pierce notes that Twynho could have been one of the so-called \"flatterers\" who reported Clarence's private statements to the King, if not directly, then possibly via men such as Tocotes. On this phenomenon, Croyland comments how You might then have seen (as such men are generally to be found in the courts of all princes), flatterers running to and fro, from the one side to the other, and carrying backwards and forwards the words which had fallen from the two brothers, even if they had happened to be spoken in the most secret closet.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence", "article_id": 78903786, "section": "Historiography", "metadata": {"word_count": 329, "char_count": 1964, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "DeLancey Walker Gill (July 1, 1859 – August 31, 1940) was an American drafter, landscape painter, and photographer. Gill first became noted for his landscape illustrations and watercolors, featuring subjects such as Native American pueblos in addition to his main focus on Washington, D.C. Characterized as detailed and meticulous in his landscapes, Gill captured views of working-class and rural areas of Washington not commonly depicted in art of the period. Despite his other work, he continued to paint throughout his life, and taught art classes at the Corcoran School.\nGill was employed as an illustrator and draftsman for the United States Treasury, followed by similar work for the United States Geological Survey. He was director of the Division of Illustration at the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE) from 1889 to 1932. Following the resignation of two of the Smithsonian's photographers in 1898, Gill, while not trained in photography, took over these duties at the BAE. In this role, he produced thousands of photographs of Native American delegations for the Bureau, including notable figures such as Geronimo and Chief Joseph. Gill's photographic work was showcased in Smithsonian publications, the Panama–Pacific Exposition and on a 1923 postage stamp. His portraiture has been praised for its pictorialist qualities and strength of design. He frequently gave clothing (at times outdated or misattributed) to Native American delegates. While Gill's costuming of delegates was considered salvage ethnography in the period, it has been criticized in modern studies for reinforcing contemporary stereotypes and misrepresenting his subjects and their cultures.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "DeLancey W. Gill", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLancey_W._Gill", "article_id": 74911544, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 254, "char_count": 1699, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Gill was born in Camden, South Carolina, on July 1, 1859. His father, William Harrison Gill, a merchant, was killed in action serving in the Confederate Army when DeLancey was five. Nine years later, his mother and stepfather moved to Fort Laramie in the Wyoming Territory. Gill chose instead to move in with an aunt in Washington, D.C. He briefly worked as a typesetter before finding employment as a draftsman for the Office of the Supervising Architect for the U.S. Treasury, specializing in ornamental ironwork and tiles.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "DeLancey W. Gill", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLancey_W._Gill", "article_id": 74911544, "section": "Early life", "metadata": {"word_count": 87, "char_count": 525, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "While employed as a draftsman, Gill began a series of ink sketches and watercolor paintings, primarily of landscapes in Washington, D.C. He focused on capturing the villages of the district's rural periphery. Gill's sketches are a relatively rare depiction of poorer neighborhoods of Washington during the 1880s, including Black and immigrant communities. A detailed illustration of a shanty house, his only drawing showing an indoor environment, serves as an isolated example of the interiors of working-class housing in the city. Gill's watercolors brought acclaim, to the point that he received a greater income from art sales than his work with the Treasury. In 1881, his paintings were shown at an exhibition in New York City.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "DeLancey W. Gill", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLancey_W._Gill", "article_id": 74911544, "section": "Painting and illustration", "metadata": {"word_count": 115, "char_count": 731, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "United States Geological Survey (USGS) chief of illustration William Henry Holmes hired Gill as a paleontological draftsman in 1884. Holmes, a fellow watercolor painter, came to greatly respect Gill's artistic work, later claiming that \"as an illustrator in pen, pencil, and water-colour, and as a photographer, he had few equals.\" Gill was rapidly promoted through the USGS, due in part to Holmes's admiration. In 1889, he succeeded Holmes as chief of illustration when the latter joined the Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE) to direct archaeological operations. As chief of illustration, Gill managed the publication of illustrations and photography, examining all copies of printed illustrations. As John Wesley Powell was the director of both the USGS and the BAE, employees of both agencies were frequently assigned duties in the other. As such, Gill was additionally tasked with supervising the BAE's illustrations.\nDuring his initial time with the Bureau in the late 1880s, Gill produced paintings of southwestern pueblos, departing from his prior focus on Washington. These included the Hopi pueblo of Oraibi, the ruins of Pueblo Bonito, and Zuni Pueblo. His painting of Oraibi was based on an earlier photograph by Smithsonian photographer John K. Hillers, but no photographic source is known for the other pueblos within the series. Gill accounted for climatic differences in his landscapes, making use of thin washes for his depictions of southwestern locations.\nAlthough Gill largely stepped away from painting during a period of increased work within the BAE, he continued to paint throughout his life. In 1890, he showcased several of his paintings at an American Watercolor Society exhibition in New York. He returned to art exhibition in 1922, showcasing his paintings at the Morrey Gallery in Washington. He also pursued private illustration work, including the label for a local whiskey brand.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "DeLancey W. Gill", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLancey_W._Gill", "article_id": 74911544, "section": "Painting and illustration", "metadata": {"word_count": 297, "char_count": 1912, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Gill's watercolor work was favorably received by contemporary art critics, with a reviewer for the Brooklyn Daily Eagle describing his landscapes as \"airy, clean, silvery\" and distinct from other watercolorists. In 1983, art historians Andrew Cosentino and Henry Glassie wrote favorably of the extreme clarity and attention to detail shown in Gill's paintings. Cultural historian Lisa Goff praised his illustrations, writing in 2016 that his sketches of Washington, D.C. were \"not nostalgic or sentimental, but [...] studies of a vanishing landscape\", made without demeaning the working-class shanties. Like his later work, these drawings have been described by Goff as meticulous and documentative, taking \"little if any artistic license\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "DeLancey W. Gill", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLancey_W._Gill", "article_id": 74911544, "section": "Reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 108, "char_count": 740, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1889, Gill discovered ancient stone tools while sketching at Rock Creek Park, later estimated as dating to around 2000 BC. He later took photographs of the artifacts in situ for an archaeological exploration organized by Holmes, his first known photographic work.\nIn 1894, Powell resigned from the USGS to focus on administration of the BAE. Four years later, Gill also resigned in order to continue work on Bureau publications. Despite having no prior training in photography, Gill was appointed as the Bureau's photographer following the resignation of the BAE's two previous photographers. In this position, Gill's work consisted of portrait photography of Native American subjects, primarily delegates to the capital, at a rate of hundreds of individuals per year. The total number of his portraits is unknown, but has been estimated to be between 2,000 and 3,000; an Evening Times account upon his retirement put the figure at around 7,000. He also extensively classified and cataloged the resulting photographic negatives along ethnolinguistic lines, at one point re-cataloging the entire BAE archive of Native portraits. \nDelegations of Native American peoples to Washington, D.C., were common throughout the 19th century, often to negotiate treaties or dissuade frontier conflicts. Government photography of these delegations had begun in the 1860s and 1870s. The frequency of delegations increased over the 1890s, with many arriving during winter congressional sessions. They were generally not paid to sit for photographs, although Apache chief Geronimo, who had fixed prices for portrait sittings, successfully demanded payment from Gill before shooting.\nJoseph Henry, the first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, ordered that Native delegations should be photographed without headdresses so that the \"configuration of the head\" could be recorded. William Henry Holmes, succeeding Powell as Chief of the BAE in 1902, also emphasized the \"anthropometric elements\" of the photographs, placing items with known sizes around subjects in order to allow for facial and cranial measurements to be taken. However, as ethnographic and historical purposes were increasingly pursued, subjects were often depicted with headdresses, wearing Native dress and holding tools or artifacts associated with their tribe. Occasionally, subjects were given clothing that was anachronistic or from other tribes. Gill photographed all studio subjects in a \"mug-shot\" approach, with head-and-shoulders profile and front-facing shots. However, full body shots were also taken, usually of subjects in traditional clothing.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "DeLancey W. Gill", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLancey_W._Gill", "article_id": 74911544, "section": "Photography", "metadata": {"word_count": 385, "char_count": 2616, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Prior to 1904, Gill photographed delegations at the Downtown offices of the BAE. However, the walk downtown was disliked by many delegates, who preferred to stay in the vicinity of the Smithsonian. The studio was later moved to the upper floor of the Smithsonian's National Museum Building (now the Arts and Industries Building).\nGill occasionally took field photographs of Native Americans in addition to his studio portraiture. In 1899, he photographed residents of the Pamunkey Reservation. The following year, he partnered with William John McGee on an expedition to Arizona and New Mexico, photographing members of the Akimel O'odham, Cocopah, Seri, and Tohono Oʼodham. During this expedition, he named Klotho's Temple, one of the Muggins Mountains of southwestern Arizona.\nGill also accompanied Holmes to document Native American archaeological sites, working both as a photographer and field assistant. In 1901, they investigated sites in Missouri and the Indian Territory, recording the bones of humans and extinct mammals. He worked with Holmes to photograph archaeological sites in Maryland: his 1907 work at a site on Popes Creek was later described by biographer J .R. Glenn as \"some of his best field photographs.\" In 1918, they investigated remains discovered at the Aberdeen Proving Ground.\nIn addition to portraits, Gill prepared and photographed in Smithsonian anthropological publications, including many in the collections of other institutions. In 1913, he photographed Ho-Chunk medicine bundles at University Museum, writing that he attempted to \"eliminate all but the genuine old stuff\".\nMany notable Native American figures were photographed by Gill, including the delegation sent to Washington during the second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt. He described the Nez Perce Chief Joseph, photographed on several occasions, as having \"the dignity of a chief justice\" and \"an air of gentleness and quiet reserve.\" In one 1903 sitting, Gill asked Joseph for a totem mark as a substitute for his signature. Instead, Joseph signed his name in full for Gill, alongside the year 1900. He ignored protests from Gill regarding the incorrect date, claiming it was exactly how he was taught to sign by a friend. Gill's photography prominently featured in Smithsonian publications during his career, such as the Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, as well as posthumously in the 1978 Handbook of North American Indians. Over the course of the 1910s, displays of his prints were shown at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition, the Panama–California Exposition, as well as various public libraries. His 1905 portrait of Hollow Horn Bear was used on a fourteen-cent postage stamp in 1923.\nFrom 1903 to 1905, Gill delegated some of his portrait work to United States National Museum photographer Thomas Smillie. Due to Gill's worsening eyesight, many of his photography duties with the Smithsonian were transferred to A. J. Olmsted in 1926, although he continued to be involved with portrait photography in a limited capacity. He continued work as illustration editor for various bureaus within the Smithsonian in addition to the BAE, including the United States National Museum. In October 1931, he photographed Crazy Bull, grandson of Sitting Bull. This would be one of his last photographs taken for the Bureau. \nThe Economy Act of 1932 prompted Gill to retire from the Smithsonian and declare his intention to focus on art and painting. Following his retirement, the BAE was left without a head photographer, and photographs of visiting Native delegations largely shifted to informal sittings.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "DeLancey W. Gill", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLancey_W._Gill", "article_id": 74911544, "section": "Photography", "metadata": {"word_count": 561, "char_count": 3622, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Gill's early portraits, especially full-body and group photographs, were characterized by Glenn as inartistic, featuring stiff poses in front of \"wrinkled and ill-draped backdrops\". Gill worked within the ethnographic, historical, and anthropometric demands of the BAE alongside his own artistic goals, with full body shots mainly serving to document clothing rather than the subject themselves.\nGill's initial closer-framed portraits, showing just the head and shoulders, were likewise described by Glenn as \"crowded\" and \"ill-framed\". However, Glenn saw a significant improvement over the course of Gill's early career, with his close portraits showing greater artistic intent than full-body shots. He would take great care to edit pieces for prints and publication: a portrait of Wolf Robe was heavily cropped in order to create a more artistic design. The romantic and pictorialist composition of his later work was potentially inspired by the contemporary photography of Native Americans by Edward S. Curtis.\nLike that of Curtis, Gill's work has been described as salvage ethnography. The provision of props and clothing for the delegate's portraits, alongside deliberate posing, were accepted during the period as a means to record what was perceived as a vanishing culture. Gill occasionally provided his subjects with anachronistic or outdated clothing, some possibly sourced from Smithsonian collections. In over a dozen cases, subjects from the same delegation were shown with the same clothing and props. One photograph showed a Kickapoo subject wearing Blackfoot leggings and a breechclout from the Iowa or Otoe. Such inaccuracies were ubiquitous among contemporary White photographers of Native Americans. In other cases, Gill photographed \"show Indians\", performers who wore clothing intended to appeal to public conceptions of Native dress. For unclear purposes, a troupe of four Dakota from the 101 Ranch Wild West Show were each pictured wearing the same headdress, despite wearing separate headgear in a group photo. \nGill's provision of props and clothing to portrait subjects has been criticized for their reinforcement of cultural stereotypes and homogenization of Native American cultures, in lieu of accurate ethnographic representation. Anthropologist and photographer Gene J. Crediford described Gill and other contemporary photographers of Native Americans as \"[showing] a disrespect for their subjects in the name of aesthetics.\" Strictly delineated forms of dress among Native American nations did not emerge due to an active intertribal clothing trade; however, the provision of the articles by photographers such as Gill was made without regard to specific trade connections. Some delegates may have enjoyed the provided \"inauthentic\" clothing, as many pieces (such as feathers and war bonnets) were generally associated with prestigious status.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "DeLancey W. Gill", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLancey_W._Gill", "article_id": 74911544, "section": "Reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 422, "char_count": 2875, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Gill married his first wife, Rose DeLima Draper, on May 25, 1881. They had six children before Rose Gill died in 1893, including Robert Gill, a major in the Corps of Engineers. He married fellow Smithsonian illustrator Mary Irwin Wright on August 19, 1895. They had one daughter, Minna P. Gill, who became a prominent suffragist and librarian. They divorced in 1903, but continued to collaborate in their work. On January 2, 1905, he married Katharine Schley Hemmick, with whom he had one child.\nGill was an active cyclist: during the 1880s he served as a team captain of the Capital Bicycle Club, an early American cyclists' organization. He was later a member of the Cosmos Club, the Society of Washington Artists, and the Association of the Oldest Inhabitants of the District of Columbia. He taught painting classes at the Corcoran School of Art and the Art Students League of Washington. He collected and transcribed a large number of African-American spirituals and folk songs. He also collected antiques, and was described as an expert on oriental rugs and East Asian porcelain.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "DeLancey W. Gill", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLancey_W._Gill", "article_id": 74911544, "section": "Personal life", "metadata": {"word_count": 181, "char_count": 1084, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following his retirement from the Smithsonian, Gill moved to Alexandria, Virginia. He died on August 31, 1940, after fracturing his skull falling down a staircase at his home.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "DeLancey W. Gill", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLancey_W._Gill", "article_id": 74911544, "section": "Personal life", "metadata": {"word_count": 28, "char_count": 175, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During the 1912–13 English football season, Gillingham F.C. competed in the Southern League Division One. It was the 19th season in which the club competed in the Southern League and the 18th in Division One. The team competed under the name Gillingham for the first time, having previously been called New Brompton, and also adopted red and blue shirts, replacing the previous black and white stripes. Gillingham began the season in poor form and did not score a single goal in their first six home matches. The team achieved a four-game unbeaten run in November but at the end of December were 16th out of 20 teams in the league table. In the second half of the season the team's form remained inconsistent: they lost every league game in January but had a six-game unbeaten run in March and April. Gillingham finished the season 15th in the table.\nGillingham also competed in the FA Cup. After holding Barnsley, the previous season's winners of the competition, to a draw at home in the first round, Gillingham were defeated in a replay at Barnsley's ground. The team played 42 competitive matches, winning 13, drawing 12, and losing 17. Arthur Wolstenholme was the team's top goalscorer, with four goals in the league and seven in total. John Boden, Dick Goffin, and Charlie Hafekost were the joint highest scorers in league matches only, with five goals each. Andrew Mosley made the most appearances, playing in every game. The highest attendance recorded at the club's home ground, Priestfield Road, was 11,321 for the FA Cup match against Barnsley.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–13 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628133, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 263, "char_count": 1555, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Gillingham, founded in 1893 under the name New Brompton, had played in the Southern League since the competition's formation in 1894; the team had been promoted from Division Two in 1895 and remained in Division One ever since, but with little success. The team had only finished in the top half of the league table once in the preceding seven seasons and in the 1911–12 season had finished 18th out of 20 teams, avoiding relegation to Division Two by just one place. At the time, the majority of clubs in the two divisions of the ostensibly national Football League were from the northern half of the country, and some of the leading clubs from the south played in the Southern League. In 1920, the clubs in the Southern League's top division would be admitted to the Football League en masse to form its new Third Division.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–13 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628133, "section": "Background and pre-season", "metadata": {"word_count": 146, "char_count": 825, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 6 June, the club's board of directors took the decision to change the club's name to Gillingham Football Club to reflect the fact that in the decades since the club's formation the previously small settlement of Gillingham had outgrown and absorbed New Brompton. The name change would not be formally approved by the shareholders until the following summer; nonetheless the team played under the new name in the 1912–13 season. Two days later, the first recorded meeting of the club's Supporters' Association took place, at which it was resolved to raise money to finance the building of more terracing at one end of the club's Priestfield Road ground. Along with the new name, the club adopted a new kit featuring red shirts with blue sleeves, replacing the previous black and white stripes, and for the first time added the coat of arms of the borough to the shirts.\nAs was often the case in the early 20th century, the club did not employ a full-time team manager; most tasks associated with a modern manager, such as the signing of new players, were among the responsibilities of the club's secretary, William Ironside Groombridge. New players to join the club included Arthur Wolstenholme, a forward who had last played for Blackpool of the Football League Second Division. Two players from Leyton, who had dropped out of the Southern League at the end of the previous season, also joined Gillingham: Tom Leslie, a full-back who had previously played for Tottenham Hotspur, and the veteran half-back Mark Bell, who had gained one cap for Scotland a decade earlier.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–13 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628133, "section": "Background and pre-season", "metadata": {"word_count": 265, "char_count": 1572, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The club's first match of the season, on 7 September, was away to Northampton Town. Wolstenholme scored a goal on his debut for the club, but Gillingham lost 2–1 in what The People called a \"capital game\". The first home game a week later resulted in a 0–0 draw against Queens Park Rangers (QPR); the writer for The People noted that the game was even in the first half but that QPR attacked more in the second. Gillingham achieved their first win of the season on 21 September when a late goal from Albert Court gave them a 1–0 victory away to Brentford. They ended September by again drawing 0–0 at home, this time with Millwall, and began October with two away games, losing 2–1 to Reading and winning 2–0 against Bristol Rovers, who had lost every game of the season so far. The game on 12 October against Swindon Town ended in a third consecutive home 0–0 draw; the first goal of the season at Priestfield Road was scored four days later by Reading, who went on to secure a 4–0 victory. The reporter for the Daily Herald wrote that Gillingham attacked more than their opponents in the first half but in the second they were \"all adrift\" and \"the few attacks they made were not at all dangerous\". \nAlbert Bailey, Gillingham's goalkeeper, was hospitalised after suffering a broken jaw during a 4–0 defeat to Exeter City on 26 October; Harry Crane took his place in the team for the next game, a 4–0 defeat to West Ham United; it was Gillingham's fourth consecutive defeat, three of them by a score of 4–0. A goalless draw at home to Brighton & Hove Albion on 9 November meant that Gillingham had scored only one goal in their last six league matches and had still not registered a goal in a home match. The team ended a six-match winless run with a 2–1 victory away to Coventry City on 16 November with goals from John Boden and Dick Goffin. A week later, Boden scored Gillingham's first goal of the season at Priestfield Road in their seventh home game. The team's captain, Jack Mahon, was missing due to injury but despite his absence the team secured a 2–0 victory over Watford. Boden scored for the third consecutive game in a 1–1 draw at home to Merthyr Town in the final match of November; it meant that Gillingham had gone four games without defeat, their longest undefeated run of the season to this point.\nBoden scored for the fourth consecutive game in a 2–1 defeat at home to Crystal Palace on 7 December; he had a chance to score a second goal but his penalty kick was saved. Gillingham also lost their next game at home, a 1–0 defeat to Southampton. The team ended 1912 with three games in four days. On Christmas Day, they played at home to Norwich City; in a match played in pouring rain and a high wind, a goal from Goffin gave the home team a 1–0 victory. The teams played again the following day at The Nest, Norwich's home ground, and Gillingham lost 4–0; an injury to Abel Lee meant that Gillingham had to play the whole of the second half with only ten men. Arthur Johnson, who had missed the last two games after previously having been ever-present in the team, returned to the team in place of Lee for the final game of 1912 and scored from a penalty in a 2–1 victory over Northampton Town. The result left Gillingham 16th out of 20 teams in the table at the end of 1912.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–13 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628133, "section": "September–December", "metadata": {"word_count": 608, "char_count": 3297, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Gillingham's first match of 1913 was away to Queens Park Rangers on 4 January; Mahon made his first appearance since November. QPR scored in the first half and, although Gillingham had several shots on goal, they could not equalise and their opponents added a second goal in the final minute of the game. Gillingham again failed to score in the next league game, losing 4–0 at home to Brentford; it was the first time Brentford had won away from home during the season and the writer for the Daily Herald commented that the Gillingham players looked tired after playing an FA Cup game two days earlier. Bailey returned to the team on 25 January for the first time since October; a 2–1 defeat away to Millwall meant that Gillingham had lost every league game during the month. The writer for The People was of the opinion that the result could have been different if Gillingham had had \"a steadier line of forwards\". The team ended their winless run with a 1–0 victory over Bristol Rovers thanks to a goal from Wolstenholme. Jock Taylor scored twice in a 2–1 win over Portsmouth on 22 February; Gillingham ended the month 17th in the table.\nGillingham's first game of March was a 2–0 defeat away to Exeter City; Johnson appeared to have pulled a goal back for Gillingham with a penalty, but the referee ordered the kick to be retaken due to an infringement and at the second attempt he missed. It would prove to be the final game in a Gillingham shirt for Boden, Wolstenholme, and Taylor. For the next game at home to West Ham United wholesale changes were made to the forward line: Charlie Hafekost made his first appearance since December, Cornelius John played only his second game of the season and his first since November, and A.G. Church made his debut. Despite the new-look line-up, the writer for The People noted that the Gillingham forwards \"worked neatly together in the early stages and gave the visitors' defenders great anxiety\". Hafekost gave Gillingham an early lead and, although West Ham scored twice before half-time, a goal from Tom Caldwell in the second half secured a draw for Gillingham. The new forwards retained their places but could not score any goals in the next two games, which resulted in a 1–0 defeat to Brighton & Hove Albion and a goalless draw with Stoke; Gillingham were spared a second consecutive defeat when Stoke had a late goal disallowed for offside.\nGoffin scored twice in a 3–0 victory at home to Coventry City on 22 March; all the goals were scored in the first half. Two days later, two goals from Lee secured a 2–0 win away to Stoke, whom the reporter for The Western Times said were \"lamentably weak\"; the results meant that Gillingham had gone three games without conceding a goal for the first time since September. Following two draws, a goal from Church gave Gillingham a 1–0 win away to Crystal Palace on 12 April, extending the team's unbeaten run to six games. The streak came to an end a week later with a 4–0 defeat away to Plymouth Argyle. Having only scored more than two goals in a game once during the first 36 league matches, Gillingham achieved the feat in both of the last two games of the season. A 3–3 draw away to Southampton was followed by a 4–2 win at Priestfield Road over Plymouth, who were already assured of the Division One championship; it was the first time the team had scored four times in a match since January 1912. John and Lee gave Gillingham a half-time lead and Johnson scored two goals after the interval, both from penalty kicks. Gillingham finished the campaign 15th in the league table, seven points above the relegation places. It was an improvement on the previous season's performance but the team's fourth consecutive finish in the bottom half of the table.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–13 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628133, "section": "January–April", "metadata": {"word_count": 661, "char_count": 3752, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As a Southern League Division One team, Gillingham entered the 1912–13 FA Cup at the fourth qualifying round stage; they were due to play Leyton on 1 December but received a walkover as their opponents withdrew from the competition. In the fifth and final qualifying round, Gillingham played away to Spennymoor United of the North Eastern League. Gillingham reportedly offered a three-figure sum to their opponents to switch the match to Priestfield Road, but it was rejected. The match ended in a 1–1 draw, necessitating a replay, in which Wolstenholme scored twice and Taylor once in a 3–0 victory. In the first round proper, Gillingham played Barnsley of the Football League Second Division, who had won the previous season's FA Cup; the match drew a crowd of 11,321, the highest attendance recorded at Priestfield Road during the season. Gillingham had a number of goalscoring chances against the reigning cup-holders but were unable to convert them and the game ended in a goalless draw. In the replay at Oakwell, Barnsley took a two-goal lead in the early stages. Goffin reduced the arrears with a goal before half-time, but after the interval Barnsley scored again to secure a 3–1 victory and eliminate Gillingham from the competition; the correspondent for the Daily Mirror wrote that Barnsley were the better team throughout and that Gillingham's players tired late in the game.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–13 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628133, "section": "FA Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 227, "char_count": 1387, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During the season, 20 players made at least one appearance for Gillingham. Andrew Mosley made the most, playing in every one of the team's 42 competitive games. Johnson missed only two games and Goffin only four. Peter Glen made the fewest appearances, playing only twice. Wolstenholme was the top goalscorer; he scored four times in the league and three in the FA Cup. Boden, Goffin, and Hafekost were joint top scorers in the league alone, with five each.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–13 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628133, "section": "Players", "metadata": {"word_count": 78, "char_count": 457, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Prior to the next season, Gillingham opted to employ a full-time team manager, appointing the former Liverpool player Sam Gilligan as player-manager. In his first season in charge, the team finished 13th in the Southern League Division One.\nThe red and blue shirts proved short-lived and after the First World War the team reverted to wearing black and white stripes, before switching to all-blue shirts in the 1930s. In the 2012–13 season Gillingham wore a modern version of the red and blue shirts to mark the centenary of the club changing its name.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–13 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%9313_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628133, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 93, "char_count": 552, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During the 1981–82 English football season, Gillingham F.C. competed in the Football League Third Division, the third tier of the English football league system. It was the 50th season in which Gillingham competed in the Football League, and the 32nd since the club was voted back into the league in 1950. Keith Peacock was appointed as the club's new manager prior to the season. The team began the season in poor form and at the end of September were 17th out of 24 teams in the league table, but then won six consecutive games and in November were briefly top of the league. They could not maintain the position, however, and by January had slipped back into the bottom half of the table. Results improved, but the team failed to get back into contention for promotion and ultimately finished sixth in the division.\nGillingham also took part in three other competitions during the season. They reached the fourth round of the FA Cup for the first time in more than a decade, narrowly losing to West Bromwich Albion of the First Division, but were eliminated at the earliest stage of both the Football League Cup and the Football League Group Cup. The team played 57 competitive matches, winning 23, drawing 16, and losing 18. Ken Price and Dean White were joint top goalscorer, with 14 goals each. Steve Bruce made the most appearances, playing 54 times. The highest attendance recorded at the club's home ground, Priestfield Stadium, was 16,000 for the FA Cup match against West Bromwich Albion.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1981–82 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628178, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 258, "char_count": 1499, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The 1981–82 season was Gillingham's 50th season playing in the Football League and the 32nd since the club was elected back into the League in 1950 after being voted out in 1938. It was the club's seventh consecutive season in the Football League Third Division, the third tier of the English football league system, since the team gained promotion from the Fourth Division in 1974. In the six seasons since then, Gillingham had achieved a best finish of fourth place, one position away from promotion to the Second Division, in the 1978–79 season. The club had never reached the second level of English football in its history.\nIn July, Keith Peacock was appointed as the club's new manager; he had most recently worked as the assistant manager of Tampa Bay Rowdies in the United States. He replaced Gerry Summers, who had been dismissed from his post at the end of the previous season, partly due to controversy surrounding his decision to release several popular players, including Damien Richardson, from their contracts. Peacock appointed Paul Taylor, with whom he had recently worked in the United States, as his assistant manager; Bill Collins, who had been with the club in a variety of roles since the early 1960s, held the posts of first-team trainer and manager of the youth team. Peacock signed three new players ahead of the season, all of whom he had played alongside at Charlton Athletic. Dick Tydeman, a 30-year-old midfielder, joined from Charlton as the new manager's first signing, and was appointed team captain; Tydeman had played over 300 games for Gillingham in a previous spell from 1969 to 1976. Colin Powell, a 33-year old winger, also arrived from Charlton, where he had made over 300 appearances. The club's third signing was Richie Bowman, a 26-year old midfielder who joined the club from Reading. Peacock also attempted to sign Winston DuBose, a goalkeeper whom he had coached in the United States, but the player was refused a UK work permit.\nThe players' kit for the season consisted of Gillingham's usual blue shirts, white shorts and white socks. The away kit, to be worn in the event of a clash of colours with the home team, was all-red. The team prepared for the new season with several friendlies, including one against West Ham United of the First Division. In an attempt to incentivise teams to play in a more attacking manner, the Football League made a rule change for the new season, increasing the number of points awarded to the team winning a match from two to three; a draw still gave one point to each team. Peacock wrote in the matchday programme for the first league game of the season that he was a strong proponent of attacking football and that he considered it important that his players \"go out with a positive attitude to win rather than just to stop the opposition from winning\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1981–82 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628178, "section": "Background and pre-season", "metadata": {"word_count": 487, "char_count": 2837, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Gillingham's first league game of the season was at their home ground, Priestfield Stadium, against Burnley; goals from forwards Ken Price and Trevor Lee along with an own goal gave Gillingham a 3–1 win. Both players scored again a week later away to Reading, but the game ended in a 3–2 defeat and Gillingham next lost 1–0 at home to Chester. Goalkeeper Ron Hillyard, who had been with the club since 1974, made his return to the team against Chester; teenager Gary Sutton had deputised for him since the first league game of the season after Hillyard suffered a groin strain. On 19 September Gillingham drew 1–1 away to Preston North End with a goal from Danny Westwood on his first appearance in a Football League game for nine months; John Sitton, a defender newly signed from Millwall, made his Gillingham debut. Two days later, a goal from Tydeman secured a 1–0 win away to Brentford, but a defeat and a draw in their next two matches meant that at the end of September, Gillingham were 17th out of 24 teams in the Third Division league table, having won only one of their last six league games.\nThe team's fortunes changed dramatically in October, during which they played six games and won every one. The run began on 3 October with a 2–0 victory away to Wimbledon, who were bottom of the table; Hillyard saved a Wimbledon penalty kick and Bowman scored both goals. A week later he scored again as Gillingham beat 23rd-placed Plymouth Argyle. Against Huddersfield Town on 17 October, Gillingham took a 3–0 lead inside the first 20 minutes and, although their opponents scored twice, held on for a third consecutive victory. A 4–2 win over Portsmouth made Gillingham the division's highest goalscorers up to this point of the season and took them up to fourth place in the table, just outside the top three places which would secure promotion to the Second Division. Dean White, who scored twice against Portsmouth, repeated the feat in the next game, a 2–1 win over Millwall. The result meant that Gillingham had equalled the club record of four consecutive Football League wins away from home and had won five consecutive league games for the first time since the 1972–73 season. White then scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Swindon Town. Gillingham ended October second in the table, behind league leaders Doncaster Rovers only on goal difference; Peacock was the recipient of the division's Manager of the Month award.\nGillingham's bid to equal the club record of seven consecutive league wins failed with a 3–0 defeat away to Southend United and they also lost their next game, a 2–0 defeat away to Bristol Rovers. On 14 November, White scored twice more as Gillingham beat Doncaster to go top of the table. Their stay in first place was short-lived, however, as they dropped to fourth after the final match of November, a 2–0 defeat away to Carlisle United during which John Sharpe was sent off. This was followed by a 4–1 defeat at home to Walsall, the first time the team had conceded four goals in a league game all season. Gillingham's final match of 1981 was at home to Newport County. Dave Kemp, a forward signed on loan from Plymouth Argyle, made his debut and scored in a 1–1 draw; he was selected in place of Lee, who had only scored two goals since September. Bowman was absent from the team after tearing his knee ligaments and would not play again during the season. The result left Gillingham in sixth place in the table at the end of the year, two points below the promotion places.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1981–82 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628178, "section": "August–December", "metadata": {"word_count": 618, "char_count": 3514, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Scheduled Third Division games on 2 and 23 January were postponed due to the club's continued involvement in the FA Cup, and a game on 9 January was postponed due to blizzards. As a result, Gillingham played only two Third Division matches in January, both of which they lost, being defeated 2–0 by both Lincoln City and Preston North End. By the end of the month, they had slipped into the bottom half of the table. Injuries continued to impact the team; Micky Adams replaced Andy Ford after the latter suffered a knee injury which would ultimately end his professional career. Adams had previously played as a winger but adapted well to the left-back position, and was an ever-present in the team for the remainder of the season. Another defender, Mark Weatherly, also sustained an injury and would not return to the team line-up for two months. On 2 February, 19-year-old Tony Cascarino made his debut in a 1–0 defeat away to Burnley. The forward, signed from amateur club Crockenhill of the Kent League, reportedly in exchange for a set of tracksuits, would go on to make over 200 appearances and score over 100 goals for Gillingham before playing at the highest level of English football and in two FIFA World Cup tournaments. He scored his first goal for the club on 13 February when the team ended a winless league run stretching back to November by defeating Wimbledon 6–1, the first time Gillingham had scored six times in a game since 1973.\nPeter Shaw, a defender signed from Charlton Athletic, made his debut on 20 February in a 1–1 draw with Exeter City. A week later, Kemp made his final appearance for Gillingham as his loan spell came to an end. He scored the winning goal against Plymouth, the team from which he was on loan, to leave Gillingham in 11th place at the end of February; Cascarino and Price would be the first-choice forwards for the remainder of the season. The team began March with defeats away to Huddersfield Town and Portsmouth, both without scoring a goal. Cascarino ended the goalless run against Millwall on 12 March but the match ended in a draw. Having gained only one point and scored only one goal in their first three games of March, Gillingham won their next three matches without conceding a goal; Adams scored his first professional goal in a 1–0 win away to Swindon Town on 20 March. Goals against Bristol Rovers a week later took White and Price to 14 and 12 goals for the season respectively; after the victory Gillingham were back up to ninth in the league table. Another teenager, Neil Grewcock, made his debut as a substitute against Oxford United in the final game of the month.\nGillingham extended their unbeaten run with a 1–1 draw against Doncaster Rovers on 3 April; Lee played his first game since January in place of Cascarino. Three days later, Lee was named only as the substitute against Chesterfield but came off the bench to score twice as Gillingham came back from two goals down with 20 minutes of the game remaining to win 3–2. The result took them up to seventh in the table, six points outside the promotion places with ten games still to play. The team's successful run continued with a 2–0 victory over Fulham, but Gillingham lost their next two matches to effectively end any realistic chance of promotion. They achieved a draw on 24 April away to Carlisle United, who were top of the table at the time, but this was immediately followed by a defeat to Bristol City, who were second from bottom. Gillingham produced one of their best runs of the season during the final five games, winning four and drawing the other; in their final away match they beat Chesterfield 3–1, the first time they had scored more than twice away from home all season. The last game of the campaign was at home to Reading on 18 May; Sharpe and Lee scored in a 2–1 victory which meant that their team finished the season sixth in the Third Division table, seven points below the promotion places.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1981–82 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628178, "section": "January–May", "metadata": {"word_count": 697, "char_count": 3944, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As a Third Division club, Gillingham entered the 1981–82 FA Cup at the first round stage; their opponents were fellow Third Division side Plymouth Argyle. The initial game at Plymouth's ground, Home Park, ended in a goalless draw, necessitating a replay at Priestfield. Despite finishing the game with only ten men after Steve Bruce was sent off, Gillingham won the second match 1–0. In the second round, they faced Barking of the Isthmian League at Priestfield. Gillingham fell behind to a goal from their semi-professional opponents but White equalised from a penalty kick and the game ended in a draw. Barking opted to surrender home advantage for the replay, so the second game also took place at Priestfield. Bruce gave Gillingham the lead but Barking equalised in the 89th minute to send the game into extra time; Gillingham scored twice in the extra period to progress to the third round for the first time in ten years.\nThe teams from the First and Second Divisions entered the competition in the third round and Gillingham received a home match with Oldham Athletic, who at the time were in second place in the Second Division. Kemp gave Gillingham the lead inside the first ten minutes and White scored from a penalty kick; Oldham pulled a goal back but Gillingham held on for a 2–1 victory. In their first appearance in the fourth round of the FA Cup since 1970, Gillingham's opponents were West Bromwich Albion of the First Division, whose coach was former Gillingham manager Summers. The match drew an attendance of 16,000, the largest crowd recorded at Priestfield for nearly two years, and generated a new club record gate receipt figure of £34,285 (equivalent to £170,000 in 2023). With two minutes remaining, the game remained goalless and Gillingham were on the verge of securing a replay but Albion's Derek Statham scored a goal to win the match and eliminate Gillingham from the competition.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1981–82 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628178, "section": "FA Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 322, "char_count": 1911, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "a. ^ The match was played at Gillingham's stadium but remained officially a home game for Barking.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1981–82 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628178, "section": "FA Cup match results", "metadata": {"word_count": 17, "char_count": 98, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As a Third Division club, Gillingham entered the 1981–82 Football League Cup at the first round stage and were paired with Colchester United of the Fourth Division. The first match of the two-legged tie was played at Colchester's Layer Road ground; Gillingham lost 2–0 to their lower-division opponents. The second leg at Priestfield ended in a 1–1 draw and Gillingham were eliminated from the competition by an aggregate score of 3–1.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1981–82 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628178, "section": "Football League Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 71, "char_count": 435, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The initial round-robin stage of the 1981–82 Football League Group Cup, a newly introduced competition, took place prior to the first Third Division game of the season. Thirty-two clubs from across the Football League's four divisions took part by invitation, and Gillingham were grouped with fellow Third Division teams Southend United and Wimbledon and Orient of the Second. Gillingham's first game was away to Wimbledon on 15 August and resulted in a 4–0 defeat; under a rule specific to this competition, a team scoring three or more goals in a game received a bonus point and Wimbledon's victory was therefore worth four points. A goalless draw at home to Southend four days later combined with a second victory for Wimbledon in their match against Orient meant that Gillingham could not finish top of the group and progress to the quarter-finals; the team's final game in the competition against Orient ended in another draw.\nIn the matchday programme for the final game of the season, the club dismissed the Group Cup as having been a \"pre-season warm-up tournament\", even though the latter rounds of the competition extended until April 1982. Gillingham did not take part in the tournament, renamed the Football League Trophy, in the following season, and the competition was discontinued in 1983 and replaced by the Associate Members' Cup, a tournament featuring all Third and Fourth Division teams.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1981–82 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628178, "section": "Football League Group Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 229, "char_count": 1408, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During the season, 27 players made at least one appearance for Gillingham. Bruce made the most, playing 55 times; he missed only one league match and one FA Cup game. Hillyard made 54 appearances, missing two league games and one League Cup match. Six other players featured in over 40 games. At the other end of the scale, three players each played only once, in each case as a substitute. Peter Henderson appeared in only one Group Cup game in August and Nigel Donn played in only one league game; both left the club without playing any further games. Mel Sage, an 18-year old from the club's youth team, made his professional debut in May; he would go on to play well over 100 games for Gillingham before stepping up the Second Division when he was transferred to Derby County in 1986.\nPrice and White were joint top goalscorer, with 14 goals each; both scored 12 times in the league and twice in cup games. No other player reached double figures. It was the fourth time in five seasons that Price had finished as the team's top scorer.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1981–82 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628178, "section": "Players", "metadata": {"word_count": 188, "char_count": 1039, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Bruce was voted the club's player of the year by supporters. Tydeman was voted into the Professional Footballers' Association Team of the Year for the Third Division by his fellow professionals, the first Gillingham player to be so honoured since 1974. Three days after the final competitive game of the season, Gillingham again played West Ham of the First Division, this time in a testimonial match for Damien Richardson, who had been released at the start of the season after nine years with the club.\nBruce Beckett of the Kent Evening Post wrote at the end of the season that Peacock's appointment had brought fresh optimism to the club and that it would \"soon be equipped to achieve a life-long ambition of Second Division soccer\", but the team in fact finished further away from the promotion places in both the next two seasons than they had in 1981–82. Beginning in the 1984–85 season, Peacock led Gillingham to three consecutive top-six finishes, but promotion continued to elude the club and a run of bad results in late 1987 led to the manager's dismissal by the board of directors. Gillingham were relegated to the Fourth Division in 1989 and spent seven seasons at the lower level, but after two promotions within five seasons reached the second tier of English football for the first time in 2000.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1981–82 Gillingham F.C. season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Gillingham_F.C._season", "article_id": 73628178, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 224, "char_count": 1311, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Girl Who Lived in the Tree is the thirty-second collection by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen, made for the Autumn/Winter 2008 season of his eponymous fashion house. The primary inspirations were British culture and national symbols, particularly the British monarchy, as well as the clothing of India during the British Raj. The collection was presented through the narrative of a fairy tale about a feral girl who lived in a tree before falling in love with a prince and descending to become a princess. \nThe collection's runway show was staged on 29 February 2008 at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris. The round stage was dressed in black with a black backdrop, with a large artificial tree in the centre wrapped in dark grey silk; it was inspired by the artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude, who were known for wrapping buildings and landmarks in fabric. The presentation was divided into two phases to represent the girl's story; forty-two looks were presented in total, with twenty-three in the first half and nineteen in the second. In the first phase, the ensembles were all in black and white, with most looks having a slim, tailored silhouette. The clothing from the second half was richly coloured, with luxurious materials and embellishments, representing the girl's transformation into a princess. \nCritical response to The Girl Who Lived in the Tree was positive, and in retrospect it is regarded as one of McQueen's best collections. Academics have analysed its inspiration and styling through various lenses. The peacock headpiece by Philip Treacy and a dress with lace peacocks attracted particular critical attention and further analysis. Garments from the collection are held by various museums and have appeared in exhibitions such as the McQueen retrospective Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty. The 2015 semi-biographical play McQueen incorporates ideas from the collection's narrative.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Girl Who Lived in the Tree", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Lived_in_the_Tree", "article_id": 76054807, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 303, "char_count": 1930, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "British fashion designer Alexander McQueen was known for his imaginative, sometimes controversial designs, and dramatic fashion shows. During his nearly twenty-year career, he explored a broad range of ideas and themes, including historicism, romanticism, femininity, sexuality, and death. He learned tailoring as an apprentice on Savile Row, and dressmaking as head designer at French fashion house Givenchy. Although he worked in ready-to-wear – clothing produced for retail sale – his showpiece designs featured a degree of craftsmanship that verged on haute couture.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Girl Who Lived in the Tree", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Lived_in_the_Tree", "article_id": 76054807, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 82, "char_count": 570, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "McQueen's graduation collection, Jack the Ripper Stalks His Victims, was bought in its entirety by magazine editor Isabella Blow, who became another mentor and his muse. Their relationship was turbulent, and they had been estranged when Blow committed suicide in May 2007. McQueen was devastated by her death. For his next collection, McQueen worked closely with Irish milliner Philip Treacy, one of his longtime collaborators and another of Blow's protégés. The collection, La Dame Bleue (Spring/Summer 2008), was dedicated to Blow's memory. Afterward, McQueen travelled to India for a month with his friend and collaborator Shaun Leane. He later described the trip as a \"pilgrimage\" during which he had worked through his grief by absorbing Buddhist spiritual teachings and culture. \nMcQueen was devoted to his Scottish heritage, but also felt a strong connection to England, especially London, where he had grown up. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in 2003. Although he had previously been vocally critical of the British monarchy, and was reluctant to accept the award, he later said that meeting the queen had been \"like falling in love\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Girl Who Lived in the Tree", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Lived_in_the_Tree", "article_id": 76054807, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 191, "char_count": 1197, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Girl Who Lived in the Tree (Autumn/Winter 2008) is the thirty-second collection McQueen made for his eponymous fashion house. The collection was presented through the narrative of a fairy tale about a feral girl who lived in a tree before falling in love with a prince and descending to become a princess. According to McQueen, this story was inspired by an ancient elm tree in the garden of his country home in Farleigh, England, and the girl represented Queen Elizabeth II as a young woman. McQueen's biographer Dana Thomas said \"it seems he had truly fallen in love\" with the Queen. Author Judith Watt felt that the fairy tale story reflected McQueen's romantic innocence and \"stemmed back to childhood days\". Although it was one of his most nationalist collections, journalist Susannah Frankel felt it contained elements of \"irony and pastiche\", and McQueen joked that he had picked the royal theme for selfish reasons: \"I thought, I'll do this thing on the Queen, and I'll get the knighthood. I'll become Sir Alexander McQueen.\" \nThe visual aesthetic of the collection was inspired by British culture and national symbols, particularly the British monarchy, as well as the clothing of India during the British Raj. McQueen cited the Duke of Wellington in the show notes, and there were military influences in the form of tailcoats and decorative frogging. He also drew heavily on the clothing he had seen in India with Leane, incorporating lush embroidery, jewelled headdresses, jutti (slippers resembling ballet flats), and the printed silk fabric used for saris. Primary fabrics included brocade, duchesse satin, silk, and velvet. Real semiprecious stones were used for embroidery and embellishment. The collection was unusually feminine compared to McQueen's usual work, which typically had a harder edge. \nThe designs were divided into two broad phases, which followed the girl's journey out of the tree. The clothes from the first half represented the girl's feral state, taking inspiration from punk fashion to create a style which McQueen called \"punk princess\". These looks were entirely black and white, with a slim silhouette accentuated by a cinched waistline. McQueen largely confined his ever-present tailored garments to this half of the show, although dresses and flounced ballerina skirts also featured here. Decorative embellishments in this phase included leather, crystals, lace, and silver printing. Grey-based tartan referenced McQueen's Scottish heritage.\nThe clothing from the second half was richly coloured, with luxurious materials and embellishments, representing the girl's transformation into a princess. The military elements were echoed here with regimental-style jackets and gold frogging. The skirts of the later dresses were exaggerated with crinolines, referencing the haute couture gowns Norman Hartnell and Hardy Amies each designed for Elizabeth II in her youth. Footwear in this phase was similar to heavily-beaded shoes designed by Roger Vivier for Christian Dior in the 1950s.\nImagery of birds, wings, and feathers were a recurring theme in McQueen's work. In The Girl Who Lived in the Tree he focused on the peacock, India's national bird, which is culturally associated with beauty, grace, and love. He asked Irish milliner Philip Treacy to create a peacock headpiece for the collection; as usual his creative brief was simple and gave wide latitude for interpretation. Treacy used driftwood to build the bird's body and sea fan coral for its tail; he recalled McQueen being \"speechless\" when he saw it.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Girl Who Lived in the Tree", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Lived_in_the_Tree", "article_id": 76054807, "section": "Concept and collection", "metadata": {"word_count": 558, "char_count": 3555, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The runway show was staged on the evening of 29 February 2008 at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris. It was the final show of the day. The invitation card featured an etching of a tree on gold-coloured paper on the outside, and on the inside, an image of a girl whose hair was mixed with tree branches. McQueen personally invited Bobby Hillson to the show as a gesture of gratitude for her mentorship. On the same day of the show, McQueen announced that his label was finally making a profit.\nTabitha Simmons took care of overall styling, Paul Hanlon handled hair, and Peter Philips styled make-up. Gainsbury & Whiting oversaw production. Joseph Bennett, who had designed all of McQueen's runways since No. 13 (Spring/Summer 1999), returned for set design. \nThe soundtrack opened with orchestral versions of the Nirvana songs \"Come as You Are\" and \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\". The second phase transitioned into classical music by Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Girl Who Lived in the Tree", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Lived_in_the_Tree", "article_id": 76054807, "section": "Production details", "metadata": {"word_count": 164, "char_count": 981, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The round stage was dressed in black with a black backdrop, with a large artificial tree in the centre wrapped in dark grey silk, which McQueen said was \"for a feeling of protection\". The fabric extended from the base of the tree to cover the entire stage. The wrapping was inspired by the artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude, who were known for wrapping buildings and landmarks in fabric for their large-scale, site-specific art installations. \nForty-two looks were presented in two phases. Looks 1 to 23 were entirely black and white, representing the girl in her feral state. During this phase, the tree in the centre was illuminated blue. Models' hair was aggressively backcombed and puffed out sideways from their heads, and their eyebrows were dark and strongly defined. Otherwise, make-up used a nude palette. Dresses tended toward what Thomas called a \"Victorian gothic\" look. There were several tailored ensembles featuring frock coats and trousers, which author Judith Watt found reminiscent of dandies from the British Regency era. The dark aesthetic reminded author Katherine Gleason of the main character in the 1990 film Edward Scissorhands. \nFollowing Look 23, the lights went down, except on the tree. The stage was briefly empty while the lighting on the tree transitioned to yellow, indicating the start of the second phase. Looks 24 to 42 were richly coloured, with luxurious materials and embellishments, representing the girl's transition into royalty. Silhouettes here resembled the 1950s New Look, with tight waists and exaggerated skirts. Models were styled with antique gem-encrusted necklaces, headpieces, and earrings lent by the New York branch of The Gem Palace of Jaipur, India, a long-standing high-end jewellery atelier. The shoes in this phase were embellished ballet flats, an unusual style for a high fashion runway show. The hair and make-up were more elegant, although with a slight \"punk\" edge – chignons were placed at the top of the head rather than the nape of the neck, and had hair sticking out at the top, for example. Gold-toned eyeshadow and highlighter matched the decadence of the jewellery and clothing.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Girl Who Lived in the Tree", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Lived_in_the_Tree", "article_id": 76054807, "section": "Catwalk presentation", "metadata": {"word_count": 344, "char_count": 2150, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Look 10 was a black dress styled with Treacy's peacock headpiece. Look 20, sometimes referred to as the \"snowflake dress,\" was a black mid-length dress with ballerina skirt, fitted with an overlay of black leather laser-cut into snowflakes, set on a background of white silk. Look 22 was a full-skirted dress in black with a white print of a tree. Look 23, the \"peacock dress,\" was similarly full-skirted, in white with a pair of black lace peacocks facing one another on the front and the back. Gleason felt their positioning indicated \"courtship and romance\". \nRaquel Zimmermann wore Look 28, a cropped jacket and close-fitting bodysuit; she explained to interviewers that her masculine outfit represented the prince. Look 29 features a dress with a print of a young Queen Elizabeth II combined with the Union Jack. Curator Andrew Bolton suggested this was a reference to the collage t-shirts which Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren produced for punk band the Sex Pistols in the 1980s; these featured similar imagery of British national symbols. Looks 34 and 35 had full skirts covered in dyed feathers. Look 39, a dress with a red satin jacket sculpted to resemble rose petals, has been described as one of McQueen's \"most structurally complex rose-themed garments\". The final ensemble, Look 42, comprised a red satin coat worn over a bejewelled gown in ivory silk, accessorised with an egg-shaped purse in red leather that McQueen termed the \"Empire\" bag. The bag was decorated with gilt, copper alloy, and Swarovski crystals, and may have been inspired by the jewelled Fabergé eggs made for the Russian imperial family in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Kristin Knox called the entire ensemble \"one of the most iconic dresses\" of the collection.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Girl Who Lived in the Tree", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Lived_in_the_Tree", "article_id": 76054807, "section": "Notable ensembles", "metadata": {"word_count": 290, "char_count": 1762, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Critical response to The Girl Who Lived in the Tree was positive. Katherine Gleason reported that most critics saw the show as \"a triumph\". It was the third-most-viewed collection on Style.com that season. Several reviewers found that the decadence and historicism of The Girl Who Lived in the Tree stood out in a relatively sedate and minimalist Paris Fashion Week. Cathy Horyn for The New York Times and Derick Chetty at the Toronto Star each felt the show was a complete success, artistically. Many critics felt that the clothing was both beautiful and commercially viable. Suzy Menkes for International Herald Tribune disagreed with this consensus, saying there was little wearable clothing in the collection, but felt everything was so attractive that \"it hardly seemed relevant\". Jeanne Beker of The National Post and Joelle Diderich identified the peacock dress as a favourite.\nSeveral reviewers compared the collection positively to McQueen's previous work, even calling it his best. Lisa Armstrong of The Times and Robin Givhan of The Washington Post favourably noted the absence of McQueen's usual aggression; Givhan in particular was pleased that he had avoided personal clichés like face masks and extreme heels. Susannah Frankel of The Independent wrote that the use of flats instead of heels had allowed the models to look \"regal rather than rapacious\". Sarah Mower for Vogue felt McQueen had overcome his \"confining, uptight carapace\" to produce work that had a \"new sense of lightness and femininity\". A staff writer at Women's Wear Daily concurred, writing that McQueen had \"expressed in fashion a newfound sense of joy\" with the collection. Frankel felt that the collection was aimed at a younger audience than McQueen's last few collections, which she saw as a positive: the intended wearer was \"wild at heart and all the more powerful for it\". \nCritics complimented McQueen's cutting and tailoring skills, particularly in the first phase. Horyn wrote that \"McQueen approaches every cut, every detail and choice with the precision of a military campaign\". In her Los Angeles Times review, Booth Moore cited \"an amazing hourglass shaped jacket with slightly padded hips in black leather with the look of brocade\" as an example of McQueen's tailoring ability. Stephen Todd of The Australian highlighted a pair of \"trousers cut so tight they looked some kind of elegant instrument of torture\". Writing in The Irish Times, Deirdre McQuillan identified the silhouettes created by historicist corsetry as \"a salute to empire\". \nMany reviewers commented on the British Raj inspiration. Several highlighted the extravagant haute couture detailing in the second phase. Armstrong called it \"Jane Austen meets Raj\" and favourably contrasted the historicist style with the modernist clothing other designers had produced that season. Vanessa Friedman of the Financial Times called it \"fit for the Royal Ballet if the production was, say, The Queen Goes to India for the Last Days of the Raj\". Horyn found herself impressed by McQueen's ability to communicate British history as \"heroic, violent, [and] grand\" without resorting to strictly historical clothing. Guy Trebay of The New York Times was more critical, calling the overall aesthetic \"Raj Barbie, a creature from a music-hall pantomime\". He criticised the use of corsetry, saying it hinted at a \"control fetish\".\nIn retrospect, the collection is largely regarded as one of McQueen's best. Watt wrote that this collection proved McQueen \"could create magnificent couture at his London atelier.\" Author Kristin Knox called it \"of his most memorable collections of all time\". In 2015, curator Kate Bethune recalled it as \"one of McQueen's most lyrical and beautiful collections\". Thomas wrote that it was a \"breathtakingly beautiful collection\" and compared it to the best work of the major post-World War II designers Cristóbal Balenciaga, Christian Dior, and Jacques Fath. Another of his biographers, Andrew Wilson, was more critical, calling it \"highly artificial...a sweetened fairy-tale mix of the Raj and Royalty\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Girl Who Lived in the Tree", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Lived_in_the_Tree", "article_id": 76054807, "section": "Reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 640, "char_count": 4082, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Researcher Lisa Skogh noted that McQueen often incorporated concepts and objects which might have appeared in a cabinet of curiosities – collections of natural and historical objects that were the precursor to modern museums. She identified the coral peacock headpiece as one such item, comparing it to a figurine of the nymph Daphne from the 1570s in which Daphne's hair is represented by a large piece of coral.\nThe theatrical flair of McQueen's designs in The Girl Who Lived in the Tree may have been influenced by his time at costume supplier Berman's & Nathan's. Costume curator Keith Lodwick argued that his work on productions including the long-running musical Les Misérables was reflected in his tailored coats and jackets. He found the collection's waistcoats and decorative gold frogging evocative of the \"revolutionary atmosphere of Les Misérables\". Dance curator Jane Pritchard suggested that McQueen had been primed to absorb influences from dance costuming, possibly unconsciously. She compared the collection's embellished designs and ballet skirts from to the costumes of the George Balanchine ballet Jewels.\nIn an essay about McQueen's incorporation of Gothic elements into his work, literature professor Catherine Spooner observed that bodily transformation was a theme he often returned to, especially in his fairy tale narratives such as The Girl Who Lived in the Tree. She contrasted the girl's evolution to many of McQueen's transformed bodies, noting that the narrative in The Girl was a \"sweeter version\" compared to collections like The Hunger (Spring/Summer 1996) that evoked horror and disgust.\nWriter Cassandra Atherton described using several McQueen collections, including The Girl Who Lived in the Tree, in a university-level creative writing course to teach a connection between poetry and fashion, particularly how one can inspire the other.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Girl Who Lived in the Tree", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Lived_in_the_Tree", "article_id": 76054807, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 287, "char_count": 1875, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Daphne Guinness was photographed in the red robe from Look 42 for the August 2008 issue of Vanity Fair. She was also photographed wearing an ivory silk tulle empire waist gown of her own collection for Harper's Bazaar UK, a variant of one which had appeared on the runway in black as Look 7. Two dresses from the collection were photographed for Vogue: a greyscale tartan dresses from the first phase photographed by Venetia Scott, and the red feathered dress from Look 35 photographed by Emma Summerton. \nActress Salma Hayek wore a copy of the peacock dress from Look 23 to the 2015 opening gala for the V&A staging of Savage Beauty. Playwright James Phillips produced the 2015 semi-biographical play McQueen, which incorporates ideas from the narrative of The Girl Who Lived in the Tree. Women's Wear Daily felt that the Fall 2014 collection designed by Sarah Burton for the Alexander McQueen brand had a similar mood and narrative to The Girl Who Lived in the Tree, writing: \"As in that triumphant tale, Burton's heroines journeyed from the shadows into the light\". The sculptural rose jacket from Look 39 was an inspiration for Burton's later rose-inspired designs for the house. \nIn 2010, Jany Temime, the costume designer for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, was accused of copying the peacock dress for a wedding dress which appears in the film. Belinda White of The Telegraph called the Harry Potter dress \"a blatant rip-off\" and wrote that Temime had altered \"the crest on the bird's heads to make them more 'phoenixy'\", but had left the rest of the design with \"rather obvious peacock feathers\". The Alexander McQueen brand did not comment on the accusations.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Girl Who Lived in the Tree", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Lived_in_the_Tree", "article_id": 76054807, "section": "Legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 286, "char_count": 1683, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Metropolitan Museum of Art (the Met) owns copies of Look 7 and Look 25. The Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising Museum in Los Angeles owns a commissioned copy of Look 23, the black and white peacock dress; it is one of only three that exist, including the brand's own archived copy. It has appeared in the exhibitions Modern Love (Bendigo Art Gallery, 2013) and India and Beyond (Phoenix Art Museum, 2020). The National Gallery of Victoria owns copies of Look 20, the snowflake dress; and Look 40. Their copy of the snowflake dress had been heavily altered and had large stains, necessitating extensive fabric restoration to restore its original appearance. \nMcQueen's friend Daphne Guinness auctioned part of her fashion archive in 2012, including the ivory tulle dress she had worn for Harper's Bazaar UK. Pop star Lady Gaga purchased this item for £85,250 (US$133,075); it was the highest amount paid at auction for a McQueen at that time. Fashion collector Jennifer Zuiker auctioned her McQueen collection in 2020, including one piece from The Girl Who Lived in the Tree. A black dress with neck ruffles, Look 5 on the runway, sold for a reported $4,375.\nA number of looks from The Girl Who Lived in the Tree appeared in Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty, a retrospective exhibition of McQueen's designs shown in 2011 at the Met and in 2015 at Victoria and Albert Museum (the V&A). They comprised a large portion of the exhibit's \"Romantic Nationalism\" section. Looks 24, 26, 27, 39, and 42 appeared in both. The peacock headdress was featured in the Cabinet of Curiosities. Look 35, a red ballet dress, was added for the 2015 staging. Look 29, the dress with photos of Queen Elizabeth II, appeared in the 2013 exhibition Punk: Chaos to Couture at the Met. Look 39, with its sculptural rose petal jacket, appeared in a 2019 exhibition called Roses at the Alexander McQueen Old Bond Street store. Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse, an exhibition first staged at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 2022, featured Look 7 from the runway show as well as several items from the retail collection: a black minidress with a similar tree pattern to Look 22, a cream minidress with embroidery of birds and branches, and a black blouse.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Girl Who Lived in the Tree", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Lived_in_the_Tree", "article_id": 76054807, "section": "Ownership and exhibitions", "metadata": {"word_count": 385, "char_count": 2254, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "An emperor penguin named Happy Feet arrived at Peka Peka Beach in the Kāpiti Coast District of New Zealand's North Island in June 2011 after travelling about 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) from Antarctica. He is one of the northernmost emperor penguins ever recorded outside of captivity, and the second emperor penguin to be found in New Zealand. After arriving, he ingested sand on the beach, likely mistaking it for snow, and filled his proventriculus with it. He soon became lethargic, dehydrated and overheated and was transported to Wellington Zoo, where he was given a 50 per cent chance of survival. Most of the sand was removed, and he was kept at the zoo for 10 weeks to recover.\nHappy Feet was released in the Southern Ocean on 4 September 2011, about 78 kilometres (48 mi) north of Campbell Island, at the 51st parallel. He was fitted with a satellite transmitter to track his location, but the device ceased transmission on 9 September, possibly due to the transmitter falling off him or the penguin being preyed upon.\nNamed after a 2006 animated film featuring emperor penguins, Happy Feet's arrival and recovery was reported on by more than 600 media outlets worldwide. The event raised the public's awareness of wildlife, and for some time received more media attention than New Zealand prime minister John Key. He was one of Time's runner-ups for the 2011 Animal of the Year. He was also the subject of a children's book written by Christine Wilton, who first sighted the penguin at the beach, and another children's book published by Penguin Books in late 2011.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Happy Feet (penguin)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Feet_(penguin)", "article_id": 78303634, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 268, "char_count": 1576, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Happy Feet was first sighted in the early afternoon of 20 June 2011 at Paraparaumu Beach, in the Kāpiti Coast District of New Zealand's North Island. A few hours later, he was seen again a few kilometres to the north at Peka Peka Beach by Christine Wilton, a Kāpiti resident walking her dog. The bird swam approximately 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) from Antarctica to reach New Zealand, arriving just a few kilometres south of the northernmost recorded sighting of an emperor penguin, which occurred in Argentina. The reason for his presence so far from his natural habitat is unknown; however, the veterinarian Lisa Argilla has speculated that he may have been unwell or carried off course by an ocean current. Another theory was that the penguin was wandering, a behaviour which ecologists believe to have evolved as a way to establish new colonies by chance, despite its high likelihood of resulting in death. His arrival marked only the second recorded instance of an emperor penguin in New Zealand, the first having been found in 1967 at Southland's Oreti Beach.\nAfter the dog walker sighted Happy Feet at Peka Peka Beach, she notified the Department of Conservation (DOC) Waikanae office and a ranger subsequently inspected the bird, who initially appeared to be in good health. The penguin was first thought to be approximately three years old, but further analysis suggested that he was about 11 months old at the time of his arrival. The penguin had a height of about 1 metre (3 ft), and was determined to be male two weeks after his arrival, based on DNA testing of a feather sample. He was named \"Happy Feet\" by the woman who first observed him, after the 2006 film Happy Feet, which features emperor penguins.\nAs thousands of people viewed Happy Feet at the beach, concerns arose about the potential danger the public posed to the penguin. In response, the Kāpiti Coast District Council closed the beach to vehicles and posted security guards, and locals kept watch over the penguin 24 hours a day. A cordon was placed around Happy Feet and it was ensured that he had access to the sea at all times. DOC co-ordinated this protection effort due to the Wildlife Act 1953, which requires the department to protect self-introduced vagrant birds.\nAt the beach, Happy Feet ingested sand, probably mistaking it for snow, which emperor penguins naturally consume to hydrate and cool themselves. Experts initially chose not to intervene because they did not know whether the bird would regurgitate the sand on his own, and because he appeared to be in a good state of health. However, by the morning of 24 June, Happy Feet was lethargic, dehydrated, had difficulty swallowing and occasionally attempted to expel sand. He was also suffering from heat stress, as the air temperature of about 10 °C (50 °F) was warmer than that emperor penguins are accustomed to. Because of this, at noon on the same day, DOC and Te Papa museum staff placed Happy Feet into an ice-filled plastic tub and transported him to Wellington Zoo's animal hospital The Nest Te Kōhanga.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Happy Feet (penguin)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Feet_(penguin)", "article_id": 78303634, "section": "Arrival", "metadata": {"word_count": 521, "char_count": 3059, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "After Happy Feet arrived at the zoo, veterinarians anaesthetised him and took x-rays, revealing that his oesophagus and proventriculus (stomach) were full of sand. A stomach rupture was considered possible, and he was given a 50 per cent chance of survival. He was put on an intravenous drip due to dehydration, and had water pumped down his throat to flush out most of the sand from his oesophagus, but it still remained in his proventriculus. Overnight, Happy Feet excreted some sand, indicating that a portion had moved through his digestive system. To encourage him to expel the material, he was given oily foods and laxatives.\nOn 27 June, veterinarians flushed sand out of Happy Feet's proventriculus, using an endoscope to view the contents, a method also used in subsequent procedures. This was conducted in front of about 100 spectators, who observed through a window. The following day, about half of the sand was removed, and on 2 July, a fourth and final procedure was performed to flush out additional stomach contents. On the same day, x-rays taken to confirm that all the sand had been removed revealed small stones in the penguin's proventriculus. In total, about 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) of sand was removed.\nAt the zoo, Happy Feet's enclosure was kept at 8 °C (46 °F) and was fitted with a bed of ice to mimic his natural environment. The penguin was provided access to an outdoor saltwater pool, which he swam in when air temperatures were sufficiently low. He was in Wellington for 10 weeks.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Happy Feet (penguin)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Feet_(penguin)", "article_id": 78303634, "section": "Healthcare", "metadata": {"word_count": 257, "char_count": 1506, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During Happy Feet's recovery, an advisory committee, including experts from Wellington Zoo, DOC, Te Papa and Massey University, determined whether the penguin was to be released or kept in captivity. Arguments against release included the potential stress it could cause him, the likelihood that he would be unable to locate the colony he came from, and the risk of introducing disease to Antarctic colonies, as he might have contracted one during his journey to New Zealand. Releasing him in Antarctica would have been illegal without a permit under the Antarctic Treaty, which requires precautions to prevent the introduction of microorganisms, including viruses.\nIn contrast, economist Gareth Morgan offered to transport the penguin to Antarctica aboard a Russian icebreaker ship as part of the \"Our Far South\" expedition, which he had organised. The vessel was scheduled to travel to Scott Base in the Ross Sea in early 2012. Addressing concerns about disease transmission, John Cockrem, a penguin expert from Massey University, believed that if Happy Feet were released in sub-Antarctic waters and made his way to Antarctica independently, any disease would disappear naturally, although the journey could prove fatal.\nKeeping him in captivity also posed challenges. New Zealand lacked the facilities to replicate the climatic conditions required for an emperor penguin. While suitable facilities existed in California—including SeaWorld San Diego, which offered to take the bird—transporting him there would likely cause him significant stress. Another concern was that New Zealand did not house any other emperor penguins; if, for example, he were moved to the International Antarctic Centre in Christchurch, he would be isolated. Some media outlets also suggested euthanising him or releasing him back on Peka Peka Beach. \nOn 29 June, the committee unanimously decided that once Happy Feet had recovered, he would be released into the Southern Ocean, where juvenile emperor penguins are typically found. Prior to his departure, a microchip transponder was inserted under the skin of his right thigh and a satellite transmitter was glued and fastened with cable ties to the feathers of his lower back, allowing his location to be tracked. The device was designed to detach during his next moult. On the day before he left the zoo, a \"Haere Ra Happy Feet\" farewell party was held, which was attended by more than 1,700 people.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Happy Feet (penguin)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Feet_(penguin)", "article_id": 78303634, "section": "Release", "metadata": {"word_count": 381, "char_count": 2432, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Happy Feet left Wellington Zoo on 29 August aboard NIWA's research vessel Tangaroa, which was conducting a fisheries survey around Campbell Island. Over the next five days the ship travelled 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) south-southwest from Wellington, arriving on 4 September at the release point, about 78 kilometres (48 mi) north of the island. The penguin was released that morning at 10:30 am, via a makeshift slide at the stern of the ship. An alternative release method—placing him into the sea from a smaller boat—was ruled out due to rough sea conditions.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Happy Feet (penguin)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Feet_(penguin)", "article_id": 78303634, "section": "Release", "metadata": {"word_count": 92, "char_count": 561, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "After Happy Feet left the ship, his location was tracked via the satellite transmitter, with data shared on a public website. It reported that within five days the penguin had covered 113 kilometres (70 mi), generally heading southeast, towards the Marie Byrd Land region of Antarctica. However, the transmitter signal was lost at 8 am New Zealand Standard Time on 9 September 2011, much earlier than expected, indicating that the device had not surfaced since then. The most likely explanations are that the transmitter had fallen off—possibly caused by the penguin pecking at it—or that the penguin had been preyed upon. On 13 September, Cockrem stated that it was \"highly likely\" that Happy Feet was still alive, as he had not travelled far enough south to encounter predators such as leopard seals, and believed that the tracker had simply fallen off. During a parliamentary question time in October 2011, Green MP Gareth Hughes asked the Minister of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Phil Heatley, whether a trawler might have killed Happy Feet. Heatley dismissed this possibility, stating that the tracker data indicated that the penguin had not approached any trawlers closely enough.\nBefore Morgan's \"Our Far South\" expedition began in early 2012, Morgan said the team would attempt to locate Happy Feet using the chip implanted in him. This would have involved approaching a colony and searching for the chip with a radio transmitter, but Happy Feet was heading towards the rarely visited Marie Byrd Land, where some colonies have never been visited.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Happy Feet (penguin)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Feet_(penguin)", "article_id": 78303634, "section": "Disappearance", "metadata": {"word_count": 251, "char_count": 1552, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "More than $30,000 had been spent on Happy Feet by September 2011. While DOC did not disclose the costs relating to the penguin during his time at the beach, Wellington Zoo reported raising $29,000 by the time of his departure, covering the costs of his care and release. The zoo recorded a 50 per cent increase in visitors in the month of July 2011 compared to July 2010, which it attributed to both Happy Feet's presence and the opening of new exhibits.\nSeveral businesses supported fundraising efforts. The snack manufacturer Bluebird Foods, which had long featured penguins in its advertising, contributed to the cause and estimated that it would raise about $20,000 before beginning its campaign. Morgan also launched a fundraising campaign to support the penguin's care, matching each dollar donated. Surplus funds from all fundraising efforts were directed to other initiatives, such as Places for Penguins, run by Wellington Zoo and Forest & Bird.\nHappy Feet's recovery occurred during a period of public funding cuts to DOC. The department's expenditure on his rehabilitation contributed to the media coverage he received, which in turn helped raise public awareness of birds and wildlife in New Zealand. However, The Dominion Post suggested that the funds could have been more effectively used to restore a wetland or forest remnant, which would help several birds rather than just one. Kevin Hackwell of Forest & Bird stated that Wellington Zoo would have faced criticism regardless of whether it assisted Happy Feet.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Happy Feet (penguin)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Feet_(penguin)", "article_id": 78303634, "section": "Cost", "metadata": {"word_count": 246, "char_count": 1527, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Happy Feet's arrival at Peka Peka Beach received worldwide media coverage, with over 600 media outlets reporting on the story. He raised public awareness of wildlife, and for some time received more media attention than New Zealand Prime Minister John Key. The penguin received significantly more attention than the only other recorded emperor penguin to swim to New Zealand, who arrived in 1967.\nIn November 2011, a resin statue of Happy Feet was unveiled at the Coastlands Shopping Centre in Paraparaumu. It was later relocated to the nearby Coastlands Aquatic Centre, where it became the centre's mascot. Sarah Holleman, a Wellington Zoo veterinary nurse who helped care for the penguin, assisted in making the statue. That same year, Christine Wilton—who discovered the penguin on the beach and reported him to DOC—wrote a children's book about him, and Penguin Books also published a children's book about Happy Feet. In December 2011, Time magazine named Happy Feet as a runner-up Animal of the Year, behind Cairo, the dog who helped with the killing of Osama bin Laden.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Happy Feet (penguin)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Feet_(penguin)", "article_id": 78303634, "section": "Media coverage and recognition", "metadata": {"word_count": 175, "char_count": 1076, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Lieutenant-General Henry de Hinuber, (25 January 1767 – 2 December 1833) known in Hanover as Eduard Christoph Heinrich von Hinüber, was a Hanoverian army officer who commanded units of the King's German Legion (KGL) during the Napoleonic Wars. Initially serving in the Hanoverian Army, in 1782, he fought in the Second Anglo-Mysore War in India. He was present at the Siege of Cuddalore and remained in India until 1792. The French Revolutionary Wars began a year later and Hinuber served in the Flanders Campaign.\nHinuber was one of the first Hanoverians to offer his services to the British Army when Hanover was invaded in 1803. Given command of the 3rd Line Battalion of the KGL, he fought in the Hanover and Copenhagen Expeditions before commanding a brigade in a diversionary attack in the Bay of Naples in 1809. He was promoted to major-general in 1811 and given command of a brigade in Lord Wellington's Peninsular War army in 1813.\nHinuber commanded his brigade at the Battle of Nivelle in 1813 and then at the Siege of Bayonne the following year, when he led the response to the French counter-attack. At the start of the Hundred Days, Hinuber was in command of the 4th Division but, replaced by a more senior officer, he refused another command and missed the Battle of Waterloo. He joined the army of the new Kingdom of Hanover in 1816, commanding several infantry brigades, and was promoted to lieutenant-general in both British and Hanoverian service. In 1831, Hinuber received his last command, the 2nd Division of a corps of the German Federal Army. He died in Frankfurt two years later.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 273, "char_count": 1603, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Eduard Christoph Heinrich von Hinüber was born on 25 January 1767 in London. Known to family and friends as Harry, he was the son of Hanoverians Carl Heinrich von Hinüber (1723–1792) and Margarethe Ludovica von Reiche (1736–1815). His elder brother was Georg Charlotte von Hinüber, and he had four other siblings. His father was the German tutor to George II's children. Hinüber, who was fluent in English, lived with his parents in London until he reached the age of 10 or 12, at which point he was sent to live with his uncle in Hanover so that he could receive German education. There his family was part of the bureaucratic elite and relatives such as Jobst Anton von Hinüber played an important part in the moulding of Hanoverian culture.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Early life", "metadata": {"word_count": 129, "char_count": 743, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Hinüber joined the Hanoverian Army as a cadet in the Hanoverian Foot Guards in April 1781 and was commissioned as an ensign in the 15th Infantry Regiment on 1 July. George III ruled both Hanover and Britain, and so the regiment had been formed in May to go to India and reinforce the British Army in the Second Anglo-Mysore War. In fighting this, the Kingdom of Mysore was allied with France, which was at war with Britain in the Anglo-French War. The Hanoverians had contracts to serve in India for seven years. The regiment underwent a seven-month period of training in Hanover and then from October in England. Hinüber was promoted to lieutenant on 27 November. The 15th left for Madras in March 1782, arriving in September.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Home service", "metadata": {"word_count": 127, "char_count": 727, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Hinüber was part of an Anglo-Indian army which attacked the French-held city of Cuddalore on 13 July 1783. In a bloody engagement the British failed to break through the French defences. A quarter of the Hanoverians became casualties, including Hinüber who was wounded in action. The allied force occupied the abandoned French outposts around the city and instead began to besiege Cuddalore. Disease was rife in the camps of both the defenders and attackers, and the siege was still ongoing in July when news of the Treaty of Paris ending the Anglo-French War reached it. The Hanoverians were kept on in India afterwards, some moving into Mysore to continue the Second Anglo-Mysore War, reinforcing Mangalore and attacking Cannanore. Conflict with Mysore ended in March 1784. By August 1785 the Hanoverians were serving as the garrison at Arcot, where they stayed until being transferred to Madras in 1787.\nWhile in India, the regiment was renumbered as the 14th Infantry Regiment and Hinüber was promoted to captain on 6 April 1788. The seven-year contracts of the Hanoverians began to end in the following year, but when the Third Anglo-Mysore War began it was requested that some stay on in India. The troops were given the choice of returning to Europe or staying on for another year. Hinüber opted for the latter, finally departing in July 1792. The Hanoverians had taken high losses through battle and disease, only half surviving. Hinüber was one of the last Hanoverians to leave the sub-continent.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "India", "metadata": {"word_count": 248, "char_count": 1505, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Upon returning from India, Hinüber's regiment was reformed as the 14th Light Infantry Regiment. The French Revolutionary Wars began in February 1793, and for the first two years of the conflict Hinüber and his regiment were stationed in the Netherlands. Fighting the Flanders Campaign, the regiment was seconded to serve with the British Army on 22 January 1794, formed in two battalions. In April the regiment was sent to join the garrison of Menin, which was preparing to be besieged by the French. On 29 April the 1,800-strong garrison escaped a besieging French army of 14,000 men, suffering heavy casualties as it fought through to Roeselare.\nThe regiment subsequently formed part of the Northern covering column during the defeat at the Battle of Tourcoing between 17 and 18 May. By 15 August the two battalions of the regiment had separated, one garrisoning Sas van Gent and Hulst, and the other defending Sluis. The latter battalion became prisoners of war on 25 August when the port was captured. The campaign over, the last units of the British Army sailed from the continent on 1 June 1795. The Hanoverians returned to their native country, garrisoning barracks and settling to recruit themselves back to full strength.\nHinüber was promoted to major on 26 October 1798, joining the 6th Infantry Regiment. The Hanoverian Army served in relative peace until the Napoleonic Wars began in 1803; France successfully invaded Hanover, occupying the capital on 4 June. The Hanoverian Army retreated into Saxe-Lauenburg but quickly surrendered. Under the Convention of Artlenburg on 5 July the army was disbanded, ending Hinüber's service.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Flanders and defeat", "metadata": {"word_count": 265, "char_count": 1641, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Hinüber was one of the first Hanoverian officers to travel to Britain and offer their military services there, arriving at Harwich on about 31 July. George III formed the King's German Legion (KGL) as a unit for displaced Hanoverians, and the officers were given temporary ranks in the British Army. In British service Hinüber chose to go by the name of Henry de Hinuber, but was also recorded as Heinrich von Hinüber. In early August he was stationed at Plymouth organising German arrivals, as well as recruiting Portuguese, Danish, Austrian, and Norwegian prisoners of war from the prison hulks there.\nThe initial patent for the KGL required it to reach 400 men within three months. Working closely with a fellow Hanoverian, Friedrich von der Decken, Hinuber initially expressed doubts to him that they would be able to meet the 400-man requirement. Hinuber championed the recruitment from prison hulks to bolster their numbers. By 3 October the regiment had reached a complement of 450. The KGL expanded quickly as the month went on, and an officer of Hinuber's seniority was no longer needed to chivvy recruitment at Plymouth. On 13 October he was transferred to command the new regimental depot, situated on the Isle of Wight, with about 1,000 men under his command. Initial expectation had been to form one light infantry battalion from the men at the depot but, when more recruits arrived than expected, the KGL expanded with artillery and cavalry as well. Soldiers who had previously served in either of these branches were taken away from Hinuber's main cadre, leaving the remainder there to form the 1st and 2nd Line Battalions.\nHinuber joined the newly formed 1st Battalion, and was given the British rank of major on 17 November. The KGL continued recruitment on the European mainland through this period, with a headquarters at Husum from where Germans could travel to Heligoland before reaching Britain. In April 1804 Hinuber was given command of this system, travelling to Husum to help raise the 3rd Line Battalion which was officially formed in May. He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 16 June, commanding the new battalion, and relinquished his recruiting duties on 21 September.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Forming the King's German Legion", "metadata": {"word_count": 363, "char_count": 2202, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Hinuber was promoted to colonel on 9 July 1805 and in November led his battalion in the Hanover Expedition, an attempt to liberate the Electorate. The force began to besiege Hamelin, but on 2 December the allied Austro-Russian army was defeated at the Battle of Austerlitz, forcing the withdrawal of the expedition.\nThe KGL returned to Britain in February 1806 and Hinuber's was one of several battalions that moved on to garrisons in Ireland. In June 1807 the 3rd was part of two KGL divisions sent in an army to Swedish Pomerania to assist the Russians. Landing on Rügen in early July, it was withdrawn from mainland Europe again when Russia brokered a peace with France in the Treaties of Tilsit later in the month. The battalion then joined another expedition, this time to Copenhagen. The KGL led the initial assault on 24 August as a prelude to the bombardment of the city which began on 2 September. Copenhagen surrendered five days later. The force returned to Britain in October. In late December Hinuber's battalion was one of four from the KGL sent to Lisbon. Upset by storms in the Bay of Biscay, the British were not able to arrive before the French took control of the city. The force was moved to serve as part of the garrison on Sicily, arriving after five months at sea on 24 March 1808.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Initial service", "metadata": {"word_count": 231, "char_count": 1304, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Having remained in Sicily, in mid-1809 Hinuber was given command of a KGL brigade as part of a diversionary attack on islands in the Bay of Naples, intended to take pressure off their Austrian allies on the continent. The brigade contained his own battalion and the KGL's 4th Line Battalion. The force, commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir John Stuart, sailed on 11 June and reached Ischia on 24 June. The neighbouring island Procida capitulated on 26 June and after a siege Ischia surrendered on 30 June. Offensive operations at Scylla went on from 13 June, but by 28 June the town had not been captured. As the Royal Navy was unable to guarantee the lines of supply for the army, Stuart chose to evacuate the two captured islands. The whole force had returned to Sicily by 26 July.\nHinuber continued on in the Mediterranean after the completion of his brigade command and was present in September 1810 during the defence against Marshal Joachim Murat's attempted invasion of Sicily. On 4 June 1811 Hinuber was promoted to major-general and given a position on the military staff in Sicily. Having held only temporary rank, Hinuber was granted permanent rank as a British major-general on 18 August of the following year; this was a reward for all KGL officers after the success of the Legion cavalry at the Battle of Garcia Hernandez on 23 July. Hinuber continued as colonel of the regiment, or colonel commandant, of the 3rd Line Battalion for the rest of its existence.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Initial service", "metadata": {"word_count": 252, "char_count": 1472, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Hinuber served in Sicily until 30 October 1813 when he joined the army of Field Marshal Lord Wellington in the Peninsular War. He had been given command of the KGL brigade serving as part of the 1st Division on 25 June but, as he was still serving in Sicily, Colonel Colin Halkett had acted in his stead. Hinuber's new command was the largest brigade in Wellington's army, totalling five KGL battalions with 3,000 men between them. It contained the 1st and 2nd Light Battalions and the 1st, 2nd, and 5th Line Battalions. He subsequently led his brigade at the Battle of Nivelle on 10 November, participating in diversionary attacks on the fortified river.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Peninsular War", "metadata": {"word_count": 113, "char_count": 655, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In the subsequent advance on Bayonne, the KGL was employed during the Battle of the Nive in attacking the French outpost at Anglet on 9 December. Fighting ended when Hinuber's two light battalions turned the French flank and forced them to retreat into Bayonne.\nHinuber was respected as a competent commander, but his relationship with Wellington was difficult. The Siege of Bayonne began the following year, and on 27 February the suburb of St. Etienne was stormed by a force including Hinuber's brigade to complete the encirclement of the city. Having not resisted the advance before this, the French strongly defended St. Etienne. In a battle lasting most of the day, the British fought through the suburb street by street, eventually forcing the French to retire.\nThe brigade had over 300 casualties in the fighting including Hinuber, who was wounded. Despite the part played by the brigade, Hinuber's commanding officer Lieutenant-General Sir John Hope downplayed its role, refusing to name any of the units involved. Wellington's dispatch on the battle was similarly muted on the KGL's performance.\nAnnoyed by Hope's conduct, Hinuber wrote to the colonel-in-chief of the KGL Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, to complain. Adolphus replied to Hinuber that he expressed \"to all the officers and men, my public approbation of their conduct, and the satisfaction which I feel in being at the head of such a corps\". Nonetheless, Hinuber also wrote to Major-General Edward Pakenham, Wellington's adjutant general:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Investment of Bayonne", "metadata": {"word_count": 241, "char_count": 1515, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "...the silence of [Wellington] in this instance cannot be attributed to casual omission, but must be founded on some particular reason, and the only one which we can at all guess at – however painful to our feelings – is that from some circumstance unknown to us, we have incurred his lordship's displeasure, and that laboring under such, we must necessarily be precluded from the honours which a public notice of our services, would otherwise have bestowed upon us.\nWellington sent a terse reply to Hinuber through Pakenham on the matter, the latter reporting to Hinuber that:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Investment of Bayonne", "metadata": {"word_count": 97, "char_count": 577, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "...am desired to observe that [Wellington] has ever had the pleasure in being satisfied with the conduct of the legion...I am in no way authorized to enter into further explanation on the subject to which your communication relates, but I should recommend you to subdue any anxiety that may have risen...", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Investment of Bayonne", "metadata": {"word_count": 51, "char_count": 304, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In the night of 13 April two French deserters from Bayonne came to Major-General Andrew Hay, who was commanding the piquets, to warn him of the French plan to make an attack on the Anglo-Spanish besieging force. Hay could not speak French so had them speak to Hinuber, who translated the report. Hay acknowledged this but made no changes to his defences, while Hinuber made Hope aware of the news and prepared his men for action. Before dawn on 14 April the French attacked with 3,000 men, far more than Hay had expected. The sortie broke through the British piquets and recaptured St. Etienne. Hinuber, acting without orders, brought his battalions forward from the Adour River with two Portuguese units and led the counter-attack at St. Etienne.\nRallying the surviving members of the piquet forces around the St. Etienne church, Hinuber pushed the French column attacking it back out of the suburb. With another brigade also counter-attacking, soon afterwards the French were ordered to withdraw back into Bayonne. The engagement ended when a truce was organised to allow for the collection of the wounded and dead.\nThe KGL had 189 casualties including Hinuber, who received a severe contusion. Hay was killed in the attack and Hope was captured along with his staff. The nineteenth-century military historian Sir William Napier noted that \"...the readiness and gallantry with which General Hinuber and his Germans retook St. Etienne saved the allies from a very terrible disaster\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Battle of Bayonne", "metadata": {"word_count": 243, "char_count": 1484, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Bayonne surrendered on 28 April upon receiving the official order from Paris to do so, confirming Napoleon's abdication. A Subsidiary Army was afterwards formed to continue on in mainland Europe, and Hinuber was given command of the KGL Division within it, stationed mostly at Tournai and Mons. This made him the commander of all KGL infantry in the Netherlands, with six line battalions and two light battalions. The KGL was kept separate from the other British Army units serving in the Low Countries, in expectation that it would soon be disbanded and incorporated into a new Hanoverian Army.\nHinuber was rewarded for his services during the war, being appointed an Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 2 January 1815, and in the same year becoming a Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order. He was also awarded the Army Gold Medal with a clasp for his service at the Battle of Nivelle.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Peacetime occupation", "metadata": {"word_count": 156, "char_count": 911, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Napoleon escaped from his confinement on Elba in March 1815, restarting the conflict, and Wellington returned to the continent to form a new Anglo-Allied Army. Hinuber's KGL Division was re-formed into two brigades and split between the 2nd and 3rd Divisions to ensure that the newly arrived British units received a core of experienced soldiers. Hinuber himself was given command of the 4th Division on 11 April. He was, however, a relatively junior major-general and on 28 April he was replaced in command by Major-General Sir Charles Colville, who held local rank as a lieutenant-general.\nFrustrated by the loss of his division, Hinuber continued his tense relationship with Wellington by arguing that as he had originally been given command of all the KGL infantry in the country by Adolphus, he should continue in that specific appointment. Wellington wrote to the Military Secretary, Major-General Sir Henry Torrens, on 2 May requesting clarification as to whether he was required to give Hinuber command of a new division made up of all the KGL in the army. Torrens wrote back on 5 May that:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Hundred Days", "metadata": {"word_count": 181, "char_count": 1098, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "...though [Adolphus] puts a very high value on [Hinuber's] services, he could not consider himself justified in authorising that the Legion should be kept together in order that he should command them...[Wellington] will be pleased to accept the resignation of his Staff appointment.\nHinuber did as suggested, refusing an offer to instead take command of a KGL brigade, and resigned his position in Wellington's army on 9 May. He travelled initially into Hanover before returning to England. Hinuber thus missed the Hundred Days campaign which culminated in the Battle of Waterloo, but was still listed as one of the recipients of the thanks of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the victory. The military historians Ron McGuigan and Robert Burnham argue that if Hinuber had stayed with the army through the campaign, the high level of casualties amongst the generals would have made him a divisional commander anyway.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Hundred Days", "metadata": {"word_count": 149, "char_count": 924, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "With Napoleon defeated for a final time, the KGL was disbanded on 24 February 1816 and Hinuber placed on British Army half-pay. He chose to join the newly re-created Hanoverian Army of the Kingdom of Hanover, which recognised the British Army ranks of any ex-KGL officers who joined. Hinuber began his service as a major-general early in the year, but with seniority backdated to 4 June 1811, when he was promoted in British service.\nHinuber was appointed colonel of the regiment to the 5th Hanoverian Infantry Regiment on 1 March, a position he would hold until his death. His first command in the new Hanoverian Army was the 3rd Hanoverian Infantry Brigade. While in this position he was promoted to lieutenant-general on 17 April 1818.\nHanover was part of the German Confederation, centrally organised by the Federal Convention. In the same month as his promotion, Hinuber was appointed to serve on the new Militärcomité, or Military Committee, set up by the Convention. The committee comprised twelve military attachés from different German states, all general officers of considerable military experience. It was expected to assist the Federal Convention on technical military matters relating to the creation of the German Federal Army, but had no direct power itself. The historian Hellmut Seier describes Hinuber as one of the committee's most influential generals. The Militärcomité was tasked to create the Federal War Constitution to codify the new army and was dissolved after this was completed on 12 October.\nThe Federal Convention took some of the members of the committee to form a permanent Bundesmilitärkommission, or Military Commission, on 15 March 1819. Hinuber was one of six kept on in the new entity. The commission was tasked with providing military advice to the Federal Convention, and also supervised the functioning, upkeep, and equipping of federal military fortifications. The representatives mostly used their positions to instead champion their own nation's military interests within the Confederation. Hinuber continued in command of the 3rd alongside this until 1 April 1820, when he was transferred to the command of the 2nd Hanoverian Infantry Brigade.\nWhile on British half pay, Hinuber was also promoted to lieutenant-general on 12 August 1819. He continued to be included in the Army List, but was withheld any pay or further promotion. He travelled to Luxembourg alongside Lieutenant-General Ludwig von Wolzogen in March 1826 where they took formal possession of the Fortress of Luxembourg on behalf of the German Confederation. Continuing in Hanoverian service, he retired from the British Army in the following year. On 18 February 1831 Hinuber was given command of the 2nd Division of the German Federal Army's X Army Corps. Simultaneously he represented his corps at the Federal Convention, situated in Frankfurt. He died there from an inflammation of the lungs, possibly caused by an ulcer and described as mastitis, on 2 December 1833.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Return to Hanoverian service", "metadata": {"word_count": 474, "char_count": 2982, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Hinuber married Sophie Marie Lucie Eleonore Fahle (1787–1868) in St Martin-in-the-Fields, London, on 7 August 1815. Fahle was the daughter of Johann Heinrich Georg Wilhelm Fahle, a corporal in the KGL, and the sister of Wilhelm Fahle, a KGL sergeant. Together the couple had five children, the first of whom was pre-marital. Their children included:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Personal life", "metadata": {"word_count": 55, "char_count": 349, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Harriet von Hinüber (13 April 1813 – 9 October 1875), married Major Friedrich von Oeynhausen in 1839.\nMajor Heinrich William Hinüber (30 May 1816 – 5 April 1849), Imperial Austrian Army hussar officer.\nLieutenant Eduard Hinüber (24 December 1817 – 28 December 1880), Hanoverian Army officer.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Henry de Hinuber", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Hinuber", "article_id": 73492651, "section": "Personal life", "metadata": {"word_count": 46, "char_count": 291, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The illusion of Kate Moss is an art piece first shown at the conclusion of the Alexander McQueen runway show The Widows of Culloden (Autumn/Winter 2006). It consists of a short film of English model Kate Moss dancing slowly while wearing a long, billowing gown of white chiffon, projected life-size within a glass pyramid in the centre of the show's catwalk. Although sometimes referred to as a hologram, the illusion was made using a 19th‑century theatre technique called Pepper's ghost.\nMcQueen conceived the illusion as a gesture of support for Moss; she was a close friend of his and was embroiled in a drug-related scandal at the time of the Widows show. It is regarded by many critics as the highlight of the Widows runway show, and it has been the subject of a great deal of academic analysis, particularly as a wedding dress and as a memento mori. The illusion appeared in both versions of Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty, a retrospective exhibition of McQueen's designs.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Illusion of Kate Moss", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion_of_Kate_Moss", "article_id": 72292766, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 166, "char_count": 980, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "British designer Alexander McQueen was known in the fashion industry for dramatic, theatrical fashion shows featuring imaginative, sometimes controversial designs. He was a close friend of English model Kate Moss, who had walked in several of his previous shows, including Bellmer La Poupée (Spring/Summer 1997) and Voss (Spring/Summer 2001). Moss retired from runway modelling in 2004 to focus on advertising contracts and other ventures. In 2005, she became caught up in controversy after images of her allegedly using drugs were leaked to the media, and several companies cancelled lucrative contracts with her. \nMcQueen actively supported Moss throughout the controversy. He argued that in his opinion, many journalists also regularly used drugs, making their criticism hypocritical. He wore a T-shirt with the words \"We love you Kate!\" when he appeared at the end of the runway show for Neptune (Spring/Summer 2006). As a further gesture of support, he developed the idea of projecting her into the closing act of upcoming show, The Widows of Culloden (Autumn/Winter 2006), seeking \"to show that she was more ethereal, bigger than the situation she was in\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Illusion of Kate Moss", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion_of_Kate_Moss", "article_id": 72292766, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 181, "char_count": 1162, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The illusion played as the finale of the runway show for The Widows of Culloden on 3 March 2006 at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy. The stage was formed by a square of rough wood with a large glass pyramid in its centre, leaving a catwalk around the outside for the models to walk. After the final model exited the runway, the lights were dimmed and the illusion was projected within the central pyramid. The illusion, sometimes inaccurately described as a hologram, used a 19th‑century theatre technique called Pepper's ghost to display a life-sized projection of Kate Moss wearing a billowing white chiffon dress. In the Pepper's ghost technique, a brightly lit figure out of sight of the audience is partially reflected on an angled pane of glass, which makes the semi-transparent figure appear to be on the stage. \nThe illusion was executed as a collaboration between British film director Baillie Walsh, production designer Joseph Bennett, post-production company Glassworks, and production duo Gainsbury & Whiting. Glassworks planned the illusion by creating a computer-generated render of the entire show space, including the seating and the runway. This enabled them to visualise the illusion from multiple viewpoints to confirm that it would look correct no matter where it was viewed from. The performance for Widows was inspired in part by serpentine dance, a type of stage performance from the 1890s that utilised billowing fabric and dramatic lighting, created by dancer Loie Fuller.\nFilming the effect was difficult, went over budget and took two hours. Moss was suspended in a harness and wind machines were used to create the movement of her dress. The flowing material made it difficult for the production designers to conceal the edges of the illusion. Because the pyramid was visible to the audience from all angles, it was more challenging to execute than an illusion using only a single field of view. It was the first fashion show to employ this kind of effect; media theorist Jenna Ng speculated that it may have been the first such large-scale 3D projection of a performance.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Illusion of Kate Moss", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion_of_Kate_Moss", "article_id": 72292766, "section": "Illusion", "metadata": {"word_count": 345, "char_count": 2104, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The illusion of Kate Moss is regarded by many critics as the highlight of the Widows runway show. Writing for Vogue, Sarah Mower said that \"only Alexander McQueen could provide the astonishing feat of techno-magic that ended his show.\" Robert McCaffrey, writing in The Fashion Studies Journal, called it \"one of McQueen's most enduring and iconic finales\". American fashion editor Robin Givhan wrote that \"McQueen created a fantasy that made his audience believe in the wizardry of fashion and its ability to move the spirit.\" Jess Cartner-Morley of The Guardian called it a \"suitably haunting finale\". Lisa Armstrong at The Times was more critical, calling it \"unspeakably cheesy\". Kerry Youmans, a publicist for McQueen, recalled seeing audience members crying upon viewing it. Writing after McQueen's death in 2010, Lorraine Candy, editor-in-chief of Elle, said that \"The hologram of Moss ... was all we talked about for months afterwards.\" In 2014, Jessica Andrews of Vanity Fair named it one of the most dramatic runway stunts in history. \nThe Victoria and Albert Museum (the V&A) in London owns a variant of the Kate Moss dress created by McQueen's assistant Sarah Burton for the 2006 wedding of another McQueen employee. Moss wore the original again on the cover of the May 2011 issue of Harper's Bazaar UK. In 2015, the Spanish 15-M movement staged a massive protest via hologram projection, taking specific inspiration from the Kate Moss illusion.\nThe Kate Moss illusion appeared in Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty, a retrospective exhibition of McQueen's designs shown at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2011 (the Met) and the V&A in 2015. In the original presentation at the Met, the Moss illusion was recreated in miniature, but in the V&A re-staging, it was presented in full size in its own room. According to Sam Gainsbury, who worked on production for the illusion, McQueen had \"always wanted to show [the illusion] independently as a work of art\", so the team ensured that it was staged that way for the V&A's version of the exhibit.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Illusion of Kate Moss", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion_of_Kate_Moss", "article_id": 72292766, "section": "Reception and legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 338, "char_count": 2053, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Critics have described The Widows of Culloden as an exploration of Gothic literary tropes – particularly melancholy and haunting – via fashion, and the illusion of Kate Moss plays a significant role in this analysis. According to McQueen, the collection took inspiration from Shakespeare's play Macbeth. Cartner-Morley argued that Moss effectively played the role of Banquo, a character who haunts Macbeth as a ghost throughout the play. Literature professor Catherine Spooner connected the illusion to the visual effects used to portray spirits in the séances of the 19th century, and literary scholar Bill Sherman compared the effect on the audience to the \"reverie\" inspired by ghost stories of the era. Researcher Kate Bethune wrote that the collection's sense of melancholy was \"consolidated in its memorable finale\".\nMcCaffrey presented a similar analysis, writing that the illusion of Kate Moss was an example of highly staged Gothic melancholy, playing on the \"tensions between beauty and heartache\". He contrasted the illusion with the \"spine\" corset featured in Untitled (Spring/Summer 1998), viewing both as memento mori – artistic reminders of the inevitability of death. He saw the corset as an example of overt material horror, whereas the illusion functioned as an aesthetic horror that depended on the audience's emotional involvement for effect.\nMcCaffrey called Moss's appearance in the show a kind of resurrection following the damage done to her career by the drug allegations, which may have been a deliberate allusion: after McQueen's death, Moss recalled that when he suggested the concept to her, he said he wanted her to be \"rising like a phoenix from a fire\". Film theorist Su-Anne Yeo argued that the illusion was successful in helping to rehabilitate Moss's image. She wrote that the presentation of the illusion at the V&A particularly \"helped to transform Moss from an object of tabloid fodder to one of legitimate critical concern\". In a 2014 interview with British photographer Nick Knight, Moss confirmed that she had decided not to attend the show in person, even in disguise; she assumed it would be found out eventually and would \"take away from all the magic ... the whole thing of me being a ghost\".\nSarah Heaton, whose work focuses on the intersection between fashion and literature, described the illusion as evoking the Gothic trope of the barefoot \"mad woman\"; normally this figure would be confined to an attic or asylum, but McQueen subverts the expectation by displaying her to the public, making her ephemeral and uncontained. Fashion theorists Paul Jobling, Philippa Nesbitt, and Angelene Wong concur, arguing that the presentation demonstrated that Moss's body, as a symbol of female power, was \"numinous, untouchable, and evading capture\".\nMoss's chiffon gown has been critiqued as an unconventional wedding dress. Cultural theorist Monika Seidl was critical of the illusion, arguing that it presented Moss as a contained female \"Wiedergänger\" or vengeful spirit. She did however find the dress persuasive in the way it \"destabilise[s] the notion of a bride\". Literary theorist Monica Germanà also took the dress to be a wedding gown, and found it an example of \"the morbid coalescence of love and death\", a recurring theme for McQueen.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Illusion of Kate Moss", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion_of_Kate_Moss", "article_id": 72292766, "section": "Gothic tropes", "metadata": {"word_count": 521, "char_count": 3285, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Other authors have analysed the illusion of Kate Moss as a form of technologically altered reality, sometimes with supernatural associations. Anthropologist Brian Moeran used the illusion as an example of the runway show as a modern magical ritual, writing that the show's \"magic is intimately entwined with technological sophistication\". Author Genevieve Valentine described it as a science fiction element. Fashion historian Ingrid Loschek wrote that \"the catwalk was transformed into a form of virtual reality\" through the projection, which energised the audience. Fashion writer Nathalie Khan contrasted the illusion with a straightforward film projection, saying that unlike a film, the illusion made Moss \"no longer a mortal subject, but perception made invisible\". Jenna Ng described the projection of Moss, a living person, as a kind of rearrangement of physical distance: \"the holographic subject appears to be virtually here amongst the present audience even as they are actually elsewhere at the time\". She called it an example of the \"post-screen\", in which there is no barrier between the audience's space and the image. Timothy Campbell cited the illusion of Kate Moss as a literalisation, through technology, of the \"fundamental spectrality of fashion\". He felt that its placement at the end of the show, followed by McQueen's appearance to take his bow, was a way of making an \"authorial claim to ownership\" over the imagery produced in his shows.\nYeo was critical of the V&A's emphasis on the technological aspect of the illusion, arguing that it incorrectly positioned the effect as modern rather than historical. She argued that it would have been more appropriate to emphasise the connection to older forms of performance like the serpentine dance and phantasmagoria, a theatrical form that uses magic lanterns to project images. Performance theorist Johannes Birringer was critical of the entire Savage Beauty exhibit, but particularly so of the apparent reverence given to the illusion by the audience: \"There was a hushed silence in that holographic room which I found pathetic.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Illusion of Kate Moss", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion_of_Kate_Moss", "article_id": 72292766, "section": "Technical analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 326, "char_count": 2102, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Ove Jørgensen (Danish pronunciation: [ˈoːvə ˈjœˀnsən]; 5 September 1877 – 31 October 1950) was a Danish scholar of classics, literature and ballet. He formulated Jørgensen's law, which describes the narrative conventions used in Homeric poetry when relating the actions of the gods.\nThe son of Sophus Mads Jørgensen, a professor of chemistry, Jørgensen was born and lived for most of his life in Copenhagen. He was educated at the prestigious Metropolitanskolen and at the University of Copenhagen, where he began his study of the Homeric poems. In 1904, following academic travels to Berlin, Athens, Italy and Constantinople, he published \"The Appearances of the Gods in Books 9–12 of the Odyssey\", an article in which he outlined the distinctions in the poem between how the actions of deities are described by mortal characters and by the narrator and gods. The principles he set out became known as \"Jørgensen's law\".\nJørgensen gave up professional classical scholarship in 1905, following a dispute with other academics after he was not invited to join a newly formed learned society. He had intended to publish a monograph based on his 1904 article, but it never materialised. Instead, he devoted himself to teaching, both at schools and at the University of Copenhagen: among his students were the future poet Johannes Weltzer and Poul Hartling, later Prime Minister of Denmark. He maintained a lifelong friendship and correspondence with the composer Carl Nielsen and his wife, the sculptor Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen.\nJørgensen published on the works of Charles Dickens, identified artworks for the National Gallery of Denmark, and was a recognised authority on ballet. His views on the latter were conservative and nationalistic, promoting what he saw as authentic, masculine Danish aesthetics – represented by the ballet master August Bournonville – against modernist, liberalising innovations from Europe and the United States. He wrote critically of the American dancers Isadora Duncan and Loïe Fuller, but was later an advocate of the Russian choreographer Michel Fokine.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ove Jørgensen", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ove_J%C3%B8rgensen", "article_id": 75940509, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 325, "char_count": 2082, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Ove Jørgensen was born in Copenhagen on 5 September 1877. He was the son of Sophus Mads Jørgensen, a professor of chemistry at the University of Copenhagen, and his wife, Louise (née Wellmann). In a 1950 obituary, Peter P. Rohde described Jørgensen's upbringing as a \"strict school\", and wrote that his father had intended him for an academic career. Jørgensen became a student at the prestigious Metropolitanskolen in 1895. In the same year, he made his first visit to Berlin, where he visited the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum: his student and biographer Thure Hastrup credits this experience with beginning his \"love affair\" with art. In 1898, Jørgensen visited Verona, Venice and Siena with his brother Einar, where he studied renaissance art, particularly the works of Lorenzo Lotto and Antonio da Correggio.\nJørgensen received his Master of Arts degree from Copenhagen in 1902, submitting a thesis in which he argued for the single authorship of the Homeric poems, based on Book 13 of the Odyssey. His university teachers included the historian Johan Ludvig Heiberg and the philologist Anders Bjørn Drachmann. The classical scholar Jørgen Mejer considers Jørgensen among the best classicists to have studied under them.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ove Jørgensen", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ove_J%C3%B8rgensen", "article_id": 75940509, "section": "Early life and education", "metadata": {"word_count": 192, "char_count": 1219, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following his graduation from Copenhagen, Jørgensen travelled to Berlin, where he spent the 1902–1903 academic year studying Homeric poetry under the philologists Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff and Hermann Alexander Diels. In a letter of November 1902 to Heiberg, Jørgensen called himself \"Wilamowitz-intoxicated\", having \"almost daily\" studied his writings over several years, though later that month he described one of Wilamowitz's seminars as \"a complete farce\" and an exercise in \"throwing a discus in [his] own glass house\". In Berlin, he began the process of writing what became his 1904 article on the invocation of the gods in the Odyssey.\nJørgensen travelled to Athens in the spring of 1903, funded by a government stipendium of 450 kroner (equivalent to 35,000 kr., or $5,000, in 2022), with his fellow Copenhagen student, the future archaeologist Frederik Poulsen. There he met the painter Marie Henriques and was a neighbour of the composer Carl Nielsen and his wife, the sculptor Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen. He became a lifelong friend of the couple, and accompanied them on a sightseeing tour to Constantinople in May 1903: Carl Nielsen mentions him sixty-three times in his diary. Jørgensen's visits to classical sites included a visit to Troy guided by its excavator, Wilhelm Dörpfeld, and with Dörpfeld to the island of Leukas, which the latter believed to be the location of Homer's Ithaca. In June 1903, Jørgensen and Nielsen travelled to Italy, visiting the sites of Magna Graecia, including Paestum and Pompeii, where Jørgensen attended eleven lectures from the site's excavator, August Mau. Jørgensen, Nielsen and Carl-Nielsen subsequently travelled to Rome, where Jørgensen cultivated an interest in Baroque art.\nJørgensen published \"The Appearances of the Gods in Books 9–12 of the Odyssey\", written in German, in the journal Hermes in 1904. In this article, Jørgensen observed that Homeric characters typically use generic terms, particularly θεός (theós, 'a god'), δαίμων ('a daimon') and Ζεύς ('Zeus'), to refer to the actions of gods, whereas the narrator and the gods themselves always name the specific gods responsible. This principle became known as Jørgensen's law, and the classicist Ruth Scodel described it in 1998 as the \"standard analysis of ... the rules that govern human speech about the gods\". It was particularly influential upon Martin P. Nilsson, who later published extensively on Greek religion. Jørgensen began work on a book-length treatment of his ideas, and wrote to Heiberg in February 1904 that he was working on an application of his work to the Iliad, but never published either. Later scholars nuanced the definition of Jørgensen's law: for instance, George Miller Calhoun observed in 1940 that the law does not apply to minor gods, nor when characters relate stories at second hand, nor when the deity involved is considered obvious because they are closely associated with the type of event that occurred.\nIn 1904, Jørgensen began to work as a teacher, taking a post at N. Zahle's School (a girls' school founded and led by Natalie Zahle) in Copenhagen at the instigation of Drachmann, for whom he had worked as a teaching assistant in October–November 1898. He took another in 1905 at the Østersøgade Gymnasium in the same city. He rejected professional academia in 1905, following a dispute with other classical scholars over the founding of the Greek Society for Philhellenes, a Danish learned society founded by intellectuals including Heiberg, Harald Høffding and Georg Brandes in February of that year. Although most members were qualified as doctors of philosophy, others – including Nielsen – were invited. Jørgensen was not invited, which he considered a snub, and he refused the offer of Drachmann to introduce him to the society.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ove Jørgensen", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ove_J%C3%B8rgensen", "article_id": 75940509, "section": "Classical scholarship", "metadata": {"word_count": 601, "char_count": 3800, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Jørgensen continued to teach and publish upon the classical languages following his retreat from academic work. Among his students was the future Prime Minister of Denmark, Poul Hartling, who described Jørgensen as \"the best teacher [he] ever had\". Jørgensen taught an elementary Greek class for students of theology at the University of Copenhagen from 1915; Hartling studied there between 1932 and 1939. Jørgensen also taught the future poet Johannes Weltzer. Weltzer wrote in 1953 that Jørgensen's classes on Plato's Apologia, a philosophical work portraying the defence of Plato's teacher Socrates against charges of impiety, were \"a matter of introducing [his students] into the Socratic way of life\", and that he expected that few of those students would have forgotten them. Jørgensen maintained his friendship and correspondence with Carl Nielsen, with whom he discussed Shakespeare. In a letter of 1916, Nielsen confided in him about his abortive efforts to write an opera based on The Tempest, as well as about the precarious state of his marriage. Jørgensen also corresponded with Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen: in 1922, she wrote to him that she had reconciled with Carl and determined to remain with him.\nIn March 1905, Jørgensen wrote to Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen that, following a period of \"mental depression\" caused by the affair with the Greek Society, he was working on \"a little article\" about ballet. He became an authority on the subject, writing a series of essays in which he promoted what he saw as the traditional aesthetics of the Royal Danish Ballet. He asserted the importance of the Danish ballet master August Bournonville while criticising the innovations introduced into European dance by Isadora Duncan. Jørgensen called Duncan an \"American dilettante\", denigrated her as middle-aged and under-educated, and likened her dancing movements to those of a goose. He condemned the Art Nouveau- and symbolism-influenced style of Loïe Fuller, another American who, like Duncan, performed in Denmark in 1905, calling it \"quasi-philosophical experiments\". In March of the same year, he had attended a lecture by Vilhelm Wanscher, a philosopher and historian of art: Jørgensen described Wanscher's conception of the aesthetic perception of art as \"a mental disorder\".\nThe ballet scholar Karen Vedel has linked Jørgensen's opposition to Duncan, and the liberalising ideas of the Modern Breakthrough he felt she represented, to the ideology of the Danish national conservative movement. In particular, she draws attention to Jørgensen's promotion of what he saw as distinctively \"Danish\" ballet, and his characterisation of this as masculine and Dionysian, in contrast to his portrayal of Duncan's style as foreign, unartistic and iconoclastic. In 1905, Jørgensen wrote retrospectively in praise of the reforms introduced by Hans Beck when the latter took over the Royal Danish Ballet in 1894. Beck had insisted that male pupils adopt what he considered a more \"manly\" style of dance; Jørgensen considered that this reasserted the correct distinction between the \"flaming power and appeal of the steel-strong male body\" and the \"more voluptuous and graceful suppleness of the female\". Jørgensen's nationalistic ideas about ballet softened over time: in 1908, he gave a positive review of a performance of the Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova with dancers from the Mariinsky Theatre, while in 1918 he recommended that the Russian choreographer Michel Fokine be hired by the Royal Danish Theatre. In the same year, he defended Fokine against accusations that his artistic style was revolutionary in character and connected with Bolshevism.\nIn 1913, Drachmann wrote to Jørgensen, unsuccessfully trying to persuade him to resume his work on classical scholarship. Jørgensen's father, Sophus, died in 1914. In 1916, alongside the chemist S. P. L. Sørensen, he completed and published Sophus's unfinished manuscript of Development History of the Chemical Concept of Acid until 1830. Jørgensen's other scholarly interests included the English novelist Charles Dickens: Hartling later wrote that Jørgensen could easily have been a professor of his work. Jørgensen edited a 1930 Danish edition of Dickens's novel Great Expectations, to which he added an introductory essay. The literary scholar Jørgen Erik Nielsen later praised the essay as displaying an extensive knowledge both of Dickens and of related literature and criticism. Jørgensen once identified the subject-matter of two history paintings by the sixteenth-century artist Salvator Rosa, held by the National Gallery of Denmark, by reference to an obscure verse of late-antique Latin poetry. Around 1920, he made an identification of a painting of the Virgin Mary, also in the National Gallery, as a work of the Master of Flémalle.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ove Jørgensen", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ove_J%C3%B8rgensen", "article_id": 75940509, "section": "Later career", "metadata": {"word_count": 738, "char_count": 4796, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The writer and opera singer Francis Lasson has identified Jørgensen, alongside figures such as Wanscher, the writer Sophus Claussen and the pianist Henrik Knudsen, as part of \"a new golden age in the Danish spirit\". Rohde named him, alongside Frederik Poulsen, as one of Denmark's most distinguished classicists. Poulsen, who knew Jørgensen in Copenhagen and Berlin and accompanied him to Athens, described him as \"a quiet, reticent student\" and a \"remarkable man\", whom he compared with Socrates. Vedel has named Jørgensen as an important cultural critic of his period. Quoting the Latin poet Juvenal, Jørgensen wrote in 1938 that all his writings on ballet had stemmed from anger at others' misunderstanding of the art.\nPoul Hartling described Jørgensen as looking like \"what a professor ... should look like according to the clichés: scruffy-stubble full beard, thin-rimmed glasses, knee flaps and button-downs\". He portrayed Jørgensen's lessons as \"steeped in humour\", particularly Jørgensen's taste for acerbic, sarcastic comments at the expense of students who arrived late or whom he perceived to be slacking – which sometimes included Hartling. His students referred to him by the Latin title of \"the magister\" ('master'). Hastrup wrote that Jørgensen had lived his life by the advice given to him by Drachmann, upon his appointment at N. Zahle's School in 1904, to \"always give his students the best that he had\". In 1914, Jørgensen wrote to Natalie Zahle that teaching had been both the happiest and most successful aspect of his life; in November 1920, he wrote to Marie Henriques that, if he were hit on the head by a roof tile, he would \"go to the crematorium an infinitely happy man\" on account of his teaching. According to Rohde, he was in the habit of walking from Copenhagen to the resort town of Hornbæk – a distance of around 50 kilometres (31 mi) – and back again.\nJørgensen never married. He maintained his respect for his former teacher Wilamowitz until the First World War, writing what Mejer has termed \"a virtual eulogy\" of him in a Danish newspaper when Wilamowitz lectured at the University of Copenhagen in 1910, though after the war he became, in Mejer's terms, \"irreconcilably opposed to things and persons German\". Jørgensen died in the Freeport of Copenhagen on 31 October 1950; in his later years, he suffered from ill-health, which prevented him from working, and from financial hardship. He was buried in Copenhagen's Holmen Cemetery. Rohde wrote that he was, by this time, a little-known figure, citing Jørgensen's aversion to publicity and reluctance to put his scholarship into print.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ove Jørgensen", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ove_J%C3%B8rgensen", "article_id": 75940509, "section": "Assessment and personal life", "metadata": {"word_count": 427, "char_count": 2623, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Jørgensen, Ove (1904). \"Das Auftreten der Goetter in den Buechern ι–μ der Odyssee\" [The Appearances of the Gods in Books 9–12 of the Odyssey]. Hermes (in German). 39 (3): 357–382. JSTOR 4472953.\n— (1904–1905). \"En ny Strømning i den højere Homerkritik\" [A New Current in the Higher Homeric Criticism]. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Filologi [Nordic Journal of Philology] (in Danish): 1–21. Retrieved 15 August 2024.\n— (1905). \"Balletens Kunst\" [The Art of Ballet]. Tilskueren [The Spectator] (in Danish). 22: 338–348. Retrieved 28 January 2024.\n— (1906). \"Duncan kontra Bournonville\" [Duncan Against Bournonville]. Tilskueren [The Spectator] (in Danish). 23: 511–520. Retrieved 28 January 2024.\n— (1911). \"Ἀλεξάνδρου ἀριστεία\" [The Aristeia of Alexandros]. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Filologi [Nordic Journal of Philology] (in Danish): 1–47. Retrieved 15 August 2024.\n— (1914). Aischylos' Perserdrama som historisk Kildeskrift [Aeschylus's Persians Play as a Historical Source]. Studier fra Sprog- og Oldtidsforskn [Series on Language and Ancient Studies] (in Danish). Vol. 94. Copenhagen: Kleins Frolag. OCLC 474770591.\n— (1918). \"Fokin kontra Bournonville\" [Fokine Against Bournonville]. Tilskueren [The Spectator] (in Danish).\n— (1922). \"Homerlitteratur\" [Literature on Homer]. Tilskueren [The Spectator] (in Danish).\n— (1925). \"Apologetisk Homerkritik\" [Apologetic Homeric Criticism]. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Filologi [Nordic Journal of Philology] (in Danish): 1–25.\n— (1971). Krabbe, Henning (ed.). Udvalgte Skrifter: Ballet, Klassik, Litteratur, Kunst [Collected Writings: Ballet, Classics, Literature, Art] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Thaning & Appel. ISBN 8741344405.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ove Jørgensen", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ove_J%C3%B8rgensen", "article_id": 75940509, "section": "As author", "metadata": {"word_count": 226, "char_count": 1660, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Jørgensen, Sophus Mads (1916). Sørensen, S. P. L.; Jørgensen, Ove (eds.). Det kemiske Syrebegrebs Udviklingshistorie indtil 1830 [Development History of the Chemical Concept of Acid until 1830] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Andr. Fred. Høst & Søn, Kgl. Hof-Boghandel. OCLC 874980879.\nDickens, Charles (1930). Jørgensen, Ove (ed.). Store forventninger [Great Expectations] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Gyldendals bibliotek. OCLC 60963419.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ove Jørgensen", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ove_J%C3%B8rgensen", "article_id": 75940509, "section": "As editor", "metadata": {"word_count": 56, "char_count": 428, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Kim Kitsuragi is a character in the 2019 detective video game Disco Elysium. As a non-playable companion character, he assists the player character in solving a murder that comprises the game's main plot. Kitsuragi is defined by his Asian-inspired background, private queerness, and calm, stoic personality. He was noted by journalists and academics for his reactions to the player's choices, ranging from deadpan quips to moments of approval and vulnerability.\nKitsuragi was designed by the Estonian studio ZA/UM under the direction of Robert Kurvitz. The writer had previously developed the fictional setting for a novel and tabletop role-playing sessions. The team wanted to innovate on typical dialog trees seen in role-playing video games, deciding to only reveal aspects of Kitsuragi's character in specific situations. They decided that the character should have a \"vaguely French\" accent, leading them to cast the actor Jullian Champenois for his voice performance.\nKim Kitsuragi received acclaim as a standout character from Disco Elysium. Critics highlighted his subtle responses, moral integrity, and endearing presence, describing how his interactions contributed to the game's most memorable moments. Kitsuragi was celebrated as one of the best video game characters of 2019, with journalists noting his exceptional writing, design, and performance. His portrayal is recognized for reflecting Disco Elysium's themes and offering a nuanced representation of queer and cultural experiences.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Kim Kitsuragi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kitsuragi", "article_id": 73672561, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 220, "char_count": 1501, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Kim Kitsuragi first appeared in the 2019 detective video game Disco Elysium, with additional voiced dialog featured in the game's 2021 remastered edition, Disco Elysium: The Final Cut. Throughout the game, Kitsuragi serves as the non-playable partner to the player character protagonist, Harry Du Bois.\nThe story of Disco Elysium centers on an unsolved murder in Martinaise, a neglected district between two police precincts in the fictional city of Revachol. When each precinct sends a detective to investigate, Lieutenant Kitsuragi is assigned to partner with Du Bois. Kitsuragi is depicted with an orange bomber jacket, as well as a visible heritage from Seol, a fictional culture inspired by Korea and Japan. As Du Bois struggles with a hangover and memory loss, Kitsuragi guides him to the murder victim to conduct an autopsy, becoming a source of competence and advice. For most of the story, Kitsuragi remains aloof, calm, and stoic. On occasion, he expresses approval when the player forms intelligent theories about the murder case. He may respond with deadpan remarks when the player makes mistakes.\nAspects of Kitsuragi's character are incrementally revealed through numerous optional interactions with the player character. While he can grow annoyed with the player's antics, he sometimes cooperates with the player's more eccentric behaviors and may even show moments of vulnerability. If the player asks Kitsuragi about his sexuality, he confirms that he is gay with a witty remark. In another moment, Kitsuragi makes a small error and the player can decide how to react. When faced with racism directed at Kitsuragi, the player can decide whether to intervene, prompting complex reactions from Kitsuragi. The game features many small interactions with Kitsuragi, such as sharing a stolen sandwich, having a dance-off, or simply nodding at each other. At the climax of the game, Kitsuragi accompanies Du Bois to arrest the murderer. In one of the game's endings, the player can invite Kitsuragi to switch precincts and join Du Bois. However, the player can also lose Kitsuragi's trust or cause him to be shot and hospitalized.\nThe game's developers highlighted Kitsuragi in appearances outside the story, including the marketing and merchandise for his signature jacket in 2022, as well as a free \"Collage Mode\" released in 2023, wherein the player can arrange the game's characters into custom scenes.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Kim Kitsuragi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kitsuragi", "article_id": 73672561, "section": "Appearances", "metadata": {"word_count": 382, "char_count": 2416, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Kim Kitsuragi was created by the Estonian game studio ZA/UM for Disco Elysium. Most of the team had never made a video game. Robert Kurvitz, ZA/UM's founder and the game's lead designer and writer, leaned into the Elysium setting he had first explored in his novel Sacred and Terrible Air, as well as a homebrew tabletop role-playing game based in the same setting. The team tried to avoid the role-playing video game convention of exploring every option in a dialogue tree, instead designing Kitsuragi to share personal details only in specific situations. Kurvitz tried to expand the game's choices and consequences through small moments of reactivity, \"where your coworkers remember every embarrassing thing you said last night when you were drunk\". The team decided that Kitsuragi should find the player character amusing and sometimes indulge him against his better judgment. Kurvitz commented that Kitsuragi's willingness to occasionally go against his instincts \"gives him a warmth that's so endearing\".\nIn contrast to the player character, the writers discussed Kitsuragi's potential attributes and beliefs. While these were not implemented in the game, Kurvitz assumed that Kitsuragi would score high in volition, making him resistant to personal questions. Although Kitsuragi was written as attracted to the same gender, his relationship with Du Bois remains platonic. When asked why the player cannot kiss Kitsuragi, the writer Justin Keenan argued that \"the thing about desire is that it's stronger when it's not totally satisfied\". Kurvitz saw Kitsuragi as a \"systemic metaphor\" for the game: \"What he does for the officer is what Disco Elysium tries its darndest to do for the player. Let's get through this shit, it says. It's not fair, or easy, but it's not entirely impossible either ... And hey, it's not much, but you have me.\"\nWhen selecting an actor to voice the character, ZA/UM decided that a \"vaguely French\" accent would fit Revachol. After a four-year search, they discovered the actor Jullian Champenois through a voice-over agency, selecting him for his French accent and emotional tone. Kurvitz felt that the actor embodied their intentions for the character, especially \"the cool, the deadpan, and the warmth\". During recording sessions, ZA/UM helped Champenois visualize and understand each scene, spending more time on the first day to find what worked. When the expanded Final Cut added voiced dialog to previously unspoken lines, Champenois became one of the few original voice actors who was not recast.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Kim Kitsuragi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kitsuragi", "article_id": 73672561, "section": "Concept and creation", "metadata": {"word_count": 402, "char_count": 2538, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Academics have studied the importance of Kitsuragi's reactions to the player. In Games and Narrative: Theory and Practice, Leanne Taylor-Giles highlighted Kitsuragi's reactions during the autopsy sequence for reinforcing his character while giving useful feedback to the player. A qualitative study by Piotr Klimczyk found that many players felt strongly about earning Kitsuragi's approval, noting feelings of personal growth and post-game melancholy. At the 2023 Digital Games Research Association conference, Jon Stone suggested that Kitsuragi's approval served as a moral anchor for the player, granting them agency to humorously test the game's boundaries with benign violations. In a paper published in Frontiers in Virtual Reality, Lena Fanya Aeschbach and her co-authors described how bothering Kitsuragi achieves a distancing effect between the player and the protagonist, offering an alternative to player characters designed for immersion. An essay by Evan D. Bernick of the Northern Illinois University College of Law cited Kitsuragi's reactions as a moral compass in a failing legal system. In Trauma im Computerspiel, Thomas Spies similarly noted Kitsuragi's role as a moral authority and voice of reason.\nKitsuragi is often highlighted as an example of how Disco Elysium approaches its themes and ideological viewpoints. Colin Spacetwinks of Waypoint compared the concealed emotions of the game's characters to the guarded political views of the game's authors, making Kitsuragi feel unexpectedly genuine when he says \"I'd rather not talk about it\" when asked difficult questions. In Video Games, Crime, and Control, Edward L. W. Green remarked how Kitsuragi's stoicism mirrors other hardboiled detective fiction, which focuses more on personal ethics than ideology or justice.\nWriting for NME, Georgina Young highlighted Kitsuragi as an example of the game's intelligent approach to social and cultural issues, with his fictional Seol heritage particularly relevant to real life. In Critical Theories in Dark Tourism, Florence Smith Nicholls pointed out how one character's racist assumptions leads them to treat Kitsuragi as a tourist, evoking an ironic contrast between Kitsuragi's knowledge of the city and the protagonist's amnesia. Fraser Brown of PC Gamer noted a moment where the player can attempt to challenge racism directed at Kitsuragi, describing how after \"a seemingly throwaway conversation, I reconsidered the relationship between Kim and his forgetful partner, and it grounded me in the world\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Kim Kitsuragi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kitsuragi", "article_id": 73672561, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 374, "char_count": 2526, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Kim Kitsuragi has been frequently praised as an essential part of Disco Elysium and its critical acclaim. Lauren Morton of PC Gamer hailed Kitsuragi as the game's \"breakout star\", describing how \"an empathetic enough detective can manage to uncover brief moments of vulnerability\" in the otherwise unflappable character. GamePro's David Molke called Kitsuragi one of his favorite game heroes, highlighting his subtle reactions against the player's antics, while still showing loyalty and patience. Diego Arguello of Inverse also praised Kitsuragi for offering a compelling contrast with the protagonist, \"building an unbreakable bond of kindness that persists throughout the story\". Andy Kelly of PC Gamer praised the character's writing and voice performance, offering a \"voice of reason\" portrayed with \"reassuring warmth and an endearing, deadpan cool\". Cameron Kunzelman of Vice described Kitsuragi's dual role in the protagonist's professional and personal life, explaining that he was \"written in such a way that I came to feel that I really knew him and why he cared about all of this in the end\". Commentators frequently mentioned the character's popularity and appeal, with Sam Chandler of Shacknews declaring that \"you will either want to marry Kim Kitsuragi or drown your sorrows in tequila\". Madeline Carpou from The Mary Sue felt that Kitsuragi was a significant factor in making Disco Elysium one of the best-written games ever made.\nKitsuragi's reactions to the player's choices have been celebrated as highlights from the game. Joe DeVader from Nintendo World Report noted purposely annoying Kitsuragi as some of the game's best interactions. PC Gamer's Jody Macgregor highlighted the autopsy sequence, explaining how Kitsuragi's approval was \"delicious\", likening it to an addictive drug. Eric Van Allen of Destructoid praised the moments of \"small kindness\" shared between Kitsuragi and Du Bois, when the player can allow Kitsuragi to correct a minor error without embarrassment. George Foster from RPG Site highlighted Kitsuragi's role in several of his game's favorite moments. Noting his complex behavior during a racist interaction in the game, Madeline Carpou described Kitsuragi as \"one of the best representations of an Asian immigrant story I've seen in a video game\" and an element of the character's overall popularity. Writing for TheGamer, Gab Hernandez discussed a small interaction where Kitsuragi reveals his sexuality to the player character in a \"nonchalant\" and \"mundane\" way, making him \"one of the most iconic gay characters in video games\".\nA promotional booth at EGX London 2022 featured a portrait of Kitsuragi, which fans transformed into a tribute decorated with fan mail and fan art of the character. When ZA/UM released the Kitsuragi-themed bomber jacket, it was praised by Renata Price of Kotaku and Noelle Warner of Destructoid. Fans were more critical of the \"Collage Mode\", with some suggesting that it allowed fans to contradict Kitsuragi's character, while others accused ZA/UM of exploiting his popularity to distract from the studio's ongoing litigation against the game's creators.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Kim Kitsuragi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kitsuragi", "article_id": 73672561, "section": "Reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 481, "char_count": 3135, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Kitsuragi was nominated as one of the best video game characters of 2019 by Adventure Gamers and Fanbyte. Lillian King of The Blade also praised him as their favorite game character of the year, feeling that he was \"[e]xceptionally well-written ... bolstered by a myriad of fleeting interactions that let players see into the detective's inner life, rounding out his complexity with the little contradictions that make us all truly, chaotically, human\". When ranking characters from video games overall, Rowan Cardosa of TheGamer declared Kitsuragi to be one of gaming's best voiced characters, with fellow TheGamer writer Jaclyn Blute hailing him as one of gaming's best gay characters. Polygon included him in their 2024 Video Game Companion Hall of Fame, with Cass Marshall describing him as \"the perfect straight man for Disco Elysium's disaster protagonist\". He has also been proclaimed as one of the best companions in video games by both Comic Book Resources and Shacknews, with further acclaim from Edwin Evans-Thirlwell of Eurogamer calling him \"perhaps the finest companion character in a game\". Ted Litchfield at PC Gamer ranked Kitsuragi's platonic relationship to the player character as one of gaming's best romances, particularly because \"you have to earn Kim's trust\" and \"it's something you can waste away, mak[ing] his approval all the more meaningful\". The ZA/UM team was surprised by Kitsuragi's popularity and acclaim, with Kurvitz stating that they \"felt he's a real person and our friend\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Kim Kitsuragi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kitsuragi", "article_id": 73672561, "section": "Accolades", "metadata": {"word_count": 238, "char_count": 1512, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Littlehampton libels were a series of letters sent to numerous residents of Littlehampton, in southern England, over a three-year period between 1920 and 1923. The letters, which contained obscenities and false accusations, were written by Edith Swan, a thirty-year-old laundress; she tried to incriminate her neighbour, Rose Gooding, a thirty-year-old married woman. \nSwan and Gooding had once been friends, but after Swan made a false report to the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children accusing Gooding of maltreating one of her sister's children, the letters started arriving. Many of them were signed as if from Gooding. Swan brought a private prosecution against Gooding for libel; in December 1920 Gooding was found guilty and imprisoned for two weeks. On her release the letters started again, and Swan brought a second private prosecution against Gooding. In February 1921 Gooding was again found guilty and imprisoned for twelve months.\nWhile Gooding was in prison, two notebooks were found in Littlehampton. They contained further obscenities and falsehoods and were in the same handwriting as the letters. As a result, Gooding's case came to the attention of the Director of Public Prosecutions, Sir Archibald Bodkin, who thought that there had been a miscarriage of justice. An investigation by Scotland Yard cleared Gooding of involvement in sending the letters and she was released from prison. When the letters started up again, the focus of police attention moved to Swan and she was put under surveillance. She was seen to drop a libellous letter and prosecuted in December 1921. Despite the evidence against her, the judge intervened in the prosecution's questioning and the case collapsed.\nIn early 1922 the letters began arriving again. By October the police and detectives from the General Post Office (GPO) were involved, all targeting Swan. GPO detectives caught Swan sending another libellous letter in June 1923. She was arrested, found guilty and imprisoned for a year. In 2023 a film about the events, Wicked Little Letters, was released; it stars Olivia Colman as Swan and Jessie Buckley as Gooding. A similar case of libellous letters being sent over several years was reported in 2024, in the village of Shiptonthorpe, East Yorkshire; parallels were observed with the events at Littlehampton.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Littlehampton libels", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlehampton_libels", "article_id": 77825680, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 371, "char_count": 2348, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Littlehampton, Sussex (now West Sussex), was a town of 11,000 people in the 1920s. It is on England's south coast at the mouth of the River Arun; the town includes a small port which received shipping from northern Europe and served as the home port for a fishing fleet. The town was also a thriving seaside resort. Rose and Bill Gooding lived in a rented cottage at 45 Western Road, Littlehampton. Bill was from Kent and had met Rose when he worked on barges on Sussex's River Ouse between Newhaven harbour and Lewes. She had a child, Dorothy, from a previous relationship. The couple married in Lewes in 1913 when Rose was twenty-two and he was thirty-four; they moved to Littlehampton in 1916. By 1920 the couple had a son, William. They lived in Western Road with Rose's sister, Ruth Russell and her children, Gertrude, William and Albert. Although Ruth's children had been born out of wedlock and she never married, she called herself \"Mrs Russell\", and she and Rose told people that her husband had died in the war. The historian Christopher Hilliard observes that at the time, unmarried mothers often referred to themselves as widows.\nRose and Bill were known to argue, and several people who knew her in Littlehampton described her as being hot-tempered. She was also known to swear frequently and was thought to be an odd character by several neighbours; she was described by a Littlehampton police constable as \"rather an eccentric woman\". Bill was described by one landlady as \"a sober, hardworking man, who was, on one occasion only seen the worse for drink\". Bill accused Rose of having an affair with another man while he was away at sea. She stayed at a neighbour's house for several days, after Bill had hit her and thrown her out of the family home; she showed the neighbour the bruises he inflicted. The couple argued and there was, according to Hilliard, \"a persistent hum of conflict\" between the two.\nThe Swan family were natives of Littlehampton and had lived at 47 Western Road for several years. Edith Swan was one of the thirteen children of Edward and Mary Ann Swan; the two parents and three of their offspring—Edith and two of her brothers—lived in the family home. The two brothers, aged 39 and 40, shared one of the bedrooms; Edith, aged 30, shared a room with her parents, both of whom were in their seventies. In 1921 Swan worked as a laundress; she had previously been a domestic servant, although she was dismissed after being accused of stealing some children's clothes. The matter was not referred to the police. According to the legal historian James Morton, Edith was highly regarded in the neighbourhood. She was engaged to Bert Boxall, a man from nearby Horsham; he had been a bricklayer before joining the army, and in 1921 he was serving in Mesopotamia.\nRelations between Swan and Gooding were cordial when the Goodings first moved in. The historian Emily Cockayne describes Swan as ingratiating towards Gooding at first; Swan wrote out a recipe for marrow chutney and a knitting pattern for socks for her neighbour. She and Gooding would visit each other's houses and they lent household items between each other, including a bath, clothes and cooking equipment. The good relations between the neighbours lasted until 4 April 1920—Easter Sunday.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Littlehampton libels", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlehampton_libels", "article_id": 77825680, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 562, "char_count": 3288, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In May 1920 Swan wrote to the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC), falsely accusing Gooding of maltreating one of Russell's children on Easter Sunday. Swan later recalled the incident to Littlehampton police, who recorded:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Littlehampton libels", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlehampton_libels", "article_id": 77825680, "section": "Start of the letters, May to July 1920", "metadata": {"word_count": 39, "char_count": 253, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "[Bill Gooding] took the baby away from her because she had been beating her sister's baby with the cane. He said he would not allow her to hit it with the cane. She accused Mr. Gooding of being the father of her sister's last baby.\nAn NSPCC inspector thought Swan's report was suspicious because of the level of detail it contained, but visited Littlehampton and interviewed the Goodings, Swan and other neighbours. None of the other neighbours corroborated Swan's claims. Rejecting the accusation, the investigator reported that he \"found the home to be spotlessly clean and the children in a perfect state in every way\".\nShortly after the visit, letters began arriving at the Swans' and people they knew and dealt with. These included Swan's laundry clients, the butcher, fishmonger, general store manager and dairy. The letters stated that Swan was a prostitute and said her family were drunkards. Many of the letters were signed \"R—\", \"R. G.\", \"with Mrs. Gooding's compliments\" and \"Mrs R. E. Gooding\". A letter was also sent to Boxall in Mesopotamia, stating that Constable Russell—who lived at 49 Western Road—had \"gone away with Miss Swan who was expecting a baby by him\". Boxall replied to Swan, breaking off the engagement. Sources differ about the eventual outcome of the relationship, with Hilliard stating that they were engaged once again after a few months, while Cockayne says that the relationship came to an end.\nThe letters were delivered in a variety of ways; some went through the post in the normal way, others were hand-delivered and some were posted without stamps, meaning the recipients had to pay for the delivery of the messages, which was the cost of the letter plus a fine from the Royal Mail. Some of the post was in the form of a letter, while others were written on postcards, meaning the message could be read by several people before it reached the recipient. A postcard was sent to the manager of the Beach Hotel, where Swan's brother Ernest worked. The message accused Ernest of theft from the hotel. Hilliard notes that this would have been seen by several other employees at the hotel before it reached the manager. The manager did not believe the note.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Littlehampton libels", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlehampton_libels", "article_id": 77825680, "section": "Start of the letters, May to July 1920", "metadata": {"word_count": 373, "char_count": 2191, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The letters continued to be received, including by Gooding's husband, who received two messages at his place of work. One said that Gooding was seeing other men at a previous employer's house, the second read \"Ask your wife who she was with on Tuesday afternoon on the Common\"; it was signed \"V. G.\" A seaside postcard showing a woman in a bathing suit, and addressed to Bill was sent to the family home; it read \"From your darling Sweetheart Philis\". The Goodings took the libels—and the impact they had on Rose's reputation—seriously, and Bill went to many of those who received letters and asserted her innocence.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Littlehampton libels", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlehampton_libels", "article_id": 77825680, "section": "Start of the letters, May to July 1920", "metadata": {"word_count": 106, "char_count": 616, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 5 July 1920 Swan and her mother went to the justices of the peace, who advised her to seek advice from a solicitor. She visited Arthur Shelley, a local solicitor, the same day. Shelley wrote to Gooding to inform her of his involvement, then began his investigation. The letters continued, and Shelley also began receiving them. Gooding was summoned to a police court hearing, which took place in September 1920. Swan had brought a witness who swore he had seen Dorothy Gooding post a letter addressed to Swan. Swan claimed that she had seen Gooding drop one letter, which Swan then picked up and handed to her solicitor. Gooding was committed for trial and offered bail of £50, but the Goodings could not raise this, so she was sent to Portsmouth gaol for twelve weeks before her trial.\nGooding's case was heard at the Lewes assizes in December 1920, with Alexander Roche as judge. The prosecution provided no handwriting analysis to connect the letters to Gooding, something Roche criticised them for. Despite Gooding's persistent statements of innocence, the jury found her guilty and she was sentenced to fourteen days' imprisonment in Portsmouth. She was bound over to keep the peace for two years for which she had to pay £20 surety.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Littlehampton libels", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlehampton_libels", "article_id": 77825680, "section": "First court case, July to December 1920", "metadata": {"word_count": 212, "char_count": 1241, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "No libellous letters were received while Gooding was in prison, but two weeks after she was released, they began again. In early January 1921 Swan went to the police and complained that the letters had restarted. The police phoned Edward Wannop, Gooding's solicitor, who met Bill Gooding and informed him of the new letters; the two men agreed to send Rose to stay with her mother in Lewes. Neither of the Goodings had realised that the letters had begun again, and Rose left Littlehampton that day. For two weeks Bill, the children and Russell conducted a charade of pretending Rose was in the house to try and trick the Swans into thinking she was still in Littlehampton. The family would call out to Rose, the children said goodbye to her as they left for school, and any delivery men were told that she was upstairs with a headache. To build up proof that she was in Lewes, Rose was instructed to write home regularly so that they had a collection of letters with Lewes postmarks to prove where she was.\nOn 12 February 1921 Swan claimed to have received two letters, one addressed to \"Bloody buggering old Russell\", the other to \"Bloody old whore Miss Swan\". She gave the first to Constable Russell and took the second to her solicitor. Three days later Gooding was arrested and committed to the March assizes in Lewes; bail was not granted. The judge for the case was Horace Avory. When the jury retired to consider a verdict, they returned after eight minutes to request a sample of Gooding's handwriting; Avory said they would not be able to obtain one at this stage of the case. After further consideration the jury provided a verdict of guilty on what Cockayne describes as \"weak circumstantial evidence\". Gooding was sentenced to twelve months in prison with hard labour. The Director of Public Prosecutions, Sir Archibald Bodkin later said he thought Avory's decision to refuse the request about handwriting was \"astonishing\", given it was in \"a case which, from its commencement to the end of it, was a case of handwriting\".\nIn April Gooding tried to appeal the verdict, but the application was dismissed as there were no new grounds. Bill Gooding wrote several times to the Home Secretary requesting that the case be reopened and Rose protested to the prison governor that she was innocent. Their attempts made no headway in either obtaining her release or a further trial.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Littlehampton libels", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlehampton_libels", "article_id": 77825680, "section": "More letters and a second court action, January to April 1921", "metadata": {"word_count": 412, "char_count": 2386, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In April 1921 a notebook containing obscene wording was found on Selbourne Road, which ran parallel to Western Road. It was posted anonymously to Inspector Thomas of Littlehampton police. The handwriting was the same as that of the notes. That same week a red exercise book was found in Littlehampton; it included the name of Gooding's eleven-year-old daughter in several places, and contained what Bodkin described as \"filthy expressions concerning Miss Swan and in the same handwriting as the torn book of the libels\". Thomas sent both books to Bodkin, who concluded that, with Gooding in prison, it was unlikely that she was responsible for the two notebooks. He considered the possibility that Gooding \"has so arranged, when imprisoned on the latter occasion, that the torn book, and the red book, should be discovered so as to give rise to the observation that somebody else was responsible and not she herself\". To ensure this was not the case, the governor of Portsmouth prison was asked if Gooding could have smuggled the books out of prison; the answer was no, and the governor added a note that he did not think her guilty.\nBodkin passed the file on Gooding's case to the Home Office lawyer Sir Ernley Blackwell, who noted \"I have very little doubt that this woman has twice been wrongly convicted\". Correspondence between Superintendent Peel of West Sussex police and A. S. Williams, the chief constable of West Sussex, showed that Sussex police still considered Gooding the guilty party; in particular, they would not entertain any suggestion that Swan could be guilty. In June 1921 Peel reported to Williams that:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Littlehampton libels", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlehampton_libels", "article_id": 77825680, "section": "Scotland Yard involvement, April to July 1921", "metadata": {"word_count": 271, "char_count": 1626, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "I have made enquiries respecting the character of Miss Swan and find that she bears a very good character, She is a very hard working woman, and what I have seen of her I do not think that she would write such things about herself and send them through the post on post cards for every one to see, Mrs Gooding and her sister ... have both had illegitimate children.\nBodkin, needing an impartial investigator for the matter, requested assistance from the Criminal Investigation Department of Scotland Yard, who provided Inspector George Nicholls. Nicholls interviewed twenty-nine people connected to the case, and spoke to many others. He travelled to Worthing—where former constable Russell had moved after retiring. He also went to Lewes, to ascertain if Gooding had been staying there in January 1921; he came away satisfied that she had been there for two weeks without leaving. Nicholls later described Swan as \"not only a peculiar woman in appearance and behaviour, but would seem to have a remarkable memory—especially for filthy phrases—for she has apparently got these letters by heart and is enabled to reel them off without any hesitation\".\nWhen he had finished his investigation, Nicholls had three main suspects: Swan, her father and Ruth Russell. He obtained handwriting samples from all of them and obtained their National Registration forms that British civilians had to complete during the First World War. Nicholls also searched the Swans' and Goodings' houses and found, at the Swans' house, several sheets of blotting-paper. One of these contained the word \"Local\" in the same handwriting as the libels; when Nicholls asked Swan about it, she said that Gooding and Russell had both borrowed blotting-paper from her. Bill Gooding and Russell both denied ever having borrowed it from her. Nicholls compared the paper with some of the examples of the libels, and found a matching part of an address on a letter dated 1 January 1921; this was six months after Swan had loaned any paper to Gooding. Nicholls reported back to Bodkin that neither Gooding's handwriting or spelling was similar to that in the libels; he stopped short of suggesting Swan should be charged.\nIn July 1921 an appeal was heard before the Court of Criminal Appeal; Travers Humphreys was the barrister appearing on behalf of Gooding. He told the court that he was appearing having been personally instructed by the Attorney General and that the appeal had the approval of the Home Secretary; the court quashed both of Gooding's convictions without hearing any of the evidence. Gooding was granted £250 in compensation.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Littlehampton libels", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlehampton_libels", "article_id": 77825680, "section": "Scotland Yard involvement, April to July 1921", "metadata": {"word_count": 429, "char_count": 2605, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "After Constable Russell had retired and moved to Worthing, his police cottage was let to Violet and Constable George May; Violet and Edith became friends. In September the Mays soon began receiving libellous notes. One was addressed \"To fucking old whore May, 49, Western Rd, Local\" and the message read \"You and your fucking whore neybor [sic] can throw as many jeers as you like but God will punish you you foxy ass piss country whores.\" Another read \"You bloody fucking flaming piss country whores go and fuck your cunt. Its your drain that stinks not our fish box. Yo fucking dirty sods. You are as bad as your whore neybor.\" Swan told Violet that Gooding was responsible, but Violet doubted that this was the case; she passed the notes to her husband. Littlehampton police assigned Policewoman Gladys Moss to investigate the matter.\nOn 27 September Moss was undertaking surveillance from a shed when she saw Swan drop a letter into the courtyard shared by the Swans, Mays and Goodings; Violet was also a witness to Swan dropping the letter. Violet retrieved the note, which was written as if by Gooding; it contained obscenities and accusations against Swan and one of her brothers. Moss confronted Swan about the letter, who denied it was hers. Moss went to the police station; ten minutes later Swan arrived and changed her story, saying she picked it up, saw the writing and threw it down again. While waiting for the inspector to return, Moss recalled that Swan \"was moving her mouth as if she were talking to herself the whole of the time\". When the inspector arrived, Swan changed her story again, saying she saw the paper, but did not know it had any writing on it. The police took no action at the time.\nOver the next few weeks, during the night, the Mays found their bins were being disturbed and their garden allotment was vandalised. Moss continued her surveillance, but no new events were noted over the next two weeks. On 8 October Moss, Thomas and Williams travelled to London for a meeting with Nicholls and Bodkin. Nicholls then travelled to Littlehampton and interviewed several individuals connected to the case, including the Mays and Moss. Nicholls' report to Bodkin led to Swan being charged on 21 October with obscene libel for \"unlawfully writing and publishing a certain false, scandalous and defamatory libel of and concerning one Violet May\".\nSwan's committal hearing was heard on 27 October at Arundel Town Hall; she was committed to trial at the Lewes assizes on 8 December 1921 with Sir Clement Bailhache as the judge; Humphreys was the prosecuting barrister. Part of Swan's defence was that Moss only had a limited view of the area from her hiding place, and it was possible that a third party could have thrown the paper into the courtyard. During the defence questioning, it was stated that Swan had never been known to swear; the judge interrupted Humphreys' questioning to ask if he intended to continue, saying \"If I were on the jury, I should refuse to convict.\" Given such a steer from the judge, Humphreys did not continue and the case collapsed. Hilliard observes that despite all the evidence against her, Bailhache must have been convinced to exonerate Swan because she appeared to be incapable of committing such a crime.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Littlehampton libels", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlehampton_libels", "article_id": 77825680, "section": "More letters and the focus on Swan, July to December 1921", "metadata": {"word_count": 560, "char_count": 3268, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Although there was a hiatus in the libellous letters being sent in Littlehampton, they recommenced in early 1922. By October 1922 a large number of such letters had been received; recipients included many of those who had been included in the court cases, including a magistrate, court officials, members of the police and those who provided bail for both Swan and Gooding. The notes were also addressed to other residents of Littlehampton. One recipient, Caroline Johnson, was accused of being a prostitute. Johnson assaulted Gooding, pulling her hair and hitting her in the face, knocking her unconscious to the floor. On 17 October she was fined £1 for the assault, an amount Hilliard describes as modest, although it was double the amount another woman was fined for a similar offence that day. Frederick Peel, the former superintendent, but by then the deputy chief constable of West Sussex, was present at the case and Bill Gooding overheard him saying that he still believed Rose was responsible for the letters.\nBy mid-1923 the police and the General Post Office (GPO) had decided to act. The GPO detectives developed a strategy that targeted Swan. They marked stamps with invisible ink, which they supplied to the local sub-post office; the owners were instructed to only sell these to Swan, which they did on 23 June. A post box thought to be used by Swan was kept under surveillance and the Post Office staff were instructed to look out for any mail Swan posted in the inside box. The GPO detectives had what Hilliard describes as \"a periscope mirror\" that allowed a user to view inside postboxes to look at any letters that had been posted; they could also watch the entrance to the Post Office while remaining out of sight. On 24 June Swan was seen posting two letters in the inside postbox. The postmaster caught the letters as they were posted and handed them to the detective. While one was to Swan's sister, the other was addressed to the local sanitary inspector; it was shown to contain obscene words. A second GPO detective went to Swan's house and brought her back to the post office. Swan was cautioned and the contents of the letter and marked stamp were shown to her; she replied \"I have no explanation to offer other than that I am not guilty either of writing or posting any letters to the Sanitary Inspector\". On 4 July 1923 Peel and Thomas went to Swan's house and charged her under Section 63 of the Post Office Act with \"attempting to send a postal packet which had thereon words of an indecent, obscene, and grossly offensive character\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Littlehampton libels", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlehampton_libels", "article_id": 77825680, "section": "Swan's second court case, January 1922 to December 1923", "metadata": {"word_count": 445, "char_count": 2568, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Swan's committal hearing was held at Arundel Town Hall on 11 July 1923. Swan chose to reserve her defence; she was committed to trial. Bail was fixed at £25 and two sureties of £25. As these were not paid, Swan was held in custody until the trial. Swan's case opened at Lewes assizes on 18 July. Humphreys appeared for the prosecution again and Avory was again the judge. Swan swore her innocence throughout the trial, despite the evidence against her. Avory's thirty-minute summary was in Swan's favour, and he noted that she was a clean and upright woman, but the jury found her guilty. She was sentenced to twelve months in prison. In his 1946 memoirs, Humphreys considered Swan to be", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Littlehampton libels", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlehampton_libels", "article_id": 77825680, "section": "Swan's second court case, January 1922 to December 1923", "metadata": {"word_count": 121, "char_count": 687, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "... the perfect witness. Neat and tidy in appearance, polite and respectful in her answer, with just that twinge of feeling to be expected in a person who knows herself to be a victim of circumstances ... She completely took in three juries and two judges.\nSwan soon appealed, and this was held on 13 August 1923 at the Court of Criminal Appeal in London. The matter was considered by Lord Hewart, the Lord Chief Justice; Sir Arthur Salter and Sir Rigby Swift. They declined the appeal. In December 1923 she petitioned the Home Office both for a reduction in sentence and for her release on the grounds she was innocent. Four days later the Home Office responded saying there would be no action taken and Swan served her full sentence.\nHilliard observes that the small matter of insulting letters being sent in Littlehampton resulted in four trials and two appeals, and involved the Director of Public Prosecutions and the Lord Chief Justice. This, Hilliard suggests, was because of the assumptions made on the basis of the social values held by many of the officials involved. These values saved Swan from a conviction, despite eyewitness testimony from Moss. Hilliard considers that \"Edith Swan personified the respectable, respectful victim of circumstances; Rose Gooding's 'roughness', illegitimate child and heterodox family licensed people to think her capable of writing the offensive letters\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Littlehampton libels", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlehampton_libels", "article_id": 77825680, "section": "Swan's second court case, January 1922 to December 1923", "metadata": {"word_count": 229, "char_count": 1401, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "According to Cockayne, Rose was a changed person after her ordeal. She suffered from insomnia and was \"unable to pick up the thread of her life\". Even after Swan's conviction Gooding continued to encounter hostility and was marginalised by the community. The Goodings moved house away from Western Road and into the centre of Littlehampton; Bill died there in 1947, aged sixty-eight. Rose lived until December 1968, when she died at her daughter's home in East Dean, a village near Eastbourne, East Sussex. Swan died in a council-run residential home—a former workhouse—in March 1959, at the age of sixty-eight.\nIn August 1975 many of the houses on Western Road—including numbers 45, 47 and 49—were designated Grade II listed buildings, providing the properties with protection from unauthorised demolition or unsympathetic modification.\nThe film Wicked Little Letters was released in 2023. Based on the events of Littlehampton, the film stars Olivia Colman as Swan and Jessie Buckley as Gooding. In 2024 it was reported that a similar case of anonymously sent offensive or obscene letters was experienced by some residents of Shiptonthorpe, East Yorkshire; parallels were drawn with the events in Littlehampton. In Shiptonthorpe, the letters were sent over a period of two years.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Littlehampton libels", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlehampton_libels", "article_id": 77825680, "section": "Aftermath and legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 202, "char_count": 1280, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Logan, a Family History is a Gothic novel of historical fiction by American writer John Neal. Published anonymously in Baltimore in 1822, the book is loosely inspired by the true story of Mingo leader Logan the Orator, while weaving a highly fictionalized story of interactions between Anglo-American colonists and Indigenous peoples on the western frontier of colonial Virginia. Set just before the Revolutionary War, it depicts the genocide of Native Americans as the heart of the American story and follows a long cast of characters connected to each other in a complex web of overlapping love interests, family relations, rape, and (sometimes incestuous) sexual activity.\nLogan was Neal's second novel, but his first notable success, attracting generally favorable reviews in both the US and UK. He wrote the story over a six-to-eight-week stretch at a time when he was producing more novels and juggling more responsibilities than any other period of his life. Likely a commercial failure for the publisher, who refused to work with Neal in the future, the book nevertheless saw three printings in the UK. Scholars criticize the story's profound excessiveness and incoherence, but praise its pioneering and successful experimentation with psychological horror, verisimilitude, sexual guilt in male characters, impacts of intergenerational violence, and documentation of interracial relationships and intersections between sex and violence on the American frontier.\nThese experimentations influenced later American writers and foreshadowed fiction by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Walt Whitman, Robert Montgomery Bird, and Edgar Allan Poe. The novel is considered important by scholars studying the roles of Gothic literature and Indigenous identities in fashioning an American national identity. It advanced the American literary nationalist goal of developing a new native literature by experimenting with natural diction, distinctly American characters, regional American colloquialism, and fiercely independent rhetoric. It is considered unique amongst contemporary fiction for the preponderance of sexually explicit content and gratuitous violence.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Logan (novel)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(novel)", "article_id": 72709329, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 309, "char_count": 2148, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The story begins in the colony of Virginia in 1774. Mingo chief Logan enters the chamber of the governor of Virginia and overpowers him. The governor is saved by Harold, a young man of mixed English and Indigenous descent who lives among the Mingo. Harold impregnates the half-asleep governor's wife Elvira, who is infatuated with Logan and finds Harold similarly attractive.\nThe Virginia Governor's Council meets with Native Americans; Logan demands a treaty and decries the Yellow Creek massacre by white frontiersmen from Virginia. Suspicious of Logan's Indigenous identity, Mohawks realize he is actually an English aristocrat from Salisbury named George Clarence. They follow and attack him in the woods. Logan escapes, seriously injured.\nThe governor learns about Harold's sexual relationship with Elvira and banishes him to the woods. There he meets Logan and the two realize they are both in love with a Mingo woman named Loena. They threaten each other, then realize Logan is Harold's father. Logan dies after securing a promise from Harold that he will lead the Mingos to \"pursue the whites to extermination, day and night, forever and ever\".\nHarold arranges a funeral for Logan, though his body has disappeared. The funeral is attacked by Native Americans, who injure both Harold and Elvira. They reveal romantic feelings for each other, though Elvira is unconsciously attracted to Harold as a surrogate for her attraction to Logan. Harold decides to leave Virginia, but stays for Elvira. He visits her at night and the two have sex, leaving Harold racked with remorse, and running to Loena for consolation.\nHarold leads the Mingo into battle against a combined force of Mohawks and British colonists. He is reunited with Loena and convinces her to join him on a trip to Europe to prepare himself for leadership of the Mingo tribe. They start by traveling to Quebec City, where Loena remains, parting with Harold on poor terms after she learns about his relationship with Elvira.\nWhile sailing to Europe, Harold is haunted by his own thoughts of Loena and meets a child named Leopold, who grows attached to him. Harold also meets an intellectual genius named Oscar, who has long conversations with Harold, opining on capital punishment, religious freedom, American slavery, moral double standards, ancient societies, and Shakespeare. Harold witnesses him leaping overboard in a crazed fit over a former lover. Harold then learns that Elvira is on board, that Leopold is her son, and his as well. Harold was originally traveling to France, but decides to accompany her and Leopold to England, where he discovers his familial connections to British nobility.\nHarold learns that his father left behind children in England and moved to North America to live a double life as Logan. Harold meets his sister Caroline and learns that Oscar was his brother and Loena is his sister. Oscar, Harold learns, was crazed by the belief that he murdered Elvira, who was once his lover. Leopold dies. Harold confesses to Elvira that he loves another woman and she confesses to him that she has loved him for his resemblance to Oscar.\nHarold champions the cause of Native Americans before the British Parliament before he and Elvira return to North America. Just before they are married, Harold leaves Elvira for Loena, but learns that Loena is in love with Oscar, who did not die, but was rescued after jumping ship in the Atlantic. On a moonlit night, all four visit the spot where Harold met Logan and where the latter died. Harold is shot by a figure in the distance, who turns out to be Logan, who is still alive, but delirious. Upon learning that he has killed his son, Logan cries out, then is killed by Oscar, his other son. Loena kisses Harold's corpse and dies. Elvira confesses to Oscar her sexual history with Harold and Oscar goes mad, then dies. The narrator ends by asking English readers to \"acknowledge us, as we are, the strongest (though boastful and arrogant) progeny of yourselves ... when your nation was a colossus\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Logan (novel)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(novel)", "article_id": 72709329, "section": "Plot", "metadata": {"word_count": 672, "char_count": 4032, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "John Neal wrote Logan as white American authors were beginning to look toward American Indians as a dominant source of inspiration. Scholars have pointed to the way Logan can be understood as portraying Indians as the originators of American nationhood, with white Americans as the inheritors of that legacy. Harold calling for America's Indigenous nations to unify against British colonization seemingly parallels calls by Anglo-Americans for revolution just a few years after the novel takes place. The historical Logan was an Indigenous leader of the Mingo people, but the Logan of Logan is revealed to be an English aristocrat assuming an Indigenous identity, suggesting that such an identity can be assumed by one's will. Once assumed, Indigenous identity can be used to differentiate white Americans from the British in a manner similar to that used by instigators of the Boston Tea Party or the Improved Order of Red Men. This would place Patriot colonists as inheritors of Indigenous territory for the making of the new American nation.\nScholars see Neal's blurring of racial boundaries in family relationships as a testament to humanity's commonality. This interpretation is reinforced by the characters' habit of confusing identities: Elvira mistakes Harold for Oscar, Harold mistakes Elvira for Leona, and Harold and Oscar are fashioned as character doubles. It was common in nineteenth-century literature to portray American Indians as vanishing to make way for a new American national identity. This novel's uncommonly excessive and incoherent narrative could be Neal's way of indicating the contradiction inherent in this portrayal. In this view, Neal's national identity of the new United States is neither Indigenous nor white, but both. Writing interracial relationships and sexual fantasies into a novel in 1822 was taboo, and this pioneering effort foreshadowed future works by Nathaniel Hawthorne and other American authors.\nHarold being of mixed ancestry, exploring both his Indigenous identity in America and his English roots overseas, may also be a tool for Neal to question the emerging concept of manifest destiny and to paint the US as a multinational, cosmopolitan nation with permeable boundaries. Acknowledging the contradictory reality of racial separation in the US may be Neal's reason for ending the novel with disaster and death for all major characters: \"a place of broken hearts, and shattered intellects\", as he states in the novel. The novel's Gothic depiction of the genocide of Native Americans as central to the American story can be seen as an indictment of American imperialism. Logan's lack of coherence and cohesiveness may reflect Neal's disdain for institutional structures generally and his belief that the US, like all nations, has a finite lifespan. Alternatively, it may be that Neal meant for this mass death scene at the novel's conclusion to symbolize the American Revolution's function of renewing various colonial-era allegiances into a single American nation.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Logan (novel)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(novel)", "article_id": 72709329, "section": "American Indians and US nationhood", "metadata": {"word_count": 467, "char_count": 3017, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "When he was temporarily living with the family of his business partner in 1818, Neal snuck into the bedroom of that business partner's sister, and into her bed. She cried out and Neal returned to his room before her family came to her assistance. This event, alternately described by scholars as either a failed seduction or an attempted rape, was fictionalized in different forms in all of Neal's four novels published between 1822 and 1823. The theme of sexual guilt running through all four novels is seen as Neal processing this personal trauma. In Logan, this materialized as the dream-like and questionably-consensual sex scene between Harold and Elvira, leaving the protagonist shrouded in intense sexual guilt, which he considers ending with suicide, but then channels into a war he leads against the Mohawk and British colonists. This is one of multiple instances of male protagonists in Neal's novels committing sexual crimes and dealing with consequences that scholars Benjamin Lease and Hans-Joachim Lang claim \"reflect a sophisticated awareness on Neal's part of male chauvinism in a male-dominated world\". The preponderance of complicated sexual activity and love triangles between related characters can also be interpreted as supporting the theme of American national disunity. This explicitly sexual content, sometimes interracial, and exhibiting both men and women as sexually motivated, is unique for the period and likely influenced Hawthorne's focus on sexual guilt in his fiction.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Logan (novel)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(novel)", "article_id": 72709329, "section": "Sexual guilt", "metadata": {"word_count": 232, "char_count": 1502, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Like many of Neal's novels, Logan exhibits stylistic choices meant to advance American literary nationalism: natural diction, distinctly American characters, regional American colloquialism, and rhetoric of independence. This is made explicit in the preface: \"I hate prefaces. I hate dedications. Enough ... to say, that here is an American story\". This rejection of the preface's customary purpose can be read as a rejection of British literary convention that Neal sought in order to form a distinctly American literature. Possibly to point out the absurdity of American novelists employing British Gothic conventions, he included those conventions only while the story had moved to England in the second volume.\nLogan represents Neal's effort to Americanize the Gothic style, otherwise associated with British literature, by rejecting British conventions and developing new ones based on America's history of racial persecution. In a nation bereft of ancient architecture, Neal uses natural landmarks as witnesses to colonial violence. Neal was inspired by the \"haunted elm\" in Charles Brockden Brown's novel Edgar Huntly (1799) as a Gothic American natural landmark. Logan advanced the device by using a haunted tree visited by Harold that has stood witness to violence since long before recorded or oral histories, but most recently, that which has been committed by Anglo-American colonizers against Native Americans. These Gothic devices foreshadowed future works by American authors: intermingling romance and violence in American border regions in Nick of the Woods (1837) by Robert Montgomery Bird; impacts of crimes by the father on the life of the son in multiple works by Hawthorne; and maniacal psychology in multiple works by Walt Whitman and Edgar Allan Poe, particularly Poe's The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym.\nScholar Theresa A. Goddu refers to the novel as \"Neal's wildest gothic experiment\", which relies heavily on gratuitous and incessant descriptions of violence: scalping, murder, hatred, rape, and incest. This was unique for the period and was matched neither by Brown, Neal's inspiration in this regard, or by Poe, his best-known immediate successor. The novel's conclusion, according to scholar Lillie Deming Loshe, is \"an epidemic of death and insanity\". This brand of Gothicism also relies on loose structure and unrestrained emotional intensity to the point of incoherence. Neal avoided dialogue tags \"said he\" and \"said she\" whenever possible to heighten the sense of immediacy in characters' actions. His repetitive statements at moments of emotional intensity are what scholar Jonathan Elmer refers to as \"spastic iteration\", as in: \"Yes, I saw him ... alone, alone! All, all alone!\" and \"Not dead!—no, no, not dead!—not dead!\" Neal used dashes of variable lengths, varying types of ellipses, and abundant parentheses, italics, and exclamations to excite and exhaust the reader. Scholars have referred to these techniques as resulting in \"off-putting disjointedness\", \"melancholic Byronism\", and a \"hyperkinetic and sometimes hyperbolic sense of energy\". In his 877-page study of American literature from the Revolutionary War through 1940, scholar Alexander Cowie found that only Bird's The Hawks of Hawk Hollow (1835) could compare with Logan's level of incoherence. Neal himself warned readers: \"It should be taken, as people take opium. A grain may exhilarate—more may stupify—much will be death.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Logan (novel)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(novel)", "article_id": 72709329, "section": "Style", "metadata": {"word_count": 519, "char_count": 3437, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Stylistically, Logan bears the influence of Wieland (1798) and Edgar Huntly (1799) by Charles Brockden Brown, whom Neal saw as his literary father and one of only two American authors beside himself who by 1825 had successfully contributed toward developing a distinctively American literature. However, Neal drew the novel's core concept from \"Logan's Lament\", a speech delivered after the conclusion of Lord Dunmore's War by an American Indian figure referred to variably as Logan or Ta-gah-jute. The speech was first published in 1775, but made famous by Notes on the State of Virginia by Thomas Jefferson in 1787. It was commonly known by Neal's childhood, but his attention may have been directed to it by the epic poem Logan, an Indian Tale (1821) by Samuel Webber (1797–1880). Neal likely believed the speech to be genuine when he wrote the novel, though in 1826 he called its provenance into question, referring to it in The London Magazine as \"altogether a humbug\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Logan (novel)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(novel)", "article_id": 72709329, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 160, "char_count": 974, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Neal wrote Logan in Baltimore during the busiest part of his life between the bankruptcy of his dry goods business in 1816 and his departure for England in 1823. He spent between six and eight weeks writing it, finishing on November 17, 1821. By March 1822 he had written three more novels, which he considered \"a complete series; a course of experiment\" in declamation (Logan), narrative (Seventy-Six), epistolary (Randolph), and colloquialism (Errata). This was the most productive period of Neal's life as a novelist, shortly after he passed the bar and began practicing law in 1820. Whereas Keep Cool (1817) was his first serious attempt at producing literature, Logan was published after Neal had gained a considerable reputation as an author and critic, and had worked for years on refining his theory of poetry to the point that he came to see the novel as the highest form of literature, able to communicate a poetic prose superior to formal poetry.\nBetween the two novels, Neal labored for years reading law and supporting himself with other literary ventures: the epic poem Battle of Niagara (1818), the index to the first twelve volumes of Niles' Weekly Register (1818), the play Otho (1819), and the nonfiction History of the American Revolution (1819), as well as serving as the editor and daily columnist for the daily newspaper Federal Republican and Baltimore Telegraph for about half of 1819. Neal also actively advocated many reform issues at the time and used his novels to express his opinions. In Logan, he supported the rights of American Indians and condemned debtors' prisons, slavery, and capital punishment. His depiction of public executions in the novel may have factored into the national movement to remove them to private settings. He also attacked lotteries in the novel, depicting them as mechanisms for robbing the poor.\nNeal published the novel anonymously, but hinted at his authorship in Blackwood's Magazine in 1825, saying he could neither \"acknowledge or deny\" the claim. In his 1830 anonymously-published novel Authorship, the protagonist refers to Logan as the product of Carter Holmes, the pen name he used for Blackwood's. Neal's anonymously-published novel Seventy-Six is credited to \"the author of Logan\". When Logan was republished in 1840, it was credited to \"the author of Seventy-Six\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Logan (novel)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(novel)", "article_id": 72709329, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 377, "char_count": 2335, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1821, Neal approached well-known Philadelphia-based publishers Carey and Lea with the manuscript of Logan. They delayed publication for months because of printing issues and their own reservations concerning the novel's profanity, \"wildness\", and \"incoherence\", which they claimed made the story \"not well calculated for the novel readers of our day\". The first edition was released in two volumes in April 1822. Published five years after Keep Cool, Logan was Neal's second novel, but his first of notable success. It was pirated in London three times: under the original title by A. K. Newman and Company in 1823 and as Logan, the Mingo Chief. A Family History by J. Cunningham in 1840 and 1845. It was Neal's first novel published outside the US and the only one ever published abroad more than once. Despite the considerable influence it had on successive generations of American writers, Logan was never republished in the US. Carey and Lea refused to publish anything else by Neal, likely because of the novel's poor sales. Neal nevertheless enjoyed encouragement enough to continue his career as a novelist.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Logan (novel)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(novel)", "article_id": 72709329, "section": "Publication history", "metadata": {"word_count": 181, "char_count": 1117, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Logan received generally favorable criticism in both the US and UK, though British reviews were more often mixed in praising it as the work of a genius while criticizing it as erratic. Philadelphia journalist Stephen Simpson issued ecstatic praise: \"In all the productions of the human understanding, that we have ever heard of ... we remember nothing, we know of nothing, we can conceive of nothing equal to this romance.\" Comparing to Neal's chief rival, James Fenimore Cooper, Simpson expresses \"astonishment that the still life of the Pioneers, should be read and applauded in the same age that produced Logan!\" A British journalist in The Literary Gazette made a similar comparison to Cooper, noting that Logan and Neal's subsequent novels Seventy-Six and Brother Jonathan are \"three of about as extraordinary works as ever appeared—full of faults, but still full of power; if we except these, there is no rival near Mr. Cooper's throne.\" The British Literary Chronicle and Weekly Review praised Neal's lifelike depiction of Indigenous dialogue and claimed that Logan \"possesses considerable interest, and the work will be no discredit to the shelves of a modern circulating library\". The British Magazine of Foreign Literature claimed that the novel failed because of its rejection of established British literary conventions:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Logan (novel)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(novel)", "article_id": 72709329, "section": "Period critique", "metadata": {"word_count": 209, "char_count": 1332, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "It would be difficult, indeed, to guess what end he purposed to accomplish by his singular work. It could not be to amuse his readers, because it is intelligible; if he wished to frighten them he has failed of his end, for he only makes them laugh ... We laugh not with him, but at him. His style is the most singular that can be imagined—it is like the raving of a bedlamite. There are words in it, but no sense ... We have taken some pains to inquire who the author may be, but without success;—it is, perhaps, as well that we are in ignorance of his name; the knowledge must be painful, as we have no doubt that the poor gentleman is at this time suffering the wholesome restraint of a straw cell and a strait waistcoat. If he is not, there is no justice in America.\nNeal's self-criticism acknowledges the novel's fatal excesses. The preface to Seventy-Six (1823) bemoans Logan's \"rambling incoherency, passion, and extravagance\" and expresses Neal's hope (writing anonymously) that he showed improvement with that novel. His next (also anonymously-published) novel after that, Randolph (1823), includes this criticism of Logan from the protagonist: \"Nobody can read it through, deliberately, as novels are to be read. You are fagged and fretted to death, long and long before you foresee the termination.\" Two years after that, he wrote under an English pen name in American Writers: \"Logan is full of power–eloquence–poetry–instinct ... Yet so crowded—so incoherent— ... so outrageously overdone, that no-body can read it through. Parts are without parallel for passionate beauty;—power of language: deep tenderness, poetry—yet every page ... is rank with corruption—the terrible corruption of genius.\" Writing under his own name in his autobiography almost a half century later, he called Logan \"a wild, passionate, extravagant affair with some ... of the most eloquent and fervid writing I was ever guilty of, either in prose or poetry\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Logan (novel)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(novel)", "article_id": 72709329, "section": "Period critique", "metadata": {"word_count": 323, "char_count": 1944, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The majority of modern scholars agree that Logan is too incoherent to enjoy. Cowie found the novel confusing for all of Neal's attempts at exuding high energy and emotion. Biographer Irving T. Richards felt similarly about the novel's excessive Gothic features and added that he considered the characters unrealistic: \"They are swept by emotional waves over which they have no control and for which they are not accountable.\" Scholar Fritz Fleischmann feels the novel is \"oversized and excessive\" and full of \"lacerating thoughts [that] pass by the reader, often without much rhyme or reason.\" Biographer Benjamin Lease dubs it \"an incoherent failure\" of \"high pitched absurdity\" with \"scarcely a plot\". Authors of the Literary History of the United States claimed Neal must have been too busy with his law studies and other simultaneous literary pursuits to be original: \"He snatched high-minded villains from Godwin and low-minded heroes from Byron, then sent them roaring and murdering through the hackneyed routines of cheap melodramas\". Literary historian Fred Lewis Pattee, who collected a series of Neal's literary criticism for publication in 1937, remarked on Neal's rapidity in drafting novels like Logan: \"Two-volume novels thrown off in a month! Hard to believe—until one reads the novels.\"\nScholars Edward Carlson and David J. Carlson nevertheless claim Logan to be one of Neal's four best novels. Richards felt that its plot structure showed a clear improvement over Neal's first novel, Keep Cool, with better use of characters, tone, structure, and suspense. Cowie felt that there was particular strength in the novel's psychological horror that foreshadowed later works by Poe. Arthur Hobson Quinn felt similarly, pointing to the fact that the publishers were challenged to prove that the novel was not a copy of the celebrated William Godwin, because Godwin's novel The Pirate was published just months prior. Goddu went further to say that those Gothic elements surpassed anything by either Poe or Brown. Also comparing to Neal's peers, scholar Philip F. Gura called the novel \"remarkable\" for documenting the historic reality of interracial relationships that contemporaries like Cooper avoided. Fleischmann praised Logan's verisimilitude: \"Spurning the adornments of past literary styles, it succeeds by spontaneity ..., by recreating the tumble of emotions present in real life.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Logan (novel)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_(novel)", "article_id": 72709329, "section": "Modern views", "metadata": {"word_count": 369, "char_count": 2400, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Marriage License is an oil painting by American illustrator Norman Rockwell created for the cover of the June 11, 1955, edition of The Saturday Evening Post. It depicts a young man and woman filling out a marriage license application at a government building in front of a bored-looking clerk. The man is dressed in a tan suit and has his arm around his partner, who is wearing a yellow dress and standing on tiptoe to sign her name. Although the room and its furnishings are dark, the couple are illuminated by the window beside them. The contrast between the couple and the clerk highlights two reoccurring themes in Rockwell's works: young love and ordinary life.\nRockwell had a long history of using people who lived near him as models. He used photographs of local shopkeeper Jason Braman; Stockbridge, Massachusetts, native Joan Lahart; and her fiancé Francis Mahoney as a reference while creating the painting. Lahart was suggested for the role by her sister Peggy, a nurse at the Austen Riggs Center where Mary Rockwell was receiving treatment. During the photo shoot, Braman was captured in a more natural and uninterested pose compared to the one envisioned by the artist. Rockwell liked it and used it for his painting instead.\nSince its appearance in The Saturday Evening Post, the painting has been praised by critics and is considered one of Rockwell's best works. Commentators have compared it to the works of Johannes Vermeer due to Rockwell's use of light and dark. The 45.5 by 42.5 inches (116 cm × 108 cm) painting is in the collection of the Norman Rockwell Museum and has been a part of major exhibitions in 1955, 1972, and 1999. In 2004 Mad magazine published a parody of Marriage License by Richard William that used the original work to explore how same-sex marriage challenges the meaning of marriage and government role.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Marriage License", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_License", "article_id": 72073463, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 314, "char_count": 1846, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Marriage License is an oil painting on canvas measuring 45.5 by 42.5 inches (116 cm × 108 cm). It is set in a dark city hall office filled with bookshelves. The floor is strewn with used cigarettes and a brass spittoon. In the middle of the painting stand a young couple in front of a rolltop desk filling out their application for a marriage license. The man is wearing a tan suit and has his arm protectively around his fiancée. The woman wears a yellow dress with high heels but has to stand on her tiptoes to sign the document. Light from the open window beams down on the couple's faces.\nA bored looking older man in a bow tie and waistcoat sits behind the desk, with a cat resting beside his chair. Rubber galoshes have been placed over his shoes. The wearied look on the clerk's face starkly contrasts with the excited couple. Behind the clerk, in the window, sits a single red geranium. On top of the bookshelf is an unfolded United States flag, thought by the Norman Rockwell Museum to be a sign that the couple has come in at the very end of the day. In the background a calendar gives the date as June 11, 1955, the date the painting appeared on the cover of The Saturday Evening Post.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Marriage License", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_License", "article_id": 72073463, "section": "Description", "metadata": {"word_count": 224, "char_count": 1196, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Marriage License highlights two reoccurring themes in Norman Rockwell's works: the drab of ordinary life and the excitement of young love. The subject choice of a couple signing a marriage license, in private, rather than a public wedding was a deliberate one. Throughout his career, Rockwell consistently opted to show small moments of American life. Love is a topic that Rockwell explored extensively in paintings such as The Letterman (1938), Little Girl Observing Lovers on a Train (1944), Before the Date (1949), and The University Club (1960). Marriage License is one of the few times he directly addressed the theme post-World War II. The subject is amplified by the juxtaposition of the excited young couple next to the uninterested clerk. Depending on the side of the desk the painting is being viewed from, the day depicted in the painting is either run-of-the-mill or monumental.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Marriage License", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_License", "article_id": 72073463, "section": "Themes", "metadata": {"word_count": 144, "char_count": 890, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Rockwell moved from Arlington, Vermont, to Stockbridge, Massachusetts, in 1953 to be close to his wife Mary, who was receiving psychiatric treatment at the Austen Riggs Center, and to receive therapy from Erik Erikson. He set up a studio and continued to paint illustrations for magazine covers and yearly Boy Scout calendars.\nStarting in the 1930s Rockwell created his paintings from 50 to 100 reference photographs. The models for these were often drawn from the local community. Marriage License's three main figures – the young couple and the older man – are drawn from around Stockbridge. The office and surrounding buildings draw from both Johannes Vermeer's The Little Street and photographs of Stockbridge's town clerk's office.\nIn 1954 Rockwell approached Peggy Lahart, a nurse at the Riggs center, to pose for a painting depicting a bride-to-be. Peggy passed the opportunity to her younger sister Joan, who was engaged to Francis \"Moe\" Mahoney, a retired NBA player, in January 1955. After some prodding, Mahoney agreed to pose with his fiancée. For their photo shoot, Rockwell told the couple what to wear: a specific yellow summer dress with puffed sleeves for Lahart and a \"light blue shirt and wingtips\" for Mahoney. The dress had to be custom made as summerwear was impossible to buy in Stockbridge during winter. The couple were each paid $25 (equivalent to $290 in 2024) and received an oil sketch of the painting as a wedding gift.\nThe older man was modeled by Jason Braman, a shopkeeper in Stockbridge. Braman was chosen as the model because his wife had recently died. Rockwell originally positioned him sitting nearer the couple. During the photo shoot Braman relaxed and \"slumped down\" in the chair, a more natural pose Rockwell took a liking to and used for the final painting.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Marriage License", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_License", "article_id": 72073463, "section": "Commission and models", "metadata": {"word_count": 298, "char_count": 1800, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Using his collection of reference photographs, Rockwell composed a series of full-size sketches which were used to create a smaller final color study. A filing cabinet from the clerk's office made its way into a study but was removed in the final painting in favor of a potbelly stove to make the room look older. The final painting was created by transferring the sketch onto the canvas and painting over it. It took Rockwell just over a month to finish the painting, which was framed and then sent to The Saturday Evening Post. The Post had the painting color photographed. It was used to create four plates (blue, red, yellow, and black) which would be used to print a color reproduction.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Marriage License", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_License", "article_id": 72073463, "section": "Process", "metadata": {"word_count": 121, "char_count": 691, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Marriage License was first published as the cover of The Saturday Evening Post in 1955. That same year the painting was included in an exhibition of Rockwell's work at the Corcoran Gallery of Art organized and paid for by the magazine. After the show, the work returned to Rockwell's collection until 1969 when it and thirty-four other paintings – including the Four Freedoms (1943) and Shuffleton's Barbershop (1950) – were permanently loaned to the Old Corner House in Stockbridge. In 1972 the painting was included in Norman Rockwell: A Sixty Year Retrospective at the Brooklyn Museum on the condition that it was not part of the national tour of the same name.\nRockwell donated the entirety of his personal collection of paintings, including Marriage License, to the Norman Rockwell Art Collection Trust in 1973. The trust became the core of the Norman Rockwell Museum's permanent collection after the artist died in 1979. Marriage License has been displayed elsewhere only once since joining the collection, for the November 1999 – February 2002 tour, Norman Rockwell: Pictures for the American People, which visited the High Museum of Art, Chicago History Museum, Corcoran Gallery of Art, San Diego Museum of Art, Phoenix Art Museum, Norman Rockwell Museum, and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Marriage License", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_License", "article_id": 72073463, "section": "Provenance", "metadata": {"word_count": 210, "char_count": 1301, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The painting has been generally well received. In the catalog for the 1972 retrospective exhibition of Rockwell's works, museum director Thomas Buechner described the painting, along with Breaking Home Ties (1954), as the artist's two best works. Art critic Deborah Solomon found the painting to be a \"peak of [Rockwell's] talents as a realist painter\", and novelist John Updike praised the painting's small and \"unnecessary\" details. Popular culture historian Christopher Finch considered Marriage License to be iconic, one of Rockwell's \"most successful canvases\", and belonging \"with the very finest examples of Rockwell's art\". Writing in 1955 for The Washington Post, critic Leslie Judd Portner described the painting as boring and \"pedestrian\" in her scathing review of the Rockwell exhibition at the Corcoran Gallery of Art.\nPhilosopher of art Marcia Muelder Eaton uses Marriage License and Vermeer's The Milkmaid as foils in Art and Nonart: Reflections on an Orange Crate and a Moose Call to explore the boundaries of \"aesthetic value\" by testing a series of assertions about what makes \"good art\". She tries to test the idea that only one of the two paintings draws from earlier works of art, but fails. Much like Deborah Solomon and Dave Ferman of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Eaton notes that Marriage License is influenced by Dutch old masters, based on its use of light and dark interiors. When analyzing the technical skill needed to produce the works, she finds that both artists have a high degree of craftsmanship. Where Eaton finds the paintings differ is on the subject matter and presentation. She describes Rockwell's work as \"cheaply achieved\" and \"childish\" due to the shallow symbolism and compares it to a mass-market cartoon. Eaton later writes that she has \"very little, if any, drive to hear what others have to say about it [Marriage License]\" due to the lack of interpretation a viewer performs.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Marriage License", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_License", "article_id": 72073463, "section": "Reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 310, "char_count": 1926, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As a well-known Rockwell painting, Marriage License has been used as inspiration for other works. There were plans for a Christmas-themed film based on the painting and several other Rockwells in 1979. The production company filmed exterior shots, but production stopped in January because Stockbridge's Board of Selectmen was not properly notified of the project. Despite several attempts the producers could not receive permission to film largely because the Selectmen wanted the best possible deal for the town.\nAs a response to Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, the first state supreme court decision in favor of same-sex marriage, in 2004, artist Richard Williams created a parody of Marriage License for Mad magazine titled If Norman Rockwell Depicted the 21st Century. The parody stays close to the source material but with the cast iron stove replaced by a photocopier, the spittoon becoming a trash can, and a pair of gay men signing their marriage license. The woman's yellow dress in the original is paralleled by the shirt of the man closer to the viewer. \nGender studies scholar Katie Oliviero interpreted If Norman Rockwell ... as a commentary on the \"competing frameworks of civil marriage's competing public and private meanings\". Psychologists Earl Ginter, Gargi Roysircar and Lawrence Gerstein saw it instead as a commentary on the role of government in deciding which marriages are valid and which ones are not. The parody was re-posted in 2012 on Mad's website in celebration of the Second Circuit striking down the Defense of Marriage Act in United States v. Windsor.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Marriage License", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_License", "article_id": 72073463, "section": "Legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 256, "char_count": 1596, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty is a 2021 book by Australian constitutional law specialists Harry Hobbs and George Williams about micronations and their legal status. Written from an academic perspective, it is one of few works on micronational movements and the earliest-published book to focus largely on the legal aspect of micronations. The book concerns the definition of statehood, the place of micronations within international law, people's motivations for declaring them, the micronational community and the ways by which such entities mimic sovereign states. In 2022 Hobbs and Williams published a book for a broader audience, How to Rule Your Own Country: The Weird and Wonderful World of Micronations.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronations_and_the_Search_for_Sovereignty", "article_id": 72086573, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 110, "char_count": 725, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Micronations are political entities that claim independence and mimic acts of sovereignty as if they were a sovereign state, but lack any legal recognition. According to Collins English Dictionary, many exist \"only on the internet or within the private property of [their] members\" and seek to simulate a state rather than to achieve international recognition; their activities are generally non-threatening, often leading sovereign states to not actively contest the territorial claims they put forth. Legally speaking, micronation as a word has no basis in international law.\nMicronations and the Search for Sovereignty is authored by the Australian lawyers and legal academics Harry Hobbs, an associate professor at the Faculty of Law of the University of Technology Sydney, and George Williams, a professor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor of Planning and Assurance at the University of New South Wales. Both Hobbs and Williams specialise in international law; Hobbs is a human rights lawyer and Williams is an Australian constitutional law professor. Hobbs and Williams have published several articles together in academic journals regarding micronations since 22 April 2021. Prior to the book's publication, Hobbs had written about Indigenous sovereignty and Indigenous people's aspirations in Australia in 2020. Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty is written from an academic perspective, and is one of a few works on micronations and the earliest-published book to focus largely on their status in regards to the law.\nThe earliest-published book about micronationalism was How to Start Your Own Country (1979) by libertarian science-fiction author Erwin S. Strauss, in which Strauss documents various approaches to sovereignty and their chances of success. This was followed by two French-language publications—L'Etat c'est moi: histoire des monarchies privées, principautés de fantaisie et autres républiques pirates in 1997 by writer and historian Bruno Fuligni and Ils ne siègent pas à l'ONU in 2000 by founder and head of the French Institute of Micropatrology, Fabrice O'Driscoll, which details over 600 micronations. In 2006, travel guide book publisher Lonely Planet published Micronations: The Lonely Planet Guide to Home-Made Nations, a humorous gazetteer that profiles various micronations and information on their locations, flags, stamps and other facts.\nAlthough academic interest in micronationalism is limited, the study of the phenomenon—known as micropatriology—has been gaining momentum since the 2010s, and two journals entitled Shima and Transformations have frequently published articles regarding micronationalism. Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty was published by Cambridge University Press as an ebook on 23 December 2021, and in hardcover and paperback formats in January 2022. Published as part of Cambridge University Press's Cambridge Studies in Constitutional Law series edited by David Dyzenhaus and Thomas Poole, Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty is 256 pages long.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronations_and_the_Search_for_Sovereignty", "article_id": 72086573, "section": "Context and publication", "metadata": {"word_count": 442, "char_count": 3027, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The book has six chapters, a preface, an appendix of micronations discussed, and a full index. The first chapter, \"Prince Leonard Prepares for War\", profiles several micronationalists and their reasonings for declaring independence. The chapter's title refers to Leonard Casley, Prince of the Principality of Hutt River micronation, who declared, then undeclared, war on Australia as he believed a state undefeated in war must be recognised. Chapter two, \"Statehood and Micronations\", concerns the definition of statehood within international law, legal recognition, Indigenous nations and attempted definitions of sovereignty such as the Montevideo Convention, with Hobbs and Williams concluding that the meaning of sovereignty is subjective. They note that micronation has no formal or legal definition, and define the term as follows: micronations are political entities that claim independence and mimic acts of sovereignty as if they were a sovereign state, but lack any legal recognition. They draw a distinction from states with limited recognition, quasi-states and autonomous Indigenous nations as, according to them, micronations lack the legal basis within international law for their existence.\nThe third chapter, \"Motivations\"—expanding on chapter one—explores the motivations and influences of micronationalists for operating their own micronations. Chapter four, \"Performing Sovereignty\", explores how micronations simulate states by creating their own coinage, passports and postage stamps. It also explores diplomacy between micronations and the intermicronational community as a whole. Chapter five, \"State Responses\", concerns the reactions to micronations by countries and world governments. Hobbs and Williams write that most micronations are ignored as they pose little threat to their country's sovereignty, whereas micronationalists who individually commit crimes, such as tax evasion, are dealt with in court as citizens rather than receiving any recognition as being part of a secessionist movement. In the sixth and final chapter, \"The Future of Micronationalism\", the authors explore the continued operation of micronations as well as the continuation of the intermicronational community.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronations_and_the_Search_for_Sovereignty", "article_id": 72086573, "section": "Content", "metadata": {"word_count": 311, "char_count": 2216, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty has received positive reviews for its legal and non-dismissive academic approach to micronations. Both Vicente Bicudo de Castro, writing for the journal Shima, and law PhD candidate Mark Fletcher of Alternative Law Journal appreciated Hobbs and Williams' serious analysis of micronations in regards to secessionist movements. De Castro noted that their legal perspective on micronations was something he had not previously seen in other works about micronations, citing The Lonely Planet Guide to Home-Made Nations and Let's Split! A Complete Guide to Separatist Movements and Aspirant Nations, from Abkhazia to Zanzibar (2015). Both Fletcher and de Castro lauded Hobbs and Williams' definition of micronation as helpful, although Jack Corbett, professor of politics at the University of Southampton and reviewing the book for Small States & Territories, disliked that the work offered only a surface analysis on the definition of sovereignty while mostly implying the subjectivity of statehood.\nThe authors' detailed descriptions of various micronations, rather than solely focusing on their claims to legitimacy, received praise. Corbett wrote that this brought upon a welcomed \"light-heartedness\". Conversely, Fletcher thought that Hobbs and Williams could have better explored the legal means by which micronations attempt to assert their legitimacy by considering these attempts from the micronationalist's point of view. Nevertheless, he noted that an underlying question regarding micronational claims is how to distinguish valid legal claims from \"law-flavoured nonsense\", and that it is a question that Hobbs and Williams investigate \"extremely well\". De Castro considered the authors' analysis on the legitimacy of micronational claims as superior to Strauss' analysis of them in How to Start Your Own Country.\nThe book's usefulness to scholars—particularly those interested in micronationalism—was widely noted; Corbett contended that Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty was without a doubt the \"definitive text\" on micronationalism. De Castro wrote that it should be embraced as a foundation for further research into the topic. Fletcher stated that Hobbs and Williams did an admirable job analysing a large amount of grey literature to gather enough material for an \"academic discussion\" on micronations.\nOn 15 August 2022, Hobbs gave an online seminar hosted by the Australian National University's College of Law in which he discussed and summarised Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty. A follow-up to Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty by Hobbs and Williams for general audiences, entitled How to Rule Your Own Country: The Weird and Wonderful World of Micronations, was published in November 2022 by the University of New South Wales Press.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronations_and_the_Search_for_Sovereignty", "article_id": 72086573, "section": "Reception and aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 417, "char_count": 2826, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Neptune (Spring/Summer 2006) is the twenty-seventh collection by British designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. It took inspiration from classical Greek clothing, 1980s fashion, and the work of artists influential in that decade. The runway show was staged during Paris Fashion Week on 7 October 2005 at the industrial warehouse of the Imprimerie Nationale. Two main phases were presented, with 56 looks total: the first phase comprised monochrome black clothing, while the second featured a white, green, and gold palette. The collection's clothing and runway show both lacked McQueen's signature theatricality, and critical reception at launch and in retrospect was negative. Items from Neptune appeared in the 2022 exhibition Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Neptune (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_(collection)", "article_id": 73593844, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 117, "char_count": 792, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "British fashion designer Alexander McQueen was known for his imaginative, sometimes controversial designs. During his nearly twenty-year career, he explored a broad range of ideas and themes, including historicism, romanticism, femininity, sexuality, and death. His fashion shows were theatrical to the point of verging on performance art. Sarah Burton, his assistant during much of his career, later recalled that he \"just didn't like doing normal catwalk shows\".\nIn the years preceding Neptune (Spring/Summer 2006), however, McQueen had reached a stage of exhaustion with his career and the fashion industry, at one point saying, \"I go in, I do my business, do the parties, and leave.\" Some critics felt that his work – particularly The Man Who Knew Too Much (Autumn/Winter 2005), which immediately preceded Neptune – had become increasingly conventional, prompting concerns that he was losing his touch for showmanship. Others, believing that McQueen tended to alternate between low-key and spectacular shows, anticipated that Neptune would be a return to extravagance.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Neptune (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_(collection)", "article_id": 73593844, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 161, "char_count": 1072, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The collection was named for Neptune, the sea god of Roman mythology. The theming was loose, with elements drawn from the clothing of ancient Greece and fashion of the 1980s. There was a notable influence from power dressing, a trend in which women embraced business wear – especially tailored suits and shoulder pads – in order to project a powerful or successful presence in the workplace. \nIn his pre-show statement, McQueen said \"I'm bringing sex back to the market. Women want to be excited again\". He called Neptune a transitional collection, as he was \"trying to find my niche. What do I do best? Sexy tailoring, sexy clothes.\" Accordingly, many designs were cut to be revealing, with short hemlines, sheer panels, and skin otherwise exposed. \nDraped garments and column dresses referenced ancient Greek clothing. Look 55 from the runway show referenced the chiton, an ancient Greek garment, but substituted the traditional belt with a panel of beaded mesh, and had a modern miniskirt hemline. Looks 28 and 29, both long slim white dresses, bore similarities to classical caryatid columns as well as dresses from the classical revival of the 19th century. Some garments had decorative elements that displayed creatures from Greek mythology, such as the hippocampus and the phoenix.\nThe clothing in Neptune had clear references to designers whose work helped define the look of the 1980s: Tunisian designer Azzedine Alaïa, who was known for his body-conscious designs, and Italian designer Gianni Versace, whose work has been described as walking a thin line between seductive and tawdry. Critics also saw inspiration from Issey Miyake in the tightly pleated skirts of some ensembles, including Look 13. McQueen cited additional inspiration from fashion photographer Guy Bourdin, artist Jean-Paul Goude, both French, and Jamaican performer Grace Jones, all of whom contributed to the hard, high-glamour look of the 1980s.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Neptune (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_(collection)", "article_id": 73593844, "section": "Concept and collection", "metadata": {"word_count": 306, "char_count": 1927, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The runway show for Neptune was staged during Paris Fashion Week on 7 October 2005 at the industrial warehouse of the Imprimerie Nationale in Paris. The invitation was a black and white photo of a model in a bubble bath whose nude form was only partially obscured by bubbles. McQueen's longtime collaborator Shaun Leane provided jewellery. Joseph Bennett, who had designed all of McQueen's runways since No. 13 (Spring/Summer 1999), returned to handle set design. \nThe show's simplicity was an extreme departure from the over-the-top spectacles reviewers had come to expect from McQueen: models walked down an unadorned 30-foot (9 m) concrete runway with stark lighting, posed briefly, then returned without fanfare. It was closer in style to the budget-strapped shows from his early days, such as Nihilism (Spring/Summer 1994). The soundtrack was built from female artists known for their self-confidence: primarily 1980s rock music, represented by songs from Siouxsie and the Banshees and Suzi Quatro, as well as tracks from Ike and Tina Turner, Missy Elliott, and Aretha Franklin.\nAll models were at least 5'11\", echoing the trend for Amazonian supermodels of the 1980s. Bare legs and gladiator sandals with stiletto heels further emphasised their stature. Eugene Souleiman styled hair, which was slicked back on top and left to flow in waves across the shoulders. Charlotte Tilbury styled makeup in a \"simple and glamorous\" style. Some models carried handbags, which McQueen had debuted in the previous season. At the show's end, after the models took their final turn, McQueen appeared to take his bow. He wore a shirt reading \"We Love You Kate\" as a gesture of public support toward his friend, English supermodel Kate Moss, who at the time of the show was embroiled in a scandal over alleged drug use.\nTwo main phases were presented, with 56 looks total. The first half comprised monochrome black ensembles with white, silver, and grey accents and a focus on tailoring, while the second half involved outfits in a palette of white, green, and gold with a draped \"Greek goddess\" look. Looks 33, 51, and 54 from the second phase featured metallic bodysuits with extreme cut-outs, suggestive of swimwear. Some reviewers found that the second phase bore similarities to Search for the Golden Fleece, McQueen's 1997 debut as head designer at Givenchy – that collection also took inspiration from Greek mythology and had a gold and white palette.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Neptune (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_(collection)", "article_id": 73593844, "section": "Runway show", "metadata": {"word_count": 397, "char_count": 2447, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Lacking McQueen's signature theatricality, Neptune was poorly received at launch. Reviewers who expected the return of his bombastic runway shows were disappointed by the minimalist experience. Jess Cartner-Morley of The Guardian noted that aside from McQueen's appearance in the Kate Moss shirt, the collection lacked his customary runway \"shock tactics\". The presentation forced the focus onto the clothing, not necessarily to its benefit. Sarah Mower's review for Vogue was uniformly negative: she found both show and clothing dull. Both the staff writer for Women's Wear Daily and Cathy Horyn of The New York Times commented on the aggressive aesthetic of the collection. Horyn wrote that McQueen had \"grasped the notion of sexiness technically but not with feeling or belief\". \nThe overly commercial designs led to the assumption that McQueen was designing for sales and producing clothes that lacked his usual artistic flair. Mower stated that she was not criticising McQueen for wanting to sell clothing, but felt that Neptune did not live up to his artistic capabilities. The staff writer for Women's Wear Daily agreed that McQueen might have been designing with sales numbers in mind, suggesting that McQueen was \"stifling his brilliance\". Horyn compared McQueen and fellow British designer John Galliano – a common occurrence due to their roughly parallel career arcs and similarly maximalist styles – noting that both seemed to be reining in their creativity in favour of commercial appeal that season. \nSeveral critics drew unflattering comparisons to costumes from genre fiction. Mower's review reserved particular scorn for the metallic bodysuits, which she wrote had \"all the finesse of something left over from an eighties sci-fi TV series\". The staff writer for Women's Wear Daily found the collection had failed to achieve the Greek goddess look McQueen was going for, and called it \"a meeting of Xena and a well-turned-out sci-fi high priestess\". Cartner-Morley described the collection as an \"ill-matched\" mix between 1970s rock and roll fashion and a Greek goddess look, with a result that looked more like comic book superheroine Wonder Woman.\nSome reviewers found positive aspects amid their criticism. Women's Wear Daily found the clothing in Neptune \"more refined\" than in Golden Fleece and called out Look 29, a long white column dress, as potential red carpet wear, saying it should \"prove hyper telegenic\". Horyn found Look 35, a tailored white trouser suit, to be the \"smartest\" and \"subtlest\" in the collection.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Neptune (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_(collection)", "article_id": 73593844, "section": "Reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 398, "char_count": 2541, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The collection is viewed with little enthusiasm in retrospect. In her 2012 biography of McQueen, Judith Watt wrote that it \"screamed Cinecittà kitsch\", referring to the Cinecittà film studio in Rome. In her 2015 book Gods and Kings, Dana Thomas called it a \"soulless exercise\" indicative of McQueen's late-career malaise, and wrote that the \"only thing notable about that show\" was the Kate Moss T-shirt. Andrew Wilson does not even discuss the clothing in Blood Beneath the Skin, his 2015 biography of McQueen, mentioning the collection only to note the supportive gesture for Moss. Introducing the collection in Alexander McQueen: Unseen (2016), fashion theorist Claire Wilcox remarked that it was \"perhaps the closest McQueen ever got to staging a beauty contest, albeit for superwomen.\"\nThe retrospective exhibition Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty did not include any clothing from Neptune in either its 2011 staging at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art or its 2015 staging at London's Victoria and Albert Museum. Items from Neptune owned by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art appeared in Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse, a 2022 exhibition that explored McQueen's work as it related to art history. Neptune was placed in the \"Mythos\" section of the exhibition, which examined collections inspired by religion and mythology. The exhibition compared the collection's long white dresses to Caryatids of the Four Continents (c. 1867) by French sculptor Aimé Jules Dalou, noting that both evoked the idea of women as \"pillars of strength\".\nIn 2017, Shaun Leane auctioned a number of pieces he had created for the house at Sotheby's in New York, including three arm cuffs and a torc necklace from Neptune. The arm cuffs sold for an average of approximately $2,900, and the necklace for $3,750. Fashion collector Jennifer Zuiker auctioned her McQueen collection in 2020, including at least two pieces from Neptune. A nude bodysuit with severe cut-outs (Look 54) sold for a reported $3,437, while a green minidress with jewelled accents (Look 56) sold for a reported $6,875.\nIn the final episode of Canadian sitcom Schitt's Creek, which aired in April 2020, the character Moira Rose (played by Catherine O'Hara) wears Look 28 from Neptune as part of her ensemble for officiating a wedding. Series co-creator Dan Levy sourced it from a consignment store, and described the beaded skull on the back of the dress as the reason he picked it. Milly Alcock wore Look 38, a long cream dress with gold chains for bodice, to the 2022 premiere of House of the Dragon.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Neptune (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune_(collection)", "article_id": 73593844, "section": "Legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 420, "char_count": 2570, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Obsessed\" (stylized in all lowercase) is a song by American singer-songwriter Olivia Rodrigo from Guts (Spilled), the 2024 deluxe edition of her second studio album, Guts (2023). Rodrigo wrote it with Annie Clark (also known as St. Vincent) and its producer, Dan Nigro. Geffen Records released it as a single alongside the deluxe edition on March 22, 2024. A rock, pop rock, dance-rock, pop-punk, and power pop song with punk rock, grunge, and pop metal influences, \"Obsessed\" details Rodrigo's jealousy and preoccupation with her partner's ex-girlfriend.\nMusic critics believed \"Obsessed\" achieved an edgier sound than Rodrigo's previous output and directed praise towards its upbeat nature and lyrics. In the United Kingdom, the song peaked at number 10 on the UK singles chart and became Rodrigo's eighth top-10 single. It reached the top 20 in Australia, Canada, Ireland, and the United States. \"Obsessed\" received a platinum certification in Australia and silver in the United Kingdom.\nMitch Ryan directed the music video for \"Obsessed\", which depicts Rodrigo facing her partner's ex-girlfriends in a beauty pageant and performing the song in an adjoining room. She included it on the set list for her 2024–2025 concert tour, the Guts World Tour, where she sang it while spinning around and played a guitar solo. These performances received positive reviews alongside comparisons to 1990s rock artists, and the song attained viral popularity on video-sharing service TikTok.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Obsessed (Olivia Rodrigo song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessed_(Olivia_Rodrigo_song)", "article_id": 74491684, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 230, "char_count": 1480, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "At the age of 19, Olivia Rodrigo conceived her second studio album, Guts (2023), while experiencing \"lots of confusion, mistakes, awkwardness & good old fashioned teen angst\". Dan Nigro produced every track on it. They wrote over 100 songs, of which Rodrigo included the more rock-oriented tracks on the album because they drew a bigger reaction from her audiences during live shows. Out of the 25 songs recorded, 12 made it onto the standard edition of Guts. Rodrigo excluded some of them to not overpower the tracklist with too many similar songs and believed they would be released at some point in the future. She had recorded the track \"Obsessed\" in 2021 after writing it with Nigro and Annie Clark, a mentor to her during the album's creation process.\nTwo days before the album's release, Rodrigo uploaded a parody infomercial which teased the names of four additional tracks, including \"Obsessed\". They were each included as a hidden track on a different color variant of its vinyls, with \"Obsessed\" appearing on some of them. Third Man Records released the four tracks on a limited-edition vinyl, titled Guts: The Secret Tracks, on November 24, 2023, to commemorate Record Store Day.\nIn 2024, \"Obsessed\" became the only hidden track to be included on the set list of Rodrigo's Guts World Tour (2024–2025), and it attained viral popularity on video-sharing service TikTok. In March 2024, Rodrigo's fan hotline began playing a snippet of \"Obsessed\", and it was subsequently announced as a single alongside the album's deluxe edition, Guts (Spilled) (2024). She stated her enjoyment about performing the song on the Guts World Tour but noted that it had already been among her favorite tracks. Geffen Records promoted it to contemporary hit radio stations in the United States on March 22.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Obsessed (Olivia Rodrigo song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessed_(Olivia_Rodrigo_song)", "article_id": 74491684, "section": "Background and release", "metadata": {"word_count": 296, "char_count": 1794, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Obsessed\" is 2 minutes and 50 seconds long. Nigro produced the song and provided vocal production, and he handled engineering with Dave Schiffman and Ryan Linvill. He played guitar, bass, synthesizer, and drum programming; St. Vincent played guitar; and Garret Ray played drums. Spike Stent mixed the song at SLS Studios in London, and Randy Merrill mastered it. Recording took place in Amusement Studios in Los Angeles.\n\"Obsessed\" is a rock, pop rock, dance-rock, pop-punk, and power pop with influences of punk rock, grunge, and pop metal. The song opens with Rodrigo harmonizing with herself: \"Da da-da-da da-da-da\", before yelling with increasing force. It later incorporates ripped guitars, distorted vocals, heavy bass, and drums. \"Obsessed\" has gentle verses but a loud chorus, during which it becomes more panicky according to Billboard Philippines' Gabriel Saulog. Eddino Abdul Hadi of The Straits Times likened this dynamic to old alternative rock bands, and Aadya Dusad of the South China Morning Post compared the song to the work of Avril Lavigne.\nThe lyrics of \"Obsessed\" are about Rodrigo's jealousy and preoccupation with her partner's ex-girlfriend. The theme is explored through a sapphic narrative, similarly to the track \"Lacy\" from the album's standard edition. \"Obsessed\" is also about insecurity, channeling the negative inner voice in teenagers' minds, and their persistent obsessive and envious thoughts. Rodrigo admits to spending unusual amounts of time thinking about and looking at pictures of the partner's ex and researching personal details like her astrological sign and blood type. In the chorus, she wonders if the ex had slept in the partner's bed and warns him to be careful because she recalls everything he has told Rodrigo about her. In the bridge, Rodrigo asks him questions about the ex's sexual performance and behavior and if she was well-traveled and knowledgeable.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Obsessed (Olivia Rodrigo song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessed_(Olivia_Rodrigo_song)", "article_id": 74491684, "section": "Composition", "metadata": {"word_count": 299, "char_count": 1911, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Critical reviews for \"Obsessed\" were generally positive, with some highlighting its upbeat nature. Variety's Chris Willman believed that like other songs on Guts: The Secret Tracks, which were \"B+ tracks at worst\", it was deserving of a placement on the main edition of Guts. He and the Official Charts Company's George Griffiths both described \"Obsessed\" as a \"banger\"; Willman thought it fit with the more upbeat songs on the album, and the latter positively compared it to Katy Perry's song \"I Kissed A Girl\" (2008) and Charli XCX's album Sucker (2014). Notion found the song catchy, and Uproxx's Lexi Lane described it as a standout and included it in the website's weekly roundup of the Best New Pop Music.\nSome critics believed \"Obsessed\" achieved an edgier sound than Rodrigo's previous output. Including it at number 25 in Billboard's list of the best songs of 2024 as of June, Andrew Unterberger stated that it was her \"most deliciously thrashing\" and \"least-likely radio hit\", unsure if its production hurt or helped its commercial prospects. Steffanee Wang of Nylon believed the song was the \"edgiest\" Rodrigo had ever sounded and she should take the same direction in her future material, and Andrew Pulver of The Guardian opined that she had never sounded more scathing or biting. Hadi described her delivery as progressively manic and thought it was perfectly complemented by the chorus's captivating hook.\nOthers commented on the lyrics. Hadi thought they accurately encapsulated adolescent drama, and Dusad believed \"Obsessed\" expertly captured the theme of insecurity in relationships and would be relatable to teenagers who are insecure about the topic as well as enjoyable at karaoke bars. She picked two of the most memorable lyrics: \"I'm staring at her like I wanna get hurt\" and \"I'm so obsessed with your ex.\" The track was included on a critical list of the best songs of 2024 at number nine by Business Insider's Callie Ahlgrim.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Obsessed (Olivia Rodrigo song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessed_(Olivia_Rodrigo_song)", "article_id": 74491684, "section": "Critical reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 320, "char_count": 1953, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Obsessed\" debuted at number 14 on the US Billboard Hot 100 issued for April 6, 2024. The song became Rodrigo's seventh to reach the top 10 of the Pop Airplay chart, at number 10. It was her ninth to achieve the same milestone on the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart, at number 2. In Canada, \"Obsessed\" entered at number 20 on the Canadian Hot 100 issued for the same date. The song debuted at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart and became Rodrigo's eighth top-10 single. It was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry.\nIn Australia, \"Obsessed\" entered at number 16 and received a platinum certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association. The song charted at number 26 in New Zealand. It debuted at number 17 on the Billboard Global 200. \"Obsessed\" also reached number 12 in Ireland, number 20 on the Japan Hot Overseas chart, number 43 in Greece, number 54 in Portugal, number 59 in Sweden, number 73 in Austria and the Netherlands, and number 92 in Poland.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Obsessed (Olivia Rodrigo song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessed_(Olivia_Rodrigo_song)", "article_id": 74491684, "section": "Commercial performance", "metadata": {"word_count": 173, "char_count": 990, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Mitch Ryan directed the music video for \"Obsessed\". On March 20, 2024, Rodrigo uploaded a teaser of it, in which she proceeds into a hall full of her partner's exes in white dresses. Each woman dons a sash bearing different superlatives like \"Miss Still His 'Closest Friend'\", \"Miss 2 Summers Ago\", and \"Miss Mom's Favorite\", while Rodrigo's reads: \"Miss Right Now\". The hairstylist Clayton Hawkins styled Rodrigo's hair into rough pixie cut bangs, with gentle flowing Bohemian waves reminiscent of the 1970s and two long braids. Her outfit was a gothic and bare-shouldered black prom dress with an overlay and Steve Madden's Lotti Mary Jane loafers and socks. The video was released two days later.\nIn the video, Rodrigo enters a hotel ballroom and encounters the partner's exes, one of whom blows smoke towards her. The women compete in a beauty pageant titled \"Exes Gala\", which turns into an award show where Rodrigo presents them trophies bearing titles like \"The Life of Every Fucking Party,\", \"Good with Kids\", and \"She Even Speaks Kindly About Me\". She gives a deadpan facial expression during most of the video, which Saulog believed represents her envy towards the exes. In other scenes, Rodrigo performs the song in an adjoining room with a tuxedo-clad band and sings the bridge while encircled by some of the exes. The video concludes with her cleaning up the venue after everyone else has left.\nSaulog thought the events in the video represent the chaos in Rodrigo's mind: \"[an] almost rage-filled party in her head\". Rolling Stone's Tomás Mier described the video as a \"fever dream\", and Rania Aniftos of Billboard believed the concept flawlessly complements its lyrics about envy. It was nominated for Best Cinematography at the 2024 MTV Video Music Awards and Best International Pop Video at the 2024 UK Music Video Awards.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Obsessed (Olivia Rodrigo song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessed_(Olivia_Rodrigo_song)", "article_id": 74491684, "section": "Music video", "metadata": {"word_count": 305, "char_count": 1839, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On the Guts World Tour, \"Obsessed\" appears as part of a set of rock-oriented songs, alongside \"Brutal\" (2021), \"All-American Bitch\" (2023), \"Good 4 U\" (2021), and \"Get Him Back!\" (2023), which together recalls 1990s rock artists like Alanis Morissette and Gwen Stefani according to Chicago Sun-Times' Selena Fragassi. After a white sheet burning to ashes is projected on a screen during a progressive rock-metal interlude, symbolizing \"the death of innocence\" according to The Tennessean's Audrey Gibbs, Rodrigo sings \"Brutal\". She performs \"Obsessed\" in a red bodysuit while spinning around on the ground and being shot by a camera from below. Rodrigo is joined by a seven-piece support band, from whom she clutches a drumstick and tosses it into the audience. She concludes with a solo on Music Man's St. Vincent Goldie signature guitar.\nPerformances of the song received a highly positive fan reaction; many critics described it as a highlight, and Mier believed it was delivered \"as if it were a single\". Kevin C. Johnson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch considered it the show's \"most badass moment\", and Melissa Ruggieri of USA Today praised the use of camera effects. Critics also characterized the performance as influenced by several genres. Michael Rietmulder of The Seattle Times thought it was influenced by grunge, and Sarah John of Nylon believed it was one of the moments that encapsulated the \"pop-punk and riot-grrrl sensibilities\" demonstrated throughout the show. Writing for the Vancouver Sun, Stuart Derdeyn likened the energy to Elastica and Hole and thought Rodrigo was a convincing rock performer, while USA Today's Ed Masley opined that it leaned into the reckless vitality of punk and the post-Nirvana alternative rock of the 1990s. A rehearsal video of her performing \"Obsessed\" was uploaded on April 9, 2024. Rodrigo opened her Lollapalooza Chile set with the song in March 2025.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Obsessed (Olivia Rodrigo song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessed_(Olivia_Rodrigo_song)", "article_id": 74491684, "section": "Live performances", "metadata": {"word_count": 303, "char_count": 1901, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Guts (Spilled).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Obsessed (Olivia Rodrigo song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessed_(Olivia_Rodrigo_song)", "article_id": 74491684, "section": "Credits and personnel", "metadata": {"word_count": 10, "char_count": 59, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Olivia Rodrigo – vocals, background vocals, songwriter, rhythm guitar on live performances\nDan Nigro – producer, songwriter, engineer, guitar, vocal producer, bass, synthesizer, drum programming, background vocals\nSt. Vincent – songwriter, guitar, background vocals\nGarret Ray – drums\nDave Schiffman – engineer\nRyan Linvill – engineer\nChappell Roan – background vocals\nRandy Merrill – mastering\nSpike Stent – mixing", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Obsessed (Olivia Rodrigo song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessed_(Olivia_Rodrigo_song)", "article_id": 74491684, "section": "Credits and personnel", "metadata": {"word_count": 59, "char_count": 415, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Open Arms\" is a song by American singer-songwriter SZA from her second studio album, SOS (2022), featuring American rapper Travis Scott. It is a ballad backed by an acoustic guitar, conceived as part of an effort to explore soundscapes outside of SZA's usual R&B-leaning music. The lyrics are addressed to a former lover, whom the narrator leaves for the sake of her self-esteem despite her persistent feelings of attachment to him. A tribute to SZA's deceased grandmother, Norma Rowe, begins the song, done in the form of a skit; Rowe's vocals featured prominently on SZA's debut album, Ctrl (2017).\nUpon release, \"Open Arms\" charted in the United States, Canada, and Australia, with a number 67 peak on the Billboard Global 200. Critics focused on Scott's appearance on the song—some considered him a fitting addition, welcoming his uncharacteristically gentle tone on the third verse. \"Open Arms\" marks his fourth collaboration with SZA; a solo version appears on the website-exclusive digital edition of SOS, released in January 2023. The following month, SZA began the SOS Tour, and she regularly included \"Open Arms\" on the concerts' set lists. An alternate version of the song was included on the February 9, 2025, reissue version of Lana, which is a solo version of the song featuring just SZA's verses.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Open Arms (SZA song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Arms_(SZA_song)", "article_id": 72956942, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 214, "char_count": 1312, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "SZA released her debut studio album, Ctrl, in 2017. Primarily an R&B album that deals with themes like heartbreak, it received widespread acclaim for SZA's vocals and the eclectic musical style, as well as the emotional impact and confessional nature of the songwriting. The album brought SZA to mainstream fame, and critics credit it with establishing her status as a major figure in contemporary pop and R&B music and pushing the boundaries of the R&B genre. Her next studio album was therefore highly anticipated, and she alluded to its completion as early as August 2019 during an interview with DJ Kerwin Frost.\nFrom April to May 2022, SZA told media outlets that she had recently finished the album in Hawaii and said that it was coming soon. For the album, named SOS (2022), she sought to prove her musical versatility and combine her \"traditional\" R&B sound that had been a staple of her past works with \"a little bit of everything\", exploring a diverse set of other genres and soundscapes such as stripped-back, acoustic music that makes use of guitars.\nDuring the build-up to the album's release, SZA compiled a list of possible collaborators and reached out to them through private messages. The roster ranged from Billie Eilish, Harry Styles, and Olivia Rodrigo; to Doja Cat, Drake, and Kendrick Lamar. Of the several artists she contacted for the album, only three people sent their verses: Don Toliver, Phoebe Bridgers, and Travis Scott. Toliver and Bridgers appear in the tracks \"Used\" and \"Ghost in the Machine\" respectively, while Scott appears in \"Low\" as a background vocalist and \"Open Arms\" as a featured artist.\nSZA and Scott had collaborated three times beforehand. The two worked on Scott's song \"Ok Alright\" from Rodeo (2015), SZA's single \"Love Galore\" from Ctrl (2017), and the song \"Power Is Power\" from the Game of Thrones soundtrack (2019). Of the two Scott collaborations, \"Open Arms\" was written first; \"Low\" was the last song on the album to be written.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Open Arms (SZA song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Arms_(SZA_song)", "article_id": 72956942, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 332, "char_count": 1986, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The media had the tendency to categorize SZA as an R&B artist. She refused to be restricted to such a label, and she felt the narrative had developed because she was a Black woman. Countering what she believed was racial bias, she said: \"I love making Black music, period. Something that is just full of energy. Black music doesn't have to just be R&B [...] Why can't we just be expansive and not reductive?\" The album's acoustic, stripped-back sound manifests in tracks such as \"Open Arms\".\n\"Open Arms\" is among the album's songs that have an acoustic sound, backed by a finger-picked guitar that puts emphasis on SZA's soft vocal performance. In a departure from his usual sharp, energetic trap sound, Scott performs with a gentle rap cadence; he uses his lower register, with his vocals digitally manipulated using Auto-Tune. Also appearing on the song is SZA's grandmother, Norma Rowe, in the form of a voice recording. Rowe was SZA's grandmother who died from Alzheimer's disease during recording sessions for SOS, which caused her to go through frequent depressive episodes, and like Scott, Rowe's vocals prominently featured in Ctrl. Nylon wrote that she helped provide \"Open Arms\" a heartwarming tone to contrast much of the album's other tracks which are \"roiling at the brim with anger, sadness, insecurity, and loneliness\".\nProducer Carter Lang cited time pressure as the driving force behind the creation of many songs on SOS. Work on the album began in 2019, but much of \"Open Arms\" was written and recorded around the tailend of 2021, with 2022 the year they started being at their most productive. The choice to have Scott depart from the more uptempo, trap sound of \"Love Galore\" was an idea from fellow SOS producer Rob Bisel, who wanted him to do something unexpected for the album: \"it just seems like there's no need to repeat the same play from that playbook, like what's something you wouldn't expect from Travis?\" Upon hearing the suggestion, SZA sent Scott the beat and received his verse one or two weeks later, during the final stages of the album recording process.\nApart from Halm and Bisel, who is also the song's mixer and engineer, the list of producers includes Michael Uzowuru. The three, SZA, and Scott are credited as songwriters alongside one Douglas Ford. Engineering took place at Ponzu Studios and Westlake Studio A in Los Angeles, and the mixing and mastering were done a day before the album was turned in. Bisel and Scott's mixer, Derek \"206derek\" Anderson, mixed \"Open Arms\" at Ponzu, and Dale Becker mastered it at his studio in Pasadena, California.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Open Arms (SZA song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Arms_(SZA_song)", "article_id": 72956942, "section": "Music and production", "metadata": {"word_count": 438, "char_count": 2594, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Many SOS tracks explore the conflict between SZA's desire for a new life on her own and a longing for a fulfilling romantic connection, to the detriment of her self-image. \"Open Arms\" is one song that features such a conflict, depicting the narrator's continued attachment to a relationship even though it has become unhealthy for her. In the lyrics, she admits she is willing to still be with her ex-boyfriend no matter how much they are actually incompatible and no matter how much it takes a toll on her mental health, to the point where she sings in one line, \"Who needs self-esteem, anyway?\" She hopes that staying with her ex-boyfriend will sate her desire of finally being appreciated by someone, admitting: \"I hate myself to make you stay / Push me away, I'll be right here.\" According to music journalist Danyel Smith, the line mirrors SZA's personal life in that it recalls her history with rejection from people with whom she wanted to form close friendships.\nScott appears in the third verse as her romantic foil. He calls her his \"ride-or-die\" and his \"favourite color\", reassuring her that he will treat her as best as he can \"no matter what comes between\" them. A solo version of \"Open Arms\" replaces Scott with SZA's take on the third verse. In it, her character sings about a time she cried for one whole night, forlorn about her past relationships. Instead of feeling alone, she says, she would rather have sex with her ex-boyfriend again, because she believes he still loves her for who she is. Throughout the original version, the two try to welcome each other back into their life, reluctant to leave the relationship. By the end, however, SZA's character realizes that she must, in the words of XXL, \"accept isolation with open arms\" so that no person will break her heart again.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Open Arms (SZA song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Arms_(SZA_song)", "article_id": 72956942, "section": "Lyrics", "metadata": {"word_count": 313, "char_count": 1801, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During a Billboard cover story published in November 2022, SZA revealed the album title, as well as the release date which was scheduled sometime next month. She posted the album's track list on Twitter on December 5, and SOS was released four days later. \"Open Arms\" appears as the 20th out of 23 tracks. The song had its live performance debut during the SOS Tour, an international tour in support of the album.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Open Arms (SZA song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Arms_(SZA_song)", "article_id": 72956942, "section": "Release", "metadata": {"word_count": 73, "char_count": 413, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Upon the album's release, \"Open Arms\" charted in Canada, the United States, and Australia. The song peaked in those countries at numbers 51, 54, and 81, respectively. It peaked at number 24 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number 67 on the Billboard Global 200, In 2024, the song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling over 1,000,000 units. \nThat same year, \"Open Arms\" began entering more national charts, as it experienced a resurgence in consumption. It entered the New Zealand chart in 2024, peaking at number 29 there. In 2025, it peaked at number 91 in Ireland, 63 in the UK, and 37 in the Philippines.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Open Arms (SZA song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Arms_(SZA_song)", "article_id": 72956942, "section": "Commercial performance", "metadata": {"word_count": 114, "char_count": 662, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Much of critical commentary around \"Open Arms\" focused on Scott's guest feature. Some critics considered him a fitting addition on the song, welcoming his uncharacteristically gentle tone on the third verse and praising him and SZA for expanding into a more gentle, acoustic sound. As Kitty Empire wrote for The Observer, \"Versatility largely wins out [on SOS]. Only SZA could find room for Travis Scott on a slow jam ballad\". Variety's A. D. Amorosi and the Los Angeles Times's Mikael Wood found the composition of \"grand and gorgeous\" quality; Amorosi in particular deemed Scott the song's centerpiece. Other praise was directed towards his chemistry with SZA in comparison to \"Love Galore\" and Rowe's voice as (in tandem with Scott's feature) a \"nice nod\" to Ctrl. Meanwhile, writing for Time, Andrew Chow and Moises Mendez II thought Scott's contributions were tolerable at best, and Mendez was more impressed with his background vocals for \"Low\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Open Arms (SZA song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Arms_(SZA_song)", "article_id": 72956942, "section": "Critical reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 153, "char_count": 951, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A digital download–only version of \"Open Arms\" without Scott's verse was released on an extended edition of SOS, on January 5, 2023. The edition was website-exclusive, available for purchase only on Top Dawg Entertainment's website. The release occurred following a close competition for the Billboard 200 number-one spot between SOS and Taylor Swift's Midnights (2022). The extended edition was released to boost SOS's performance on the chart, a strategy Swift also did with her album.\nOn February 7, 2025, SZA's official website was surreptitiously updated with an announcement. It stated that an extended version of Lana–the reissue album of SOS–would be released two days later, following multiple delays. The solo version's inclusion had been teased on social media last December 2024, via screenshots of SZA's text conversations with her manager Punch. It was officially released to streaming platforms on the scheduled date, under the subtitle \"Just SZA\", hours before her Super Bowl LIX halftime show performance.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Open Arms (SZA song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Arms_(SZA_song)", "article_id": 72956942, "section": "Solo version", "metadata": {"word_count": 156, "char_count": 1022, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Adapted from the liner notes of SOS\nRecording and management", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Open Arms (SZA song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Arms_(SZA_song)", "article_id": 72956942, "section": "Credits", "metadata": {"word_count": 10, "char_count": 60, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Engineered at Ponzu Studios and Westlake Studio A (Los Angeles, California)\nMixed at Ponzu\nMastered at Becker Mastering (Pasadena, California)\nPersonnel", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Open Arms (SZA song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Arms_(SZA_song)", "article_id": 72956942, "section": "Credits", "metadata": {"word_count": 21, "char_count": 152, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Overlook (Autumn/Winter 1999) was the fourteenth collection by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. It was inspired by the Stanley Kubrick horror film The Shining (1980) and named for the fictional Overlook Hotel where much of the film takes place. The collection focused on winter clothing in light and neutral colours, including chunky knitwear, fur and shearling coats, and parkas inspired by Inuit clothing. Showpiece items included a bustier made from rock crystal and a corset made from coils of aluminium, the latter provided by jeweller and frequent McQueen collaborator Shaun Leane.\nThe runway show was staged on 23 February 1999 at Gatliff Road Warehouse in London. Several celebrities attended, including Vogue editor Anna Wintour, who was making her first appearance at a McQueen show. The square stage was enclosed by a large Lucite box. The inside, lit by thousands of candles, was dressed to look like a birch forest in winter, complete with artificial snow and an icy floor. Production was handled by McQueen's usual creative team. Seventy-three looks were presented in the main runway show, interrupted by a brief entr'acte during which several models skated around the enclosure. The show earned a standing ovation, regarded as a rare achievement in the fashion world.\nCritical response to the clothing and the runway show for The Overlook was mostly positive, and it is regarded as one of McQueen's most memorable shows. Some observers criticised the collection for being unrealistic, and others objected to the use of real fur. Academic analysis has focused on the show's interpretation of The Shining and themes of isolation through the medium of clothing. The coiled corset was the sole item from The Overlook to appear in the original 2011 staging of the retrospective exhibit Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Overlook (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Overlook_(collection)", "article_id": 75849077, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 298, "char_count": 1876, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "British designer Alexander McQueen was known in the fashion industry for his imaginative, sometimes controversial designs. During his nearly twenty-year career, he explored a broad range of ideas and themes, including historicism, romanticism, femininity, sexuality, and death. His fashion shows were theatrical to the point of verging on performance art. He began his career in fashion as an apprentice on Savile Row, and the skills he developed there earned him a lifelong reputation as an expert tailor. Early in his career, his runway presentations were violent and shocking, and audiences began to expect his shows to feature macabre dramatics. From 1996 to 2001, he was head designer at French luxury design house Givenchy, where he learned le flou, or draping, the dressmaking side of haute couture.\nMcQueen's personal fixations had a strong influence on his designs and shows, especially his love of film, which he drew on from the beginning of his career with his first commercial collection, Taxi Driver (Autumn/Winter 1993), named for the 1976 Martin Scorsese film. Other explicitly film-inspired collections include The Birds (Spring/Summer 1995), The Hunger (Spring/Summer 1996), Deliverance (Spring/Summer 2004), and The Man Who Knew Too Much (Autumn/Winter 2005). \nMcQueen often worked with other creatives to produce things outside his area of expertise for runway shows, such as hats or jewellery. He had a light touch with collaborators, providing short creative briefs that permitted latitude for interpretation, and often did not see the work he had commissioned until right before the show. McQueen had a longstanding and particularly close collaboration with jeweller Shaun Leane, who had worked with him as early as Highland Rape (Autumn/Winter 1995). The two met during their student years; Leane was trained as a classical goldsmith who worked in traditional formats, but McQueen encouraged him to branch out into other materials and shapes.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Overlook (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Overlook_(collection)", "article_id": 75849077, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 302, "char_count": 1966, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Overlook (Autumn/Winter 1999) was the fourteenth collection by McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. It was inspired by the Stanley Kubrick horror film The Shining (1980) and named after the fictional Overlook Hotel where much of the film takes place. McQueen stated that the collection was intended to echo the film's \"sense of isolation and obscurity\". Separately, he said that he \"wanted to confront misconceptions of size and matter\" with the collection. Journalist Suzy Menkes suggested the emphasis on knitwork and embroidery may have been drawn from the Arts and Crafts movement, which had strongly influenced McQueen's previous collection, No. 13 (Spring/Summer 1999).\nAlthough The Shining is known for its dark and violent subject matter, McQueen surprised the audience by instead taking inspiration from its wintery, isolated setting, while making several visual references to the film. He referenced the film's ghostly sisters in Look 40, which featured a pair of identically styled models walking hand in hand. Hexagonal shapes reflected the Overlook Hotel's carpet pattern. The show concluded with an artificial snowstorm reminiscent of the blizzard that ends the film.\nThe palette was primarily light and neutral colours: black, white, grey, and soft pink. The collection focused on romantic interpretations of winter clothing and pseudo-skiwear: garments made from thick jersey, chunky knitted items, and parkas inspired by Inuit clothing. McQueen incorporated materials sourced from animals, including crocodile skin, leather, rabbit fur, and shearling. As was typical with McQueen, there was a heavy emphasis on tailored garments, especially frock coats and fit and flare dresses. One frock coat had a fanned tail, referencing McQueen's love of birds and asymmetrical designs. Skirts were pleated or bubbled, making them voluminous. McQueen's signature low-rise \"bumster\" trousers also made an appearance. Other repeated design elements included patchwork garments, painted and embroidered roses, Swarovski crystal decorations, and garments made from metal. The boots worn by the models had heels resembling ice skate blades.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Overlook (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Overlook_(collection)", "article_id": 75849077, "section": "Concept and creative process", "metadata": {"word_count": 318, "char_count": 2149, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The runway show was staged on 23 February 1999 at Gatliff Road Warehouse in London. It was dedicated to Stanley Kubrick, then recently deceased. The show's invitation was a sheet of white A4 paper with the proverb \"all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy\" typed repeatedly, echoing the way Shining protagonist Jack Torrance obsessively types the phrase while losing his mind. There were technical issues backstage, including a small fire and a malfunctioning artificial snow machine, although these were resolved without interrupting the show. Several celebrities attended, including Kate Winslet, Helen Mirren, Cate Blanchett, Grace Jones, and members of trip hop group Massive Attack. Industry figures in attendance included Nicole Fischelis, fashion director of the department store Saks Fifth Avenue, and Vogue editor Anna Wintour, who was making her first appearance at a McQueen show. McQueen's mother Joyce was also in the audience.\nMcQueen typically worked with a consistent creative team for his shows. Katy England was responsible for overall styling, while Gainsbury & Whiting oversaw production. Joseph Bennett, who had designed all of McQueen's runways since No. 13 (Spring/Summer 1999), took care of set design. Nicolas Jurnjack styled hair, while Val Garland, a frequent McQueen collaborator, handled makeup. Jeweller Shaun Leane produced jewellery and metalwork, and product designer Kees van der Graaf returned to create a bodice made from rock crystal.\nThe soundtrack mostly relied on orchestral music from The Shining, including the 1934 version of \"Midnight, The Stars and You\" with Al Bowlly and Ray Noble and his Orchestra. The sound of wolves howling and wind blowing was added to the mix. Because the vinyl release of the film's soundtrack was difficult to find at the time, sound designer John Gosling had to pull the music from VHS tapes. McQueen took his bow to the Frank Sinatra song \"Come Fly with Me\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Overlook (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Overlook_(collection)", "article_id": 75849077, "section": "Production details", "metadata": {"word_count": 307, "char_count": 1934, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The square stage was enclosed by a 20-foot (6 m) Lucite box; it was the first of two collections which McQueen staged this way. The inside, lit by thousands of candles, was dressed to look like a birch forest in winter, with 25 tons of artificial snow and an icy floor. In a 2018 interview with Vogue, model Frankie Rayder recalled McQueen surprising her with the ice during a pre-show conversation:\"I was walking with Lee before the show,\" remembers Rayder, \"and he's like, 'So you're going to open the show and you are walking on this.' I said, 'On ice? Are you joking? Are there spikes on the bottom of these shoes?!' His response: 'No. You're from Wisconsin.'\"\nModels were styled with braided grey hair and silver paint over their eyes, eyelashes, eyebrows, and lower foreheads, resembling masks or stripes of ice. Fashion theorist Janice Miller felt that the connotations of transformation and concealment associated with masks made the makeup \"strange, beautiful, and wistful\". Curator Kate Bethune considered the faintly Native American look of the models' braided hair and exaggerated face makeup to be a reference to the cursed Native American burial ground on which the film's Overlook Hotel was built.\nSeventy-three looks were presented in the main runway show. The show opened with roughly a dozen outfits in black, including a sleeveless high-necked bodice of crocodile skin paired with a leather skirt. These looks were followed by a phase of garments in soft brown, taupe, and pink. A section of looks in grey followed, including several showpiece items. Look 38 was a metallic sculpted bodice trimmed with fur. Look 40 featured a pair of models, styled identically with red hair, shaved eyebrows, and grey dresses walking hand in hand. The others were Shaun Leane's work: a metal corset made from coils of aluminium (Look 47) and a knee-length aluminium skirt with laser-cut arabesques (Look 50). \nAfter Look 53, the lights went down, and there was a three-minute entr'acte in which a group of seven models led by professional skater Marika Humphreys skated around the stage. When the skating ended, the music cut out. The lights came back up, flickering, accompanied by an artificial snowstorm and the sound of howling wolves. The show resumed with Look 54, a bodice made of rock crystal worn with McQueen's signature low-rise \"bumster\" trousers in white, followed by another eleven looks all in white. The show earned a standing ovation, regarded as a rare achievement in the fashion world.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Overlook (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Overlook_(collection)", "article_id": 75849077, "section": "Catwalk presentation", "metadata": {"word_count": 415, "char_count": 2508, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The rock crystal bustier and the coiled corset – which McQueen called the \"Cossack ensemble\" – are the most significant pieces from the show. Both were made using body casts of model Laura Morgan which had been produced for No. 13 by van der Graaf. McQueen was known for giving extremely simple creative briefs and allowing his collaborators the freedom to interpret them creatively. Van der Graaf recalled his brief for the bodice from Look 54 as being little more than McQueen asking him \"how 'bout a crystal bodice?\". He thought of rough quartz rock crystals, only later learning that McQueen had had Swarovski crystals in mind. He told interviewer Lousie Rytter that McQueen's \"brevity gave me room to manoeuvre\".\nLeane built the aluminium corset over the course of six weeks, working 16-hour days. McQueen had requested that he interpret the neck rings traditionally worn by the Southern Ndebele people into an item that covered the entire torso. Leane had previously made a coiled neck ring with a similar brief for McQueen's Autumn/Winter 1997 collection It's a Jungle Out There. The coiled corset was the largest thing Leane, a goldsmith who normally worked at a much smaller scale, had made up to that point. Each of the more than 90 aluminium coils that went into the corset were individually forged and fitted to the body cast for a precise shape.\nThe corset was made in two halves which screwed together at the sides. Putting it on or removing it could take up to 15 minutes. The fit was so exact that Morgan, who wore the finished version on the runway, said her \"chest pushed against the metal when she breathed in\". The restrictive corset limited the wearer's ability to move her head and arms. Morgan recalled the experience as empowering: \"it's almost like it forces you to pay attention, forces you to be present, and be there, and be what you are. It's very commanding.\" Leane recalled that in the excitement after the show, he and McQueen headed to the pub to celebrate and forgot to remove Morgan from the corset until someone came to find them.\nCurator Clare Phillips described the coiled corset as an example of primitivism in McQueen's work, given its origins in African neck jewellery. She felt it \"exudes invulnerability and an untouchable remoteness\" while blurring the line between jewellery and clothing. Fashion theorist Harold Koda argued that the restrictiveness of the corset was reminiscent of \"the stiff hieratic imagery in Russian Orthodox icons\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Overlook (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Overlook_(collection)", "article_id": 75849077, "section": "Notable pieces", "metadata": {"word_count": 418, "char_count": 2483, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Contemporary reception for The Overlook was mostly positive, many critics responding equally well to the runway show and the clothing. Several highlighted the collection as the best or most impressive of London Fashion Week that year. Others predicted that it would be remembered as some of McQueen's best work. Anna Wintour, although reputedly difficult to please, said she \"adored it\" and called it a \"tour de force for McQueen\". Susannah Frankel of The Independent called The Overlook McQueen's \"most unashamedly pretty collection to date\". Anne-Marie Schiro wrote in The New York Times that the runway show and clothing together had been worth travelling to London for. In the International Herald Tribune, Suzy Menkes felt the show had everything: \"a spectacular presentation, an original interpretation and inventive clothes\". In The Sydney Morning Herald, Jane De Teliga wrote that the \"show had a strange, edgy beauty\" and called McQueen the \"leading light of British fashion\". Spencer felt the show would impress even the celebrities in the audience, highlighting the tailored designs in particular. \nReviews noted that the collection was both artistic and commercially viable. This was a positive development for McQueen, whose designs were notorious for being creative but unwearable. Robert O'Byrne of The Irish Times wrote that the \"superlative tailoring and cutting of unrivalled mastery\" of the designs would appeal to consumers. Mimi Spencer of the Evening Standard thought the puffer jackets would be a popular item for the winter. Some reviewers felt that the skills McQueen was learning at Givenchy had influenced the designs for the better. Menkes argued that McQueen's time there had enabled him to match his signature styles to the winter theme. Armstrong found the clothing \"had a light, assured touch and elegance\" that surpassed what McQueen was doing in his collections for Givenchy. \nThe theatrical runway show drew a great deal of critical commentary in its own right. Several critics appreciated how McQueen subverted the audience's expectations by avoiding explicit horror and instead drawing inspiration from the film's unsettling atmosphere. John Davidson at The Herald of Glasgow found the lack of shock elements to be evidence of McQueen's growing maturity. He wrote that McQueen's designs gave the skating portion a \"poetic quality\", elevating it from kitsch. The staff writer at Women's Wear Daily (WWD) said the collection \"combined his new romantic mood with those trademark touches of the bizarre\". Lisa Armstrong, writing for The Times of London, described the paired models from Look 40 as one of the \"few freakish McQueen moments\" from a show whose mood was otherwise romantic. The WWD staff and Armstrong felt that McQueen had achieved the difficult feat of topping his critically acclaimed previous collection, No. 13. O'Byrne called it McQueen's \"best show in years\".\nThe Overlook attracted some criticism for being unrealistic and using fur. Lou Winwood of The Guardian, Karen Hall at the Windsor Star, and Jane Moore at The Sun dismissed all of the collections shown at London Fashion Week that season as being unrealistic and unappealing for everyday consumers, although Winwood did appreciate the runway show. Although O'Byrne's review was positive, he worried that McQueen's penchant for showmanship threatened to overshadow his talent for design. Some critics disliked the showpiece items. Lesley Downer found them \"oddities\" in an otherwise mature collection, and Hall complained that the coiled corset made its wearer look like she had been \"been bound and gagged by Slinkies\". Other reviewers disapproved of the use of real fur. Winwood wrote that \"animals rights campaigners will be less than impressed\" with the rabbit fur and crocodile skin. An unbylined piece in the Scottish Daily Record complained that McQueen was only using fur to chase publicity, and doubted that it had much appeal for the average British consumer.\nThe show is viewed positively in retrospect. In the biography Alexander McQueen: The Life and the Legacy, Judith Watt regarded it as a commercially oriented collection, as McQueen was about to open a brand-new flagship store. She wrote that \"some pronounced it his best show\" but disagreed; although she found The Overlook aesthetically and narratively successful, she considered Voss (Spring/Summer 2001) – also staged in a clear plastic box – to be \"the real magic\". Chloe Fox, in her book Vogue on McQueen, called The Overlook evidence that McQueen was \"a designer who was increasingly becoming an artist\". Journalist Maureen Callahan wrote that it was \"some of the most striking work of his career\". Andrew Wilson, another of McQueen's biographers, called The Overlook one of McQueen's \"most memorable\" shows, along with Voss and No. 13.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Overlook (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Overlook_(collection)", "article_id": 75849077, "section": "Reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 757, "char_count": 4821, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Curator Claire Wilcox found that the separation created by the Lucite enclosure called to mind the \"otherworldly reality of a dream\". Fashion journalist Alex Fury argued that McQueen often staged spectacles that separated the audience from the models in a way that evoked screen-based media such as cinema, offering The Overlook and Voss as examples. Literature professor Catherine Spooner cited The Overlook as an example of how McQueen drew Gothic influence from films.\nFashion historian Alistair O'Neill discussed how The Overlook reflects The Shining in multiple ways. As well as its explicit references to The Shining, The Overlook reflected the film through music and performance elements which evoked the way the film distorted time by presenting scenes that \"destabiliz[ed] any sense of how long Jack [Torrance] really has been staying at the hotel\". In The Overlook, McQueen's use of the film's soundtrack served to \"decelerate and extend\" the experience of time within the runway show. The skating segment interrupted the usual sequence of a fashion show. It used the same song, \"Midnight, the Stars, and You\", that played during a time-distortion sequence in the film, connecting the two thematically. Finally, O'Neill identifies Look 43 – a plaid wool dress – as referential to McQueen's prior collection Highland Rape (Autumn/Winter 1995) and his experience as an apprentice tailor. This, he suggests, blends history with the present in a similar way to the film, slightly distorted like a composite photo. He felt the collection \"marked a high point\" for fashion and for interpreting film through other media.\nResearcher Lisa Skogh noted that McQueen often incorporated concepts and objects which might have appeared in a cabinet of curiosities – collections of natural and historical objects that were the precursor to modern museums. She identified the quartz crystal bodice in Look 54 as an example of what would be called \"artificialia\" in such a context: a man-made object which incorporated \"a natural hardstone rarity\". She likened the bodice to an artificial mountain commissioned in the early 17th century by diplomat Philipp Hainhofer as a gift to King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.\nFashion historian Ingrid Loschek regarded The Overlook as an example of how McQueen portrayed \"traumata such as isolation and loneliness\" through the medium of clothing. Fashion theorists Adam Geczy and Vicki Karaminas compared The Overlook to What a Merry-Go-Round (Autumn/Winter 2001) as narratives of the \"loss of childhood innocence\". Aesthetically, they found The Overlook reminded them of the White Witch, a villain from the Chronicles of Narnia series of children's books. Cultural theologian Robert Covolo described McQueen's use of twin models in The Overlook as evidence of McQueen's career-long ambivalence toward conventional standards of beauty.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Overlook (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Overlook_(collection)", "article_id": 75849077, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 442, "char_count": 2864, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Before the show, McQueen had announced that his next collection, Eye (Spring/Summer 2000), would be presented at New York Fashion Week instead of in London. Many fashion journalists were concerned about the potential impact that his departure would have on London Fashion Week. McQueen viewed this as a step toward developing the brand internationally and was clear from the outset that he intended to return to England the following season.\nThe collection is regarded as one of McQueen's most memorable. In 2015, Dazed magazine selected the silver eye makeup from The Overlook as one of McQueen's best catwalk makeup looks. i-D magazine named it an iconic winter collection in 2017. Shaun Leane published a retrospective of his career in 2020; discussing it with British Vogue, he selected an image of the model being screwed into the coiled corset as his favourite in the book. He reflected on the contrast captured in the image: \"she is almost angelic but being prepared for battle\". A 2022 British Vogue article called The Overlook one of McQueen's \"most fantastical catwalk moments\".\nWhen McQueen and Leane participated in the Fashion in Motion series at the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in 2001, they presented the coiled corset as one of their featured items. The coiled corset was the sole item from The Overlook to appear in the original 2011 staging of the retrospective exhibit Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, courtesy of Shaun Leane; it also appeared at the revised 2015 staging at the V&A. Leane called it his favourite item from the exhibition. A puffer jacket from Look 10 appeared in the 2022 exhibit Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse, where curators compared it to a quilted, puffy eiderdown jacket made by British designer Charles James in 1937.\nIn 2017, Leane auctioned a number of pieces he had created for the house at Sotheby's in New York. The coiled corset sold for $807,000. An invitation to the show sold at RR Auction in 2021 for a reported $500.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Overlook (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Overlook_(collection)", "article_id": 75849077, "section": "Aftermath and legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 338, "char_count": 2021, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The oyster dress is a high fashion gown created by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen for his Spring/Summer 2003 collection Irere. McQueen's design is a one-shouldered dress in bias-cut beige silk chiffon with a boned upper body and a full-length skirt consisting of hundreds of individual circles of organza sewn in dense layers to the base fabric, resembling the outside of an oyster shell. According to McQueen, the gown took a month's work for three people, who cut and assembled all the pieces individually. In addition to the original beige dress, a version with a red bodice and the ruffled skirt in rainbow colours was also created. The beige and red versions appeared in the Irere runway show, and were photographed for magazines to promote the collection.\nThe dress originated as a reinterpretation of the \"shellfish dress\" designed by John Galliano in 1987, which McQueen had long admired and sought to emulate. Contemporary critical response to McQueen's oyster dress was positive. It has become known as the most significant design from Irere, and is considered an iconic piece of McQueen's work, surpassing the famed Galliano original. Only two copies are known to exist, one held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art (the Met) in New York City and one by media personality Kim Kardashian. The Met's copy has appeared in several exhibitions, particularly the retrospective Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty. McQueen returned to the oyster dress concept several times over his career, most prominently in his Autumn/Winter 2006 collection The Widows of Culloden.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Oyster dress", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_dress", "article_id": 74123893, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 252, "char_count": 1579, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "British designer Alexander McQueen was known in the fashion industry for his imaginative, sometimes controversial designs. Although he worked in ready-to-wear – clothing produced for retail sale – his showpiece designs featured a degree of craftsmanship that verged on haute couture. Before launching his own label, McQueen apprenticed as a tailor on Savile Row, and he became known for a focus on tailored designs. From 1996 to 2001, he was head designer at French luxury design house Givenchy, where he learned le flou, or draping, the dressmaking side of haute couture.\nMcQueen's career roughly paralleled that of fellow British designer John Galliano, who preceded him in the industry by about a decade. The men had each graduated from Central Saint Martins art school in London: Galliano in 1984, and McQueen in 1992. Both had started their careers as independent designers before being hired by famous French fashion houses in the mid-1990s; McQueen had replaced Galliano at Givenchy when Galliano went to Dior. Their designs and shows were similarly creative and theatrical. During the period in which their careers overlapped, fashion journalists compared and contrasted their work and career choices, and they have sometimes been referred to as rivals. McQueen, who had a competitive streak, resented being compared to Galliano and often sought to emulate or outdo Galliano's ideas in his own work.\nFor his Spring/Summer 2003 collection, Irere, McQueen took inspiration from the Age of Discovery and the Amazon rainforest. He presented three sequential phases of ensembles: shipwrecked pirates, black-clad conquistadors, and colourful dresses inspired by tropical birds. McQueen described the collection as an effort to present a more mature point of view and surprise viewers with bold colours. Contemporary reception for Irere was positive, with many in the industry calling it one of the best collections for that season.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Oyster dress", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_dress", "article_id": 74123893, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 300, "char_count": 1933, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The \"oyster dress\" is a reinterpretation of a 1987 design by John Galliano called the \"shellfish dress\". Galliano's shellfish dress was named for its layers of \"pearl grey\" organza ruffles that resembled stacked clamshells, a technically complex design that was actually executed by costumier Karen Crichton. McQueen had long admired and sought to emulate the complicated construction of the original. According to his friend Sebastian Pons, McQueen owned numerous \"copies and photographs\" of Galliano's dress and would study them intently, trying to work out how it was constructed.\nMcQueen's design is a one-shouldered dress in bias-cut beige silk chiffon with a boned upper body and a full-length skirt. Hundreds of individual circles of organza were sewn to the base fabric in dense layers, resembling an oyster shell or a mille-feuille pastry. An estimated 180–260 metres (200–285 yd) of fabric was required. According to McQueen, the gown took a month's work for three people to cut and assemble all the pieces. The cost was reportedly £45,000. In addition to the original beige dress, a version with a red bodice and the ruffled skirt in rainbow colours was also created.\nThe original beige gown appeared in the first, pirate-themed phase of the Irere runway show as Look 18, worn by Letícia Birkheuer. The version with the rainbow skirt appeared in the final phase as Look 49, worn on the runway by Michelle Alves. Both versions appeared in magazines to promote the collection. Natalia Vodianova wore the oyster dress for two photo shoots: Vogue in January 2003, photographed by Craig McDean, and Harper's Bazaar in March 2003, photographed by Peter Lindbergh. Socialite Daphne Guinness, a longtime friend of McQueen's, wore it for a 2003 photo shoot. The rainbow oyster dress appeared on the cover of Vogue Italia for their Spring/Summer 2003 issue. Joy Bryant wore it for a photo shoot for InStyle magazine in March 2003, calling it the \"Rainbow Cancan\" dress.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Oyster dress", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_dress", "article_id": 74123893, "section": "Development and runway show", "metadata": {"word_count": 319, "char_count": 1970, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The oyster dress is considered an iconic McQueen design; according to Pons and journalist Dana Thomas, it surpassed the famed Galliano original. In a contemporary review, Jess Cartner-Morley wrote that the dress exemplified the show's maritime theme, with chiffon layers that were \"as soft and close as ripples on sand\". Curator Kate Bethune wrote that it portrayed a sense of \"[f]ragile femininity\". Thomas called it \"far more beautiful and elegant than the original\" shellfish dress. Fashion curator Andrew Bolton labelled it \"arguably the most important dress of the 21st century\", and evidence that McQueen had expanded his skillset from his early focus on tailored designs and had mastered draping. Philosopher Gwenda-lin Grewal compared the destroyed look of the dress to the clothing of 19th-century dandies and 20th-century punks, both of which adopted torn clothing for aesthetic reasons. Author Ana Finel Honigman found that the lightness of the frills contrasted with the deconstructed appearance to create a \"tension between gravity and transcendence\".\nMcQueen returned to the oyster dress concept several times. Actress Liv Tyler wore a variation of the oyster gown to the Paris premiere of The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers in December 2002. Her version had a corset bodice and a pink skirt made from 250 metres (273 yd) of silk organza. McQueen designed a wedding dress based on the oyster dress for the August 2004 wedding of his assistant Sarah Burton. Authors Judith Watt and Dana Thomas both described several dresses from The Widows of Culloden (Autumn/Winter 2006) as evolutions of the oyster dress, including the dress worn in the illusion of Kate Moss that served as the show's finale.\nSarah Burton, who replaced McQueen as the creative director for the Alexander McQueen brand, used the oyster dress technique for Pre-Spring/Summer 2021. Her version was in pink, with a transition to black on the neckline and the bottom of the skirt. The organza fabric was recycled from stock.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Oyster dress", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_dress", "article_id": 74123893, "section": "Legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 322, "char_count": 2006, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following the show, McQueen estimated that 20 orders had been placed for copies of the oyster dress. However, only two copies of the beige original are known to exist. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (the Met) in New York City acquired one in 2003, and it has appeared in the exhibitions Goddess: The Classical Mode (2003) and Blog Mode: Addressing Fashion (2008). The Met's copy of the oyster dress appeared with other clothing from Irere in both stagings of the retrospective exhibition Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty.\nMedia personality Kim Kardashian owns the other known oyster dress, purchased from Los Angeles vintage boutique Lily et Cie. Its original owner was socialite Angie Barrett, who wore it to the Cannes Film Festival and Beaux-Arts Ball in 2003. In 2020, Kardashian wore the oyster dress to an Oscars afterparty hosted by Vanity Fair. Critics have noted Kardashian's use of the oyster dress as part of a trend for celebrities choosing to wear archival items as red carpet wear. In 2022, Rachel Tashjian called this use of vintage fashion \"basically the ultimate fashion flex right now\". Fashion theorist Naomi Braithwaite argued that in acquiring archival fashion items, such as the oyster dress, Kardashian was attempting to integrate the cultural history of those objects into her own celebrity narrative, thereby increasing her own cultural significance by association.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Oyster dress", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_dress", "article_id": 74123893, "section": "Extant copies", "metadata": {"word_count": 222, "char_count": 1390, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Pantheon ad Lucem (Autumn/Winter 2004) is the twenty-fourth collection by British designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. Inspired by ideas of rebirth, ancient Greek garments and science fiction films including 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) and Star Wars (1977), the collection focused on sleek draped, wrapped, or tied jersey designs in light and neutral colours, with some evening wear in darker colours. Contrasting the slimline items were heavier garments including tweed suits and fur coats. McQueen expressed his fascination with altering the silhouette, emphasising the hips to a degree that was uncommon for him. \nThe runway show was staged on 5 March 2004 at the Grande halle de la Villette in Paris. In contrast to McQueen's usually bombastic presentations, the show for Pantheon ad Lucem was minimalist. Models were styled to look androgynous and somewhat alien. They wore wigs with short, tightly curled hair, echoing hairstyles found on ancient Greek statuary. The runway was a plain white circle, illuminated from below. Lighting abstractly evoked the Roman Colosseum or an alien starship. For the show's finale, model Tiiu Kuik wore a grey evening gown with an exaggerated hourglass silhouette, styled with a shoulder-piece decorated with silver orchids, and walked to the spotlit centre of the stage to the sound of a flatlining heart monitor. \nCritical response to the clothing and the runway show for Pantheon ad Lucem was mixed to positive, and it is regarded as one of McQueen's less significant collections. Some critics appreciated the simple artistry of the clothing, but many had come to expect theatre from McQueen and were disappointed by its absence. The \"Orchid\" shoulder-piece appeared in the original 2011 staging of the retrospective exhibit Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty, and a dress from the retail collection appeared at the exhibition Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse (2022).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Pantheon ad Lucem", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_ad_Lucem", "article_id": 75917538, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 302, "char_count": 1941, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "British fashion designer Alexander McQueen was known for his imaginative, sometimes controversial designs, and dramatic fashion shows which were theatrical to the point of verging on performance art. During his nearly twenty-year career, he explored a broad range of ideas and themes, including historicism, romanticism, femininity, sexuality, and death. \nMcQueen's personal fixations had a strong influence on his designs and shows. He drew on his love of film from the beginning of his career with his first commercial collection, Taxi Driver (Autumn/Winter 1993), named for the 1976 film by Martin Scorsese. He also had a lifelong fascination with space travel and aliens. Referring to the time- and space-travelling device from the science fiction show Doctor Who, he said: \"If the TARDIS did exist, I'd be the first to buy one.\" His collections were often historicist, referencing and reworking historical narratives and concepts.\nFrom 1996 to October 2001, McQueen was – in addition to his responsibilities for his own fashion house – head designer at French fashion house Givenchy. In 2000, McQueen sold 51 per cent of his company to the Gucci Group, owned by French conglomerate PPR (now Kering), but retained creative control. During late 2003 and early 2004, McQueen was in tense negotiations with PPR management to replace the departing Tom Ford as creative director at Yves Saint Laurent (YSL), also owned by PPR. The negotiations broke down and McQueen did not take the job, publicly stating he wished to focus on his own label.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Pantheon ad Lucem", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_ad_Lucem", "article_id": 75917538, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 246, "char_count": 1541, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Pantheon ad Lucem (Autumn/Winter 2004) is the twenty-fourth collection McQueen designed for his eponymous fashion house. The entire title is often incorrectly translated as meaning \"towards the light\"; this is the correct translation for the Latin phrase \"ad lucem\", but neglects to account for the word \"pantheon\".\nMcQueen saw Pantheon ad Lucem as a rebirth and renewal. His goal for the collection was to remove \"all theatrics and focus purely on design\", in contrast to his usually bombastic runway presentations. He also said that he \"wanted to envision what fashion should be like in the 21st century\". The collection took inspiration from the loosely draped style of ancient Greek garments as well as the costume and design of science fiction films like 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), Star Wars (1977), Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), and Signs (2002). \nThe palette was mostly neutral and the cuts were relatively simple, making heavy use of silhouettes McQueen had relied on in the past, including dresses with cinched waists, tailored suits and coats, and draped gowns. Some journalists interpreted the collection's restrained designs as being related to the YSL negotiations, either as evidence of stress, or an attempt to assert his own identity as a designer. Much of the collection comprised ensembles in draped, wrapped, or tied jersey. Long column dresses evoked the 1930s work of French designer Madeleine Vionnet, who specialised in bias-cut dresses meant to loosely drape and wrap around the body; Vionnet was also inspired by the ancient Greeks. Journalist Stephen Todd thought these items might also have been influenced by Tunisian designer Azzedine Alaïa. Contrasting the slimline items were heavier garments including tweed suits and fur coats. Looks 26 and 27 had embossed patterns that evoked the appearance of crop circles or the Nazca Lines.\nMcQueen was known for playing with the silhouette by cutting or structuring garments to produce unusual shapes. In Pantheon, he emphasised the hips to a degree that was uncommon for him, but also showed cinched waists and padded jackets. The final items in the collection had highly structured boat necklines in an exaggerated width, coupled with reflective fabric or inset LED lights, giving the wearer an inhuman or alien quality. The conical silver dress in Look 51 bore a resemblance to the Apollo command module.\nDespite its science fiction roots, Pantheon contained McQueen's typical references to historical clothing styles. The early phase of the collection included references to the 1930s fashion that influenced his previous collection, Deliverance (Spring/Summer 2004), including pussy bows, broadened shoulders, and slightly mismatched collars and hems. Looks 36 and 38, heavily beaded dresses with extreme cutouts, may have been referencing belly dancing outfits. McQueen referenced English medieval clothing in several of the evening wear pieces. Garments with heavily decorated yokes or long sleeves, such as those found in Looks 33 and 46 respectively, pointed back at the Plantagenet period of the Late Middle Ages. Look 47 had similarities to the English medieval kirtle. Look 54 echoed the gaping neckline in a design with elements of Tudor period clothing. \nMcQueen often incorporated materials and visuals from the natural world into his shows. Look 34 was styled with a large collar made from real feathers and glass beads, a possible nod to Native American styles. Jaguar print and floral print appeared in Looks 37 and 39, and 48 and 49, respectively. The exaggerated floral prints, an unusual motif for McQueen and one which he called \"pivotal\" to the collection's presentation, were derived from photographs of orchids by Peter Arnold. Reproducing the multicoloured photographs as prints on silk presented a technical challenge for McQueen's manufacturer and had to be redone several times. As a result, the collection was delayed and did not leave the production facility in Italy until nearly two days before the show.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Pantheon ad Lucem", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_ad_Lucem", "article_id": 75917538, "section": "Concept and creative process", "metadata": {"word_count": 634, "char_count": 4025, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The runway show was staged on 5 March 2004 at the Grande halle de la Villette in Paris. It was the final show of the day. Although scheduled for 8:30 p.m., it did not start until 10. PPR president Francois-Henri Pinault and chairman Serge Weinberg, as well as departing Gucci CEO Domenico De Sole were in attendance. Other guests included designer Diane von Furstenberg, McQueen's friends Isabella Blow and Kate Moss, musician Grace Jones, and McQueen's mother. \nThe runway was a plain white circle, illuminated from below; author Andrew Wilson described it as an \"alien landing pad\". Models entered through a backlit door at the rear of the stage, suggesting the open door of an alien spaceship. The rings of ceiling lights, as well as pillars of light circling the stage in the finale, evoked the Roman Colosseum in the abstract. Author Judith Watt saw the lights as representing \"the base of a hovering starship\". Joseph Bennett, who had designed all of McQueen's runways since No. 13 (Spring/Summer 1999), returned to handle set design. \nThe soundtrack was primarily electropop but incorporated tracks from science fiction films and television shows. The themes from Close Encounters of the Third Kind and Doctor Who appeared, as did a sample from the initial fanfare of the Richard Strauss composition Also sprach Zarathustra, used in Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey. The 1980 Kate Bush song \"Babooshka\" was also used.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Pantheon ad Lucem", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_ad_Lucem", "article_id": 75917538, "section": "Production details", "metadata": {"word_count": 237, "char_count": 1441, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Guido Palau styled hair, while Val Garland handled make-up; both were frequent McQueen collaborators. Models were styled to look androgynous and somewhat alien, with their faces powdered pale and eyes slanted artificially with invisible tape. They wore wigs with short, tightly curled hair, echoing hairstyles found on ancient Greek statuary. Some critics found the styling \"embryonic\".\nMcQueen's longtime collaborator Shaun Leane created accessories for the collection, most notably the silver \"Orchid\" shoulder-piece that featured in the final look. According to Leane, McQueen requested a shoulder-piece with orchids made to look \"quite alien [...] not from this planet\". Leane had created a rose-adorned silver corset for McQueen's Spring/Summer 2000 Givenchy collection, and repeated the same process for the Orchid piece. He carved the shoulder section from clay and the flowers from wax. Both were cast in resin then electroplated with silver. The orchids were further oxidised so their colour contrasted with the shoulder portion.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Pantheon ad Lucem", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_ad_Lucem", "article_id": 75917538, "section": "Production details", "metadata": {"word_count": 153, "char_count": 1038, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Fifty-five pieces were presented. A brief projection before the show presented scenes from outer space. The opening phase consisted of flesh-toned items in soft fabrics like jersey and cashmere, as well as garments in soft leather and tweed. With Look 20, the presentation shifted to earth tones. This phase included McQueen's first jumpsuits, Looks 24 and 31, in tweed. More projected images of space preceded the final phase. Beginning at Look 40, the last portion of the collection comprised evening wear looks in dark satin, including the orchid-print dresses. The final three looks, all highly sculptural dresses, were presented in near-darkness, lit mainly by reflective fabric and LEDs inside the garments and jewellery.\nFor the show's finale, model Tiiu Kuik wore an evening gown in light grey tulle. The gown had an exaggerated hourglass silhouette: a flared A-line skirt, tightly cinched waist, and a V-shaped structured bodice that opened into a wide boat neckline. The look was styled with Shaun Leane's silver \"Orchid\" shoulder-piece. Kuik walked onto the darkened stage as concentric rings of light flashed on the floor and the sound of a heart monitor began playing. She stopped in the centre and held her arms out beseechingly while a spotlight illuminated her from the ceiling. The heart monitor sound gradually slowed into a flatline. Lights resembling pillars surrounded the stage. The spotlight gradually dimmed until Kuik was in darkness.\nThe lights came back up and the show's models came out to take their final turn. McQueen came out to take his bow in a white suit, barefoot. He shook hands and embraced De Sole, who had brought McQueen's label into the Gucci Group and supported his work. McQueen later described his barefoot appearance as an indication of \"how humbled I felt by what was happening\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Pantheon ad Lucem", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_ad_Lucem", "article_id": 75917538, "section": "Catwalk presentation", "metadata": {"word_count": 297, "char_count": 1826, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Contemporary critical response to Pantheon ad Lucem was mixed; reviewers were divided about the subdued clothing and runway show. Some felt the clothing looked fresh and modern. For The New York Times, Cathy Horyn wrote that only McQueen and Miuccia Prada had made a \"leap of faith\" that season and created designs that looked ahead, rather than following contemporary trends. Michael Fink, a market director for Saks Fifth Avenue, told Women's Wear Daily (WWD) that he interpreted McQueen's \"sci-fi fantasy\" designs as part of a trend for designers to \"search for what's modern\". For The Independent, Susannah Frankel felt McQueen \"rose to the challenge beautifully\", calling the final dresses a \"futuristic fashion moment\".\nSome critics described the collection's restraint as a response to an industry in which many designers had become reliant on complicated designs and runway shenanigans. The staff reviewer from WWD noted that the \"eerie austerity\" was an inverted manifestation of McQueen's \"characteristic lavishness\". Sarah Mower of Vogue and Jess Cartner-Morley at The Guardian both felt the pared-down designs were a smart move, positioning McQueen as uniquely forward-looking compared to his peers. In contrast, Booth Moore for the Los Angeles Times felt that designers in general were moving towards producing \"salable clothes\" rather than \"runway antics\".\nMany reviewers highlighted the technical excellence of the designs as the collection's best feature. Cartner-Morley wrote one of the few strongly positive reviews, saying the \"bare-bones production revealed how well McQueen's clothes, with their impeccable shape and finish, stand up to scrutiny\". Horyn directed viewers to ignore the science fiction elements and focus on the cut and the silhouette of the garments, which she found unique. WWD wrote that the designs showcased McQueen's technical competence and ability \"to make ultra-complicated shapes utterly wearable\". The draped evening gowns were also a hit for many. Frankel highlighted the clingy jersey and leather garments as the collection's best, and noted the use of \"complex seams\" to allow tweed items to be similarly figure-hugging. In her review for the International Herald Tribune, Suzy Menkes found the draped gowns \"connected beautifully with the body\". Moore called the evening wear \"exciting\" and suitable for red carpet wear. \nReviewers felt McQueen's reliance on familiar silhouettes was intended to highlight his strong suits as a designer. Mower suggested that McQueen \"seemed to be trying to summarize the essence of his design identity\" with these items. Vanessa Friedman of the Financial Times connected the collection's self-referential styling to McQueen turning down the head designer position at YSL. Moore thought McQueen was trying to show his financial backers at Gucci Group that he was a serious designer in his own right, and could produce commercially viable clothing.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Pantheon ad Lucem", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_ad_Lucem", "article_id": 75917538, "section": "Positive", "metadata": {"word_count": 445, "char_count": 2931, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Despite these positive notes, there was a general feeling that the collection was not a success. WWD complained that the limited palette made the clothing feel dull and repetitive at times. Robin Givhan from The Washington Post found the collection lacked variety, and wrote that \"McQueen seemed to retreat to the safety of overzealous tailoring and goofball flourishes\" rather than challenging himself. Friedman felt the show was \"missing his usual dramatic charge\", but thought that some designs had a \"subtle power\". Mower concluded that Pantheon lacked McQueen's signature theatricality and \"didn't quite live up to expectations\". Both Menkes and Maggie Alderson at The Sydney Morning Herald compared the collection unfavourably to McQueen's previous show, Deliverance (Spring/Summer 2004).\nMany reviewers thought the science fiction elements hampered the collection. Menkes wrote that the collection felt like 1960s Space Age fashion and compared several items to costumes from Star Trek. Moore felt many designs were \"too Queen Amidala to be wearable\". Stephen Todd of The Australian found there was \"something disturbing\" about the restrictive structure of some of the jackets and dresses, and ultimately felt that he did not understand the collection. At the Toronto Star, David Graham felt the alien styling \"looked like a face-lift gone too far\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Pantheon ad Lucem", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_ad_Lucem", "article_id": 75917538, "section": "Negative", "metadata": {"word_count": 206, "char_count": 1356, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "According to WWD, Pantheon ad Lucem had the 12th-highest pageviews at Style.com for the season. McQueen told Harper's Bazaar in August 2004 that he was unsure \"if the press liked the collection much\", but said it was selling \"phenomenally\" at retail. \nIn retrospect, McQueen's biographers tend to see Pantheon as one of McQueen's less significant works, devoting little analysis to it. Judith Watt, in her biography of McQueen, reports the collection as a disappointment to the audience, who had come to expect the designer to present them with \"bread and circuses\". However, she felt that the collection embodied \"artful simplicity\", writing that the draped bias-cut dresses demonstrated McQueen's understanding of how fabric worked with the body. Katherine Gleason, in her book Alexander McQueen: Evolution, found the collection \"elegant and wearable\". Andrew Wilson barely remarks on the clothing in Blood Beneath the Skin, and journalist Dana Thomas omits the show entirely from Gods and Kings. In the Little Book of Alexander McQueen, Karen Homer wrote that McQueen had successfully created a collection which pared his designs down to \"his signature styles\", but had done so \"at the cost of an impressive show\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Pantheon ad Lucem", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_ad_Lucem", "article_id": 75917538, "section": "Retrospective", "metadata": {"word_count": 191, "char_count": 1217, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Fashion journalist Alex Fury argued that Pantheon was an example of McQueen expressing his vision \"through the bodies of his models\" rather than through elaborate set dressing; in this case through the use of LED-inset garments. Wilson felt that the final scene, in which Kuik seemed to await being taken by aliens to another dimension, \"articulated McQueen's desire for transcendence\". Kristin Knox suggested that the exaggerated necklines from Looks 52 through 54 were visual precursors of the highly structured silhouettes he presented in The Girl Who Lived in the Tree (Autumn/Winter 2008) and The Horn of Plenty (Autumn/Winter 2009). She wrote that the collection marked \"the evolution of his designs from fashions simply worn by models to designs integrated with their human carriers, becoming an organic part of them, like a second skin\".\nThe showpiece finale gown appeared in a photoshoot in the December 2004 edition of Vogue, without the \"Orchid\" shoulder-piece. It was modelled by McQueen's friend Erin O'Connor and photographed by Tim Walker. The floor-length Greek-inspired column dress from Look 14 was popular in red carpet fashion that season. McQueen returned to Greek-inspired ensembles and the work of Azzedine Alaïa for Neptune (Spring/Summer 2006).\nNo clothing from Pantheon appeared in the 2011 retrospective Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty, but two pieces of jewellery by Shaun Leane were selected for the exhibit's \"Cabinet of Curiosities\" section: the \"Orchid\" shoulder-piece worn in the final look, and a pair of disc earrings in copper. One dress and one pair of boots from Pantheon appeared in the 2022 exhibition Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse. Curators described the dress as an example of how McQueen's \"proficiency in piecing translates into garments that generate sinuous movement around the body\". The National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) in Australia owns a beaded evening dress in silk organza and chiffon from Pantheon.\nIn 2017, McQueen's longtime collaborator Shaun Leane auctioned a number of pieces he had created for the house at Sotheby's in New York. The \"Orchid\" shoulder-piece sold for $43,750.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Pantheon ad Lucem", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_ad_Lucem", "article_id": 75917538, "section": "Analysis and legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 334, "char_count": 2149, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On July 10, 1932, the Philadelphia Athletics beat the Cleveland Indians 18–17 in 18 innings in a Major League Baseball game played at League Park in Cleveland. Several major-league records were set during the game; for example, Johnny Burnett of the Indians became the only player to hit safely nine (or even eight) times in a game, while Cleveland's 33 hits and the teams' combined 58 hits are also single-game records. Pitcher Eddie Rommel secured the win for the Athletics, pitching an American League-record 17 innings in relief after Philadelphia's Lew Krausse gave up three runs in the first inning. The 29 hits Rommel allowed are a major-league record; the 14 runs against him are the most given up by a winning pitcher.\nComing into the game, the Athletics, who were the three-time defending American League champions, trailed the New York Yankees in the standings by 71⁄2 games. Sunday baseball was still illegal in Philadelphia, forcing the Athletics to make one-game road trips on some Sundays, including July 10. With his pitching staff exhausted by six games in the previous three days, the owner and manager of the Athletics, Connie Mack, took only two pitchers on the train trip to Cleveland, giving the rest of the staff the day off. With no chance of being relieved except by a position player, Rommel pitched with mixed effectiveness, giving up six runs in the seventh inning but only two runs in the final nine innings of the game. He aided his own cause by getting three hits in seven at bats. Cleveland's Wes Ferrell took the loss after Jimmie Foxx got his sixth hit of the game and then scored. Foxx had already batted in eight runs, having hit three home runs and accumulated sixteen total bases, tying a record that has since been broken.\nThe victory brought the Athletics to within six games of the Yankees, but they came no closer. Philadelphia finished the season in second place, and the Athletics did not win the pennant again for forty years. Neither Krausse nor Rommel pitched in the major leagues after 1932. The July 10 game was the 171st victory of Rommel's MLB career; he never won another major league game.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Philadelphia Athletics 18, Cleveland Indians 17 (1932)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_18,_Cleveland_Indians_17_(1932)", "article_id": 74763517, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 369, "char_count": 2142, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The 1932 Philadelphia Athletics were the three-time defending American League champions, winners of the 1929 and 1930 World Series, and were owned and managed by Connie Mack. The success did not translate to the balance sheet, however, as the Depression led to declining attendance. Successful players expected to be paid well, and Mack had lost a considerable amount of money in the 1929 stock market crash. The Cleveland Indians, on the other hand, had not won a World Series since 1920. By the late 1920s, they were under new ownership, who were determined to spend freely to acquire talent, and after a seventh-place finish in 1928, finished in the top half of the American League standings the next seven years. In 1928, the voters of Cleveland had approved the construction of a new stadium with 78,000 seats, the largest baseball stadium built to that point. At the time of the July 10, 1932 game, it was within three weeks of opening. In the meantime, the Indians played all home games at League Park.\nBy early July 1932, the Athletics were in second place in the American League, behind the New York Yankees. The schedule called for the Athletics to play doubleheaders at their home field, Shibe Park, each day from Thursday, July 7 to Saturday, July 9, against the Chicago White Sox. The Athletics won four of six of those games, and were 71⁄2 games behind the Yankees at the end of play on July 9.\nThe Indians were to play a five-game series on those dates at the Washington Senators, with doubleheaders Thursday and Saturday. Cleveland won four out of those five games to advance from fifth to fourth in the American League. Both the Athletics and Indians were then to travel to League Park in Cleveland for a single game Sunday, before both teams went to Shibe Park to begin a four-game series with a Monday doubleheader. Thus, the Athletics were to play nine games in five days, and the Indians eight.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Philadelphia Athletics 18, Cleveland Indians 17 (1932)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_18,_Cleveland_Indians_17_(1932)", "article_id": 74763517, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 334, "char_count": 1915, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The single game in Cleveland was necessitated because until the 1934 season, Sunday baseball was illegal in Pennsylvania. Thus, the Athletics and other Pennsylvania teams were required to play road games out of the state on Sundays. The Athletics had played a single Sunday home game in 1926 to test the law, but it had been upheld by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. The previous Sunday, July 3, the Athletics had gone to Washington to play a one-game series against the Senators.\nIt was not unusual for teams on such one-day road trips to give some players the day off, in part to economize on train tickets, and Mack took only two pitchers with him to Cleveland, Lew Krausse and Eddie Rommel. Another reason for giving the rest of the pitching staff the day off was their exhaustion after three doubleheaders in as many days. The two pitchers were the team's only relief pitchers: Krausse was a rookie, and Rommel a 12-year veteran in his final season. Rommel, who had pitched five innings over the previous two days, was surprised to be asked to come to Cleveland. Mack also gave two position players the day off. One of them was Mickey Cochrane, his starting catcher, though he included two other catchers among the eleven players he took to Cleveland. According to Sam Otis, sports editor of the Cleveland Plain Dealer, in reporting on the game, Cleveland manager Roger Peckinpaugh was nearly as bad off for pitching as was Mack. The Indians allowed a half dozen players to skip the one-day trip to Cleveland.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Philadelphia Athletics 18, Cleveland Indians 17 (1932)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_18,_Cleveland_Indians_17_(1932)", "article_id": 74763517, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 262, "char_count": 1514, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "About 10,000 fans came to League Park for the game, which began at 3 p.m. Rommel pitched batting practice for the Athletics, while Krausse was the starting pitcher; Clint Brown started for Cleveland. Brown got off to a shaky start, giving up two runs due to three Athletics hits and his own throwing error. The Indians scored three runs in the bottom of the first inning on a home run by Earl Averill, putting them up 3–2. Mack allowed Krausse to hit in the top of the second inning as the team lacked any pinch hitters other than the one spare catcher, then sent Rommel to the mound for the bottom of the second inning. Neither team scored in that inning. In the top of the third, Brown gave up a solo home run to slugger Jimmie Foxx, his 31st of the season, to tie the score.\nRommel walked with two outs in the top of the fourth inning, sparking a Philadelphia rally: three singles scored two Athletics runs, making the score 5–3 Philadelphia. In the bottom of the inning, however, Cleveland converted three hits, two walks, and a wild pitch from Rommel, into three runs to take the lead 6–5. Philadelphia failed to score in the top of the fifth, leaving two men on base who had reached on a hit and an error, and Brown led off the bottom of the fifth with a hit. Shortstop Johnny Burnett, who had already singled in the first, second and fourth innings, scored Brown with a double to make the score 7–5 Indians. Mule Haas led off the top of the sixth with a double, and came around to score on a single by Al Simmons, cutting the Indians lead to 7–6. In the bottom of the sixth, two hits led to one Indians run, extending the lead to 8–6.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Philadelphia Athletics 18, Cleveland Indians 17 (1932)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_18,_Cleveland_Indians_17_(1932)", "article_id": 74763517, "section": "First through sixth innings", "metadata": {"word_count": 309, "char_count": 1641, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In the top of the seventh, Dib Williams tripled with two out, and was brought home by a single by Rommel, cutting Cleveland's lead to 8–7. Willis Hudlin replaced Brown on the mound, and walked the next two batters to load the bases. The fans booed Peckinpaugh, who was coaching first base, disagreeing with the choice of Hudlin as relief pitcher. Otis stated that Brown \"was obviously not himself\" and that Hudlin was \"helpless\" in getting the ball over the plate. The manager then sent in Wes Ferrell to pitch. Ferrell, the ace of the Cleveland staff, had pitched a complete game on Friday, two days before. Jimmy Dykes cleared the bases with a double to give the Athletics a 10–7 lead. Simmons then singled and Foxx hit a two-run home run, his second of the game, to make the score 13–7 Athletics.\nBurnett led off the seventh with his fifth hit of the game; three more Cleveland hits followed, cutting the lead to 13–11. Mack called time, and the reporters in the press box speculated he would relieve Rommel, sending in Dykes, the third baseman, to complete the game, as Dykes had been called upon to do in 1926 and 1927. Instead, Mack replaced the catcher, sending in Ed Madjeski for Johnnie Heving. This one change of catchers, along with the three pitching changes, were the only substitutions in the game as each team used only eleven players–Philadelphia had brought only eleven players. Otis suggested that the change in catchers might have led to Rommel's increased effectiveness in the upcoming innings.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Philadelphia Athletics 18, Cleveland Indians 17 (1932)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_18,_Cleveland_Indians_17_(1932)", "article_id": 74763517, "section": "Seventh through ninth innings", "metadata": {"word_count": 262, "char_count": 1514, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "When play resumed, Glenn Myatt walked to put runners on first and second. Then Bill Cissell attempted a sacrifice bunt, but popped the ball into the air towards Rommel. Seeing a chance at a double play, Rommel deliberately did not catch the ball, then threw towards second base. The ball went into center field, however, and a run scored, cutting the lead to 13–12. Rommel threw his cap in disgust. He had planned what to do in that situation for years, but when the opportunity arrived, he muffed it. Two more runs followed on a single by Dick Porter before Rommel could strike out Burnett to end the inning, but Cleveland now led 14–13. With Cleveland now in the lead, the fans cheered Peckinpaugh for several minutes.\nThere was no scoring in the eighth inning, and Ferrell retired the first two batters in the top of the ninth. With Philadelphia down to its final out, Dykes hit a ground ball towards first base, which should have ended the game. Instead, the ball went through the legs of first baseman Ed Morgan, and Dykes was safe. Simmons walked, and Foxx hit the ball down the left field line for a double. The ball became lodged against the bench in the bullpen, and two runs scored, giving Philadelphia a 15–14 lead.\nWillie Kamm led off the bottom of the ninth for Cleveland with a double. Ferrell struck out and Porter hit a sacrifice fly to right field, sending Kamm to third base. Burnett got an infield hit, his sixth hit of the game, with the throw to home plate too late, tying the game at 15–15. Averill singled to send Burnett to third base, and advanced to second on defensive indifference. Joe Vosmik sent a fly ball to center field that looked like the game winner, but Haas made a spectacular catch to retire the side and send the game to extra innings.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Philadelphia Athletics 18, Cleveland Indians 17 (1932)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_18,_Cleveland_Indians_17_(1932)", "article_id": 74763517, "section": "Seventh through ninth innings", "metadata": {"word_count": 321, "char_count": 1775, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "With the teams having scored thirty runs in the first nine innings, they scored none in the next six, as Rommel and Ferrell matched each other inning for inning. According to baseball historian Lee Allen, \"Rommel must have wondered what he had to do to earn his pay check\". To that end, he singled with two outs in the top of the tenth, but was out trying to extend it to a double. Outside League Park on Lexington Avenue, streetcars sat empty, waiting to transport the crowd home, but the fans remained in their seats in the ballpark.\nIn the top of the eleventh, Simmons singled and Foxx walked; a groundout sent Simmons to third base but he was stranded there when the third out was made. In the bottom half of the inning, Burnett got his seventh hit, a double, tying the major league record set by Wilbert Robinson in 1891. This was with one out; following an intentional walk to Averill, Vosmik hit into a double play to retire the side. In the bottom of the twelfth, Morgan doubled, and with one out, Cissell singled, but Morgan was tagged out at home plate. Kamm grounded out to end the threat. Burnett's eighth hit, a single, in the bottom of the thirteenth, went for naught as he was left on first base.\nDykes singled to lead off the top of the sixteenth. He was forced at second by Simmons. This brought Foxx to the plate; he hit his third home run of the game, his 33rd of the season, giving Philadelphia a 17–15 lead. The runs in the sixteenth were the only runs that Philadelphia scored with fewer than two outs. In the bottom of the sixteenth, Porter doubled and was sent to third by Burnett's ninth hit of the game. An Averill sacrifice fly cut the lead to 17–16, and Morgan tied it with a single to drive in Burnett. Myatt grounded out, and with two outs, Cissell sent a long fly ball to center field, but Haas made another game-saving catch with his back against the fence.\nPhiladelphia went in order in the top of the seventeenth inning; Kamm walked in the bottom of the inning and got as far as second on a sacrifice bunt from Ferrell, but Rommel retired the next two batters to end the inning.\nIn the top of the eighteenth, Ferrell retired the first two batters. Foxx singled, and Eric McNair hit a drive into center field which took an unexpected bounce over Vosmik's head. Although McNair was thrown out trying to stretch a double into a triple, Foxx had scored, and Philadelphia led 18–17. In the bottom of the inning, Rommel struck out two batters and retired the side in order, ending the game. The game had lasted four hours and five minutes. Had neither team scored, the game would have continued until nightfall put an end to it. Cleveland left 24 men on base; Philadelphia left 15. If Rommel averaged three pitches for each of the 87 batters he faced, he would have thrown 261 pitches, but he probably threw more than that.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Philadelphia Athletics 18, Cleveland Indians 17 (1932)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_18,_Cleveland_Indians_17_(1932)", "article_id": 74763517, "section": "Extra innings", "metadata": {"word_count": 523, "char_count": 2851, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Burnett's nine hits in a game, Cleveland's 33 hits and the 58 hits by the two teams combined, set Major League records that still stand as of 2025. No other player has had more than seven hits in a game, and Burnett's seven singles are also a record. Foxx's sixteen total bases tied a Major League record that was surpassed by Gil Hodges of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1950. Sixteen total bases remained the AL record until bettered by Josh Hamilton of the Texas Rangers in 2012, and it remains the record for a player for the Athletics franchise.\nRommel set Major League records by allowing 29 hits in a game, and for the most runs given up by a winning pitcher (fourteen). He also gave up the most bases on balls of any relief pitcher in MLB history, nine. It was the fifth game in Rommel's career in which he allowed fifteen or more hits, and he won all of them.\nRommel set what is still (as of 2025) the American League record for longest relief appearance with seventeen innings. He did not beat the Major League record of 181⁄3 innings for a relief appearance, set by Zip Zabel of the Chicago Cubs in 1915. The two teams tied an American League record with 35 combined runs scored; this was surpassed in 1950 when the Boston Red Sox defeated the Athletics, 22–14, at Fenway Park. The game was at the time the highest-scoring extra innings game in Major League history; this was bested on May 17, 1979, when the Philadelphia Phillies defeated the Cubs at Wrigley Field, 23–22 in ten innings. The July 10, 1932 game is the only one in Major League history to have five players get five or more base hits each: Burnett, Averill, Morgan, Simmons and Foxx.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Philadelphia Athletics 18, Cleveland Indians 17 (1932)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_18,_Cleveland_Indians_17_(1932)", "article_id": 74763517, "section": "Records set", "metadata": {"word_count": 302, "char_count": 1653, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Allen recorded, writing thirty years later, \"What a game it turned out to be!\" The North American Newspaper Alliance reported that \"for eighteen innings, two never-say-die, if somewhat groggy and erratic, ball teams, had refused to quit\". Gayle Talbot of the Associated Press called the game \"one of the most spectacular long-distance victories in baseball history ... a game the likes of which won't be seen once in a blue moon\". Sam Otis, sports editor of the Cleveland Plain Dealer, wrote that McNair's hit \"took a pesky hop into the setting rays of Old Sol to give the Philadelphia Athletics an eighteen-inning triumph over a never-say-die band of Indians in the most dramatic diamond struggle in Cleveland history\".\nMack stated that the Sunday victory in Cleveland \"looked to be our best day so far of the season\". The manager related that \"Rommel had to go 17 innings to win and how he stood it is beyond me. Yet he outpitched Ferrell, the Cleveland ace.\" Mack also stated that Foxx \"hit three extremely long home runs, all into Cleveland's far-off left field bleachers\".\nThe Chicago Tribune noted the many batting records set in a game it deemed \"one of the most remarkable in major league history\", but also noted that Rommel and Ferrell had, in extra innings, given a \"remarkable exhibition of pitching\". Murray Robinson of the Brooklyn Times-Union mentioned Burnett's record of nine hits and stated that it was \"probably the only one that Burnett will ever make. It's usually the case that the average ballplayers pop up with most of the freak records in the book.\" Stephen V. Rice of the Society for American Baseball Research later called it \"one of the wildest and craziest games in baseball history\". Baseball historian Norman Macht stated that the fans at League Park \"wound up taking the wildest roller-coaster ride in baseball history. Their alternating currents of joy and despair would leave them exhausted—and late for Sunday supper.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Philadelphia Athletics 18, Cleveland Indians 17 (1932)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_18,_Cleveland_Indians_17_(1932)", "article_id": 74763517, "section": "Reaction", "metadata": {"word_count": 326, "char_count": 1954, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Philadelphia victory, combined with the Yankees losing both games of a doubleheader to the St. Louis Browns, brought the Athletics to within six games of New York, but they would never again be so close that season. The next day, Cleveland and Philadelphia played two games at Shibe Park, and the Indians won both games, also taking the games against the Athletics on Tuesday and Wednesday to move into second place in the AL. In his Sunday newspaper column, Mack blamed the setback on the exhaustion of the team's pitching staff, called upon to pitch ninety innings in five days. On July 31, the teams met again in Cleveland for the opening of Cleveland Stadium before a crowd believed to be over 80,000 people (76,979 paid). Contrasting with the high scoring of the July 10 game, the Athletics beat the Indians 1–0, and beat them again by that score the following day. By this time the Athletics were back in second place, where they finished the season, thirteen games behind the Yankees. Cleveland finished fourth, nineteen games back.\nOn September 2, 1932, Krausse started for the Athletics and shut out the Red Sox, 15–0. He developed a sore arm and never pitched in the major leagues again, spending the next ten years in the low-level minor leagues. Ferrell, the losing pitcher on July 10, finished the season with a record of 23–13, the fourth straight year he had won twenty or more games. He finished his career in 1941 having achieved six such seasons and with a lifetime record of 193–128. For Burnett, 1932 was the final year in which he played 100 or more games, though he remained active until 1935, a year in which he hit .223 for the Browns, finishing his nine-year major league career with a lifetime batting average of .284. Foxx continued his challenge of Babe Ruth's record of 60 home runs in a season, but hampered by a wrist injury sustained in late July, fell two short.\nRommel's feat of pitching 17 innings reminded Murray Robinson of the 26-inning pitching marathon in 1920 between Joe Oeschger of the Boston Braves and Leon Cadore of the Brooklyn Dodgers, that ended in a 1–1 tie; he said neither pitcher was ever the same. He noted, though, that Rommel \"has no future to consider\". Rommel later stated that his arm was finished after the July 10 game. He had gained his 171st career victory against the Indians, but never won another game. He was released by the Athletics at season's end, and, when he could not find work as a player, was hired by Mack as a coach. After Rommel had a stint as a minor-league manager, Mack recommended that Rommel become an umpire; he spent the next 24 years umpiring, all but two of them in the major leagues.\nMack's financial distress led him, after the 1932 season, to begin to sell off his team's stars. He stated that if Sunday baseball had been legal in Philadelphia, he would not have had to do so. In 1933, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed legislation allowing local voters to approve Sunday baseball, and Philadelphia's electorate did so that November. This came too late to preserve the team that had won three American League pennants, and Mack's Athletics posted poor records for the rest of the 1930s, as did the National League Philadelphia Phillies. The Athletics did not again win a pennant until 1972, by which time they were playing in Oakland, California. The Indians won their second pennant and World Series in 1948.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Philadelphia Athletics 18, Cleveland Indians 17 (1932)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_18,_Cleveland_Indians_17_(1932)", "article_id": 74763517, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 596, "char_count": 3411, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Source for all box score statistics, except the names of the umpires, which was here.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Philadelphia Athletics 18, Cleveland Indians 17 (1932)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_18,_Cleveland_Indians_17_(1932)", "article_id": 74763517, "section": "Box score", "metadata": {"word_count": 15, "char_count": 85, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Qalaherriaq (Inuktun pronunciation: [qalahəχːiɑq], c. 1834 – June 14, 1856), baptized as Erasmus Augustine Kallihirua, was an Inughuaq hunter from Cape York, Greenland. He was recruited in 1850 as an interpreter by the crew of the British survey barque HMS Assistance during the search for John Franklin's lost Arctic expedition. He guided the ship to Wolstenholme Fjord to investigate rumors of a massacre of Franklin's crew, but only found the corpses of local Inughuit and crew from an unrelated British vessel. With the help of the crew of the vessel, he produced accurate maps of his homeland. Although Assistance initially planned to return him to his family after the expedition, poor sea conditions made landing at Cape York impossible, and he was taken to England and placed under the care of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK).\nEnrolled at St Augustine's College in Canterbury, England, Qalaherriaq studied English and Christianity for several years. He was appointed by the Bishop of Newfoundland Edward Feild to accompany him on religious missions to the Inuit of Labrador. He arrived at St. John's in October 1855, and began studying at the Theological Institute. Plagued by illness since his time aboard Assistance, he died from complications of long-term tuberculosis in June 1856, shortly before he was scheduled to travel to Labrador. A posthumous biography, Kalli, the Esquimaux Christian, was published by the SPCK shortly after his death. Inughuit oral histories, collected by Knud Rasmussen in the early 20th century, describe him as the victim of an abduction by the British, and relate that his mother mourned him without learning of his fate.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Qalaherriaq", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalaherriaq", "article_id": 75770834, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 268, "char_count": 1684, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Qalaherriaq was known by various names. Qalaherriaq or Qalaherhuaq are approximations of his name's pronunciation in his native dialect of Inuktun, rendered as Qalasirsuaq ([qalasəsːuɑq]) in standard Greenlandic. This was rendered as Kallihirua in contemporary sources, and frequently abbreviated \"Kalli\". He was named Erasmus York (after Captain Erasmus Ommanney and Cape York), before his baptism in 1853 as Erasmus Augustine Kallihirua. Other spellings of his name include Caloosa, Calahierna, Kalersik, Ka'le'sik, Qalaseq, and Kalesing.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Qalaherriaq", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalaherriaq", "article_id": 75770834, "section": "Name", "metadata": {"word_count": 74, "char_count": 540, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Qalaherriaq was born around 1834 to Qisunnguaq and Saattoq, members of an Inughuit band near Cape York and Wolstenholme Fjord in northwestern Greenland. He had a younger sister, and perhaps another younger sibling, both of whose names are unknown. His band, situated near auk-hunting grounds, was encountered by various ships searching for a lost British exploring mission.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Qalaherriaq", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalaherriaq", "article_id": 75770834, "section": "Early life and background", "metadata": {"word_count": 57, "char_count": 373, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1845, Sir John Franklin commanded an expedition attempting to transit the final uncharted sections of the Northwest Passage in what is now western Nunavut. The two warships under Franklin's command, HMS Erebus and HMS Terror, were trapped by ice in the Victoria Strait. The ships were abandoned in April 1848, and all remaining crew members presumably died while attempting to traverse the Canadian Arctic mainland. In March 1848, when the expedition had been out of contact for several years, the Royal Navy's Board of Admiralty launched a series of expeditions to locate whatever remained of Franklin's expedition and determine their fate.\nFour concurrent search expeditions were outfitted in 1850 following lobbying by Franklin's widow, Jane, who refused to accept that her husband was almost certainly dead. The first of these expeditions were headed by the barques HMS Resolute and HMS Assistance, accompanied by the steam tenders HMS Pioneer and HMS Intrepid. The second involved only two ships, the brigs HMS Lady Franklin and HMS Sophia. Privately funded expeditions of the schooners Prince Albert (commanded by Commander Charles Forsyth) and Felix (commanded by Sir John Ross) joined those funded by the Admiralty.\nOn August 12, 1850, HMS Lady Franklin and HMS Sophia, commanded by whaler and explorer William Penny, reached the coast of Cape York. Upon sighting an approaching Inughuit kayak, Sophia anchored. The three men aboard the kayak were invited on deck to meet with Penny's interpreter, Johan Carl Petersen, a Dane from Upernavik. Petersen inquired for information relating to Franklin's expedition, but the relatively large number of European ships previously sighted in the region, coupled with the Inughuit's great excitement aboard the vessel, resulted in no useful information, and the Inughuit returned to shore.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Qalaherriaq", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalaherriaq", "article_id": 75770834, "section": "Search for Franklin's expedition", "metadata": {"word_count": 286, "char_count": 1840, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The following day, Prince Albert and HMS Assistance spotted the same group of Inughuit. A landing party including Charles Forsyth and Captain Erasmus Ommanney went to shore aboard HMS Intrepid, followed by the other ships. They were greeted by two young men, including Qalaherriaq. However, none of the landing party could speak Inuktun, and were unable to communicate with the band ashore. Shortly afterwards, the party was joined by Sir John Ross and his Kalaallit interpreter Adam Beck, who had arrived aboard Felix. After a long conversation, the only ship that could be readily identified from the Inughuit accounts was North Star, a supply ship which had passed through the region during another search for Franklin's expedition.\nUpon the officers' return to their ships, Beck became noticeably distressed. He explained that the Inughuit mentioned an additional ship that had passed through the area in 1846 staffed by naval officers, which was massacred by another Inughuit band while camping ashore at Wolstenholme Fjord. After Ommanney and Petersen were informed of the story, they had Beck repeat the story to various officers. Ommanney boarded Lady Franklin and relayed the story to Penny. Ommanney, Penny and Petersen travelled back to Cape York aboard Intrepid, intending to confirm the story and acquire a local interpreter. When the Inughuit repeated the same information about North Star to the explorers and denied any violence against the British, Petersen was convinced that Beck had confused the information about North Star with Franklin's expedition. Ommaney recruited Qalaherriaq to serve as an interpreter.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Qalaherriaq", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalaherriaq", "article_id": 75770834, "section": "Cape York landing", "metadata": {"word_count": 254, "char_count": 1630, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Ommanney's diary described Qalaherriaq as readily volunteering to go with the expedition, without even returning to camp to gather his possessions. Nineteenth century sources state that he was fully ready to \"remain under the captain's own personal care, and be with him always\", and that he had stoically accepted his role as an interpreter due to a lack of surviving family. However, this account has been heavily disputed by later scholarship. Significant contradictions exist between period descriptions of Qalaherriaq's decision to volunteer. Explorer William Parker Snow's 1851 account, Voyage of the Prince Albert in Search of Sir John Franklin, describes him as a \"young man without father or mother\", while Petersen's 1857 Erindringer Fra Polarlandene describes him as being unbothered by leaving his mother. Petersen's account claims that Qalaherriaq agreed to a brief term of service, and was originally supposed to be returned to his family after guiding the mission to Wolstenholme Fjord.\nAfter Qalaherriaq and the explorers boarded Intrepid, they were joined by Beck, Ross, and Forsyth, alongside Horatio Austin of HMS Resolute and Sherard Osborn of HMS Pioneer. Upon cross-questioning, Beck repeated what he claimed the Inughuit had told him, but Qalaherriaq insisted that he was lying. Communication between the two was limited due to linguistic differences between Qalaherriaq's Inuktun and Beck's Greenlandic. Qalaherriaq was able to communicate with Petersen much easier than with Beck. The officers eventually became convinced that Beck was incorrect, but continued towards Wolstenholme Fjord.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Qalaherriaq", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalaherriaq", "article_id": 75770834, "section": "Interpreter service", "metadata": {"word_count": 241, "char_count": 1613, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Upon transfer to Assistance, Qalaherriaq was washed and dressed in European clothing. He was given the name Erasmus York, although continued to be called variations of his birth name while aboard. He was seen as a curiosity by the crew, who recruited him to participate in the \"Royal Arctic Theatre\", a trope of theatrical performances. Ommanney described him as \"an interesting specimen of uncivilised life\". Qalaherriaq was the subject of a satirical article published in the Northern Lights, a ship newspaper published aboard Assistance, where he is depicted as praising European civilization, while making various naïve and childlike statements about ship life, including a joke about him misidentifying sailors cross-dressing during a masquerade as shamanic spirits.\nWhile on board Assistance, Qalaherriaq was said to have drawn several detailed maps of the surrounding fjords. While he was described as drawing them single-handedly, biographer Peter Martin states that Qalaherriaq \"certainly did not do so alone\". The maps were drawn according to European cartography, and do not reflect Inuit geography or mapping, such as the Ammassalik wooden maps. Geographer Clements Markham, the Assistance midshipman, heavily praised the map in his 1875 Arctic Geography and Ethnology, echoing earlier European praise of Inuit geographical knowledge.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Qalaherriaq", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalaherriaq", "article_id": 75770834, "section": "Interpreter service", "metadata": {"word_count": 200, "char_count": 1346, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Qalaherriaq guided Assistance to Wolstenholme Fjord where the Europeans investigated the claims of a massacre of the Franklin expedition. The area was devastated due to a recent epidemic. When the crew encountered several abandoned igloos at the site of Uummannaq at North Star Bay, they found a heaped pile of seven bodies. The survivors were assumed to have fled the area without burying the dead due to the disease outbreak. The crew excavated several graves, finding the bodies of both Inuit and British seamen from North Star who had contracted the disease.\nOmmanney and his men proceeded to loot the graves and nearby huts for Inughuit artefacts. A British officer examined a grave and removed a narwhal tusk spear that had placed atop the grave as a form of Inughuit grave artifact. Qalaherriaq cried and begged him to put the spear back, recognizing the grave as being that of his father, Qisunnguaq. The grave was repaired by another officer and the spear, considered in Inughuit customs to be used by the dead for protection in the afterlife, was returned.\nWith sea conditions rendering return to Cape York impossible, Assistance crossed Baffin Bay and wintered at Griffith Island, near the present location of Resolute. Icebergs continued to pose a threat the following spring, and the ship began the return trip to England without returning Qalaherriaq to his family.\nEarly 20th century Inughuit oral histories, recorded by Knud Rasmussen, describe Qalaherriaq as being abducted by the British, with his mother mourning his disappearance without ever learning of his fate. The loss of an adolescent son, expected to hunt for the family, would place a great material burden on his mother and siblings. This was especially true during an era marked by severe hardship for the Inughuit, characterized by population decline, widespread disease outbreaks, and extreme isolation from outside trade or contact.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Qalaherriaq", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalaherriaq", "article_id": 75770834, "section": "Wolstenholme Fjord", "metadata": {"word_count": 309, "char_count": 1915, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Qalaherriaq arrived in England in the autumn of 1851 aboard Assistance, and was brought to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. In October 1851, he visited the Great Exhibition in London alongside Reverend George Murray, secretary of the Society, one of a small group of clergy and officers who served as caretakers to Qalaherriaq.\nIn around late 1851, Qalaherriaq sat for a life-size double portrait by an unknown artist, which some decades later was donated for display at the Royal Navy College in Greenwich. The double portrait was made according to contemporary European race science, and features emphasis on phrenological and racialized features such as his cranial anatomy and skin tone. Biographers Ingeborg Høvik and Axel Jeremiassen described the portrait as appearing to Victorians as a \"visual embodiment of a lower race\" which associates the Inuit with the theorized \"Mongolian race\". He also sat for a photograph while in England, now lost. An illustration based on it is featured in an 1855 edition of James C. Prichard's The Natural History of Man.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Qalaherriaq", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalaherriaq", "article_id": 75770834, "section": "England", "metadata": {"word_count": 172, "char_count": 1075, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In November, at the recommendation of the Admiralty and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, Qalaherriaq was placed in St Augustine's College, a Church of England missionary college in Canterbury. Here he learned to read and write while receiving a religious education, and served as an apprentice to a local tailor. From 1852 to 1853 he was interviewed by Captain John Washington for a revised edition of his Greenlandic linguistics text, Eskimaux and English Vocabulary, for the Use of the Arctic Expeditions. By September 1852, he had made some progress in English but struggled with reading. He was reported to greatly enjoy writing, and made friendships with the children in his spelling classes.\nQalaherriaq had suffered from a chronic illness since his time on Assistance. He coughed frequently, and by the spring of 1853 was bedridden for several days during a period of poor weather. On November 27, 1853, he was baptized as Erasmus Augustine Kallihirua at St. Martin's Church in Canterbury, in a ceremony attended by Ommanney and various ministers and clergy, alongside various members of \"the poorer class to whom Kalli is well known\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Qalaherriaq", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalaherriaq", "article_id": 75770834, "section": "England", "metadata": {"word_count": 188, "char_count": 1156, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Appointed by Edward Feild, the Bishop of Newfoundland and the Warden of St Augustine's, Qalaherriaq was sent to the Newfoundland Colony to assist missionary efforts among the Inuit of Labrador. To support this, he was given a £25 per year stipend (equivalent to £3,000 in 2023). He arrived at St John's, Newfoundland, on October 2, 1855. Although all were Inuit languages, Qalaherriaq's dialect of Greenlandic was a distinct language from the Nunatsiavummiutitut dialect of Eastern Canadian Inuktitut, and Qalaherriaq struggled to communicate with a Moravian missionary from Labrador. He attended the Theological Institute (now Queen's College, part of the Memorial University). While in Newfoundland, he practiced ice skating, but continued to suffer from chronic illness.\nQalaherriaq planned to accompany the Bishop of Newfoundland on missionary work to Labrador in the summer of 1856. However, after he went swimming in cold water at St. John's, his health declined rapidly. Bedridden for a week, he died on June 14, 1856. An autopsy done at St. John's in the following weeks concluded that he died of heart failure associated with long-term tuberculosis. His body displayed common symptoms of the disease, including inflamed lymph nodes, blackened lungs, and an \"enormously enlarged\" heart.\nA short biography, Kalli, the Esquimaux Christian, was written by Reverend Murray in 1856 and published by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Murray based the book off his personal experiences alongside contributions from Qalaherriaq's other British caretakers. As the secretary of the Society, he had previously worked to organize Qalaherriaq's life and education in England. The memoir became the main primary source on Qalaherriaq's life, alongside the various accounts of the 1850 search expeditions.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Qalaherriaq", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalaherriaq", "article_id": 75770834, "section": "Newfoundland and death", "metadata": {"word_count": 273, "char_count": 1811, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Sonata for E♭ Alto Saxophone and Piano, Op. 19, was composed by Paul Creston in 1939. The sonata was commissioned in the spring by Creston's frequent collaborator, the American saxophonist Cecil Leeson. Creston began composition by June: it was completed by the end of August and slated for publication in 1940, although this was postponed to 1945 due to World War II. \nThe sonata is in three movements and takes around thirteen minutes to perform. Its form follows a traditional, classical-era structure. The first movement is in a modified sonata form with no recapitulation: two themes are introduced in an exposition and extensively developed, before the movement ends with a coda. Harmonically, it is based on seventh chords, with its tonality moving between several tonal centers. A slower middle movement with song-like melodies follows, before the sonata ends with a rhythmically complex rondo featuring polymeters. The sonata as a whole is of considerable difficulty for both players.\nCreston and Leeson premiered the sonata at the Carnegie Chamber Hall on February 15, 1940, although Leeson had performed it on tour prior to that date. No critics were present at the premiere, but the sonata's 1955 debut recording by Vincent Abato and Creston obtained a mixed response. Most found the sonata enjoyable, but there was criticism of a perceived simplistic and salon-like styling. It was the first of Creston's chamber works to be recorded and had appeared on fourteen records by 1980. Today, it is broadly seen as a key piece of the classical saxophone's repertoire and is frequently performed.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 259, "char_count": 1606, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Paul Creston believed that composition was a spiritual act, \"just as vital ... as prayer and good deeds\", and thought it should not be restricted to career composers. He was a recipient of a 1938 Guggenheim Fellowship for composition, and part of his wide-ranging output was dedicated to advancing the classical repertoire of instruments little-used within the tradition, like the saxophone. In 1934, Creston met the saxophonist Cecil Leeson through the National Music League, an organization where Creston was an accompanist. Leeson was sponsored by the group and benefited from their provision of accompanists for his tours. He had lost his habitual accompanist, Lois Russell, and was dissatisfied enough with their replacements to beg the league to send \"someone who can read\". Leeson was presented with Creston, whose playing impressed him. The two began a partnership. \nLeeson was a crucial figure to the development of the classical saxophone. At that time, the instrument was perceived as unsuited to art music and restricted to more mainstream musical genres. Along with Creston, Leeson worked with Lawson Lunde, Burnet Tuthill and other American composers to create a large body of work for the classical saxophone, which includes Creston's Suite, Sonata and Concerto. He was the first saxophonist to perform at New York City's Town Hall on February 5, 1937, accompanied by Creston. \nCreston ceased performing regularly with Leeson in March 1937 to focus on composition, but they continued to play occasionally together until 1940. On his relationship with Leeson, Creston retrospectively stated: \"Cecil Leeson has been the greatest stimulus for the enrichment of the saxophone repertory, and I am most grateful for having been chosen a contributor to the repertory.\" He credited Leeson for inspiring his love of the saxophone—which he previously thought of as \"ugly ... with an irritatingly buzzy tone\"—as well as the success of his compositions for the instrument.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 309, "char_count": 1975, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "At the time Creston composed his sonata, French composers were leading the development of the classical saxophone. The instrument suffered from a dearth of original concert repertoire: aside from Glazunov's Concerto, Debussy's Rhapsodie and Creston's own Suite, Leesons's recitals of the time were dominated by transcriptions of vocal and string music. \nIn early 1939, Leeson asked Creston to write a sonata for the saxophone after the success of his Suite. He was in the second year of his Guggenheim fellowship, which usually involved a year abroad in Europe, but this was excused due to the political instability caused by the onset of World War II. Although they had ceased regular performances as a duo, Creston accepted the commission following on from the success of his Suite: he was told by Henry Moe, an associate of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, that a recording of the Suite was key to the granting of his fellowship. Creston had only sketched a few bars when he received a visit from Leeson in June. The sonata was completed a couple of months later while Leeson was teaching at the Interlochen Center for the Arts' National Music Camp, and finalized at a meeting when Leeson came back. He received the score on August 28, along with an apology from Creston for being unable to practice the accompaniment:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "Composition and publishing", "metadata": {"word_count": 223, "char_count": 1335, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Enclosed is the score and part to my Sonata. I regret that I am unable to prepare the piano part myself right now as I am preparing for a Town Hall recital in October with violinist Rachmael Weinstock in a performance of my Suite for Violin and Piano. I will learn the part after the recital. Enjoy.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "Composition and publishing", "metadata": {"word_count": 57, "char_count": 299, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The New Music Group was chosen to publish the sonata and intended to do so in late 1940. Due to staffing shortages from World War II conscription, this deadline was missed. After the war, although engraving was already completed, the sonata was instead published by Axelrod Publications in 1945 and the copyright was assigned to the Templeton Publishing Company. The sonata's publishing rights were acquired by Shawnee Press in 1948. Later, realizing its popularity after attending the 1978 Marcel Mule International Saxophone Competition, Creston wrote to Shawnee's president to suggest that the publishers should consider opening a French branch.\nCreston's manuscript is held by the LaBudde Special Collections at the University of Missouri–Kansas City as part of a collection donated by his wife, Louise. The ink-written score has annotations in pencil, and a transcription of the second movement for viola is included.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "Composition and publishing", "metadata": {"word_count": 142, "char_count": 922, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Unknown to Creston, Leeson decided to test the sonata's reception on a multi-state tour with his accompanist Josef Wagner a month before its official premiere: among their seven performances, they played at Heidelberg College in Tiffin, Ohio (January 9, 1940), Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana (January 11) and Wiley High School in Terre Haute, Indiana (January 15). It was several decades later that Creston discovered the truth; despite Leeson's tour, Creston still considered the New York City performance to be its true premiere.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "Performances", "metadata": {"word_count": 83, "char_count": 537, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The sonata was given its official premiere by Creston and Leeson at a New Music Group concert at the Carnegie Chamber Hall on February 15, 1940. Leeson performed the sonata throughout the year, with recitals at St. Vincent's Hall, Elkhart, Indiana (April 21, on his tour with Josef Wagner), and the American Music Festival, New York City, New York (May 8, the last time he would perform with Creston). Creston continued to accompany performances of the sonata into the late 1960s. He played recitals with Frederick Wymaat at the State University of New York (October 22, 1966), and Vincent Abato, professor of saxophone at the Juilliard School, at the New York College of Music (November 13, 1966) and the WNYC American Music Festival (February 13, 1968).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "Performances", "metadata": {"word_count": 126, "char_count": 755, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "No reviews exist of the sonata's premiere performance as Weill Recital Hall concerts were not frequented by New York critics. Creston, Leeson and their audience were all satisfied with the performance. The sonata's debut recording by Vincent Abato garnered mixed reviews. Several reviewers saw the sonata as being traditional and lacking some depth. Reviewing the Abato record, the musicologist Nathan Broder wrote in The Musical Quarterly that the sonata was a \"pleasant little addition to the meager repertory of the instrument\", but that it was conservatively composed and \"will not advance the cause of music one inch\". In a larger discography published by High Fidelity, Ray Ellsworth described the sonata as \"well-wrought if lightweight\". In a review for the Library Journal, Mark Melson agreed with Ellsworth on the sonata's structure, finding it traditional and ably written. The composer and musicologist Dika Newlin reviewed the sonata in Sigma Alpha Iota's Pan Pipes, finding it enjoyable with \"disarmingly catchy rhythms\", but also found it to lack depth. Some reviewers detected a French-inspired styling: reviewing Abato's recording in the Saturday Review, the composer Arthur Berger suggested similarities to \"salon music of French genre\", but with an American influence. American Record Guide's editor James Lyons criticized the sonata's styling as incompatible with the \"awfully note-heavy\" writing (particularly the accompaniment). In The New York Times, its later chief music critic Harold Schonberg wrote that he found the melodic content enjoyable, but saw it as using a \"near-salon approach\".\nLater reviews of the sonata were more favorable: in a 1979 review for Fanfare, the music critic Walter Simmons lauded the sonata as a \"true classic of the saxophone repertoire\", with \"Mozartian precision\" and enjoyable melodic content. He also commented on the sonata's suitability for virtuoso players, being a \"flattering medium for representing a performer's artistry\". Tim Page of The New York Times wrote in 1983 that he considered the sonata underrated, complimenting its authentic and \"distinctly American sound\". \nAccording to Simmons, the sonata is \"probably Creston's single most widely performed and best-known work\". It is widely considered an influential piece in the classical saxophone repertoire. In a conversation with Eugene Rousseau, Marcel Mule stated he considered the sonata \"one of the definitive works for saxophone and piano\" along with Claude Pascal's Sonatine. By 1978, Harry Gee of Indiana State University suggested that it could be \"one of the most often performed twentieth-century solos for any wind instrument\". Stephen Cottrell—professor of music at City, University of London—expressed a similar sentiment, saying it is \"probably now the single most frequently performed recital work in the saxophone repertoire\". Along with his other works, the success of Creston's sonata contributed to the development of the saxophone's repertory by inspiring other American composers—including Edvard Moritz, Bernhard Heiden and Burnet Tuthill—to compose for the instrument.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "Reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 463, "char_count": 3112, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The sonata is in three movements, following a traditional fast–slow–fast structure:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "Movements", "metadata": {"word_count": 11, "char_count": 83, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A typical performance lasts approximately thirteen minutes.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "Movements", "metadata": {"word_count": 7, "char_count": 59, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The opening movement is in common time and is written in a modified sonata form without a full recapitulation, comprising an exposition where two themes are stated, a development section and a coda. The movement's harmony mainly uses seventh chords containing tritones and features pantonality: temporary tonal centers occasionally emerge, the principal of which is E major. It starts with a vigorous theme in the saxophone, which suggests a Lydian modality through its use of a sharpened fourth scale degree.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "I. \"With vigor\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 80, "char_count": 509, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "This theme is underwritten by non-functional harmony and can be divided into four motifs: although all motifs are used, the third appears most extensively in the development section.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "I. \"With vigor\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 28, "char_count": 182, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The music calms after an initial climax and settles into a more stable tonality of E major. A quieter, song-like second theme is introduced in the saxophone, which contrasts the energetic first theme.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "I. \"With vigor\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 33, "char_count": 200, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A transition occurs following the exposition, introducing the development section. Creston develops the first theme using sequences and repetition, manipulating the third motif. Each repetition has an extra quarter note beat in length, shifting the motif's accentuation and undermining the 44 time. Development of the second theme occurs in the piano, later joined by saxophone. The change to a tonal center of D♭ major develops the theme through a darker timbre. After another transition based on the second theme, the first theme is developed until the movement's close. Creston uses scalic runs and the heights of the saxophones range (up to altissimo G6) to create a climax, before using a coda based on the first theme to end the movement.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "I. \"With vigor\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 120, "char_count": 744, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"With tranquility\" is a slow movement in 54 based on lyrical melodies. Its form is the subject of scholarly disagreement, and is variously described as through-composed and ternary. The movement suggests a key of A major, although this is unstable: this tonal center only appears at the movement's start and end. Harmonically, the movement mainly uses consecutive seventh chords. It opens with the piano playing a single melodic line with chordal accompaniment, moving by step. Simmons suggests that this melody is a development of the first movement's second theme.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "II. \"With tranquility\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 89, "char_count": 566, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "After an exposition of this theme in the saxophone, it is developed by altering timbre and harmony, briefly in the tonal center of F♯ major before moving to D major. The piano accompaniment, which was mainly based on quarter note rhythms, now uses faster sixteenth notes to form hemiolas with triplet rhythms in the saxophone. This development builds to the movement's climax, where the parts use imitation of rhythm and melody. The theme returns with C major as a tonal center, now lower in range and volume. It is further developed with rhythmic changes introduced in the development. A final cadence in A major is produced after a triadic chromatic descent. The saxophone ends on the mediant, recalling the ending to the first movement.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "II. \"With tranquility\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 124, "char_count": 739, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"With gaiety\" is a seven-part rondo in 24 with an ABACADA structure. It is in D major, although departures to other tonal centers occur in the rondo's episodes. Unlike previous movements, quartal, diminished and augmented chords are used sparingly. Creston instead uses mainly seventh chords, major triads and minor triads, contributing to a more upbeat mood. The movement has a complex rhythmic foundation, drawing on musical traditions from Spain and Latin America. A set of polymeters is presented at the outset: the saxophone (marked \"crisp\") and left hand of the piano are in 58 with the saxophone accenting each grouping with a mordent, while the right hand of the piano is playing sixteenth notes in groups of 38.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "III. \"With gaiety\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 118, "char_count": 720, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "After the principal theme is introduced, a short transition occurs in the piano before the first episode. A new polymeter is introduced: 24 in the saxophone against 38 groupings in the piano. Accents continue to be used to distinguish groupings. The principal theme returns after a transition (the saxophone melody and piano countermelody are now switched) but is abruptly diverted into another episode after seven bars. A short saxophone transition based on diminished arpeggios leads into a calmer episode: smooth melodic lines inspired by movement II appear in the saxophone and accents are absent from both parts.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "III. \"With gaiety\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 97, "char_count": 617, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Another piano transition brings about the principal theme in F♯ major, now much quieter and more developed. A transition from both players leads into the last episode in the key of A major, which is dance-like in nature. The principal theme returns for the last time, now in the home key, and is developed further before a coda. The sonata ends with a scalic climax passed between both instruments.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "III. \"With gaiety\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 69, "char_count": 398, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Creston's designation of the piece as a sonata—a rarity among his works—distinguished it from its predecessor, suggesting a classical styling as opposed to his baroque-inspired Suite for the saxophone. According to Simmons, this difference is shown by the first movement's use of sonata form, and generally in the greater strength of the sonata's climaxes. The sonata's form is traditional, with each movement's form and tempi following classical era expectations established by composers like Mozart. The movements are connected by their main tonal centers, which progress in perfect fifths (E major → A major → D major). Writing is often contrapuntal, but not imitatively: there are no fugal or canonic devices in the sonata. Contrary to traditional practice, Creston eschews Italian tempi and expression markings, using English throughout the sonata (e.g. increase instead of crescendo).\nThe sonata is of substantial difficulty to the saxophonist, using a generally high tessitura along with irregular patterns and scales. It uses all of the saxophone's regular range, venturing into altissimo F♯s and Gs several times. The piano accompaniment to Creston's sonata is also difficult and requires a large hand span. It is often described as being just as—if not more—difficult than the saxophone part.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "Style", "metadata": {"word_count": 199, "char_count": 1302, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Creston expressed uncertainty over the original tempi ( = 126, = 66 and = 160) on multiple occasions. He requested that performers of the sonata change the tempi at the 1978 Marcel Mule International Saxophone Competition in Gap, France. Jean-Marie Londeix, a jury member at the competition, recounted that Creston's new tempi were = 120, = 60 and = 144. Creston had previously that expressed the original tempi were too fast in a 1975 letter to Londeix. Londeix considered these alterations beneficial, giving a better balance of tempi and \"[allowing] a more clearly defined chamber music character to emerge\". \nDuring a visit to Ithaca College in 1976, the college's saxophone professor Steven Mauk asked Creston about the accuracy of the sonata's tempi. According to Mauk, Creston self-deprecatingly exclaimed that \"the person who put the tempo markings on this piece was a fool\", suggesting slower tempi of = 52–56 and = 144 for movements II and III instead.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "Tempi", "metadata": {"word_count": 157, "char_count": 962, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Leeson and Creston recorded movements I and II of the sonata in late 1939 using a Federal Recorder owned by Leeson. The discs still exist, but cannot be played. Vincent Abato made the first commercial recording of the sonata in 1955, accompanied by Creston. This was the first time one of Creston's chamber pieces had appeared on record. The first stereo recording was made by Donald Sinta and Nelita True, c. 1968. By 1978, the sonata had appeared on eight records, including those made by Marcel Mule, Sigurd Raschèr, François Daneels and Jean-Marie Londeix; two years later that number increased to fourteen. Later recordings include those issued by Arno Bornkamp, Alex Mitchell and Alina Mleczko (see below).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Saxophone Sonata (Creston)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone_Sonata_(Creston)", "article_id": 78496723, "section": "Recordings", "metadata": {"word_count": 117, "char_count": 712, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Scanners (Autumn/Winter 2003) was the twenty-second collection by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. The collection is based on the idea of exiles travelling eastward through northern Eurasia: Siberia, Tibet, and finally Japan. The designs borrow heavily from the traditional clothing and art of those areas, and reflect an overall aesthetic of luxury, with voluminous silhouettes and rich materials. Cultural motifs include heavy embroidery, traditional patterns, and kimono-like shapes. \nThe runway show was staged on 8 March 2003 at the Grande halle de la Villette in Paris, with production by McQueen's usual creative team. The set was made to look like a desolate tundra with rocks and snow. A clear plastic wind tunnel was suspended over the runway on industrial scaffolding for some models to walk through. Fifty-nine looks were presented in roughly three stages, representing the journey through each of Siberia, Tibet, and Japan. The show ended with a model struggling through the wind tunnel in an enormous kimono.\nCritical reception was mostly positive and sales were reportedly strong. Academic analysis has considered whether McQueen was engaging in cultural appropriation of Asian culture. Items from Scanners have appeared in exhibitions like the retrospective Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Scanners (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanners_(collection)", "article_id": 79158588, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 202, "char_count": 1350, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "British fashion designer Alexander McQueen was known for his imaginative, sometimes controversial designs. During his nearly twenty-year career, he explored a broad range of ideas and themes, including historicism, romanticism, femininity, sexuality, and death. He began as an apprentice on Savile Row, earning a reputation as an expert tailor; later he learned dressmaking as head designer for French fashion house Givenchy. Although he worked in ready-to-wear – clothing produced for retail sale – his showpiece designs featured a degree of craftsmanship that verged on haute couture – extremely high-end custom designs with elaborate handiwork.\nMcQueen's personal fixations had a strong influence on his designs. He played on visual and thematic contrasts for effect. He incorporated his love of nature into his works with visual motifs and organic materials. The set for his Autumn/Winter 1999 collection The Overlook had depicted an isolated winter landscape inspired by the Stanley Kubrick horror film The Shining (1980). Scanners returned to a winter setting, the opposite of the Amazon rainforest inspiration for Irere (Spring/Summer 2003). McQueen was also fascinated with Japanese culture and Buddhism. He had referenced Japanese clothing in his previous collection Voss (Spring/Summer 2003) and would do so again in It's Only a Game (Spring/Summer 2005).\nHis fashion shows were often elaborate to the point of being performance art, and audiences began to expect him to present dramatic spectacles. Previous seasons had seen models drenched with artificial rain (Untitled, Spring/Summer 1998), sprayed with paint by robots (No. 13, Spring/Summer 1999), or trapped in a faux-padded cell (Voss, Spring/Summer 2000). Although generally well-received, Irere had garnered some criticism for its fairly mundane show.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Scanners (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanners_(collection)", "article_id": 79158588, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 269, "char_count": 1821, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Scanners (Autumn/Winter 2003) was the twenty-second collection McQueen designed for his eponymous fashion house. The collection is based on the idea of exiles travelling eastward through northern Eurasia: Siberia, Tibet, and finally Japan. The materials, silhouettes, and aesthetics of the designs borrow heavily from the traditional clothing and art of those areas, reflecting the cultural exchanges that followed the Silk Road and the resulting spread of Buddhism. McQueen was inspired by the view of the tundra on a flight from London to Japan. \nOverall, the collection had a sense of opulence, and McQueen's precision tailoring was prominent throughout. Silhouettes were luxuriously oversized, with frock coats over tight waists and full A-line skirts. There were also draped and empire waist dresses. Materials were similarly rich: brocades, fox and mink furs, and leather. Other items were rendered in modern materials like neoprene. Some critics suggested an influence from McQueen's time at Givenchy, particularly in the silhouettes and level of craftsmanship. As was typical for McQueen, there were historicist touches throughout.\nThe collection opened with Russian-inspired pieces featuring embroidery, pom-poms, metallic trimming, and fur – known historically in Russia as \"soft gold\" for its value as a luxury good. The embroidery may have drawn on imagery from Russian folk tales. This phase also included jute and quilted fabric for several items. The emphasis on muted khaki tones in both plain and quilted fabric suggested an influence from military chic. Although placed in the Russian section of the show, the panelled structure of Look 12 is reminiscent of samurai armour.\nThe introduction of checkered fabric and a complex geometrical floral pattern called kati rimo indicated a transition to Tibetan-inspired clothing. Kai rimo, meaning \"brocade design\", is a traditional Tibetan pattern derived from Chinese textiles. Items with this pattern, including fabric and painted furniture, are associated with Buddhism because they were often used for temple decorations. While traditionally multi-coloured, McQueen's versions in this section were rendered in black and white. Additional Tibetan-inspired elements include full circle skirts, use of shearling, and decorative braiding. The checked patterns, particularly the Glengarry cap from Look 33, have been variously interpreted as military chic or op art. Others have interpreted this segment, chiefly the bodysuits in leather, as drawing on motocross, punk fashion, and cyberpunk fashion, with influence from the film Blade Runner (1982). \nThe final phase of Scanners borrowed from the clothing and culture of Japan, incorporating kimono-like silhouettes and sunrise motifs that played on the country's nickname, Land of the Rising Sun. In this portion, geometric patterns were rendered in red on white, particularly shokkō, the Japanese name for the Tibetan kai rimo pattern. Like kai rimo, shokkō patterns were also associated with Buddhist temples. Some looks may have been influenced by Japanese manga characters.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Scanners (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanners_(collection)", "article_id": 79158588, "section": "Concept and creative process", "metadata": {"word_count": 458, "char_count": 3089, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The runway show was staged on 8 March 2003 at the Grande halle de la Villette in Paris. Invitations were printed with images of McQueen's brain scan. The soundtrack included the Sid Vicious cover of \"My Way\", the Tiffany cover of \"I Think We're Alone Now\", and the Sparks single \"This Town Ain't Big Enough for Both of Us\". Air raid sirens played over pop music from Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears. The showpiece sections featured selections from the 1904 opera Madama Butterfly. \nMcQueen typically worked with a consistent creative team for his shows. Katy England was responsible for overall styling, while Gainsbury & Whiting oversaw production. Joseph Bennett, who had designed all of McQueen's runways since No. 13 (Spring/Summer 1999), took care of set design. Eugene Souleiman styled hair, while Val Garland handled makeup.\nPhilip Treacy created headwear for the collection, including Glengarry caps, headpieces based on the Japanese rising sun motif, and an engraved red and white glass mitre worn with Look 47. The mitre may have been a tribute to Isabella Blow, who was a mutual friend and muse of Treacy and McQueen; she wore a similar hat in a Vanity Fair portrait in 1997. The hat worn with Look 2, a black peaked cap adorned with a circle of black feathers shaped like spears may also have been a reworking of one that Blow wore for The New Yorker in March 2001.\nThe set was made to look like a desolate tundra with rocks and snow. The backdrop was a satellite photograph of Antarctica. McQueen said he \"wanted it to be like a nomadic journey across the tundra. A big, desolate space, so that nothing would distract from the work.\" A clear plastic wind tunnel was suspended over the runway on industrial scaffolding for some models to walk through. Bennett designed the tunnel to look like a \"35 mm film strip\" in which models fought a \"horizontal blizzard\". Models were styled with large buns placed, like topknots, at the top of their heads; topknots were traditionally worn by samurai.\nFifty-eight looks were presented. The show opened with Adina Fohlin crossing the overhead walkway wearing a fur-trimmed vest and A-line skirt, followed by a series of about twenty Russian-inspired looks. Looks 23 to 41 were monochromatic black and white, with Tibetan-inspired patterns. Following these looks, the lights went down and Fohlin returned to the walkway, which now functioned as a wind tunnel. She wore a black and white bodysuit with a cape harnessed to her. Two models in red and white ensembles entered and crossed the darkened stage while Fohlin crossed above, her embroidered white cape billowing behind her in the wind.\nThe final phase of the show comprised fourteen looks inspired by Japanese culture, including several with red and white palettes and some fur coats. The lights went back down and Ai Tominaga appeared in the walkway, clad only in a long, ornately embroidered white kimono worn over briefs and boots. A strong wind and fake snow roared through the tunnel, blowing the kimono back and exposing her naked chest as she struggled to cross. The audience applauded when she reached the end. The lights came back up and the models returned to the runway for their final turn, followed by McQueen all in white.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Scanners (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanners_(collection)", "article_id": 79158588, "section": "Runway show", "metadata": {"word_count": 549, "char_count": 3248, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Scanners drew a mostly positive reception from contemporary critics. Authors differ in their assessment of the consensus. Andrew Wilson reported that the show was well-received, particularly the wind tunnel; while Katherine Gleason's book reported that reception was mixed. Women's Wear Daily reported that it was the 10th-most-viewed collection at Style.com that season, with 674,632 views in the first two weeks. Sales were reportedly good; a trunk show held at McQueen's New York location following the runway show garnered $1.2 million in orders. One corset-silhouetted coat trimmed with fur became a best-seller.\nReviewers noted the way McQueen played on contrasting ideas in various ways. Writing for The Independent, Susannah Frankel called it a \"brilliant fusion\" of opposing ideas like pop and punk, East versus West, and historicism and futurism. She felt the furs and brocades were romantic, while the checked prints and leathers were appropriate for \"rock divas\". Hilary Alexander of The Daily Telegraph noted contrasting silhouettes: severely tailored tops paired with soft, loose skirts, for example. \nMany complimented the tailoring, McQueen's speciality. Sarah Mower did the same in her Vogue review, calling them \"devilishly accurate\", but argued that the best designs in the show were those that showed \"McQueen's softer, more romantic side\". Suzy Menkes of the International Herald Tribune and Charlie Porter of The Guardian both thought McQueen was refining a distinct silhouette with the collection. Frankel felt that McQueen's imagination came through despite the conventional style of some items. Several of the design motifs were considered on-trend for the season by critics: the voluminous shapes, black and white prints, and luxury elements. Designs inspired by armour, as in Look 12, were also popular; Porter suggested this was an exploration of a long-standing trend for metallics. \nThe artistic quality of the designs stood out for reviewers. Frankel thought that McQueen had correctly balanced his artistic showpieces with more commercial designs suitable for retail sale. Writing separately, Menkes and Lisa Armstrong at The Times each wrote that he had successfully married his showmanship and imagination with the refinement demanded by haute couture. Rod Hagwood felt the clothes were as close to couture as was possible for a designer working in ready-to-wear. Alexander thought the collection was intended to demonstrate McQueen's availability for couture orders, citing Tominaga's kimono as an example. Hand-embroidered with an orgy scene from an erotic painting, it had taken fifteen people five weeks of work and was expected to sell for £150,000.\nMost critics were impressed with the theatrical elements. More than one called them \"jaw-dropping\". Guy Trebay, in his fashion diary for The New York Times wrote that the narrative and concept had a \"delightful absurdity\". Mower thought the narrative was unintelligible, but felt the unique aesthetic it brought made it worthwhile. Others were pleased with the oversized showpieces from the wind tunnel, guessing that they were at least twenty feet long. Frankel called the use of an orgy scene as decoration for the final kimono a \"quintessential McQueen\" touch. Judith Watt likened Tominaga's appearance in the wind tunnel to the Winged Victory of Samothrace. \nSome critics were more ambivalent. For The Sydney Morning Herald, Maggie Alderson thought the collection saw McQueen doing \"his usual bit pushing the boundaries where drama meets misogyny\", although she found it \"superb\" overall. Cathy Horyn of The New York Times liked the designs, but felt \"the special effects overwhelmed the clothes\". Similarly, Robin Givhan, in her Washington Post review, called the collection unmemorable compared to the finale. Karen Homer, writing in retrospect, compared it to the previous season's collection, Irere (Spring/Summer 2003), writing that both were commercially-focused collections that lacked McQueen's typical level of runway showmanship. The heavy use of fur was contentious. Porter called it the \"one low point\" of the show. Frankel criticised the use of fur as seeming \"too easy a statement of status and wealth\" compared to the more radical designs elsewhere in the collection.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Scanners (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanners_(collection)", "article_id": 79158588, "section": "Reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 649, "char_count": 4275, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Textile curators Clarissa M. Esguerra and Michaela Hansen identified a clinging bandage dress from the retail collection, which had zippers for side seams, as a reworking of similar styles by Azzedine Alaïa, a designer McQueen admired. They pointed to the tailoring in other items, such as the checked suit from Look 24, as evidence of McQueen's skill at cutting fabric. Each piece of the pattern is cut and arranged deliberately to create curves that flow along the body, creating an optical illusion that seems to sculpt the body.\nEsguerra and Hansen felt that the way McQueen borrowed ideas from various cultures in Scanners, based on his own personal fixations, demonstrated that cultural appropriation can in some contexts be \"specific and meaningful\" while also being \"incomplete or decorative\". Anna Jackson argued that McQueen's incorporation of elements from Japanese clothing was more \"transformative\" than similar efforts by other designers, who treated these aesthetics as a novelty.\nIn an essay about McQueen's use of death symbolism, Eleanor Townsend cited the brain scan invitation from Scanners as an example of the designer's awareness of his own mortality.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Scanners (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanners_(collection)", "article_id": 79158588, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 183, "char_count": 1174, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "McQueen explored complex black and white prints again in The Horn of Plenty (Fall/Winter 2009). \nLook 33 was photographed for Vogue by Thomas Schenk. In 2014, Harper's Bazaar named Scanners one of McQueen's most memorable shows, citing the wind tunnel performances. Vogue interviewed several McQueen models for their February 2020 issue. Fohlin recalled her appearances in Scanners positively, saying that McQueen's \"shows were always something more than a regular runway; as a model you had more space to perform.\" \nTwo items from Scanners appeared in the retrospective exhibit Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty: Look 3, a dress covered with metal sequins, and Look 21, a jute dress heavily embroidered with flowers. An essay book released for the 2015 revival of the exhibition includes sketches from Scanners. The 2022 exhibition Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse featured several items from Scanners, primarily from the retail collection, as well as Look 24, a checked suit. The checked suit was juxtaposed with a suit by 20th-century costume designer Gilbert Adrian, demonstrating their mutual mastery of advanced tailoring techniques.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Scanners (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanners_(collection)", "article_id": 79158588, "section": "Legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 174, "char_count": 1147, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Addie Viola Smith (November 14, 1893 – December 13, 1975), also known as Shi Fanglan (Chinese: 施芳蘭; pinyin: Shī Fānglán), was an American attorney who served as the United States trade commissioner to Shanghai from 1928 to 1939. She was the first female Foreign Service officer in the United States Foreign Service to work under the United States Department of Commerce, the first woman to serve as an assistant trade commissioner, and the first woman to serve as trade commissioner.\nSmith was born and raised in Stockton, California. In 1917, she moved to Washington, D.C. While working for the United States Department of Labor, she attended the Washington College of Law part-time, earning her bachelor of laws in 1920. In October that year she joined the Foreign Service and was assigned to Beijing as a clerk in the trade commissioner's office. Smith was promoted to assistant trade commissioner in Shanghai in 1922, and appointed trade commissioner of Shanghai in 1928, a post she held until 1939. For the remainder of her career, she held several roles in the United States government, international organizations, and the United Nations.\nThroughout her life, Smith was also a member of several feminist organizations; scholars have described her international feminist activism as being rooted in imperialist and colonialist attitudes. Smith met her life partner, Eleanor Hinder, in Shanghai in 1926. They lived together until Hinder's death in 1963. Smith died on December 13, 1975, aged 82, in Mosman, New South Wales, and was cremated. She and Hinder were memorialized by their friends with two stone seats at the E.G. Waterhouse National Camellia Gardens in Caringbah.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Addie Viola Smith", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addie_Viola_Smith", "article_id": 76614010, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 270, "char_count": 1680, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Addie Viola Smith was born in Stockton, California, on November 14, 1893, to Rufus Roy Smith, a publisher, and Addie Gabriela Smith (née Brown). From 1910 to 1917, Smith worked for two wholesale companies. She also learned stenography and earned a degree in business administration from Heald's Business College in San Francisco. In 1917, she passed county, state, and federal civil service exams. She moved to Washington, D.C., in April 1917, and was hired into the United States Department of Labor by Julia Lathrop, the director of the United States Children's Bureau, to work under Grace Abbott in implementing recently passed child labor legislation. Smith also served as a confidential clerk to an assistant secretary of labor, assistant chief of the Women's Division of the United States Employment Service, and chief of the Information Division of the United States Training and Dilution Service. In 1919, she worked on the first National Industrial Conference and edited the proceedings of the first International Labor Office Conference.\nDuring her service with the Labor Department, Smith attended the Washington College of Law as a part-time student and obtained a bachelor of laws degree in 1920. She was also mentored by a network of women in government and politics, whom she drew upon throughout her career.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Addie Viola Smith", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addie_Viola_Smith", "article_id": 76614010, "section": "Early life (1893–1920)", "metadata": {"word_count": 211, "char_count": 1323, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Smith was appointed to the United States Foreign Service as a Foreign Service officer in October 1920 and assigned to the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce under the United States Department of Commerce. She was the first woman to serve as a Foreign Service officer under the Bureau. Smith initially worked as a clerk in the trade commissioner's office in Beijing. As a clerk, Smith was responsible for surveying industry, compiling data, and identifying investment opportunities.\nEarly in 1922, Smith requested permission to sit for a civil service examination so that she could obtain a promotion to assistant trade commissioner. Despite support from her immediate supervisor and American businesses operating in China, the assistant director of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, O. P. Hopkins, denied her application. Hopkins wrote to Smith: \"The Bureau has not yet made any definite decision as to what its policy will be toward employing women as assistant trade commissioners and trade commissioners.\" Smith wrote back, stating that \"the opening of higher positions to women is not nearly so 'grave and serious' a matter, as is the caliber of the representatives, be they men or women, which the Bureau sends to its foreign posts\", and that she had a right to sit for the exam. The former chief of the Woman's Division of the United States Employment Service, Hilda Muhlhauser Richards, also intervened on Smith's behalf—threatening to \"take the issue to New York women's organizations\"—prompting Hopkins to reverse his decision. Smith became the first woman appointed to the post of assistant trade commissioner on November 1, 1922.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Addie Viola Smith", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addie_Viola_Smith", "article_id": 76614010, "section": "Early foreign service career in China (1920–1927)", "metadata": {"word_count": 264, "char_count": 1656, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "While serving as assistant trade commissioner, Smith again sought promotion to full trade commissioner. After an initial rejection, she sought help from Clara Burdette, president of the California Federation of Women's Clubs, who appealed to Herbert Hoover, the then-Secretary of Commerce and a personal friend. As it happened, Smith's appointment had already been confirmed by Julean Arnold, her immediate superior, and she took up the role on January 1, 1928. Smith was the first female trade commissioner in the Foreign Service. She also served as the registrar of the Chinese Trade Act of 1922. In that role, Smith was responsible for ensuring corporate compliance with registration requirements, sometimes litigating against firms herself in the United States Court for China—becoming the third woman to be admitted to practice before the court in 1934.\nAs trade commissioner, Smith was responsible for reporting on Chinese industry, infrastructure, and trade opportunities to the Department of Commerce; advising American business interests; serving as a liaison between American and Chinese businesses; implementing U.S. trade policy; and promoting the expansion of American trade in China. During her tenure, she was respected by her colleagues and by Americans doing business in China. Barbara Miller, in 1936, wrote for the Los Angeles Times Sunday Magazine: \"Business men visiting China generally agree, 'If you want accurate information on foreign trade—and want it today—go to Viola Smith.'\"\nSmith was an avid motorist, driving thousands of miles in China throughout her career. She was considered an expert on roads in China, and she was regularly consulted by the Chinese government and American companies on road proposals and related business opportunities. As trade commissioner, she prioritized building roads as a means of increasing the import of American automobiles to China.\nIn 1935, Smith began lobbying to bring shortwave radio broadcasting to China, believing that there was demand among American expatriates in Asia and estimating the Shanghai market at approximately 12,000 listeners. She believed that this market would purchase American-made receivers; that both American expatriates and Chinese listeners would purchase American goods advertised on radio programs; and that American radio would improve China–United States relations. In 1937, she persuaded General Electric to open W6XBE, which rebroadcast NBC's domestic radio programs to China from the San Francisco Bay Area. The station launched on February 19, 1939. Based on feedback from other Americans in China, Smith worked to improve its programming, suggesting that the station \"give succinct resumes of important American happenings and events, to be given by prominent persons identified with American governmental, commercial, financial, and cultural life\", such as \"broadcasts of Carnegie Hall concerts, symphony orchestras, military bands, and similar items\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Addie Viola Smith", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addie_Viola_Smith", "article_id": 76614010, "section": "Trade commissioner in Shanghai (1928–1939)", "metadata": {"word_count": 437, "char_count": 2958, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Smith resigned as trade commissioner in 1939, when she was appointed consul and secretary to the United States Consulate in Shanghai. In that role, she worked to evacuate Americans during the 1941 Japanese invasion of the Shanghai International Settlement. From 1942 to 1946, Smith lived and worked in Washington, D.C. She served as an economic specialist for the United States Department of State from 1942 to 1943, and worked with the China America Council of Commerce and Industry on post-war trade from 1944 to 1946. She returned to China in 1946 to open the council's Shanghai headquarters—a move that the Associated Press described as \"[a]n indication that China is beginning to right itself after eight years' war with Japan\"—and then worked for private companies and the United States China Relief Mission.\nIn 1949, Smith left China and moved to Bangkok, where she worked for the United States Economic Cooperation Administration and the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East. From 1952 to 1964, she was the representative of the International Federation of Women Lawyers to the United Nations in New York; in her later years, she conducted much of her work from Sydney.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Addie Viola Smith", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addie_Viola_Smith", "article_id": 76614010, "section": "Post-trade commissioner career (1939–1975)", "metadata": {"word_count": 196, "char_count": 1201, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During her time in Shanghai, Smith joined and helped to organize international feminist groups. She was a member of several organizations, including the American Women's Club of Shanghai and the Joint Committee of Shanghai Women's Organizations. She was nominated to run for the Shanghai Municipal Council in 1930 by women's groups, but withdrew after receiving a cable from the Department of Commerce that stated it would be \"undesirable\" for Smith to serve on the council. Smith's activism sometimes caused tension with Chinese women; she and other Western expatriates viewed their role as engaging in dialogue with Chinese women and \"sincerely endeavor[ing] to reflect the best of American ideals and traditions\". According to the historians Alexandra Epstein and Sarah Paddle, Smith and her contemporaries also adopted colonialist or imperialist mindsets, seeking to instill American values in China through intellectual exchange and philanthropy.\nFor example, in August 1928, Smith attended the inaugural Pan-Pacific Women's Conference, a meeting of internationalist feminists in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, along with two Chinese women, her partner Eleanor Hinder, and another Western expatriate woman in China. At the conference, Smith—without consulting the Chinese members of her delegation—suggested that China host the next conference in 1930, causing what Epstein has called an \"international incident\". Dr. Me-Iung Ting, a Chinese woman, responded \"If the next conference is going to be held in China the invitation should be from the Chinese women\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Addie Viola Smith", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addie_Viola_Smith", "article_id": 76614010, "section": "International feminist activism", "metadata": {"word_count": 232, "char_count": 1566, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Smith met her life partner, Eleanor Hinder, in March 1926. Hinder, an Australian woman, was then working on a fellowship grant with the Young Women's Christian Association. Soon thereafter, Hinder and Smith fell in love, and Hinder moved into Smith's apartment. They lived together in Shanghai until 1941—with some periods spent apart as a result of work and war—where they were \"devoted to each other, shar[ing] a house[ ] and creat[ing] a garden\". During the 1950s, Smith and Hinder spent much of their time living in New York, traveling often for Smith's work with the United Nations. After Hinder was denied United States citizenship, Smith and Hinder established a residence in Sydney, Australia, in 1957. Smith was a member of the Royal Australian Historical Society, the League of Women Voters, Sydney, and the Australian Local Government Women's Association, serving as its vice president from 1968 to 1970. Hinder died in 1963; Smith remained close with her family and chronicled their genealogy. As executrix of Hinder's estate, she compiled and annotated Hinder's papers for contribution to the Mitchell Library. In 1975, she published Women in Australian Parliament and Local Government, which at the time was believed to be the only comprehensive record of women who had served in the Australian government.\nSmith died on December 13, 1975, aged 82, in Mosman, New South Wales, and was cremated. Smith and Hinder were memorialized in 1977 by their friends and women's groups with the placement of two stone seats at the E.G. Waterhouse National Camellia Gardens in Caringbah. One of the seats was put near an entrance to the gardens. The other was placed next to a camellia, planted by Smith, named \"China Doll\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Addie Viola Smith", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addie_Viola_Smith", "article_id": 76614010, "section": "Personal life", "metadata": {"word_count": 281, "char_count": 1725, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Smoking on My Ex Pack\" is a song by American singer-songwriter SZA from her second studio album, SOS (2022). The second of the album's three rap tracks, it is a boom bap song with a chipmunk soul production style, fusing hard-hitting drum beats with a sped-up sample of Webster Lewis's \"Open Up Your Eyes\" (1981). Before SOS, SZA had been known as an R&B artist who made \"sad girl\" music, a narrative she wanted to dispel because she viewed it as reductive. Particularly, she believed her being categorized strictly as R&B was racially insensitive. As such, she wanted to experiment with \"aggressive\" hip hop music for SOS, leading to the conception of \"Smoking on My Ex Pack\". Its producer was Jay Versace, to whom SZA credited her first attempts at rap music.\nIn the lyrics, SZA makes braggadocious comments about her sexual desirability and ridicules her past lovers in various ways, for instance insulting their penises. Her rapping originally lasted for over two minutes, but she had the song cut in half because she was unsure if the rapping was good enough. Critics in contemporary reviews felt otherwise and found the songwriting effectively harsh and the flow satisfactory, believing it showcased SZA's potential to become a proper rapper. Some deemed \"Smoking on My Ex Pack\" a highlight of SOS or of her discography. After the album's release, the song charted in the US and Canada, reached number 71 on the Billboard Global 200, and was included in the set list of the SOS Tour.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Smoking on My Ex Pack", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_on_My_Ex_Pack", "article_id": 72722551, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 254, "char_count": 1490, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "SZA released her debut studio album, Ctrl, in 2017. Primarily an R&B album that deals with themes like heartbreak, it received widespread acclaim for SZA's vocals and the eclectic musical style, as well as the emotional impact and confessional nature of its songwriting. The album brought SZA to mainstream fame, and critics credit it with establishing her status as a major figure in contemporary pop and R&B music and pushing the boundaries of the R&B genre. Her next studio album was highly anticipated by fans and music critics alike, and as early as August 2019 she alluded to its completion \"soon\", during an interview with DJ Kerwin Frost.\nFrom April to May 2022, SZA told media outlets that she had recently finished the album in Hawaii and said that it was coming soon. Wanting to experiment with genres she had not yet incorporated in her discography, SZA envisioned it to be an amalgamation of disparate musical styles, or in her words, \"a little bit of everything\". While some tracks were balladic or soft, certain others had an \"aggressive\" sound. Apart from the \"traditional\" R&B that had been a staple of SZA's past works, the album also contained prominent elements of hip hop music.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Smoking on My Ex Pack", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_on_My_Ex_Pack", "article_id": 72722551, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 203, "char_count": 1199, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "SZA wanted to include rap as a major element of her second studio album, SOS (2022). The media tended to categorize her as an R&B artist, and she staunchly disagreed with the description. In her view, she was being described strictly as R&B because she was a Black woman, to which she asserted: \"I love making Black music, period. Something that is just full of energy. Black music doesn't have to just be R&B [...] Why can't we just be expansive and not reductive?\"\nAccording to Punch, president of SZA's record label Top Dawg Entertainment, SZA recorded an \"[extended play]'s worth\" of strictly rap records during the making of SOS. The final product contains three rap tracks—one in the beginning, one in the end, and one in the middle. The rap track in the middle is titled \"Smoking on My Ex Pack\". The song's composition incorporates chipmunk soul, a production style that uses looped, sped-up samples of soul music; in the case of \"Smoking on My Ex Pack\", the song sampled is Webster Lewis's \"Open Up Your Eyes\" (1981). \"Smoking on My Ex Pack\" is a boom bap song, built around hard-hitting drum beats.\nJay Versace, a record producer and former comedian, produced \"Smoking on My Ex Pack\". Versace, whom SZA credited with getting her interested in creating \"aggressive\" rap music, created the beat sometime in 2022, three years after the two first met up for the album's recording sessions. He was inspired by the boom bap music he had heard growing up, much of which played on his car radio when he was driving with his father. For \"Smoking on My Ex Pack\", he wanted SZA's take on these childhood songs: \"I literally made that for her [...] That was specifically for her.\"\nVersace chose to sample \"Open Up Your Eyes\" because of his interest in love ballads from the latter half of the 20th century, citing the \"really crazy instrumentation in their music\". Particularly, he liked the song's horns and vocals, so he created the sample in Ableton and formed a beat around it. Once he finished, he sent the audio file to SZA, who started writing the lyrics almost immediately. About the production, she texted him: \"Your beats are so easy to write to. Why am I already writing lyrics right now?\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Smoking on My Ex Pack", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_on_My_Ex_Pack", "article_id": 72722551, "section": "Music and production", "metadata": {"word_count": 385, "char_count": 2197, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "SZA said that while creating SOS, she learned that sometimes she could act like a villainous \"bitch\" and that she had to come to terms with this perception of herself. According to her, many songs on the album centered around themes of revenge and \"being pissed\" to a degree that she had never felt before. She described how these feelings manifested in its tracks: \"It is in the way I say no [...] It's in the fucked up things that I don't apologize for.\" Versace encouraged her to \"talk her shit\" on \"Smoking on My Ex Pack\", the lyrics to which she wrote to dispel a narrative that she only made \"sad girl music\". Its initial version was over two minutes long, but SZA scrapped the song's first half because she did not feel confident enough in her rapping skills.\nThe released version of \"Smoking on My Ex Pack\" is 1 minute and 23 seconds long. Spin compared its lyrics to blind items, or articles that do not disclose the identity of their subject and are frequently gossip pieces. Braggadocio is also a major element of the songwriting. In the song's verse, SZA communicates her desirability to men and announces \"them hoe accusations weak\" and \"them bitch accusations true\". After revealing how she embodies those traits by saying she presents an unfriendly attitude and has sex with men she calls heart throbs, she finds various ways to insult her past lovers.\nSZA raps about having \"your favorite rapper\" blocked on social media, saying she heard a rumor that his \"dick was wack\". Certain athletes, who try to flirt in her messages and incessantly ask she text them back but to no avail, are other subjects whom she targets. Her lesser side, she reasons, loves to taunt people, explaining her refusal to make exceptions for any of the men she does not acknowledge. She rejects an ex-boyfriend seeking to rekindle their relationship, through the lines \"he screamin', 'Gеt back together', I'm screamin', 'Back of thе bus, trick!'\" The lyrics contain a comparison between SZA's former romantic partners and Sideshow Bob, a character from The Simpsons who is a clown and a criminal:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Smoking on My Ex Pack", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_on_My_Ex_Pack", "article_id": 72722551, "section": "Lyrics", "metadata": {"word_count": 361, "char_count": 2086, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During a Billboard cover story published in November 2022, SZA revealed that the album's release date was scheduled for sometime during the following month. She posted the album's track list on Twitter on December 5, and SOS was released four days later. Out of 23 songs, \"Smoking on My Ex Pack\" appears as the eleventh track. The song charted in Canada, the United States and its component Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, and the Billboard Global 200 upon the album's release. In April 2023, it was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.\nOne month after the album's release, American rapper Latto performed a freestyle rap over the beat of \"Smoking on My Ex Pack\". SZA reacted positively; on Instagram, she wrote, \"OH ITS UPPPPPP [sic]\", paired with a heart emoji. The song had its live performance debut during the SOS Tour, performed while SZA went backstage for an outfit change, which the stage screen captured.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Smoking on My Ex Pack", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_on_My_Ex_Pack", "article_id": 72722551, "section": "Release", "metadata": {"word_count": 156, "char_count": 933, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Critics were positive about SZA's experimenting with rap on \"Smoking on My Ex Pack\", lauding it for showcasing her more confident side. They welcomed its lyrics for marking a departure from her other works, which primarily focused on angst and vulnerability, and its placement between tracks that, by contrast, focused on SZA's insecurities about her relationships. Much of the praise focused on the harshness and unfiltered nature of her songwriting. They found it clever, funny, or emotionally impactful. Shaad D'Souza of The Guardian wrote: \"the [SOS] lyrics that stick out to me aren't the deeply sad ones that seem to be the basis for a lot of 2am tweets and TikTok captions, but the ones that call bullshit on ideas that SZA should have to be respectable or 'real'.\" Other music journalists wrote that \"Smoking on My Ex Pack\" exemplified the album's begrudging side and was the album's \"most stank-face-inducing\" track.\nAnother point of commentary was SZA's flow and delivery, attributes that led many critics to think her first attempts at rap music demonstrated her potential to become a good rapper. In the words of The Sydney Morning Herald's Giselle Au-Nhien Nguyen: \"she takes to rapping for the first time and she sounds like a natural, with impeccable flow and a healthy dose of venom.\" For this reason, Steffanee Wang of Nylon and Precious Fondren of HipHopDX called \"Smoking on My Ex Pack\" a highlight of SOS—Fondren recommended that readers play it on repeat. Some critics liked how the harsh rapping in \"Smoking on My Ex Pack\" juxtaposed the soft sound of the album tracks that come before it. Paul Attard, Slant Magazine writer, argued that this provided the album's otherwise weak middle section some much-needed catharsis.\n\"Smoking on My Ex Pack\", for critics Jason P. Frank of Vulture and Robyn Mowatt of Okayplayer, was a highlight of SZA's discography. Encouraging SZA to make more lyrically similar songs, Frank wrote: \"in the context of her career, it's also a flex; her best is not her limit — it's the floor.\" In Complex, Ecleen Luzmila Caraballo listed the \"Smoking on My Ex Pack\" rap verse as one of the best of 2022 and wrote that SZA's usage of wordplay further strengthened her lyrics. She and Frank, however, took issue with the song's length, feeling \"Smoking on My Ex Pack\" did not reach its full potential due to its shortness.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Smoking on My Ex Pack", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_on_My_Ex_Pack", "article_id": 72722551, "section": "Critical reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 398, "char_count": 2364, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Adapted from the liner notes of SOS\nRecording and management", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Smoking on My Ex Pack", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_on_My_Ex_Pack", "article_id": 72722551, "section": "Credits", "metadata": {"word_count": 10, "char_count": 60, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Engineered at Westlake Studio A (Los Angeles, California)\nMixed at The Gift Shop (Los Angeles)\nMastered at Becker Mastering (Pasadena, California)\nContains a sample of \"Open Up Your Eyes\" as performed by Webster Lewis, written by Skip Scarborough and Raina Taylor, published by Warner Chappell Music, Inc. (BMI) and Raina Bundy (Raina Bundy Publishing Designee) (BMI), used courtesy of Sony Music Entertainment.\nPersonnel", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Smoking on My Ex Pack", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_on_My_Ex_Pack", "article_id": 72722551, "section": "Credits", "metadata": {"word_count": 63, "char_count": 421, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Sun has appeared as a setting in fiction at least since classical antiquity, but for a long time it received relatively sporadic attention. Many of the early depictions viewed it as an essentially Earth-like and thus potentially habitable body—a once-common belief about celestial objects in general known as the plurality of worlds—and depicted various kinds of solar inhabitants. As more became known about the Sun through advances in astronomy, in particular its temperature, solar inhabitants fell out of favour save for the occasional more exotic alien lifeforms. Instead, many stories focused on the eventual death of the Sun and the havoc it would wreak upon life on Earth. Before it was understood that the Sun is powered by nuclear fusion, the prevailing assumption among writers was that combustion was the source of its heat and light, and it was expected to run out of fuel relatively soon. Even after the true source of the Sun's energy was determined in the 1920s, the dimming or extinction of the Sun remained a recurring theme in disaster stories, with occasional attempts at averting disaster by reigniting the Sun. Another common way for the Sun to cause destruction is by exploding (\"going nova\"), and other mechanisms such as solar flares also appear on occasion.\nBesides being a source of destruction, the Sun has been used in fiction as a source of power—both in the form of solar power and superpowers. The solar wind is also used for propulsion by spacecraft equipped with solar sails. Solar eclipses have appeared in a large number of stories, in the earliest ones often used as a ruse by characters who know that they can be predicted mathematically against those who do not by pretending to cause them, perhaps inspired by the story of Christopher Columbus doing the same with a lunar eclipse in 1504. When audiences grew weary of this trope by the 1930s or 1940s, eclipses became much more rare in fiction writing, though they saw a comeback towards the end of the century as harbingers of social upheaval. Sunspots, and their 11-year cycle of frequency in occurrence, appear in a small number of works. The Sun poses a danger to spacecraft that approach it closely, a situation that occurs by necessity or design in several stories. It is sometimes depicted as being sentient, though this is rare compared to other stars getting the same treatment. Overall, the Sun remains relatively uncommon as a point of focus in science fiction, particularly in comparison to depictions of Mars and Venus; says science fiction bibliographer Richard Bleiler, \"Perhaps because it is generally taken for granted, the fictive potential of the Sun has barely been tapped\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Sun in fiction", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_in_fiction", "article_id": 73203902, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 447, "char_count": 2688, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The Sun received comparatively little specific attention in early science fiction; prior to the late 1800s, when Mars became the most popular celestial object in fiction, the Sun was a distant second to the Moon. A large proportion of the works that nevertheless did focus on the Sun portrayed it as having inhabitants. In Lucian of Samosata's work A True Story from the second century CE, described by science fiction scholar Gary Westfahl as the first depiction of space travel in fiction, the inhabitants of the Sun are at war with those of the Moon. Later stories with an inhabited Sun include Athanasius Kircher's 1656 work Itinerarium exstaticum and Cyrano de Bergerac's posthumously published 1662 novel Comical History of the States and Empires of the Sun. In the 1700s, solar inhabitants were depicted by French authors Chevalier de Béthune, whose 1750 novel Relation du Monde de Mercure describes them ruling over the inhabitants of Mercury, and Marie-Anne de Roumier-Robert, whose 1765 novel Voyage de Milord Céton dans les sept planètes portrays a society on the Sun characterized by equality of the sexes.\nThe concept of the plurality of worlds—the notion that other heavenly bodies should be essentially Earth-like and therefore habitable—endured in fiction with regard to the Sun well into the 1800s. These works include George Fowler's 1813 novel A Flight to the Moon; or, The Vision of Randalthus, the anonymously published 1837 novel Journeys into the Moon, Several Planets and the Sun, and Joel R. Peabody's 1838 novel A World of Wonders. Even in the early 1900s, when the temperature of the surface of the Sun had been determined by spectroscopic measurement, the portrayal of the Sun as inhabited persisted in some works of juvenile fiction such as John Mastin's 1909 novel Through the Sun in an Airship and Donald Horner's 1910 novel By Aeroplane to the Sun.\nIn the 1900s, as it became evident that no conventional organisms could possibly survive the conditions on the Sun, more exotic solar lifeforms started appearing in fiction. Some of these live inside the Sun itself rather than on its surface, as in short stories like Jack Williamson's 1935 \"Islands of the Sun\", Raymond Z. Gallun's 1935 \"Nova Solis\", and Henry J. Kostkos's 1936 \"We of the Sun\". Others take up residence elsewhere in the Solar System: in Leigh Brackett's 1942 short story \"Child of the Sun\", an intelligent alien from the Sun lives on the fictional planet Vulcan inside the orbit of Mercury, and the titular creatures of Olaf Stapledon's 1947 novel The Flames are lizard-like solar beings residing inside igneous rocks on Earth. Arthur C. Clarke's 1958 short story \"Out of the Sun\" features life \"formed of tangles of magnetic flux on the surface of our Sun\", and Edmond Hamilton's 1962 short story \"Sunfire!\" depicts an energy-based lifeform living in the Sun's corona.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Sun in fiction", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_in_fiction", "article_id": 73203902, "section": "Early depictions: inhabited", "metadata": {"word_count": 473, "char_count": 2869, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Sun has been a source of destruction or the threat thereof in many stories, most commonly either by fading or exploding. In the rare science fiction films where the Sun is a central point of focus, it seldom plays any other role.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Sun in fiction", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_in_fiction", "article_id": 73203902, "section": "Disaster", "metadata": {"word_count": 43, "char_count": 233, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The dimming or extinction of the Sun has been a recurring theme. The earliest such stories were inspired by the assumption that the heat and light of the Sun were products of combustion, and that the fuel sustaining it would eventually run out. Physicist Lord Kelvin estimated in 1862 that the Sun would fade within a few million years, a timeframe that was later incorporated in stories by Camille Flammarion and H. G. Wells, among others. In Flammarion's 1894 novel Omega: The Last Days of the World, humanity survives an encounter with a comet but succumbs to the dimming of the Sun thousands of years later, while the time traveller in Wells's 1895 novel The Time Machine discovers a cooled and reddened Sun over a barren Earth in the far future. Similarly, stories about the end of the world involving the death of the Sun were written in the early 1900s by among others George C. Wallis, whose 1901 short story \"The Last Days of Earth\" depicts the last survivors leaving a frozen Earth for a potentially habitable planet in another planetary system, and William Hope Hodgson, whose 1908 novel The House on the Borderland describes one character's vision of the destruction of both the Earth and Sun.\nBy the 1920s, the combustion hypothesis had fallen out of favour. The new explanation was that the Sun was fuelled by nuclear fusion, an understanding that was pioneered by the work of astrophysicist Arthur Eddington. As a result, science fiction authors started incorporating much longer solar lifespans in their stories, with J. B. S. Haldane's 1927 work \"The Last Judgment\" and Olaf Stapledon's 1930 novel Last and First Men both outlining the future evolution of humanity throughout millions of years of variation in solar luminosity. Stories depicting the Sun waning nevertheless kept appearing, such as Clark Ashton Smith's stories about the fictional future continent Zothique starting with the 1932 short story \"The Empire of the Necromancers\", and Jack Vance's Dying Earth series starting with the 1950 anthology The Dying Earth which also gave its name to the dying Earth subgenre of science fiction. Nat Schachner's 1934 short story \"When the Sun Dies\" describes the entire Earth freezing over in the 1980s as a result of a reduction in solar activity, and in Arthur C. Clarke's 1949 short story \"History Lesson\", future Venusians find humanity extinct due to the environmental changes brought about by the Sun fading. Clarke also touched upon the subject in the 1938 poem \"The Twilight of the Sun\" and the 1979 novel The Fountains of Paradise. In a variation on the theme, Fritz Leiber's 1951 short story \"A Pail of Air\" depicts Earth having been pulled away from the gravitational influence of the Sun and thus turned into a rogue planet, with a climate so cold that air has frozen and needs to be collected and thawed to turn it gaseous and breathable. Edmond Hamilton's 1934 short story \"Thundering Worlds\" sees all the planets leaving the Solar System to find a new star as the Sun dies, while his 1963 comic book story \"Superman Under the Red Sun\" depicts Superman travelling into the far future and losing his superpowers as a result of the aging red Sun. Eric C. Williams's 1965 short story \"Sunout\" depicts scientists reacting to the realization that the Sun is about to go out and they are powerless to do anything about it. In the 2019 film The Wandering Earth, the death of the Sun prompts humanity to relocate the entire Earth to a new planetary system.\nA handful of stories describe efforts to reignite the fading Sun. In Clark Ashton Smith's 1954 short story \"Phoenix\" (written c. 1935), this is accomplished by detonating several nuclear weapons on the Sun's surface. In Gene Wolfe's 1980–1983 four-volume novel The Book of the New Sun and its sequels, a white hole is used to reinvigorate the dying Sun. The concept of using an explosive device for this purpose is also explored in the 2007 film Sunshine.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Sun in fiction", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_in_fiction", "article_id": 73203902, "section": "Dimming and extinction", "metadata": {"word_count": 669, "char_count": 3939, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Several stories depict the Sun exploding, or \"going nova\". It was recognized early on that the immense destructive power of such an event would leave little to no hope of survival for humanity, and so while Simon Newcomb's 1903 short story \"The End of the World\" depicts a few survivors in the immediate aftermath, Hugh Kingsmill's 1924 short story also entitled \"The End of the World\" instead focuses on the anticipation of the destruction of the Earth. According to science fiction scholar Brian Stableford, writing in the 2006 work Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia, it was thus not until the concept of space travel became widespread in science fiction—hence making evacuation of the Earth a conceivable prospect—that such stories became popular. In John W. Campbell's 1930 short story \"The Voice of the Void\" humanity leaves Earth ahead of this disaster, while in Joseph W. Skidmore's 1931 short story \"Dramatis Personae\" the Sun explodes without warning, leaving a few people already in spaceships as the only survivors. In Arthur C. Clarke's 1946 short story \"Rescue Party\", aliens come to Earth to save humanity from the violent demise of the Sun only to find that evacuation has already been undertaken, whereas in his 1954 short story \"No Morning After\", the aliens' warning goes unheeded. J. T. McIntosh's 1954 novel One in Three Hundred deals with the allocation of the limited capacity aboard the evacuating spaceships. The Sun exploding occasionally appears as a background event to explain why humanity has abandoned Earth in favour of colonizing the cosmos, one example being Theodore Sturgeon's 1956 short story \"The Skills of Xanadu\". In Norman Spinrad's 1966 novel The Solarians, the Sun is intentionally made to explode in an act of interstellar warfare, while in Larry Niven's 1971 short story \"The Fourth Profession\" aliens plan to induce such an event to use as a power source for space travel. In Edward Wellen's 1971 novel Hijack, the Mafia is duped into abandoning Earth by being misled that the Sun will turn into a nova. Connie Willis's 1979 short story \"Daisy, in the Sun\" is a coming-of-age parable that relates a young girl getting her first period to the imminent end of the world. It is now recognized that the Sun cannot explode in this manner as the necessary stellar conditions are not met.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Sun in fiction", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_in_fiction", "article_id": 73203902, "section": "Exploding", "metadata": {"word_count": 388, "char_count": 2342, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The heat of the Sun dooms life on Earth when the Earth's orbit is disrupted in John Hawkins's 1938 short story \"Ark of Fire\", the 1961 film The Day the Earth Caught Fire, and the 1961 episode \"The Midnight Sun\" of the television show The Twilight Zone. More fancifully, Clare Winger Harris's 1928 short story \"The Menace of Mars\" depicts an increase in heat from the Sun threatening the Earth as a result of a general cosmological change in the properties of the universe, which leads Mars to adjust Earth's orbit to serve as a shield against the Sun's radiation.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Sun in fiction", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_in_fiction", "article_id": 73203902, "section": "Other", "metadata": {"word_count": 100, "char_count": 563, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Solar storms such as solar flares appear in some stories. In Larry Niven's 1971 short story \"Inconstant Moon\", the sudden brightening of the Moon in the night sky leads the characters to conclude that the Sun has undergone a nova event that will destroy all life on Earth, though they later realize that a large solar flare would also produce that effect and that all hope might not be lost. The 1990 film Solar Crisis depicts a mission to bomb the Sun to avert the destruction that could be caused by an immense predicted solar flare, while the 2005 novel Sunstorm by Arthur C. Clarke and Stephen Baxter portrays mankind constructing a large shielding object at the Sun–Earth L1 Lagrange point as protection against the threat posed by a similar event. In David Koepp's 2022 novel Aurora, a coronal mass ejection threatens to end human civilization; the book appears alongside Niven's \"Inconstant Moon\" on a list of science fiction works with relatively scientifically plausible depictions of the Sun compiled by astronomer Andrew Fraknoi.\nMore long-lasting changes in solar output appear in Arthur G. Stangland's 1932 short story \"50th Century Revolt\", where an increase in solar activity forces humanity to slow the rotation of the Earth to a synchronous rotation—where the same side of the Earth faces the Sun at all times, thus protecting the other half of the planet from the scorching heat—for two millennia until the Sun dims again, and George O. Smith's 1953 novel Troubled Star, where aliens seek to turn the Sun into a variable star.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Sun in fiction", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_in_fiction", "article_id": 73203902, "section": "Other", "metadata": {"word_count": 259, "char_count": 1544, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Sun hides Counter-Earth—a planet diametrically opposite Earth in its orbit—in some stories including Edgar Wallace's 1929 novel Planetoid 127 and John Norman's Gor series starting with the 1966 novel Tarnsman of Gor. This Counter-Earth is inhabited by counterparts of the people of Earth in the 1969 film Doppelgänger (a.k.a. Journey to the Far Side of the Sun) and by a society of women in the 1950s comic strip Twin Earths. The 1972 anthology The Day the Sun Stood Still contains three different short stories (by Poul Anderson, Robert Silverberg, and Gordon R. Dickson) where the Sun stops in the sky as in the biblical Book of Joshua.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Sun in fiction", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_in_fiction", "article_id": 73203902, "section": "Orbital mechanics", "metadata": {"word_count": 108, "char_count": 642, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The energy output of the Sun was harnessed for power production in fiction as early as Hugo Gernsback's 1911 novel Ralph 124C 41+ and in several stories since, with Robert A. Heinlein's 1940 short story \"Let There Be Light\" describing economically viable solar panels and Isaac Asimov's 1941 short story \"Reason\" (later included in the 1950 fix-up novel I, Robot) depicting solar power produced in space but consumed on Earth. Other works have depicted solar arrays in close orbits around the Sun itself; Murray Leinster's 1931 short story \"The Power Planet\" features a variant that uses thermoelectric rather than photovoltaic principles. The Sun is also the source of comic book superhero Superman's superpowers, as well as those of supervillains Sun Girl from DC Comics and Solarr from Marvel Comics.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Sun in fiction", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_in_fiction", "article_id": 73203902, "section": "Power source", "metadata": {"word_count": 129, "char_count": 803, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following German astronomer Ludwig Biermann's 1951 discovery of the solar wind—a stream of charged particles from the Sun—stories emerged about spacecraft with solar sails. These devices capture the small amount of pressure pointing away from the Sun exerted by the solar wind, as well as the radiation pressure from the sunlight itself, and use it for propulsion. The idea was popular in 1960s science fiction, appearing among others in Jack Vance's 1962 short story \"Gateway to Strangeness\" and Cordwainer Smith's 1963 short story \"Think Blue, Count Two\". Arthur C. Clarke's 1964 short story \"Sunjammer\" (a.k.a. \"The Wind from the Sun\") depicts a race to the Moon between solar sail-propelled spacecraft. Robert A. Heinlein had earlier written about a proto-variation on the concept using an inertialess drive. The 1990 anthology Project Solar Sail edited by Clarke and David Brin collects various stories and essays about solar sails.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Sun in fiction", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_in_fiction", "article_id": 73203902, "section": "Solar wind", "metadata": {"word_count": 146, "char_count": 937, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Solar eclipses are plot points in many stories. The earliest work of fiction in which an eclipse appears is the ancient Sumerian c. 2100 BCE Epic of Gilgamesh. Using knowledge of the underlying astronomy to be able to predict eclipses mathematically is a common trope—according to Stableford, it \"became a key method by which European explorers could impress superstitious native populations in adventure stories\". Several sources attribute the popularity of this trope to the possibly-apocryphal story of Christopher Columbus using foreknowledge of the March 1504 lunar eclipse to defuse a situation of increasingly strained relations with the Arawak people on Jamaica by pretending to cause the eclipse. H. Rider Haggard's 1885 novel King Solomon's Mines originally featured a solar eclipse in this manner, though later editions substituted a lunar eclipse to address the issue of the event having a several-hour duration, whereas solar eclipses last for a maximum of a few minutes. In a variation on the theme, Mark Twain's 1889 novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court depicts a time traveller using an almanac in this way to impress the people in Medieval Britain and become a person of influence. The eclipse prediction motif recurred in fiction until the 1930s or 1940s, by which time it fell out of favour. Eclipses continued to appear, but much more rarely. In William Lemkin's 1930 short story \"The Eclipse Special\", scientists construct an aircraft that will allow them to move with the eclipse's path of totality and remain in the Sun's umbra for longer in order to extend the amount of time available to study the eclipse. The 1961 film Barabbas portrays the crucifixion darkness during the biblical crucifixion of Jesus as a solar eclipse, and the scene was filmed during the solar eclipse of February 15, 1961. According to science fiction scholar Lisa Yaszek, the decades around the turn of the millennium saw the emergence of a trend wherein marginalized groups \"experience a reversal of fortunes when the Moon takes center stage and blots out the Sun\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Sun in fiction", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_in_fiction", "article_id": 73203902, "section": "Eclipses", "metadata": {"word_count": 337, "char_count": 2079, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 11-year solar cycle of sunspot activity appears in a small number of works such as Clifford D. Simak's 1940 short story \"Sunspot Purge\" and Philip Latham's 1959 short story \"Disturbing Sun\". In Robert A. Heinlein's 1952 short story \"The Year of the Jackpot\", this cycle is one of many that herald the end of the world when they align. Hyman Kaner's 1946 novel The Sun Queen is set on a sunspot, where two humans from Earth encounter two factions at war. In science fiction horror films, sunspots are occasionally invoked as the cause of various types of abnormal phenomena such as zombies and mass delusions.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Sun in fiction", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_in_fiction", "article_id": 73203902, "section": "Sunspots", "metadata": {"word_count": 106, "char_count": 612, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Sun appears as a hazard to spaceships that approach it too closely in some stories. In John W. Campbell's 1935 short story \"Blindness\", a scientist studies the Sun at close range in order to solve the mysteries of nuclear energy at great personal cost, only to find that the method for getting there was worth more than the discoveries made. Willy Ley's 1937 short story \"At the Perihelion\" involves a close approach to the Sun as part of an escape from Mars, and Charles L. Harness's 1949 novel The Paradox Men (a.k.a. Flight into Yesterday) is a space opera that climaxes with a swordfight atop a space station on the surface of the Sun. In Ray Bradbury's 1953 short story \"The Golden Apples of the Sun\", a crewed solar sample-return mission requires a spaceship to be cooled to near-absolute zero to endure the extreme heat during the critical phase. A fleet of near-Sun spacecraft that modulate the solar output for weather control purposes appears in Theodore L. Thomas's 1962 short story \"The Weather Man\". David Brin's 1980 novel Sundiver revolves around a hard science fiction journey into the Sun.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Sun in fiction", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_in_fiction", "article_id": 73203902, "section": "Close encounters", "metadata": {"word_count": 190, "char_count": 1110, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Some works depict the Sun as being sentient. According to The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, this is more commonly applied to other stars; in Olaf Stapledon's 1937 novel Star Maker, all stars are sentient, and in Diana Wynne Jones's 1975 novel Dogsbody, both the Sun and Sirius are sentient. In Gregory Benford and Gordon Eklund's 1977 novel If the Stars are Gods, aliens come to the Solar System to communicate with the Sun. According to The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, the Sun is usually male in fictional mythologies where it is personified, though some exceptions exist such as the legendarium of J. R. R. Tolkien, in whose cosmology it is female. The Sun is likewise female in Alasdair Gray's 1983 short story \"The Problem\", and concerned with her spots.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Sun in fiction", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_in_fiction", "article_id": 73203902, "section": "Sentient", "metadata": {"word_count": 128, "char_count": 758, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Taxi Driver (Autumn/Winter 1993) is the second collection by the British designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. It was named after the 1976 film Taxi Driver, and his father, a London taxicab driver. McQueen developed the collection following his 1992 graduation from Central Saint Martins art school. At the time he was unemployed and seeking a job in the fashion industry; although he was reluctant to launch his own company, he worked on designs to pass the time. The collection included experimental techniques and silhouettes, most notably the bumster trouser, whose extremely low waist exposed the top of the intergluteal cleft.\nIn lieu of a traditional fashion show, Taxi Driver was exhibited in a room at The Ritz Hotel during London Fashion Week in March 1993. McQueen was one of six young designers funded by the British Fashion Council that year. Aided by magazine editor Isabella Blow, who took it upon herself to promote McQueen, the collection garnered positive reviews. When the exhibition ended, McQueen packed the clothing into bin bags, went clubbing, and left the bags hidden in the rubbish behind the club. When he returned the next day, all the rubbish bags had been removed. Nothing remains of the collection.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Taxi Driver (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_Driver_(collection)", "article_id": 73640142, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 204, "char_count": 1251, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "British designer Alexander McQueen (born Lee Alexander McQueen) was known in the fashion industry for his imaginative, sometimes controversial, designs and dramatic fashion shows. During his nearly twenty-year career, he explored a broad range of ideas and themes, including historicism, romanticism, femininity, sexuality, and death. The son of a London taxicab driver and a teacher, he grew up in one of the poorer neighborhoods in London's East End. He began his career in fashion as an apprentice with Savile Row tailors Anderson & Sheppard before briefly joining Gieves & Hawkes as a pattern cutter. His work on Savile Row earned him a reputation as an expert tailor. \nIn October 1990, at the age of 21, McQueen began the eighteen-month masters-level course in fashion design at Central Saint Martins (CSM), a London art school. McQueen met a number of his future collaborators at CSM, including Simon Ungless, with whom he later lived. He graduated with his master's degree in fashion design in 1992. His graduation collection, Jack the Ripper Stalks His Victims, was bought in its entirety by magazine editor Isabella Blow, who became his mentor and his muse.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Taxi Driver (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_Driver_(collection)", "article_id": 73640142, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 188, "char_count": 1166, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following his graduation from CSM in 1992, McQueen's friends wanted him to start his own label. He was concerned about the difficulty involved in launching a new business, and was more interested in landing a job with an existing fashion house. He had interviews, but nothing came of them. At times, he worked as Blow's assistant, but mainly subsisted on unemployment benefits. In the meantime, he spent his time experimenting with designs, working closely with housemate Ungless, who was focused on prints. Eventually McQueen ended up with enough pieces to call a collection, decided to launch a small design label, and found himself in need of a name for his nascent company. \nMcQueen chose to design under his middle name, rather than his given name of Lee, resulting in the brand name Alexander McQueen. Blow was fond of taking credit for this decision, saying that Alexander was a more aristocratic-sounding name than Lee. McQueen claimed it was his idea to use a different name so that the unemployment benefits he was claiming as Lee McQueen would not get cut off. For the clothing tag, he re-used a concept from Jack the Ripper: clear plastic squares with locks of his own hair inside. This referenced the practice of Victorian-era prostitutes selling locks of hair as well as the general practice of people keeping a lock of hair as a memento or trophy.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Taxi Driver (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_Driver_(collection)", "article_id": 73640142, "section": "Label", "metadata": {"word_count": 231, "char_count": 1362, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Taxi Driver comprised some 26 pieces: 13 brand-new designs, in addition to concepts reworked from Jack the Ripper and other miscellaneous items. Many designs featured the sharp tailoring that became a McQueen signature. The clothes in the collection were made with unconventional techniques and materials, partially because McQueen and Ungless could rarely afford to buy decent fabric. McQueen used liquid latex to finish the edges of some garments rather than sewing a hem. He made a tank top of two layers of a clear plastic shower curtain, with partridge feathers wedged inside. Another garment had feathers lined up vertically around the collar, obscuring the face. The feathers were supplied by Ungless, whose father was a gamekeeper. Ungless created a series of prints for the collection from photos of missing and murdered people, rendered in black and white on cheap cotton; this became a skater skirt and a top. He printed an image of Robert De Niro as Travis Bickle from the 1976 film Taxi Driver on grey taffeta, from which McQueen made a tailored jacket or vest. \nThe most significant concept in the collection is the bumster trouser, a brand-new design whose extremely low waist exposed the top of the intergluteal cleft. Creating a completely new silhouette is a rarity in fashion, and a significant achievement. McQueen later described the bumsters as an effort to demonstrate how the cut of a garment could radically change the appearance of the body. The other individual item of note was called the \"Scarlet Pimpernel coat\", priced at £800. This was a grey coatdress with a jewelled collar and a cut right down the back that showed the wearer's whole spine. The collar alone took two weeks of work. \nThe collection's title references both the film Taxi Driver and McQueen's taxicab driver father, although he only admitted to the latter much later. Andrew Groves, a fellow designer and early boyfriend of McQueen's, believed it was named to honour McQueen's father. Ungless dismissed this idea, recalling that the collection was named after the film, because he and McQueen thought \"De Niro looked incredibly fuckable\" as Travis Bickle.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Taxi Driver (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_Driver_(collection)", "article_id": 73640142, "section": "Collection", "metadata": {"word_count": 352, "char_count": 2154, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Blow had connections with fashion retailers, and she took him to various buyers hoping to secure orders. Joan Burstein, co-owner of Browns, a London boutique, recalled that the pieces were brought to her in a bin bag. She turned the clothing down, but told Blow that McQueen had talent worth working on. McQueen's friends Cressida Pye and Alice Smith, who had known him since 1992, had opened a fashion recruitment agency — essentially a matchmaking service that attempted to match designers with jobs at existing fashion houses. In an effort to promote McQueen's work to buyers, they held showings of Taxi Driver at their agency in Covent Garden in late February 1993. \nBecause of the slumping economy, few designers presented runway shows during London Fashion Week in early March 1993. The British Fashion Council provided funding for new designers to exhibit their collections at the Ritz Hotel in London in lieu of fashion shows, and McQueen was one of six successful applicants. Journalist Dana Thomas described the exhibition as \"a bit of a ramshackle circus\". McQueen had no money for staging, so the clothing was simply hung on whatever hangers he could find. He neglected his own appearance, meeting buyers and journalists in clothes that were torn or paint-splattered, and was often defensive when people made comments about the unusual designs. Once again, Blow took charge of promotion, corralling exhibition visitors into seeing McQueen's display.\nAlice Smith wore a feather-collared bustier from the collection for a photo shoot with The Daily Telegraph in early March. On the taxi ride home, it shed feathers everywhere. Neither Smith nor McQueen wanted to deal with it, so she left it behind in the cab.\nOn the day the exhibition ended, McQueen and Ungless packed the garments up into bin bags. They went clubbing at King's Cross nightclub Man Stink to celebrate. Reluctant to pay the cloakroom fees, they hid the bags among the rubbish behind one the club, started drinking, and promptly forgot about them. By the time McQueen returned the next morning, rubbish collectors had removed everything. Nothing remains of the collection.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Taxi Driver (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_Driver_(collection)", "article_id": 73640142, "section": "Sales efforts and exhibition", "metadata": {"word_count": 350, "char_count": 2149, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Lucinda Alford at The Observer wrote that the collection demonstrated McQueen's pattern-cutting skills with \"some of the most interesting cuts around\", and said that some of the garments, including the Scarlet Pimpernel coat, \"could be works of art in their own right\". She noted the combination of historicist references and futuristic concepts; McQueen relied on both throughout his career. Nilgin Yusuf at The Sunday Times said \"McQueen is one of a new breed of British designers strong on craftsmanship and with a developing business sense who herald a renaissance in the much maligned British fashion industry.\" Iain R. Webb of The Times agreed, listing McQueen as one of a number of new designers whose \"designs are unequivocably of today; their names should be world famous tomorrow\".\nWriting in 2009, fashion journalist Sarah Mower recalls the Taxi Driver collection as the moment British fashion started to recover from a slump that began with the Black Monday stock market crash of 1987. Curator Andrew Bolton remembered the bumster as \"one of the garments that, very early on, would make his reputation as this provocateur\". Journalist Susannah Frankel agreed; in a 2015 essay about McQueen's early years, she wrote that the collection \"showcased many of the signature traits with which McQueen would make his name\". Academic Chris McWade argued that Taxi Driver had been integrated into the mythology that surrounded McQueen: the complete loss of such an early collection \"adds to the spectral quality and sense of loss that overarches his identity as a public figure\".\nWhen the Metropolitan Museum of Art began arranging the retrospective Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty, they contacted Smith in the hope that she still owned the feathered bustier from the Telegraph shoot. Although nothing remains of the clothing, a collection overview and a price list from the archive of early McQueen employee Ruti Danan were auctioned in 2020. The overview sold for $250, while the price list sold for $2,505.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Taxi Driver (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi_Driver_(collection)", "article_id": 73640142, "section": "Reception and legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 322, "char_count": 2012, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Birds (Spring/Summer 1995) is the fifth collection by British designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. The Birds was inspired by ornithology, the study of birds, and the 1963 Alfred Hitchcock film The Birds, after which it was named. Typically for McQueen in the early stages of his career, the collection centred on sharply tailored garments and emphasised female sexuality. McQueen had no financial backing, so the collection was created on a minimal budget.\nThe runway show for The Birds was staged on 9 October 1994, during London Fashion Week. The venue was a warehouse in the London district of King's Cross best known for hosting raves. Like his previous professional shows, The Birds was styled with imagery of violence and death; some models were covered in tyre tracks and others wore white contact lenses. Forty-five looks were presented. Corsetier Mr. Pearl appeared in a pencil skirt and tailored jacket.\nReception was generally positive, although the extreme styling drew accusations of misogyny. Many of the people who worked on The Birds with McQueen would go on to become longtime collaborators. The success of the show allowed McQueen to secure the financial backing to stage his next show, Highland Rape (Autumn/Winter 1995), the collection which effectively made his name. Garments from The Birds appeared in both stagings of the retrospective exhibition Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty. Seán McGirr heavily referenced The Birds for Autumn/Winter 2024, his debut collection as creative director for the Alexander McQueen brand.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Birds (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birds_(collection)", "article_id": 72916943, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 246, "char_count": 1571, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "British fashion designer Alexander McQueen was known for his imaginative, sometimes controversial designs, and dramatic fashion shows. During his nearly twenty-year career, he explored a broad range of ideas and themes, including historicism, romanticism, femininity, sexuality, and death. He began as an apprentice with Savile Row tailors Anderson & Sheppard before briefly joining Gieves & Hawkes as a pattern cutter. His work on Savile Row earned him a reputation as an expert tailor. In October 1990, at the age of 21, McQueen began the eighteen-month masters-level course in fashion design at Central Saint Martins (CSM), a London art school. McQueen met a number of his future collaborators at CSM, including Simon Ungless. He graduated with his master's degree in fashion design in 1992. His graduation collection, Jack the Ripper Stalks His Victims, was bought in its entirety by magazine editor Isabella Blow, who became his mentor and his muse.\nMcQueen's reputation for shocking runway shows began early. The sexualised clothing and aggressive styling in his first professional show, Nihilism (Spring/Summer 1994), was described by The Independent as a \"horror show\". The follow-up, Banshee (Autumn/Winter 1994), featured a model pretending to put a finger in her vagina on the runway. McQueen had no financial backing at the beginning of his career, so his collections were created on minimal budgets. He purchased whatever cheap fabric or fabric scraps were available. Collaborators often worked for minimal pay or were paid in garments. Some agreed to work for free because they were interested in working with McQueen, while others who had been promised compensation were simply never paid. Many actually wound up paying out of pocket for things like fabric and notions.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Birds (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birds_(collection)", "article_id": 72916943, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 278, "char_count": 1784, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Birds (Spring/Summer 1995) is the fifth collection by McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. It had multiple layers of inspiration. The greatest part came from ornithology, the study of birds, and the 1963 Alfred Hitchcock film The Birds, for which it was named. McQueen was a cinemaphile and many of his collections were inspired by his favourites. The Birds also referenced the mathematically inspired art of Dutch graphic artist M. C. Escher, who used birds and other animals as tiles in artistic tessellations. Car accidents and roadkill served as an additional inspiration. Ungless designed a print of tyre tracks to be used on many of the garments, suggesting scenes in The Birds where the characters flee the attacking birds in cars. According to Ungless, the design echoed the rationale behind McQueen's use of dead locusts on garments in his earlier collection Nihilism: \"Complete chaos and human vulnerability in the face of nature gone wrong\".\nFleet Bigwood, a CSM lecturer, contributed to fabric design. Fashion designer Andrew Groves, whom McQueen dated from 1994 to 1996, worked on the collection after McQueen found out Groves could sew. McQueen enlisted Ungless to create printed fabric based on Escher's designs, and Ungless, then a print technician at CSM, stole fabric from the school to use as a base. Ungless laid out a concept based on McQueen's request to have a print with \"garden birds\", but described the result as \"awful – like a Christmas card gone wrong\". Groves was asked to replace it, coming up with a print of black silhouettes of swallows in flight, a popular motif in classic skinhead subculture and nautical tattoos, representing endurance and courage. The print most prominently appeared on Look 33, on a burnt orange jacket, and Look 40, on an orange-red pencil skirt. It also appeared on a white frock coat, the show's final ensemble. Fashion historian Alistair O'Neill saw the print as depicting swallows mid-dive, which he believed was a reference to a scene in Hitchcock's film where birds invade a home by diving down the chimney.\nMany of McQueen's designs for The Birds, particularly the tight pencil skirts and wasp-waisted jackets, emulated the tightly tailored 1950s fashion worn by the film's star, Tippi Hedren, although he avoided directly copying her outfit. Ungless described McQueen as fascinated by the way Hedren was made vulnerable by her constricting clothing, and sought to take the effect to an extreme. Some models found the garments difficult to walk in on the runway. Despite the extensive presence of tailoring, Groves later suggested that McQueen's time as a theatrical costumier had more influence on this collection than his time on Savile Row. McQueen's bumsters, an extremely low-cut trouser that exposed the top of the intergluteal cleft, made an appearance in several outfits, including in wet-look black for Look 43.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Birds (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birds_(collection)", "article_id": 72916943, "section": "Concept and creative process", "metadata": {"word_count": 469, "char_count": 2893, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "McQueen often designed spontaneously, right on the dressmaker's dummy, and did so for many of the looks in The Birds. Groves described watching him create an entire dress on the stand in approximately an hour, working from raw materials, without any realisation that this was a highly unconventional method. Look 35, a dress made of clear pallet wrap, was created in a similar fashion. It was inspired by a sexual encounter Groves had years earlier, in which the other man wrapped Groves in pallet wrap, immobilising him. Some weeks after Groves told McQueen about the incident, the two were walking on the street when McQueen spotted a discarded bolt of pallet wrap and took it home to make a dress that night.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Birds (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birds_(collection)", "article_id": 72916943, "section": "Concept and creative process", "metadata": {"word_count": 122, "char_count": 711, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The runway show was staged on 9 October 1994 during London Fashion Week. The venue was Bagley's, a warehouse in the London district of King's Cross. Bagley's was known for hosting raves, and was allegedly owned by British organised crime. McQueen was able to secure the use of the warehouse for only £500. The show's invite was a black and white photograph of a baby bird lying on a roadway, apparently run over. McQueen was so poor at the time of The Birds that he had to borrow money to pay for a cab to get to the show.\nJewellery designer Simon Costin had asked to do the set design in exchange for also lending accessories for the show. McQueen readily agreed, especially since Costin offered to work for free and the show's budget was, as Costin later put it, \"something like fifty pounds\". Because of the limited budget, the set was kept simple: a black backdrop and a straight black concrete runway with white slashes meant to look like road markings, inspired by the tyre tread pattern found on some of the clothing. Models entered through a short backlit tunnel at the rear of the stage.\nSam Gainsbury served as casting director. McQueen found a stylist to help him oversee the models' looks for the runway show: Katy England, then working for British magazine Dazed & Confused. As with Costin, England also had no experience in the role; McQueen selected her based on having seen her at shows in stylish outfits. In addition to her styling duties, she also served as a fit model for many of the garments. England added a few outside garments for the runway show, including leather jackets.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Birds (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birds_(collection)", "article_id": 72916943, "section": "Production details", "metadata": {"word_count": 283, "char_count": 1599, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The styling for the models was explicitly sexual, with many runway looks exposing underwear or bare breasts. One look consisted solely of a silver lamé jacket over lace underwear. Look 35, the clear pallet wrap dress, was worn with nothing but black bikini underwear, and the model's upper thighs were tied with string to create a pencil skirt effect. The models wore stiletto heels attached to their feet with packing tape; these were cheap shoes bought from charity shops with the uppers removed to leave only the soles and heels. The accessories Costin supplied included pieces made from jet, enamel, and cockerel feathers, including one black feathered dickey worn over a gold shift dress. Look 43 was styled with a black choker hung with a taxidermy bird.\nMakeup was styled by artist Val Garland, and was kept light: skin was pale and lips were orange-red. Eugene Souleiman styled hair, with McQueen requesting a look of \"destruction\". Souleiman opted not to emulate Hedren's iconic bouffant updo, as McQueen would have found the visual homage \"too obvious\". Souleiman decided to have the models' hair blow-dried straight and the ends crimped to fluffiness, creating a floating effect while they walked the runway. Just before the show, McQueen decided to add tyre tracks to some of the models to make it look as though they had been run over. They used a tyre from his assistant's car, covered it in grease, and rolled it over the models before they got dressed. This effect is most clearly seen in Look 12, a frock coat worn with nothing but a pair of high-cut briefs. Some models were given opaque white full-eye contact lenses to give them a dehumanised look. These were custom-made at significant cost, paid for by Derek Anderson, a supporter of McQueen's from New York City who worked in public relations and helped fund many of McQueen's early projects.\nMcQueen had generated a great deal of excitement about the show in the media, and there was a long queue to get in. The majority of the audience were fashion students and ravers, however – the fashion establishment was not yet interested in McQueen, and the few industry professionals who attended mostly did so at the behest of Isabella Blow. The tight budget did not allow for any security, and one of McQueen's public relations people had to manage the rowdy crowd. Both of McQueen's parents were in attendance, although his father – who was not entirely comfortable with McQueen's choice of career – turned up late, stayed at the back of the venue, and left without speaking to his son. The show started 90 minutes late. It ended with the audience on their feet screaming.\nForty-five looks were presented. Fashion writer Plum Sykes, then an assistant at British Vogue, modelled Look 33. She later recalled the experience as \"Magic, mad, and marvelous!\" Corsetmaker Mr. Pearl, who had met McQueen at a King's Cross club, walked the runway in Look 40, a tailored short jacket, shirt and tie, and tight red pencil skirt with the swallow print. His corset-trained waist was only 18 inches at the time. Mr. Pearl later called the experience boring and said he had never been paid, but that he was \"pleased to have met\" McQueen. Madonna was rumoured to have purchased the jacket modelled by Mr. Pearl, indicating that McQueen's work was attracting more attention.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Birds (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birds_(collection)", "article_id": 72916943, "section": "Catwalk presentation", "metadata": {"word_count": 565, "char_count": 3327, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Journalist Dana Thomas reports that the reviews were very positive, particularly with regards to McQueen's sharp tailoring. Both The Times and the Evening Standard called the show the \"hottest ticket\" of London Fashion Week that season. Writing for the Evening Standard, Alison Veness called the close-cut designs \"sharp enough to draw blood\". In a short review for The Globe and Mail, David Livingstone wrote that McQueen had \"achieved heights of lowdown style\", with \"attitude anchored in skill\". Women's Wear Daily highlighted the blatant sexuality and streetwear elements as well as McQueen's tailoring, stating that \"McQueen can cut with the best of them\". In an overview of British designers for Fashion Week, Iain R. Webb wrote that McQueen's \"sense of the macabre has the international fashion set screaming for more\".\nOther reviewers were not so uniformly impressed. Although Amy Spindler of The New York Times found the tailored jackets excellent and acknowledged that McQueen was generating the most discussion of any designer in London that season, she was critical of the tight pencil skirts and bumster trousers, saying \"It is strange to see so talented a designer committed to the unwearable\". Barbara Weiser, of the now-defunct Charivari boutique chain, attended the show and described the collection as unimaginative and uncreative.\nThe show is regarded positively in retrospect. Fashion journalist Hamish Bowles described the show as \"a revelation\" in 1999. He revisited the collection in 2010 after McQueen's death, calling it the point that he realised McQueen's potential to change the status quo of fashion. In a 2015 retrospective, Vogue highlighted the aesthetic of destruction in the collection and noted it had been a recurring theme in McQueen's fashion throughout his career.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Birds (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birds_(collection)", "article_id": 72916943, "section": "Reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 280, "char_count": 1803, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Much of the critical analysis of The Birds revolves around the depiction of women as apparent victims of violence, especially in light of the sexualised styling of the clothing. The show drew accusations that the presentation was misogynistic, not for the first or the last time in McQueen's career. McQueen objected to this characterisation, saying: \"I don’t want women to look all innocent and naive, because I know what can happen to them. I want women to look stronger.\" Ungless stated that McQueen's object was to depict a beautiful woman \"put at extreme risk but winning in the end\".\nFashion historian Caroline Evans positioned the extreme styling of The Birds as typical of independent British fashion designers in the 1990s. At the time, the industry was poorly supported and funding was scarce. Young designers took to creating shocking runway shows to generate press coverage in the hopes of attracting backers. Evans suggests that once McQueen found sufficient backing, he pivoted the styling of his shows from violent to theatrical. Diana Villanueva Romero analysed the collection from an ecofeminist perspective, arguing that although McQueen had previously presented women as victims of violence, it was only with The Birds that McQueen had \"for the first time, situated women as substitutes for animal victims\". In her view, McQueen was presenting a connection between the cruelty suffered by both women and animals in order to denounce this violence. In an opinion piece for Fangoria, author Vanessa Guerrera argued that McQueen's presentation in The Birds subverted the 1960s aesthetic by making the models \"less the standard chic, pretty little things, and more things to dread\". Guerrera believed the indicia of violence – torn clothes, white eyes, and tyre tracks – made the models intimidating, and therefore showed that McQueen was positioning women as empowered survivors rather than as powerless victims. Author Ana Finel Honigman agreed, writing that \"the models symbolised the struggle to survive\".\nAlistair O'Neill focused on the collection as it related to Hitchcock. McQueen referenced several of the director's films throughout his career, exploring what O'Neill called \"representations of femininity and how they are challenged through transformation scenes\". For O'Neill, the reappearance of the swallows print on the skirt worn by Mr. Pearl was McQueen's way of \"translating femininity through artifice from one body to another\". He argued that by having a man walk in a womenswear show wearing womenswear, McQueen was disrupting the \"ordered sense of femininity\" typical of catwalk shows. Honigman also remarked on the \"interplay of masculine and feminine\", noting Mr. Pearl's appearance as an example of how McQueen challenged gender archetypes.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Birds (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birds_(collection)", "article_id": 72916943, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 432, "char_count": 2780, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following the show, Italian fashion manufacturer Eo Bocci offered to purchase 51% of McQueen's label for £10,000. McQueen refused, as he wanted to retain control of his company. Instead, they agreed on a pair of related contracts: the first gave Bocci distribution rights for McQueen's label for the next fifteen years, and the second made Bocci responsible for arranging manufacturing for McQueen. Bocci would source Italian garment manufacturers to produce McQueen's clothes for retail. The money from the deal with Bocci gave McQueen the funding to stage his next show, Highland Rape (Autumn/Winter 1995), the collection which effectively made his name.\nMany of the people who worked on The Birds went on to become regular collaborators. Stylist Katy England, who worked as McQueen's creative director until 2007, became known as his \"second opinion\". Simon Ungless worked on prints for later collections, including Highland Rape and Dante (Autumn/Winter 1996). Simon Costin worked with McQueen regularly until Untitled (Spring/Summer 1998). Sam Gainsbury, working with her partner Anna Whiting, went on to produce all of McQueen's runway shows. Val Garland styled makeup for several future shows, including The Dance of the Twisted Bull (Spring/Summer 2002) and In Memory of Elizabeth Howe, Salem, 1692 (Autumn/Winter 2007). Eugene Souleiman returned to style hair for Scanners (Autumn/Winter 2003) and The Widows of Culloden (Autumn/Winter 2006), among others.\nA tyre track print was used again for Look 63 of Bellmer La Poupée (Spring/Summer 1997). Birds, wings, and feathers were a recurring theme in McQueen's work throughout his career, particularly in La Dame Bleue (Spring/Summer 2008), whose stage was illuminated by giant blue neon wings, and The Horn of Plenty (Autumn/Winter 2009), which featured women in feathered dresses and a reworked version of the swallows print from The Birds. Cinema also remained a significant influence; future collections such as Deliverance (Spring/Summer 2004) and The Man Who Knew Too Much (Autumn/Winter 2005) took direct visual cues from the films which inspired them. One look from The Man Who Knew Too Much is a clear duplicate of Tippi Hedren's outfit from The Birds, a reference he had avoided making in the eponymous collection.\nThe Metropolitan Museum of Art (the Met) in New York City owns the orange jacket from Look 33. It appeared in both stagings of Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty, at the Met in 2011 and at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London in 2015. It also appeared in the Met's 2016 exhibit Masterworks: Unpacking Fashion.\nWhen early McQueen employee Ruti Danan auctioned her personal archive in 2020, an invitation to The Birds sold for a reported $625 USD. Patterns for a backless jacket, dress, and bumsters sold for $1,125, $1,625, and $2,375, respectively. The bird choker from Look 43 was auctioned by Kerry Taylor Auctions in June 2023, fetching a reported £24,000.\nSeán McGirr heavily referenced The Birds for Autumn/Winter 2024, his debut collection as creative director for the Alexander McQueen brand.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Birds (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birds_(collection)", "article_id": 72916943, "section": "Legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 485, "char_count": 3083, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Timeless is the sixth major-label studio album by American singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor. It was released on June 7, 2024, by Epic Records. Trainor collaborated with producers such as Federico Vindver, Gian Stone, Grant Boutin, and Jason Evigan and featured artists included T-Pain, Lawrence, and Niecy Nash. The album has a doo-wop and bubblegum pop sound with club beats and influences of dance-pop and R&B. Its message centers on self-empowerment, women's empowerment, and positive self-talk, drawing inspiration from Trainor's family, motherhood, and her experiences in the music industry.\nTrainor promoted Timeless with public appearances and televised performances on programs such as Today and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. After its release, she embarked on her first concert tour in over seven years, The Timeless Tour (2024). The album was supported by three singles, \"Been Like This\", a collaboration with T-Pain, \"To the Moon\", and \"Whoops\". Critics believed it combined genres from Trainor's previous music in a more intense manner. Timeless debuted at number 27 on the US Billboard 200 with Trainor's best sales week since 2020. The album also reached number 12 in the United Kingdom and number 23 in Australia. Its deluxe edition, supported by the single \"Criminals\", was released on August 16, 2024.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Timeless (Meghan Trainor album)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeless_(Meghan_Trainor_album)", "article_id": 76354778, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 205, "char_count": 1328, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Meghan Trainor's popularity declined in the lead-up to the release of her third major-label studio album, Treat Myself (2020), and it received limited live promotion due to the COVID-19 lockdowns. After her 2014 song \"Title\" attained viral popularity on the video-sharing service TikTok in 2021, she announced her intention to return to its parent album's doo-wop sound on her fifth major-label studio album. TikTok was highly influential on Trainor's creative process, and she began writing material that would resonate with its userbase. She gained popularity on the service by regularly sharing clips that she filmed with influencer Chris Olsen. Her 2022 album Takin' It Back included the single \"Made You Look\", which went viral on TikTok. It became Trainor's first song since 2016 to enter the top 40 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top 10 in several other countries.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Timeless (Meghan Trainor album)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeless_(Meghan_Trainor_album)", "article_id": 76354778, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 143, "char_count": 884, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Trainor hosted producer Gian Stone in an episode of her podcast Workin' on It in March 2023, during which she announced that she had one more album left in her contract with Epic Records. She was considering recording country songs for it at the time. The first Timeless track to be written was \"Doin' It All for You\", which was created without plans for a full-length album in mind. Trainor wrote the song \"Forget How to Love\" with her brothers and Scott Hoying within 10 days after giving birth to her second son, who was born on July 1, 2023.\nThe song \"Whoops\" was inspired by the work of American rapper Jack Harlow, as Trainor imagined what a collaboration between them would sound like. After Trainor had written many self-confidence songs for the album, she ran out of inspiration. Her manager sent her a speech by American actress Niecy Nash, which stimulated her creatively and inspired \"I Wanna Thank Me\"; Nash appeared as a feature on it. Trainor previewed it for the label alongside the songs \"Been Like This\", \"To the Moon\", \"Forget How to Love\", and \"Whoops\". They were satisfied with the material, according to Trainor, and they nudged her to rapidly complete the rest of the album. She worked with producers including Federico Vindver, Stone, Grant Boutin, her brother Justin, and Jason Evigan. Both Vindver and Stone had served as producers on Takin' It Back, and the former produced three tracks for Trainor's Christmas album A Very Trainor Christmas (2020). Timeless was completed in approximately three months.\nTrainor had been a fan of American singer and rapper T-Pain for years, having previously cited him as an inspiration in a 2014 interview. Reciprocating this, he began seeking out the help of her husband, Daryl Sabara, and her manager to bring about a meeting in 2023. Trainor sent him two songs, suggesting that he feature on them, but she did not immediately receive a response. Instead, T-Pain surprised her at her 30th birthday celebration, where they ate pizza and played each other unreleased music. He told her that he had recorded guest appearances for both the songs, \"Been Like This\" and \"Love on Hold\", to appear on Timeless.\nTrainor chose Timeless as the album title to reflect her desire to live forever for her children: \"I want to live. Like, 'Wow. We're so lucky, we're here. We have all this time together.'\" She believed the album consisted of \"a lot of self-help pop bangers\" and \"some really soulful songs\". Trainor's intention with it was to make listeners happy: \"If they're feeling down about themselves, I hope that my song can try to change their energy and their inner thoughts, hopefully, to make them feel a little better [...] So I hope I'm making people dance and making people happy.\" In the accompanying statement, Trainor celebrated the 10-year anniversary of her career and dedicated Timeless to her fans and family.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Timeless (Meghan Trainor album)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeless_(Meghan_Trainor_album)", "article_id": 76354778, "section": "Recording and production", "metadata": {"word_count": 489, "char_count": 2880, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The standard edition of Timeless contains 16 tracks; on physical editions, the track \"Bite Me\" is exclusive to the Target version. The album predominantly has a doo-wop and bubblegum pop sound with club beats and influences of dance-pop and R&B. Contrasting the consistently doo-wop-influenced pop style of Takin' It Back, Trainor wanted the songs on Timeless to begin in one genre and switch to another by the chorus, which she believed \"opened up a new genre\". Benjamin Jack of Sputnikmusic described its predominant style as \"doo-wop infrastructure charged with modern pop hallmarks\", while Riff's Mike DeWald thought it is strictly embedded in pop but signs of doo-wop and classic vocal standards are found throughout it. Lyrically, Timeless has a message of self-empowerment and positive self-talk found in Trainor's earlier music, inspired by her family, motherhood, and experiences in the music industry. She presents a feminist point of view on dating and emotional detachment in relationships, highlighting her concerns about the consequences of men's actions and societal misogyny while emphasizing women's empowerment.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Timeless (Meghan Trainor album)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeless_(Meghan_Trainor_album)", "article_id": 76354778, "section": "Overview", "metadata": {"word_count": 171, "char_count": 1129, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The opening track, \"To the Moon\", is a minor key 1960s-style torch song which incorporates brass instrumentation, a compact groove, and club beats. It has space-themed lyrics inspired by Trainor's son's love of space and rocket ships. \"Been Like This\", a collaboration with T-Pain, begins with a jazz-influenced intro and transitions into a trumpet melody, combining hip-hop beats, synthesizers, and doo-wop with Charleston. \"Crowded Room\" is a doo-wop song that has the same \"brassy sway\" as Trainor's 2014 single \"All About That Bass\", but its harmonized vocals are distinct and \"more quiet and intimate\", according to DeWald. The fourth track, \"Whoops\", is a pop-doo-wop break-up song with influences of R&B, on which Trainor addresses an ex-partner and derides the woman who he cheated on her with.\n\"Crushin'\", which features American band Lawrence, is a pop song with a covert rhythm that has lyrics about how the narrator has a crush on themself. The reggaeton and girl group-influenced \"I Wanna Thank Me\" is about self-love and encourages listeners to prioritize their mental health; it samples Nash's acceptance speech at the 75th Primetime Emmy Awards, where she thanked herself, incorporating background vocals from her wife and daughter. The seventh track, \"Love On Hold\", features Auto-Tuned vocals from T-Pain over a salsa-inspired production. \"Forget How to Love\" addresses Trainor's perception of an increase in online hate and someone who made her feel undeserving. The ninth track, \"Rollin'\", has Brill Building production which incorporates strings, bass, and brass instrumentation; in its feminist lyrics influenced by her experiences in the music industry, Trainor addresses society's hypocritical expectations for women and the misogyny and mansplaining they endure from men, according to South China Morning Post's Rhea Saxena. Both songs are influenced by modern R&B.\n\"I Don't Do Maybe\" has horn instrumentation and a Latin and Cuban-influenced rhythm. The 11th track, \"I Get It\", is a pop song, followed by \"Sleepin' on Me\", which is a \"return to that doo-wap/hip-pop hybrid style\" according to Renowned for Sound's Graeme R. \"Hate It Here\" has lyrics about disliking being at a club, which are playful and sarcastic according to critics. \"Bestie\" is a club pop song which discusses self-love in the context of friendships over simplistic production, and \"Doin' It All for You\" is a 1980s synth-pop song. Timeless closes with the title track, a rhythmic ballad inspired by Trainor's death anxiety, which she also wanted to be a \"beautiful love song\" that could be played at a wedding or used to reminisce about a loved one who is away. The Target edition includes the additional track \"Bite Me\". The deluxe edition includes \"Make a Move\", \"Criminals\", and \"Booty\" featuring Paul Russell. In the lyrics of \"Criminals\", Trainor describes something that brings her so much satisfaction that she feels it must \"be illegal\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Timeless (Meghan Trainor album)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeless_(Meghan_Trainor_album)", "article_id": 76354778, "section": "Songs", "metadata": {"word_count": 464, "char_count": 2943, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Trainor and T-Pain released \"Been Like This\" as the lead single from the album on March 14, 2024. The same day, she announced that the album, titled Timeless, would be released on June 14, and she shared its official artwork on social media. In the cover photograph, Trainor wears lengthy black gloves and cobalt blue tights. \"Been Like This\" was sent for radio airplay in Italy on March 22, and it charted at number 40 in the United Kingdom and number 51 in Ireland. The second single, \"To the Moon\" was released on May 3, 2024, followed by a music video which featured appearances by her son, Sabara, Nash, Olsen, and influencers Brookie and Jessie. Trainor performed the songs during the 22nd season of American Idol on May 5.\nEpic Records released the album on June 7, 2024. The same day, Trainor performed \"Whoops\" and a medley of \"Been Like This\" with \"To the Moon\" on Today. Initially refraining from promoting any songs to radio stations unless they gained popularity on TikTok, the label sent \"Whoops\" to them as the third single on June 24. A music video for the song was released on June 10, depicting her dancing in an empty room and destroying furniture with a baseball bat. The following day, Trainor reprised it on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. \"Whoops\" charted at number 94 in the United Kingdom and \"I Wanna Thank Me\" reached number 86. Trainor sang \"I Wanna Thank Me\" during iHeartRadio's Can't Cancel Pride 2024, and \"Been Like This\" and \"Whoops\" at Capital's Summertime Ball 2024.\nThe deluxe edition of Timeless was released on August 16, 2024. Its lead single, \"Criminals\", was sent for radio airplay in Italy on September 20 that year, and to contemporary hit radio stations in the United States four days later. The song gained popularity after being used as the theme in the Netflix miniseries The Perfect Couple (2024). It reached number 100 in the United States and number 92 in Canada. Timeless was supported by Trainor's first headlining concert tour in over seven years, The Timeless Tour, which began in Cincinnati in September 2024 and concluded in Inglewood, California, in October 2024. Natasha Bedingfield, Olsen, Russell, and Trainor's brother Ryan served as special guests. According to Pollstar, it was 98% sold out and grossed $14.1 million in revenue. Trainor performed \"Been Like This\" and \"Criminals\" at the 2024 KIIS-FM Jingle Ball.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Timeless (Meghan Trainor album)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeless_(Meghan_Trainor_album)", "article_id": 76354778, "section": "Release and promotion", "metadata": {"word_count": 404, "char_count": 2384, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Critics analyzed Timeless in the context of Trainor's previous material. DeWald believed that though she had always combined different genres in her music, the album featured \"classic sounds\" and the synthesis felt more intense. AllMusic's Matt Collar thought Trainor borrowed a bit from all musical styles she had tried in the past, hitting several stylistic notes that popularized her, and delivered a \"frothy, confident, mixtape of an album\". Likewise, Graeme R found it a great addition to Trainor's discography and believed it focused on her musical niche despite her venturing into some other genres. Benjamin Jack of Sputnikmusic described the album as a clear improvement from Takin' It Back, but he opined that it was devoid of a true sense of direction, and though Trainor leaned into the modern aspect of her sound, it was not interesting enough for a whole album.\nThey also commented on the songwriting and lyricism of Timeless. Collar believed that though doo-wop can be a whimsical and pastiche genre, the album was intelligently written and filled with melodic hooks that accentuate Trainor's talents as a pop songwriter as well as singer. DeWald thought it offered her brand new perspective after becoming a mother, placing emphasis on her family, and was consistently fresh throughout its duration. South China Morning Post's Rhea Saxena praised Timeless and believed it would empower young women to resist sexism and toxic relationships. On the other hand, Jack opined that poor lyricism and incohesion kept the album's friendly focus below its aspirations and the repetitive theme of love created redundancy. He thought that it displayed \"flashes of songwriting prowess\", but they were overshadowed by the production, doo-wop style, and \"low points\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Timeless (Meghan Trainor album)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeless_(Meghan_Trainor_album)", "article_id": 76354778, "section": "Critical reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 279, "char_count": 1769, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Upon its release, Timeless was the third-highest debut of the week in the United States and Australia. In the former, the album debuted at number 27 on the Billboard 200. It sold 12,000 pure sales, including 3,000 vinyl units, which constituted Trainor's biggest sales week since 2020 and her best week in vinyl sales. Timeless entered at number 48 on the Canadian Albums Chart. The album reached number 23 in Australia, becoming her fourth-highest peak on the chart. It became Trainor's third-highest charting album in the UK and debuted at number 12, marking an improvement of 55 positions from Takin' It Back. Timeless charted at number 55 in Austria, number 97 in Switzerland, and number 158 in Belgium. The album lasted three weeks on the chart in Belgium, two in the United Kingdom and the United States, and one in Australia, Austria, Canada, and Switzerland.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Timeless (Meghan Trainor album)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeless_(Meghan_Trainor_album)", "article_id": 76354778, "section": "Commercial performance", "metadata": {"word_count": 145, "char_count": 866, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "^[a] signifies an additional producer\n^[v] signifies a vocal producer", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Timeless (Meghan Trainor album)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeless_(Meghan_Trainor_album)", "article_id": 76354778, "section": "Track listing", "metadata": {"word_count": 10, "char_count": 69, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Randy Merrill – mastering\nTom Norris – mixing (tracks 1–9, 11–16)\nJeremie Inhaber – mixing (track 10)\nJustin Trainor – engineering (tracks 1–3, 5–16)\nFederico Vindver – engineering (tracks 1, 3, 6, 9, 11), arrangement (1)\nT-Pain – engineering (tracks 2, 7)\nBrian Starley – engineering (tracks 3, 6, 9, 11)\nGian Stone – engineering (track 4)\nGrant Boutin – engineering (track 4)\nMeghan Trainor – vocal arrangement (track 8)\nScott Hoying – vocal arrangement (track 8)", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Timeless (Meghan Trainor album)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeless_(Meghan_Trainor_album)", "article_id": 76354778, "section": "Personnel", "metadata": {"word_count": 77, "char_count": 465, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Transport played a critical part in the success of the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics, hosted in Paris, from 26 July to 11 August and 28 August to 8 September respectively. Due to the scale of the events, moving athletes, officials, media and spectators to competition venues constituted a major challenge. As part of Paris's bid for the games, officials stated that 100% of spectators would use public transport, and the compact arrangement of venues would deliver short journey times. Over €500 million was invested in improvements to transport infrastructure for the games.\nA mobile app was developed to facilitate spectator travel by offering a route calculator that can adapt to hazards. To assist travellers, 5,000 agents, identifiable by purple vests, were deployed in the stations and at bus stops. Most bus lines were accessible to people with reduced mobility, but with limited capacity in cases of high demand, such as during the Paralympic Games, 1,000 taxis accessible to people in wheelchairs were made available. The vast majority of Paris Métro stations were still not accessible to all, but some 150 wheelchair-accessible shuttles were provided to transport spectators between venues and an accessible station. Security around the transport system was heavy and coordinated, but on 26 July 2024, the day of the 2024 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, a series of arson attacks disrupted rail services.\nA stated goal of Paris 2024 was to halve the carbon footprint of the Olympic and Paralympic Games compared with London 2012 and Rio 2016. The organisers estimated that more than a third of the greenhouse gas emissions linked to the games would be from the transport of athletes and spectators. To meet this goal, all venues were made accessible by bicycle and public transport. Public transport was extended and improved, and services increased. Some 415 kilometres (258 mi) of cycle paths were created, linking major venues, with 27,000 temporary bicycle racks installed. The goal of halving carbon emissions was ultimately met, with an estimated 1.59 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent, which represented a 54.6% reduction compared to the London and Rio average. Of this, 53% of the carbon footprint (about 833,600 tonnes of CO2 equivalent) was incurred by visitors travelling to the games.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 369, "char_count": 2314, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Paris was formally announced as the host city for the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics at an International Olympic Committee (IOC) meeting in Lima, Peru, on 13 September 2017, although it had been a near certainty since 11 July, when rival Los Angeles elected to bid for 2028 instead. The games were hosted from 26 July to 11 August (Summer Olympics) and 28 August to 8 September (Paralympics). To host the games, organisers must provide transport for a wide range of groups – including athletes and officials, media and spectators. The IOC consider transport as being \"critical to the success of the games\", with some previous games (such as Atlanta 1996) marred by transport issues. \nAs part of their bid for the games, Paris claimed that they had \"the world's best public transport system\", proposing that spectators would use free public transport, and that the compact arrangement of venues would deliver short journey times for athletes and officials, media and spectators. A stated goal of Paris 2024 was to halve the carbon footprint of the Olympic and Paralympic Games compared with London 2012 and Rio 2016. The average carbon footprint for these games was 3.5 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent from both direct and indirect effects, such as spectator travel. Transport was an important component of this. To reduce the contribution of transport, all venues would be accessible by bicycle and public transport, and the transport fleet would include hybrid vehicles and hydrogen-powered buses.\nIn the Paris region, public transport is managed by Île-de-France Mobilités, which coordinates the contracts with transport companies such as RATP (the operator of the Paris Métro and some Réseau Express Régional (RER) lines) and SNCF (the French national railway operator). It became an official partner of the games in June 2022 to facilitate the organisation of transport. The majority of event sites were in the Paris area: 25 sites (13 in Paris and 12 in the suburbs) with 50 sessions per day for the Olympics and 17 sites (10 in Paris and 7 in the suburbs) with 18 sessions per day for the Paralympics, for 767 and 261 sessions respectively, including the two opening and closing ceremonies. These events involved 500,000 spectators per day for the Olympic Games and 300,000 for the Paralympic Games. A February 2023 fact-finding mission of the National Assembly reported that \"France's success in organising the games will be judged in particular by its ability to manage the movement of people\", with no fewer than 600,000 spectators, 35% of whom come from abroad, and 200,000 accredited persons having to be transported daily.\nA Strategic Mobility Committee was established in October 2023 by Minister for Transport, Clément Beaune; Minister for Sports and the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Amélie Oudéa-Castéra; and Minister for People with Disabilities, Geneviève Darrieussecq. It was tasked with discussing \"all transport issues for the Olympic and Paralympic Games\" to ensure \"the continuity and fluidity of routes, for all types of passengers, from one end of their journey to the other, accredited members, visitors to the games and everyday users.\" It was expected to meet every six weeks, but did not meet for the first time until December 2022, and a national mobility coordinator for the Olympic Games, Florent Bardon, was not appointed until 8 December. Bardon was the director of finance and investment programming at Gares and Connexions, a subsidiary of SNCF. Le Monde described him as the \"Mr Transport\" of the games.\nThe COVID-19 pandemic delayed work on construction sites and disrupted the transport networks, forcing a halt in recruitment, numerous resignations and increased absenteeism, which led to a significant deterioration in service by late 2022, with a quarter of the bus services not running. The effects persisted into 2024, and by early the next year nearly 10% of the RATP bus network services were not running, and only 84% of the RER C trains were on time, mainly due to the shortage of drivers at SNCF despite the resumption of driver training. In December 2023, five Métro lines (2, 3, 6, 8 and 13) still had service levels below 90%, far below the previous standard of most lines.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 691, "char_count": 4232, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Over €500 million was invested in improvements to transport infrastructure for the games. The objective of the Paris Organising Committee for the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games (COJOP) was to allow 100% of spectators to reach the Olympic and Paralympic sites by public transport.\nEngineering or improvement works in Paris are normally scheduled for the summer, resulting in service interruptions, but no works were scheduled for the summer of 2024. Construction work was \"frozen\" on the network from July until the end of September. Consequently, there were numerous disruptions to services in 2023 and the first half of 2024, especially on Line 14 with significant traffic interruptions over several weekends and during school holidays.\nTo meet the increased number of passengers on the lines compared to a normal summer, the frequency, and hours of service for public transport was increased by an average of 15%. This was concentrated in the heart of the city and particularly affected the lines serving Olympic sites such as the RER B and RER D, tramway Line T11 and Paris Métro Line 14, which were augmented by shuttle buses. During the games, visitors to Paris paid higher public transport fares to recover some of the cost of this increased level of service.\nA mobile application was developed to facilitate spectator travel by offering a route calculator that could respond to delays and guide travellers onto alternative services to reduce congestion. To assist travellers, 5,000 agents, identifiable by purple vests, were deployed in the stations and at the bus stops, where special signage was affixed. Venues of the games were indicated on line maps on trains and in stations in distinctive pink.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Preparations", "metadata": {"word_count": 276, "char_count": 1711, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Security for the Paris region transport network was coordinated by the Paris Police Prefecture, which became solely responsible for security and public order in the Île-de-France region under the Olympic law of 19 May 2023. This law broadened the scope of video surveillance images visible to SNCF and RATP agents in the Paris region transport security coordination centre.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Security", "metadata": {"word_count": 58, "char_count": 373, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Commencing in mid-2022, and for the duration of the games, transport security coordination was carried out from the Operational Security Command Center (CCOS), which brought together all stakeholders (including the police of the regional transport department, gendarmes and the security services of transport operators such as RATP, SNCF and Optile) in shared premises located at the Paris Police Prefecture headquarters. The CCOS was connected to 101,000 video surveillance cameras located throughout the various transport networks. During the Olympic Games, police patrols increased from 125 to 700 per day, with the number of transport police officers increased from 1,100 to 1,300. In addition to the 3,000 permanent security agents, another 5,000 temporary agents and more than 50 canine explosives detection units were deployed on the transport network to intervene when abandoned objects were discovered.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Security", "metadata": {"word_count": 133, "char_count": 911, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 2023, concerns were raised regarding accessibility for the games. Lobbying group APF France Handicap said that the Paris Métro was a \"big black spot on the city's Paralympic legacy\". Organisers anticipated that 350,000 fans with disabilities would be visiting Paris. \nThe entire tramway network was accessible, as were the majority of Transilien stations. Most bus lines were accessible to people with reduced mobility, with Paris spending €25 million to upgrade bus stops and train staff on accessibility. Over 1,000 taxis accessible to people in wheelchairs were delivered prior to the games. Wheelchair-accessible shuttle buses were provided to transport spectators between venues and an accessible station, with increased service during the Paralympic Games. \nThe vast majority of Métro stations were not accessible to all. There are multiple obstacles to providing accessible ramps and elevators in Métro stations: much of the infrastructure is old, some stations are classified under architectural heritage rules, and there are technical difficulties with some stations. The twenty stations on Line 14 (which first opened in 1998) are fully accessible, and extensions of lines since 1992 have included elevators.\nPrior to the Paralympic Games, the Île-de-France regional president, Valérie Pécresse, announced a plan to make the Métro accessible. Île-de-France Mobilités noted that this work would take around 20 years and cost between €15 and 20 billion. International Paralympic Committee president Andrew Parsons welcomed the commitment, specifically mentioning it during his speech at the Paralympics closing ceremony.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Accessibility", "metadata": {"word_count": 239, "char_count": 1631, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "At the time of Paris's bid to host the Olympic Games, it was proposed that free public transport would be provided for ticket holders to attend the events, similar to London 2012. Following the surge in inflation in 2022, Paris 2024 dropped this proposal when their budget was revised. Île-de-France Mobilités stated that it would not give free passes to ticket holders, so Parisian commuters would not be subsidising visitors. To cover the cost of the increased services offered during the games, visitors to Paris had to pay higher fares.\nFrom 20 July to 8 September 2024, a temporary ticket called the \"Paris 2024 pass\" was sold, allowing for an unlimited number of journeys in Île-de-France. The pass cost €16 for one day or €70 for a week. Over the same period, the price of certain tickets was increased: €4 for the Ticket t+, €32 for the 10-journey package with the Navigo card and €16 for an origin-destination ticket to Orly or Roissy airports. Other tourist packages were suspended, but Navigo and Navigo Liberté+ transport tickets remained unchanged for subscribers in Île-de-France.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Public transport passes", "metadata": {"word_count": 182, "char_count": 1094, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Several major public transport projects were undertaken or brought forward for the games, with extensions of existing Paris Métro and RER lines as well as new tram lines. Projects included:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Extension of the network", "metadata": {"word_count": 30, "char_count": 189, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Extension of Line 4 to the south to Bagneux–Lucie Aubrac, with two new stations. This opened in January 2022.\nExtension of Line 11 to the east to Rosny–Bois-Perrier, with six new stations. This opened in June 2024.\nExtension of Line 12 to the north to Mairie d'Aubervilliers, with two new stations. This opened in May 2022.\nExtension of Line 14 to the north to Mairie de Saint-Ouen, with four new stations. This opened in December 2020.\nA further extension of Line 14 to the north to a new station at Saint-Denis–Pleyel. This opened in June 2024. A new bridge over the Paris-Lille railway lines connects the station to Stade de France–Saint-Denis on RER D, as well as to the nearby Stade de France.\nExtension of Line 14 to the south to Orly Airport, with six new stations. This opened in June 2024.\nExtension of RER E to Nanterre–La Folie station, with three new stations. This opened in May 2024.\nFour new tram lines in the Île-de-France region opened since 2020, and some existing lines were extended (such as tramway 3b to Porte Dauphine).\nMétro and RER lines were also upgraded and improved, with new trains (including the MP 14 and RER NG) and Line 4 was converted to fully automated operation.\nSome transport projects such as Line 15 and CDG Express (an express link to Charles de Gaulle Airport) were not completed in time for the games—with opening dates of 2026 and 2027 respectively.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Extension of the network", "metadata": {"word_count": 244, "char_count": 1393, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Before services were increased during the Olympics and Paralympics, they were reduced to allow drivers to take leave. The usual reduced summer service was brought forward a week. Except for RER A and B, lines K, U and R, tram lines T4, T11, T12 and T13, services were reduced by more than 10%. The reduced service was particularly noticeable on RER C and Transilien Line N, where the quarter-hourly frequency was not maintained, leading to wait times of 30 minutes at Clamart station.\nDuring the Olympic Games period, however, the service was increased on key routes. While areas such as the south-east of Paris were not affected much by travel motivated by the Olympic Games, the busiest lines were Métro lines 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, and 14. Lines 1, 5, and 6 were also affected due to the fan zones or places of celebration that they served. On the Transilien network, lines J (Argenteuil branch), L, N, P and U were all affected, as well as the T3b tramway, the T11 and T13 tramway expresses, and RER B, C and D.\nTo absorb the additional passengers, services were increased by 15% compared to a normal summer. Thus, RER C, whose central section is usually closed for works over summer, saw its frequency increased to one train every five minutes. Similarly, Transilien Line J was increased between Gare Saint-Lazare and Le Stade station to serve the Yves-du-Manoir stadium in Colombes, with eight trains per hour, even during off-peak times, instead of the usual four. On Transilien Line P, there were six trains per hour to Vaires-sur-Marne, and on Line N, four trains per hour.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Increased services", "metadata": {"word_count": 274, "char_count": 1577, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A project that called for a major modification of Gare du Nord station by 2024 was abandoned in favour of a scaled-down €50 million project. For Eurostar, the international high-speed rail service connecting Western Europe, the number of automatic passport readers at the Gare du Nord was increased from 5 to 10 to streamline the boarding formalities that had been lengthened by the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. The Transilien platform escalators were modernized and the RER platforms given increased space. The Gare du Nord's forecourt was redeveloped and reserved for pedestrians, with the taxi rank transferred to the underground car parks, and the east side of the station received a new bus station and a secure bicycle hall with 1,200 spaces.\nImprovements were also made to Vaires–Torcy station, which served the Vaires-sur-Marne Nautical Stadium, the venue for rowing and canoeing events, to make it accessible to people with disabilities. Accessibility and capacity works were also undertaken at Saint-Denis station. During the games, cleaning was stepped up in 120 stations impacted by the increased number of passengers.\nStations too close to the venues for festivities or competitions were closed for security reasons, most notably the Concorde and Tuileries Métro stations, Tuileries was near where the cauldron of the Olympic Games was located. The Concorde station, near the BMX freestyle, breaking, skateboarding and 3 × 3 basketball competition site at the Place de la Concorde, was closed on Line 12 from 17 May to 22 September, and access to the Concorde and Tuileries stations was suspended from 17 June to 1 September. The Champs-Élysées–Clemenceau station (lines 1 and 13), also near the Place de la Concorde, was closed from 20 July to 11 August for the Olympics, and then from 20 August to 8 September for the Paralympics. A week before the Olympic opening ceremony, around ten stations overlooking the Seine were closed.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Stations", "metadata": {"word_count": 316, "char_count": 1973, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In the 20 years leading up to the games, substantial investment was made to facilitate walking and cycling in Paris, including pedestrianisation of public spaces such as the Place de la République, and the introduction of Vélib' (a bicycle sharing system) and bicycle lanes. By April 2024, cycling was more popular than driving in the centre of Paris.\nNew infrastructure connected to the games was initially limited, with the completion of cycle paths on the right bank of the Saint-Denis Canal and the Olympic Village footbridge. In 2022, the Collectif vélo Île-de-France pointed out that 90% of Olympic sites were not easily accessible by bicycle.\nThe significant growth of the use of cycling in Paris and the inner suburbs following the COVID-19 pandemic, together with fears about the reliability of the public transport network, led to the integration of cycling into the transport plan during the Olympic Games. For the games, 60 kilometres (37 mi) of cycle lanes linked all venues to each other and 27,000 temporary bicycle racks were installed.\nThe Société de livraison des ouvrages olympiques (\"Olympic Works Delivery Company\") (Solidéo) co-financed the creation of a cycling infrastructure for use during the games and afterwards, including the Dugny footbridge at Le Bourget, the Franc-Moisin footbridge at Saint-Denis, and the Olympic Village footbridge (the only one reserved for delegations during the Olympic and Paralympic Games).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Cycling", "metadata": {"word_count": 226, "char_count": 1446, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Apart from the Villepinte site, all venues had cycle paths and bicycle parking facilities. The Olympic venues were accessible by 418 km (260 mi) of cycle paths, including 55 km (34 mi) of \"Olympistes\" cycle paths (30 in Paris and 25 in Seine-Saint-Denis) developed during the year preceding the Olympic Games. Although cycling was a recommended mode of transport during the Olympic Games, some usual routes were closed, notably at the Place de la Concorde.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Cycling", "metadata": {"word_count": 75, "char_count": 456, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As with previous Olympic and Paralympic Games, the road network of Paris and the Île-de-France region had lanes of traffic reserved for accredited vehicles to guarantee journey times between the Olympic Village, venues and other destinations, such as the Main Press Centre at Palais des congrès de Paris. During the competition period, 185 kilometres (115 mi) of roads in the Paris region were partially reserved for accredited persons, transport and emergency services by the decree of 4 May 2022. Toyota supplied organisers with a fleet of vehicles that included 500 Mirai fuel cell vehicles. Some 1,000 buses were available to transport athletes and accredited personnel. Ten special shuttle routes were provided to take accredited personnel to venues remote from railways stations. A temporary bus station was built on the eastern edge of the Olympic Village to transport athletes and support staff to the competition and training sites.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Road network", "metadata": {"word_count": 147, "char_count": 941, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Izivia, a subsidiary of Électricité de France (EDF), installed nearly 800 temporary electric charging stations, mostly near Porte Maillot, the Athletes' Village and Le Bourget. After the games, these were removed and reused by EDF at its own sites to power its electric vehicle fleet. More than 3.1 million km was driven in renewable electric Paris 2024 vehicles during the games, consumed 474 MWh. The electricity was supplied by EDF from six wind and two solar generation sites. \nCompared to a normal summer, the frequency of bus services was higher during the games, but almost all routes in Paris were modified. Due to the areas occupied by the competition or celebration sites, several bus lines had to be diverted before, during, and after the Olympic Games. Sixteen bus routes were diverted for the duration of the games, starting with 10 early in the year to permit the assembly of certain installations, with six other bus routes diverted in May and then in early June.\nDuring the Olympics, 190 bus routes (58% of the 330 RATP routes in the \"central zone\") had to be modified at one time or another, with simultaneous peaks of over 100 on 26 July, the day of the opening ceremony, and on 3 August for the road cycling race. The Noctilien night bus network was reinforced during the events, particularly near festive venues such as the Grande halle de la Villette, with three services per hour instead of two. Full details of traffic restrictions were not announced until March 2024, making it difficult for transport and public works companies to plan their operations for the summer of 2024.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Road network", "metadata": {"word_count": 272, "char_count": 1601, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During the Olympic and Paralympic Games, one lane on certain roads was reserved between 06:00 and midnight for vehicles of persons accredited by COJOP, taxis, public transport vehicles, vehicles intended to facilitate the transport of persons with reduced mobility, and emergency and security vehicles. Checks were undertaken with automatic number-plate recognition, and violations of the rules were punishable by a fine of €135.\nRoads with reserved lanes included the A1 autoroute from Roissy to Porte de la Chapelle, the A4 autoroute between Collégien and Porte de Bercy, the A13 autoroute between Porte Maillot and Rocquencourt, the A12 autoroute between Rocquencourt and Montigny-le-Bretonneux and route nationale 13, the Boulevard Périphérique between Porte de Sèvres and Porte de Bercy, and the Quai de Bercy.\nTo allow easy access to and from the Olympic Village, the A1 autoroute ramps from Place de la Porte-de-Paris to Saint-Denis were closed to general traffic. To maintain the possibility of entering and exiting the A86 autoroute, the Pleyel interchange was rebuilt with two new traffic directions.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Road network", "metadata": {"word_count": 169, "char_count": 1110, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The branch of the Seine which passes through the Olympic Village in Seine-Saint-Denis to the north of Paris was closed from mid-July to 8 September. River traffic was transferred to the West arm. Not normally used, the section of river required improvements to make it navigable, such as dredging and piloting facilities, at a cost of €15 million. Navigation on the Seine was prohibited around the Olympic opening ceremony on 26 July, and for open water swimming and triathlon events.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "River network", "metadata": {"word_count": 80, "char_count": 484, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Paris is served by two large international airports: Charles de Gaulle Airport and Orly Airport. Both are connected to the Paris public transport network, with the opening of the extension of Paris Métro Line 14 to Orly Airport just prior to the games. CDG Express – an express line connecting Charles de Gaulle Airport to Gare de l'Est in the city centre – was not completed in time for the games, and will open in 2027. Charles de Gaulle and Orly airports had to handle a large proportion of the arrivals and departures of 64,000 accredited persons and 47,000 items of sports equipment, including 4,000 large items such as kayaks and bicycles. The flows were massive, particularly from 18 July, the opening date of the Olympic Village, after the Olympic closing ceremony, and again before and after the Paralympic Games. Some private jets also arrived at Paris–Le Bourget Airport. For security reasons, the airspace across northern France was closed during the Olympics opening ceremony.\nThe organisers estimated that more than a third of the greenhouse gas emissions linked to the Olympic Games would be from the transport of athletes and spectators. While it was difficult to avoid air transport for most national delegations, the Belgian, British and Dutch national committees committed to arriving by train. To facilitate the movement of delegations from the Olympic Village to the Paris region airports, Groupe ADP (which owns and operates the Paris airports) built a baggage check-in area at the Olympic Village, so the largest bags could be transported directly to the airports.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Airports", "metadata": {"word_count": 259, "char_count": 1587, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 26 July 2024, the day of the opening ceremony of the 2024 Summer Olympics, a series of arson attacks damaged the LGV Atlantique, Nord, and Est lines of the French high-speed railway system. International and domestic rail services were widely disrupted, with around 800,000 passengers affected. There was also an attempted attack on the LGV Sud-Est line, though it was interrupted by TGV maintenance workers who happened to be on site.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Disruption", "metadata": {"word_count": 72, "char_count": 438, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In addition to the venues in the Paris region, there were ten Olympic venues elsewhere in France. Six were soccer stadiums: Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux; Stade Geoffroy-Guichard, Saint-Étienne; Stade de la Beaujoire, Nantes; Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Lyon; Stade Vélodrome, Marseille; and the Stade de Nice. Four other events were also held outside Paris: sailing at Marseille Marina; shooting at the National Shooting Centre in Châteauroux; basketball and handball at the Stade Pierre-Mauroy in Lille; and, most incongruously of all, surfing at Teahupo'o in Tahiti. The only Paralympic event held outside Paris was the shooting at Châteauroux.\nThe Stade Pierre-Mauroy in Lille was an hour's train ride from Paris, plus a bus or tram ride; Line 1 (yellow) stopped outside the stadium. The marina and velodrome in Marseille could be can be accessed from the Rond-Point du Prado and Sainte-Marguerite Dromel métro stations on Line 2. Châteauroux was a 2+1⁄4-hour train ride from Paris, and had an extensive bus network. Lyon had an extensive bus and tram network, and the stadium could be accessed by the T3 or T7 Lyon tramway from Lyon-Part-Dieu station. Nice, Saint-Etienne and Bordeaux also had facilities for bicycles, with Bordeaux signposting a 7-kilometre (4.3 mi) bicycle route to the stadium.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Events outside Paris", "metadata": {"word_count": 204, "char_count": 1295, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Paris 2024's goal of halving carbon emissions was ultimately met, with an estimated 1.59 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. This represented a 54.6% reduction compared to the London and Rio average. Of this, 53% of the carbon footprint (about 833,600 tonnes of CO2 equivalent) was incurred by people travelling to the games. This was greater than anticipated: partly because ticket sales exceeded expectations, and partly because a large number of spectators came from outside Europe. With ticket sales of €1,489 million, Paris 2024 exceeded its ticketing and hospitality revenue targets by €348 million, and generated a surplus of more than €26.8 million.\nAll of the venues were served by public transport, and three-quarters of those in the Île-de France region had a public transport stop within 500 metres. As a result, 87% of spectators used public transport to attend the games. The provision of 415 kilometres (258 mi) of cycling routes and 27,000 temporary bicycle places enabled 5% of spectators to cycle during the games. The transport effort was judged a success. This was attributed to the anticipation and preparation carried out over the previous eight years. Forecasts of spectator travel proved accurate, and no major incident was reported as millions of users were carried during the summer, even during the back-to-school period towards the end of the Paralympics.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Transport during the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_during_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics", "article_id": 77425415, "section": "Outcome", "metadata": {"word_count": 219, "char_count": 1381, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The True Record (simplified Chinese: 真相画报; traditional Chinese: 真相畫報; pinyin: Zhēnxiāng Huàbào) was a pictorial magazine published in Shanghai, China, between June 1912 and March or April 1913. The magazine was established by brothers Gao Qifeng and Gao Jianfu as the nascent Republic of China was seeking to develop a new culture after centuries of Qing rule. It sought to monitor the new republic, report the welfare of the people, promote socialism, and distribute world knowledge. Under the Gaos and fellow editor Huang Binhong, the magazine published seventeen issues and expanded its reach from China through Southeast Asia and to Hawaii. Fervently supportive of Sun Yat-sen and the nationalist movement, the magazine was critical of Provisional President Yuan Shikai and closed during a time when he was consolidating his power.\nProduced using a combination of copperplate printing and collotype, The True Record featured colourful covers as well as numerous photographs and illustrations. Between its pages, seven types of imagery were included, from paintings and photographs to satirical manhua. Articles covered such topics as traditional and modern art, current events, technological innovations, and politics; works of creative writing were also included. Essays called for the creation of a \"new national art\", as well as the expansion of the national economy through industrial art and other means. Despite having been published for less than one year, The True Record has been described as one of the most important illustrated magazines of the first years of the Republic of China.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The True Record", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_True_Record", "article_id": 77911702, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 247, "char_count": 1598, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Qing dynasty – which had ruled China since the 17th century – faced growing opposition from various revolutionary groups. After a series of failed uprisings, in October 1911 an uprising broke out in Wuchang that spread through the country. Yuan Shikai, the General of the Beiyang Army, was initially tasked with ending the rebellion. Ultimately, he allied with the rebels, and negotiated the abdication of Emperor Puyi. The Republic of China was proclaimed on 1 January 1912, with Sun Yat-sen, the leader of the Tongmenghui, a major resistance group, as its provisional president.\nAs the nascent nation sought a new culture, the philosopher and revolutionary Cai Yuanpei advocated for using aesthetic education to cultivate awareness of its needs. Nineteen magazines began publication in this era, collectively serving to capitalize on demand for new, modern materials. Unlike earlier Chinese publications, which often produced using woodblock printing on soft paper and bound in plain paper or cloth, these new magazines used modern printing technology and illustrated covers. The True Record was one such magazine, though according to Julia F. Andrews of Ohio State University, it was characterized more by its political mission than the commercial enterprises of its contemporaries.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The True Record", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_True_Record", "article_id": 77911702, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 206, "char_count": 1332, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The True Record was established by Gao Qifeng and Gao Jianfu, artists from Guangdong who, while studying in Japan in the late 1900s, had joined the Tongmenghui. They returned to China in 1908, with Gao Jianfu leading a revolutionary cell that was responsible for several assassinations. Gao Qifeng became the editor-in-chief of the new magazine and Gao Jianfu and Huang Binhong became supporting editors. Also involved were several alumni of the Journal of Current Pictorial including He Jianshi and Zheng Leiquan (鄭磊泉), who had used their manhua (comics) to criticize the Qing dynasty. Another artist, Kwan Wai-nung, travelled from Hong Kong to contribute to the publication. Further contributions came from Chen Shuren, a colleague of the Gaos in Japan, and Xu Beihong, an employee of their bookstore.\nHeadquartered at No. 4 Road, Huifu Lane, Shanghai, The True Record provided the mailing address of 45 Wei Foo Lee (Foochow Road) on its cover. In February 1913, operations moved to Middle Section No. 84, Chessboard Street, also in Shanghai. Publication was handled by the Aesthetic Institute, a combined gallery, exhibition hall, and publishing house that also sold reproductions of Chinese and western paintings. The Commerce Culture Print Shop did the printing, using a combination of copperplate printing and collotype. \nSome photography for The True Record was provided by the Guangdong-based China Photo Team (中华写真队), which had been established by Sun with the support of the provincial government to cover republican war efforts; funding for the magazine's publication has also been alleged to have come from the government. After The True Record published its second issue, the China Photo Team – headquartered at Provincial Capital Bund No. 2 Road in Guangzhou – was rebranded the Guangdong Branch of the True Record Press. Distribution of the magazine was handled by both the Shanghai and Guangdong offices.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The True Record", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_True_Record", "article_id": 77911702, "section": "Establishment", "metadata": {"word_count": 302, "char_count": 1920, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The first edition of The True Record was published on 5 June 1912. It was prefaced by introductions from Li Huaishuang (李怀霜), Xie Yingbo (谢英伯), and Hu Hanmin, all of whom were Tongmenghui members. In his contribution, Li introduced Gao Qifeng, highlighting his revolutionary activities, and provided the magazine's mission statement: to monitor the new republic, report the welfare of the people, promote socialism, and distribute world knowledge. Initially, The True Record was scheduled to publish a new issue every ten days, with a target of ten-thousand words per issue. The price was a quarter yuan (equivalent to ¥43 in 2019) per copy, or seven yuan (equivalent to ¥1,200 in 2019) for a one-year subscription – expected to be 36 issues. This schedule was ultimately not realized and publication was irregular.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The True Record", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_True_Record", "article_id": 77911702, "section": "Publication", "metadata": {"word_count": 131, "char_count": 815, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Over time, The True Record expanded its reach. Initially distributed throughout China via its offices in Shanghai and Guangdong, by the fourth issue a branch office had been established at the Cao Wanfeng Bookstore in Singapore, serving Southeast Asia. Distribution had reached Honolulu, Hawaii, by the seventh issue. As the magazine expanded its distribution networks, it sought to internationalize. With the third issue, the English-language title The True Record was provided alongside a mailing address. The subtitle \"Illustrated Magazine\" was included beginning with the fourth issue. Captions were provided in English and Chinese.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The True Record", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_True_Record", "article_id": 77911702, "section": "Publication", "metadata": {"word_count": 93, "char_count": 636, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In February 1912, President Sun had ceded leadership of the republic to Yuan, honouring an earlier agreement. As the new provisional president consolidated his power, he began to suppress the Nationalist Party – which dominated the 1912 National Assembly election – and curtail its activities, with publications deemed too critical of his government censored. In March 1913, Song Jiaoren was assassinated at Shanghai station, with Yuan rumoured to have been involved; a nationalist leader, Song had broad popular support and had openly opposed Yuan.\nThe True Record closed during this period, publishing its seventeenth and final issue in March or April 1913. Sources differ as to the reason. The comics scholar Wendy Siuyi Wong writes that the magazine was banned; this is supported by Tang Hongfeng of Beijing Normal University, who suggests that its implication of Yuan and Zhao Bingjun in Song's assassination was the deciding factor. The art historian Christina Chu describes the magazine as closing after government funding was pulled; this is supported by Andrews, who notes that the magazine's lavish production values would have limited its commercial viability without subsidies, as well as the art historian Ralph Croizier, who writes that the magazine had difficulty attracting advertisers. \nMany of the magazine's staff left Shanghai after its closure. Zheng fled to Hong Kong, dying there by the end of the decade. Kwan returned to Hong Kong, where he used the tiger-painting techniques he had learned from the Gaos to advertise Tiger Balm. Gao Qifeng may have undergone a self-imposed exile in Japan, where he had studied the previous decade, returning some time later. Such flights were common among nationalists, with Sun escaping to Japan in August 1913.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The True Record", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_True_Record", "article_id": 77911702, "section": "Closure", "metadata": {"word_count": 279, "char_count": 1772, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The True Record was printed in black ink on thin acid paper. Covers used higher quality paper, allowing the printing of half-tone colour illustrations. Some issues featured colour insets and many contained fold-outs that could be removed for display. Issues were 18 by 27 centimetres (7.1 in × 10.6 in) in size, and ranged in length from fifty to eighty pages.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The True Record", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_True_Record", "article_id": 77911702, "section": "Description and content", "metadata": {"word_count": 61, "char_count": 360, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Gao brothers believed that pictorials could best serve to educate the populace, as contemporary literacy rates were low and thus images had further reach than text. Consequently, imagery was extensively used in The True Record. In the first issue, the magazine enumerated seven types of images that it sought to publish: historical painting, art painting, photographic paintings of geology, parodic paintings, photographic paintings of current affairs, photographic paintings of scenic spots, and paintings of current affairs. \nThe use of thick paper allowed The True Record to feature extensive colour on its covers. Subjects were diverse, but often involved individuals uncovering a truth. The cover of the first edition depicted a young artist, garbed in clothing reflective of a Western bohemian, sitting on a stool and leaning toward a banner bearing the title of the magazine. The cover of the third issue, published on 1 July 1912, depicted a man in a western suit pulling a curtain back, revealing the Chinese word 真相 (\"truth\"). The final issue of The True Record depicted a man in Western garb, looking into a mirror and seeing the spirit of a Mandarin; Tang suggests that this was intended to criticize Yuan Shikai. Many of these covers were produced by Gao Qifeng. \nThe pages of The True Record contained numerous paintings by the Gaos and other artists, with two issues including sections dedicated to the staff artists. Tigers were commonly depicted, allegorically calling for boldness and bravery in the nation-building process; lions and eagles, favourites of Gao Qifeng that were understood to reflect a revolutionary spirit, also appeared. Political manhua, satirizing topics that ranged from political parties and corruption to misers and social parasites, were included in many issues. Some are signed, generally with pseudonyms, while others are uncredited.\nAlmost two hundred photographs were included in The True Record throughout its run, including thirty in the first issue alone. The political activities of Sun Yat-sen were covered extensively, with a particular focus on his interactions with the common person. Military subjects such as field exercises and the naval fleet were frequently depicted as well. International stories also featured, with three issues including coverage of the Balkan Wars.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The True Record", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_True_Record", "article_id": 77911702, "section": "Imagery", "metadata": {"word_count": 362, "char_count": 2332, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Art was frequently discussed in the articles of The True Record. In essays, the Gaos called for the creation of a \"new national art\", based on the synthesis of traditional Chinese painting with foreign art, as well as improvements in art education. Huang decried the abstraction of literati approaches to landscape painting and urged greater verisimilitude. Chen, over the course of fifteen issues, serialized his translation of a Japanese book on new painting methods derived from western traditions. Excluding certain chapters, such as discussions of watercolour, his adaptation also expanded its coverage to include references to ancient masters such as Wang Wei and Wu Daozi.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The True Record", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_True_Record", "article_id": 77911702, "section": "Text", "metadata": {"word_count": 105, "char_count": 679, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Other articles explored the history of art and artists. Gao Jianfu, for instance, discussed Ju Chao – a relative of his own teacher, Ju Lian – in a 1913 issue, praising his graceful brushstrokes and vibrant colours. Huang detailed the history of painting in the Song and two other dynasties over the course of more than twelve instalments. Three issues provided a comparative overview of ink and oil painting in different countries, presenting images of representative works along with introductions to their artists. Elsewhere, articles explored the practice of art globally, or provided insight into ceramics and pencil drawing. Several works of creative fiction, both prose and poetry, were also included.\nTo fulfil its social mandate, The True Record also offered news and social commentary. These generally promoted the perspectives of the nationalist movement, such that the magazine has been described as its mouthpiece. The advancement of the nation was often discussed. One article argued that technology news could promote innovation and stimulate social progress and indeed new technologies from waterbikes to armaments were featured. Others urged economic nationalism and the expansion of industrial art or condemned the practice of miserly living. \nSun Yat-sen featured prominently in the magazine, which drew parallels between the nationalist leader and the Hongwu Emperor, who had risen from the peasantry to lead China. He was depicted as interacting extensively with others in society, distinguishing him from the earlier Qing emperors. Several articles detailed individuals who had fought against the Qing dynasty, such as Shi Jianru, who had attempted to kill the Qing governor of Guangdong in 1900, and Bai Yukun, who had been killed in the Luanzhou Uprising. Some articles, such as \"Chu Ziwen Destroys His Family to Help the Country\", extolled the virtues of persons who continued to contribute to the nationalist cause; it asked, \"the country is the family. If the country does not exist, where is the family?\". \nInitially, nationalist publications such as The True Record had supported Yuan and his Beiyang government. However, as it became increasingly authoritarian, the president received extensive criticism. Problems such as an ineffective government and weak bureaucracy were highlighted. This peaked in 1913, when The True Record published an article detailing Song's assassination. Two photographs of Song's corpse accompanied the article, one clothed and the other nude from the waist up, which Gu Zheng of Fudan University describes as consciously included to increase public outrage and highlight the cruelty of the killing. Yuan, meanwhile, was included in a list of persons related to the killing; his photograph depicted him not in the military uniform of the revolutionary, but adornments of one serving the Qing.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The True Record", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_True_Record", "article_id": 77911702, "section": "Text", "metadata": {"word_count": 439, "char_count": 2851, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Pan Yaochang and Xu Li of the Shanghai Academy of Fine Arts argue that, by turning to the international world of art, The True Record drew the vitality needed to \"push the culture and art of Shanghai to a new height\"; at the same time, they write that its ideas contributed to the concepts of aesthetic education that marked the May Fourth Movement. Gao Qifeng, Gao Jianfu, and Chen Shuren later expanded upon their concept of \"national art\", developing what has become known as the Lingnan school of painting by blending Chinese, Japanese, and western techniques.\nIn the realm of publication, The True Record was one of the first illustrated magazines in the Republic of China, as well as its first art journal. Liang Desuo, an editor of the pictorial magazine The Young Companion, considered it to be the beginning of photography in Chinese pictorial magazines; photographs had appeared in domestic publications as early as the mid-1900s, but without photozincography their use had been limited. In her history of photography in China, Claire Roberts describes The True Record as one of the most important illustrated magazines published in the first years of the republic. \nThe magazine's usage of photography has drawn extensive discussion. Yi Gu of the University of Toronto writes that The True Record is among the best examples of the process through which photography was used side-by-side with other forms of imagery, including prints, manhua, and reproductions of paintings to create new understandings of \"truth\" in Chinese visual culture. Other scholars have prioritized the magazine's photographic content. Citing its coverage of revolutionaries, the communication scholar Xia Yi of Nanjing Xiaozhuang University argues that The True Record positioned photography as a more timely and objective medium. Pan and Xu note that, by employing photography, the magazine was better able to report current affairs; while earlier publications such as the 19th-century Dianshizhai Pictorial had contained some news coverage, they relied on hand-drawn illustrations and thus their photography tended to place greater emphasis on everyday life.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The True Record", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_True_Record", "article_id": 77911702, "section": "Impact and analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 335, "char_count": 2145, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Weird Faith is the sixth studio album by the American singer-songwriter Madi Diaz, released on February 9, 2024, by Anti-. The album followed her fifth studio album, History of a Feeling, and tours with Angel Olsen, Waxahatchee, and Harry Styles. It was written in Nashville and upstate New York, recorded in the latter by Diaz and Sam Cohen, and produced by Diaz, Cohen, and Konrad Snyder.\nWeird Faith has been described as an indie rock, indie folk, and indie pop album. The album features sparse, acoustic arrangements that highlight Diaz's lyrics and vocals, and it addresses themes of love, trust, and intimacy. Critics positively reviewed the album, particularly praising Diaz's emotional songwriting. It was featured on several year-end lists and was nominated for two Grammy Awards.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Weird Faith", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Faith", "article_id": 75998750, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 126, "char_count": 790, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Following the release of her critically acclaimed fifth studio album History of a Feeling (2021), the Nashville-based singer-songwriter Madi Diaz went on tour and opened for Angel Olsen, Waxahatchee, and Harry Styles. She also accepted an offer from Styles to join his tour band. At the same time, Diaz began working on her sixth studio album, Weird Faith. She wrote the album at her home in Nashville and in upstate New York, where she recorded the album with Sam Cohen. Cohen co-produced the album with Diaz and Konrad Snyder.\nDiaz said in an interview with Stereogum that she wrote Weird Faith during a period in her life in which she was learning to trust herself, the growth of her career, and her relationships with her new manager, new label, and new romantic partner. She told BrooklynVegan that, while writing the album, she engaged in contemplation in places of worship, and that she was influenced by the Bonticou Crag rock scramble in upstate New York, Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes' \"If You Don't Know Me by Now\", The Maori Girls of Turakina by the Turakina Maori Girls Choir, Julia Michaels' Not in Chronological Order, and \"Like an Old Fashioned Waltz\" by Sandy Denny. Diaz said in Nylon that the album was inspired by her father. She worked with several co-writers, including Olivia Barton on \"Everything Almost\", Steph Jones and Charlie Hickey on \"Same Risk\", and Lori McKenna on the title track.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Weird Faith", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Faith", "article_id": 75998750, "section": "Background and production", "metadata": {"word_count": 241, "char_count": 1414, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Weird Faith has been described as an indie rock, indie folk, and indie pop album. Critics have generally said that the album's mostly-acoustic tracks are minimalist compositions that highlight Diaz's vocals and songwriting. In No Depression, Maeri Ferguson called Diaz's songwriting \"raw and direct\" and the musical arrangements \"[s]parse[,] ... gritty and textured\". She said that the vocals ranged from being \"stark\" to \"almost hymnal in their power\". Adam Fink in Exclaim! called the musical arrangement \"relatively subdued\", contrasting it with the lyrics' emotional power. In Glide, Ryan Dillon stated that the album had a \"very honed sonic landscape\", featuring minimal arrangements that support, rather than \"outshine\", Diaz's vocals. Lucy Harbron in Far Out wrote that the music was straightforward, with \"high-quality, plain sailing\" production. She also noted that the production had sufficient layering to ensure that Diaz's lyrics did not sound \"one-note\". Similarly, in Pitchfork, Marissa Lorusso said that the album's production was straightforward, with moments of sound layering to highlight particular emotions. She also called Diaz's voice \"resonant and emotionally rich\". Jeremy Fisette in Beats Per Minute likewise praised Diaz's voice for its \"immense power and subtle heartache\", but criticized the album's uniform tempos, slow pacing, and simple production.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Weird Faith", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Faith", "article_id": 75998750, "section": "Composition", "metadata": {"word_count": 201, "char_count": 1380, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "According to critics, Weird Faith addresses themes of love, trust, and intimacy. Mia Hughes in Stereogum, Fisette in Beats Per Minute, and Fink in Exclaim! wrote that, by contrast with History of a Feeling, which addressed the end of a relationship, Weird Faith was written from the perspective of falling in love, as well as the complications that can arise early in a relationship. Likewise, in Glide, Dillon said that the album focuses on a new relationship and the difficulties associated with falling in love, which he viewed as a metaphor for Diaz's relationship with her career and newfound fame, and the anxieties surrounding them. Comparing \"Think of Me\" from History of a Feeling with \"Girlfriend\" on Weird Faith, Eric Bennett in Paste wrote that instead of directing \"betrayal and hurt\" towards her \"cheating ex and his new partner\", Diaz now \"extends grace\" towards her new boyfriend's ex-girlfriend, being honest and open with her emotions and insecurities. Rhian Daly wrote in The Forty-Five that Diaz's \"penetrative lyrics\" focus on themes of love and trust, as well as Diaz's relationships with herself and others, and her \"fears and trepidations, insecurities and overthinking\". Lorusso in Pitchfork said that the album captures the \"paradox\" that while falling in love can be beautiful, it is also \"absurd and mortifying\". In an interview with Exclaim!, Diaz acknowledged that while faith can be a \"triggering word\" for many people, it is an indescribable form of peace for herself. She said that the album was about \"having some weird faith and walking forward\" when falling in love in a new relationship.\nIn Nashville Scene, Jacqueline Zeisloft also highlighted the theme of intimacy, writing that Diaz \"conveys the beautiful messiness of sustaining a long-term relationship\". Ferguson said that the album \"navigate[s] the uneven terrain of intimacy\"—including confronting jealousy, personality flaws, and insecurities—particularly the moment \"when the dust settles\" and a person is confronted with rebuilding a relationship. Similarly, Steffanee Wang in Nylon wrote that the album is about \"love and unhealthy cycles\", featuring \"bare-boned confessionals\" about Diaz's \"neurotic habits, toxic thought patterns, and an ever-hopeful desire to be better\". Marcy Donelson wrote for AllMusic that the album \"shines a blue light on the dark underbelly of love, where the flaws, compromises, and insecurities lie\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Weird Faith", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Faith", "article_id": 75998750, "section": "Themes", "metadata": {"word_count": 376, "char_count": 2428, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Weird Faith is Diaz's sixth studio album. It was released on February 9, 2024, by Anti-. On February 10, Diaz played the song \"Everything Almost\" from the album on The Tonight Show. She began the Weird Faith tour to support the album on February 12. Anti- released a deluxe edition of the album on October 25. It includes a version of the album track \"For Months Now\" featuring Lizzy McAlpine, a new single titled \"Worst Case Scenario\", a song titled \"One Less Question\" featuring Lennon Stella, and several demo tracks.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Weird Faith", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Faith", "article_id": 75998750, "section": "Release and promotion", "metadata": {"word_count": 90, "char_count": 520, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Weird Faith received a score of 81 out of 100 on review aggregator Metacritic based on nine critics' reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\". Critics praised the album for Diaz's songwriting and production. Fink in Exclaim! rated the album an 8 out of 10, praising the production and writing that Diaz's songwriting was \"plainly spoken\" and relatable. For Glide, Dillon wrote that Diaz's \"blunt\" songwriting centers a \"mostly ambient\" production. In Paste, Bennett rated the album an 8.2 out of 10 and called Diaz's songwriting \"stylized but diaristic\"; he also said that the album highlighted Diaz's vocals, but that the instrumentation \"felt like a second thought\" on some tracks. In The Forty-Five, Daly rated the album 4.5 out of 5 stars and said that Diaz's songwriting places the listener in different scenes. Fisette, who rated the album 72% for Beats Per Minute, praised Diaz's songwriting and the album's honesty.\nCritics also praised the album's tone. Sarah Taylor of DIY rated the album 4 out of 5 stars, calling the tracks \"wistful yet self-aware\", with Diaz striking a \"defiant\" tone and proclaiming \"her faith in love\". Caleb Campbell, who rated the album 7.5 out of 10 stars for Under the Radar, said that the album was \"often tender and unfussed in presentation, yet full of unsparing honesty\". Writing for Garden & Gun, Dacey Orr Sivewright said that the album \"combines big feelings and bold sounds\" in a manner unique to Diaz. Lorusso in Pitchfork rated the album 7.3 out of 10, praising Diaz's \"ear for melody\" and the use of \"intimacy and restraint\" to provide emotional heft to the lyrics.\nSome critics compared Weird Faith to Diaz's previous album, History of a Feeling. Bennett said that while \"History of a Feeling was the mess of emotions, Weird Faith is the cool-headed exhale.\" Harbron, who rated the album 3.5 out of 5 stars, said that Weird Faith continued the story of History of a Feeling by capturing \"the feeling of returning to love after a brutal loss\". Lana Fleischli in Flood wrote that Diaz had grown from her last album, moving on from themes of \"loneliness and heartache\" to being in a new relationship. Fisette in Beats Per Minute said that the album operates from a point of \"delicate uncertainty\" at the start of a relationship, while its predecessor operated in \"very well-worn territory\". Amaya Lim in The Line of Best Fit rated the album 7 out of 10, praising Diaz's songwriting as \"sharp and salient\". However, she opined that its sparse production style undercut the album's emotions of joy, unlike History of a Feeling, where the sparse production style highlighted that album's dark themes.\nWeird Faith reached number 33 on the UK Official Americana Albums Chart. The album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Folk Album and Diaz and Musgraves were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Americana Performance for \"Don't Do Me Good\" at the 67th Annual Grammy Awards in 2025. Several publications listed the album on their best of 2024 lists, including Flood (36), PopMatters (41), Stereogum (41), Slate, and NPR.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Weird Faith", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Faith", "article_id": 75998750, "section": "Critical reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 513, "char_count": 3072, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Madi Diaz – producer, vocals, guitar, bass, synth bass, synth, piano, organ, percussion, Mellotron\nJoe LaPorta – mastering\nAndrew Maury – mixing\nKonrad Snyder – producer, vocals, drums, percussion, \"ambient cool shit\"\nSam Cohen – producer, drum machine\nKacey Musgraves – featured vocals on \"Don't Do Me Good\"\nNat Smith – cello, string arrangement\nMatt Barrick – drums, percussion\nAdam Schreiber – percussion", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Weird Faith", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Faith", "article_id": 75998750, "section": "Personnel", "metadata": {"word_count": 63, "char_count": 407, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Wood River Branch Railroad was a shortline railroad in Rhode Island, United States. Chartered in 1872 and opened on July 1, 1874, the 5.6-mile (9.0 km) line operated (with one major interruption) until 1947. It connected Hope Valley, Rhode Island, to the New York, Providence and Boston Railroad (known as the Stonington Line) mainline at Wood River Junction. Though always nominally independent, the company was closely affiliated with the Stonington Line and its successor, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (the New Haven), which held significant portions of its stock.\nThe Wood River Branch carried both passengers and freight for local mills and other industries. A small operation, the company owned only one or two locomotives at any given time. Rhode Island citizen Ralph C. Watrous became president of the railroad in 1904, and remained involved in its operation for the next 33 years. He defended the railroad from several attempts at abandonment. A major flood in November 1927 severed the line and suspended all operations. The company considered abandonment, but ultimately local citizens and the New Haven agreed to rebuild the damaged segments and return the line to service for freight only, using a gasoline locomotive.\nAbandonment was considered again in 1937, but the New Haven instead agreed to sell the line for $301 to businessman Roy Rawlings, owner of a grain mill that was the line's biggest customer. He ran the company with his family and a small staff until 1947. That year, both his mill and two other Hope Valley industries were destroyed by fire. Lacking enough business to justify operating expenses, the railroad ceased operations and was abandoned in its entirety in August 1947. Little of the line remains as of 2018.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Wood River Branch Railroad", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Branch_Railroad", "article_id": 72151274, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 289, "char_count": 1768, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Southern Rhode Island's first railroad was the New York, Providence and Boston Railroad (commonly known as the Stonington Line or simply the Stonington), which opened between Providence and Stonington, Connecticut, in 1837, connecting to New York City via steamboat. The arrival of rail transportation allowed major growth in textile mills, which used water power along local rivers, such as the Pawcatuck River. Mill owners found that transportation over land by wagon was costly in both time and money. In the mid-1860s, Harris Lanphear, owner of several mills on the Wood River (a tributary of the Pawcatuck), found that it cost three times as much to transport goods to Stonington than it did to ship them the rest of the way to New York. He and other local residents realized that a railroad would solve this problem. \nThe largest local manufacturer was the Nichols and Langworthy Machine Company, formed in 1834 at the site of the Crandall Mill. The mill was previously purchased by Gardner Nichols and Russel Thayer in 1824, at which time they first introduced the name Hope Valley. The Machine Company was created by Nichols along with Joshua and Joseph Langworthy, all of whom were later succeeded by Gardner Nichols' son Amos G. Nichols and with his brother Henry G. Nichols. By the 1860s, Nichols and Langworthy had expanded into the production of boilers, steam engines, textile machinery, and printing presses.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Wood River Branch Railroad", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Branch_Railroad", "article_id": 72151274, "section": "History", "metadata": {"word_count": 233, "char_count": 1423, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Residents in the Hope Valley area first asked the Stonington to build a branch to serve local mills, but they were among many towns and cities along the Stonington's route that also desired branches, and the Stonington's management had no interest in building any branches regardless. The residents next chartered their own new railroad, the Wood River Railroad, in January 1867. The new company was authorized to raise up to $600,000 (equivalent to $11,600,000 in 2021) to complete a route from Wood River Junction (at the time known as Richmond Switch) on the Stonington Line to Greene on the Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad (HP&F). It was also given the authority to merge with either of its connections after completing construction. The route was approximately 21 miles (34 km) and passed through generally hilly terrain, serving no major population centers; in fact, the promoters of the company had no intention of actually building a railroad. Their goal was to entice one of the proposed line's connections to intervene and build the line for them, a tactic that had succeeded elsewhere in the United States. The Stonington maintained its refusal to build branches, and while the HP&F built several short branches elsewhere, it had no interest in building one in southern Rhode Island. Without the resources of a larger railroad, no progress was made and the charter expired five years later. \nOnce the first charter expired, residents in the area sought out a new charter, this time intending to build the railroad themselves. The Wood River Branch Railroad was chartered in May 1872, along an approximately seven-mile (11 km) route beginning at Richmond Switch and ending in Hope Valley. The exact terminus location was not specified; the Hope Valley villages of Locustville and Wyoming both sought to have the railroad's terminus. To choose a route, the railroad's directors arranged for all stock subscriptions to be sorted into three groups: those who wanted a Wyoming terminus, those who wanted a Locustville terminus, and those who had no preference. By May 20, 172 shares had been pledged, including 50 for Locustville and 20 for Wyoming, with the remainder expressing no preference. The directors voted that the company's terminus would be Locustville if $35,000 (equivalent to $792,000 in 2021) were raised, but Wyoming instead if either $45,000 (equivalent to $1,018,000 in 2021) were raised or those in favor of Wyoming pledged a total of $10,000 (equivalent to $226,000 in 2021). \nA survey was started under the direction of George T. Lanphear on July 17, 1872, and completed on August 2. Lanphear identified two routes from Richmond Switch to Locustville. The western alignment would cost $10,000 more, but would serve two additional mills in Woodville. To extend the line from Locustville to Wyoming would cost approximately an additional $23,000 (equivalent to $520,000 in 2021).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Wood River Branch Railroad", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Branch_Railroad", "article_id": 72151274, "section": "Formation and construction", "metadata": {"word_count": 469, "char_count": 2915, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "While progress had been made on raising funds, development of the railroad was impaired by both the Panic of 1873 and a deadly train derailment on the Stonington Line at Richmond Switch, caused by the washout of a railroad bridge due to a dam collapse. Most subscribers to the Wood River Branch's stock reduced their subscriptions accordingly, and one mill owner's pledge to buy 101 shares was wiped out with his death. The company was saved when on June 23, 1873, the Stonington Line finally decided to get involved and pledged $19,000, plus $1,000 worth of pledges made directly by that company's executives (equivalent to $430,000 and $23,000 in 2021, respectively). At this point, the Wood River Branch had $59,500 (equivalent to $1,346,000 in 2021) of subscribed stock, which was barely sufficient to reach Locustville, let alone Wyoming. The latter was excluded from the final route, much to the anger of Wyoming residents.\nConstruction of the line began on September 20, 1873, with a $95,500 (equivalent to $2,160,000 in 2021) contract awarded to J.B. Dacey & Co. to build the entire line. After delays caused by winter weather, construction was completed between Wood River Junction and Woodville by April 1874. Acquisition of a locomotive and rolling stock fell to board member Amos G. Nichols, who ordered a new 4-4-0 steam locomotive, named the Gardner Nichols after his father. With the branch out of money, Nichols purchased the locomotive from the Rhode Island Locomotive Works himself for $8,500 (equivalent to $204,000 in 2021). Nichols also purchased a new passenger car from the Worcester-based Osgood Bradley Car Company using $4,500 (equivalent to $108,000 in 2021) of Wood River Branch Railroad bonds instead of cash. There was no money left for a baggage car. The line opened for business on July 1, 1874.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Wood River Branch Railroad", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Branch_Railroad", "article_id": 72151274, "section": "Formation and construction", "metadata": {"word_count": 300, "char_count": 1827, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As the only major industry in Hope Valley, the Nichols and Langworthy Machine Company was the railroad's biggest customer and the only one with a dedicated siding. With a workforce of approximately 150 people, Nichols and Langworthy became known across the United States for the reliability of its engines, and most of the company's products were shipped to customers via the Wood River Branch Railroad.\nThe line quickly began to show an operating profit, but this was all but eliminated by interest payments on the $57,000 of bonds, totaling $4,000 annually (equivalent to $1,365,000 and $96,000 in 2021, respectively). Additionally, just under $18,000 of floating debt was required to make up the difference between construction expenses and the company's funding from bonds and stocks (equivalent to $431,000 in 2021). When bond payments were made, they were often late and usually funded by taking on additional floating debt. \nThe company's 10-person payroll cost $342 monthly (equivalent to $8,200 in 2021). The biggest costs were regular operating expenses (generally $4,400 to $4,800 per annum, equivalent to $105,000 to $115,000 in 2021) and maintenance of way, which was highly variable depending on weather events and accidents (anywhere from over $8,000 to under $4,000 per annum, equivalent to $192,000 to $96,000 in 2021). Expenses were amplified by the tendency of the line's iron rails to fracture when trains went through curves and very limited supply of spare parts (allegedly, when the line finished construction, only two pieces of rail and a few spikes were left unused). \nWithin a few years, it was clear to the company that additional income would be required to make bond payments; the Stonington Line rebuffed an 1882 attempt by Wood River Branch stock and bondholders to more evenly distribute revenue from passengers and freight connecting with the former at Wood River Junction. The Stonington Line saw as much as twice the income from Wood River Branch freight shipments as the branch did, as freight shipments were billed per mile traveled.\nThe railroad was threatened with default for unpaid bond interest in April 1884, which could force the company into receivership; this had recently caused the demise of another Rhode Island shortline, the Warwick Railroad. Bond payments almost due, which would bankrupt the company, amounted to $45,000 (equivalent to $1,357,000 in 2021). As the bondholders, stockholders, and company executives were largely one and the same, the primary bondholders agreed to accept new 10-year bonds as payment for the previous bonds.\nThe Stonington Line was purchased by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad in 1892, which continued its predecessor's hands-off approach.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Wood River Branch Railroad", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Branch_Railroad", "article_id": 72151274, "section": "Early operations", "metadata": {"word_count": 432, "char_count": 2738, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Several of the company's leaders retired between 1900 and 1902, and president Amos G. Nichols died in January 1904. He was succeeded by Warwick native Ralph C. Watrous. Watrous first became involved with the company when he inherited a single share from his uncle in 1899. He began purchasing more shares, joining the company's board of directors in 1901. By 1903, he was the largest stockholder, with 75 shares to his name. Watrous later said he became involved with the railroad \"so his mother wouldn't feel lonely or isolated in her Hope Valley home\".\nWatrous would serve as the Wood River Branch's president for the next 33 years, and steadfastly defeated several attempts at abandonment. He recalled one instance when he gave a New Haven Railroad executive intent on abandoning the line \"some doughnuts, a glass of milk, and let him talk to my mother\" and the executive changed his mind.\nAfter many years of running passenger trains Monday through Saturday, the railroad introduced Sunday passenger service on July 29, 1903. Four trips were then provided on Sundays, with two round trips in the middle of the morning and two more in the late afternoon. A typical schedule in 1903 had four round trips each day, each timed to connect with New Haven Railroad trains to Providence. Despite being considered a success, the last Sunday trains ran on September 11, 1904. In general, the small line was at the mercy of the New Haven's scheduling, and had to adjust its timetables when the New Haven changed its train service to Wood River Junction.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Wood River Branch Railroad", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Branch_Railroad", "article_id": 72151274, "section": "Watrous years", "metadata": {"word_count": 263, "char_count": 1546, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Nichols and Langworthy Machine Company site was destroyed by a fire on April 13, 1909. By this point, the company had already been struggling with reduced demand and poor relations between employees and management. The Machine Company never recovered, and its assets were sold at auction in 1910. Several successors continued manufacturing at the site on a much reduced scale until 1925, but for the Wood River Branch Railroad the damage had already been done. Before the fire, the railroad had been averaging an annual freight volume of 23,000 long tons (26,000 short tons; 23,000 t), this was reduced to 16,000 long tons (18,000 short tons; 16,000 t) afterward. The loss of the Machine Shop's traffic badly hurt the railroad's finances.\nBusinessman Roy Rawlings signed a lease with the railroad for a property adjacent to the Hope Valley station in 1917. He opened a grain mill on the property the following year, which relied on the railroad for deliveries of grain. Shipments for the Rawlings grain mill eventually formed a large share of the railroad's business.\nThe Wood River Branch Railroad was temporarily placed under the control of the United States Railroad Administration (USRA) with the rest of the nation's railroads in 1917, as a result of the country's entry into World War I and the railroads' inability to handle the resulting surge in traffic. It returned to independence on March 1, 1920, though the Hope Valley Advertiser noted that the company was too reliant on the New Haven to truly be considered an independent operation. Wartime demands meant little time was devoted to maintenance, and the railroad was returned in a poor state of repair. Increased support, both direct and indirect, from the New Haven was necessary to address the deferred maintenance and keep the Wood River Branch running.\nA fire destroyed the Wood River Branch Railroad engine house in the early hours of April 16, 1920, along with the company's sole remaining steam locomotive. The New Haven dispatched a replacement, which was rushed to Hope Valley and arrived quickly enough to run the first scheduled train on that day.\nFor several months in 1924, the Wood River Branch experienced \"one of its biggest freight booms in its history\" when state highway construction near Hope Valley demanded large shipments of trap rock and cement along the railroad. In a span of eight days, 110 cars of construction materials were handled, exceeding normal traffic levels by a significant margin. Also in 1924, the Wood River Branch defaulted on a more than $50,000 (equivalent to $791,000 in 2021) debt payment it owed the New Haven, which the larger company turned a blind eye to. Busy with its own money problems, the New Haven let the Wood River Branch continue operating rather than foreclose and assume its junior partner's financial issues as well.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Wood River Branch Railroad", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Branch_Railroad", "article_id": 72151274, "section": "Watrous years", "metadata": {"word_count": 472, "char_count": 2847, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A major flood in November 1927 brought widespread damage to Rhode Island and shut down the Wood River Branch Railroad entirely, with multiple washouts from Woodville to Hope Valley and slight damage to the Wood River bridge. The railroad's passengers and mail were temporarily ferried by an automobile. Once the waters had receded, the New Haven dispatched an inspector, who estimated repairs would cost $5,000 (equivalent to $78,000 in 2021). The railroad had mounting financial problems: it had already defaulted on bond payments and was late in paying rental fees to the New Haven for equipment, when it could afford to pay them at all. While the $5,000 repair bill would not be a major expense for a healthy railroad, for the Wood River Branch it was an impossible demand.\nAbandonment of the line appeared to be the only option, Watrous noting the company had consistently lost approximately $10,000 (equivalent to $156,000 in 2021) each year in the past decade. Having the New Haven take over would mean either spending a further $10,000 to relay the line with heavier rail and replacing old bridges, or operating the existing equipment with New Haven employees, which would require a significant increase in wages. It was suggested that the line acquire a gasoline-powered locomotive that could be operated cheaply and without track upgrades, but obtaining one would cost $10,000.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Wood River Branch Railroad", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Branch_Railroad", "article_id": 72151274, "section": "1927 flood and end of passenger operations", "metadata": {"word_count": 226, "char_count": 1386, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The board of directors met on November 15 at Watrous' request, and it was decided to seek permission from the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to abandon the line. The washouts had stranded the railroad's passenger car, a leased New Haven locomotive, and a boxcar and hopper car in Hope Valley; a New Haven track crew joined forces with the Wood River Branch's employees to jack up the tracks at washouts so the stranded equipment could return to Wood River Junction. The Wood River Branch began shutting down, and its employees were laid off apart from a single man who continued fulfilling the line's mail contracts.A number of residents and businesses in the area were opposed to the abandonment. On November 17, they held a meeting and several businessmen reported they were heavily dependent on the railroad. A local mill reported that coal deliveries by truck would be far more expensive, E. R. Bitgood's lumbering operation needed the railroad to export lumber, and Roy Rawlings (by this point also speaker of the Rhode Island House of Representatives) could not continue operating his mill without three to four railroad cars of grain a day. Concerned citizens made their opposition known to the ICC and the Rhode Island Public Utilities Commission, and also asked the towns of Richmond and Hopkinton to cancel the railroad's taxes if it could be reopened.\nWhen the level of opposition came to its attention, the New Haven offered to keep the line running, conditional on eliminating passenger service and cutting the frequency of freight service, and sufficient cost-cutting to make operations profitable. In February 1928, the New Haven came to an agreement with local citizens to reopen the line for freight service only; a gasoline-powered locomotive would be purchased and leased to the railroad by the New Haven for this purpose. New Haven track gangs were dispatched to repair the line, and the company agreed to directly handle maintenance for a year. \nThe New Haven became the official operator, but much as before, it left day-to-day operations to Watrous. Although the New Haven could foreclose on the Wood River Branch at any time, it was not to the New Haven's advantage to do so; foreclosing meant New Haven employees would have to run the line, an expensive proposition due to the company's unionized workforce. If the New Haven were directly in control, the ICC might even refuse to allow the line to be abandoned no matter how unprofitable it became. Instead, the company offered to lease the line to the towns of Richmond and Hopkinton, but locals deemed this impractical. A new company to operate the line was suggested, but with the existing Wood River Branch Railroad still around, that company was revived and in April resumed train service. The New Haven leased the gas locomotive, which could pull up to six freight cars at a time, to the Wood River Branch for $113 per month (equivalent to $1,800 in 2021).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Wood River Branch Railroad", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Branch_Railroad", "article_id": 72151274, "section": "1927 flood and end of passenger operations", "metadata": {"word_count": 493, "char_count": 2943, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "With the New Haven as the official operator after the 1927 flood, extensive steps were taken to cut costs. Only a few employees were retained, and the Plymouth locomotive (numbered A100) made a single round trip three or four days a week, a sharp reduction from what had been six runs per day before the flood. With passenger service ended, the combination passenger and baggage car was taken by the New Haven, and in its place the Wood River Branch acquired a second-hand caboose and converted it to handle less-than-carload freight. To help the line's finances, much of its required paperwork was assigned to the New Haven's station agent at Wood River Junction. \nInitially, the cost-cutting succeeded in reversing the Wood River Branch's years of unprofitability. The local lumber industry was aided by the return of the railroad, and exports of lumber and railroad ties gave the company business. By 1929, the railroad was showing a profit, aided greatly by the efficiency of the A100, which only required a single operator and negated the hours of work required to start a steam locomotive each day.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Wood River Branch Railroad", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Branch_Railroad", "article_id": 72151274, "section": "Post-flood re-opening and the Great Depression", "metadata": {"word_count": 185, "char_count": 1104, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The brief revival was cut short by the onset of the Great Depression that same year. Many of the mills along the line were forced to either close or reduce their shifts, and demand for lumber also decreased. While Richmond agreed to suspend the railroad's property taxes in 1930, and two shuttered mills were reopened in 1932, the railroad began reporting losses in 1930 which evaded all cost-cutting measures. The company downsized to two employees in 1932, and the New Haven cut the rent for the A100 to a token $50 per month (equivalent to $1,000 in 2021). More and more track maintenance was deferred, as the economy continued to worsen. By 1933, Rawlings' mill and single cars of coal for the Howard C. Woodmansee Coal and Oil Company made up almost all of the line's traffic. In 1934, the Wood River Branch became a one-man operation, with Hope Valley resident Otis A. Larkin responsible for operating the train, handling cargo, and maintaining the line and stations.\nLosses continued the following years, and the New Haven was required to make up the deficits between income and expenses. Though the lumber industry began to recover in summer 1936, it was insufficient to prevent a $3,000 loss at the end of the year (equivalent to $59,000 in 2021). By 1937, most of the freight traffic came from one operation – Rawlings' grain mill. Bankrupt itself, the New Haven was under the control of bankruptcy trustees who had grown tired of the Wood River Branch being a money sink. In April 1937, they voted to cut all funding for the Wood River Branch, and the New Haven's president gave the news to Watrous on April 12. The news became public on April 14, and the following day the bankruptcy trustees voted at the Wood River Branch's annual stockholders' meeting to abandon the line (the only stockholders being the New Haven and Watrous). Over 70 years old, and with his mother no longer alive, Watrous was largely consigned to the impending abandonment of the railroad. However, he also pledged his support should local citizens launch an effort to save the line.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Wood River Branch Railroad", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Branch_Railroad", "article_id": 72151274, "section": "Post-flood re-opening and the Great Depression", "metadata": {"word_count": 357, "char_count": 2069, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "While local newspapers were announcing the end of the Wood River Branch Railroad, Roy Rawlings took matters into his own hands. His grain mill was heavily dependent on the railroad, and when he learned of the impending abandonment, he promptly contacted the New Haven and asked how much they would charge him to buy the entire line. Once he got in contact with the company's management, Rawlings and the New Haven worked out a price: $301 (equivalent to $5,670 in 2021). Happy to be free of dealing with the unprofitable line, the New Haven's trustees agreed to the sale, and the ICC gave its blessing on June 3, 1937. On June 18, the Wood River Branch held a meeting and elected Roy Rawlings president of the company; Watrous was being treated at Rhode Island Hospital for an illness and did not attend. While the company was once again independent, the New Haven continued to lease the 20-ton gas locomotive to the Wood River Branch. No longer house speaker, Rawlings joked that being a railroad president would be both easier and more enjoyable than running the legislature.\nRawlings promptly renumbered the A100 as 1872, the railroad's founding year. He had the caboose and locomotive painted bright red, as a tribute to the extensive amount of red ink in the company's financial history. Service remained on an as-needed basis, up to four round trips per week. Mill employees often worked on the railroad and vice versa. Rawlings took an active interest in railroad operations, often assisting the locomotive engineer (usually his nephew Reat Scholfield) as a brakeman or making track repairs; Rawlings' wife Lucy Rawlings drove a few spikes herself. Operations were rather informal; trains would sometimes stop along the route so the train crew could pick blueberries or fish from the Wood River bridge; Rawlings looked the other way as long as the train crew brought some blueberries to his desk.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Wood River Branch Railroad", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Branch_Railroad", "article_id": 72151274, "section": "Roy Rawlings takes over", "metadata": {"word_count": 320, "char_count": 1903, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In early 1938, Rawlings decided the railroad should once again have a passenger train. Scholfield and teenager Rob Roy Rawlings, the president's son, salvaged seats from the long-retired coach number one and attached them to an unpowered track car and added railings and a handbrake. The resulting contraption was attached to the railroad's gas-powered speeder, and named the \"President's Special\". Rawlings unveiled it at a stockholder meeting in April 1938, bringing stockholders on a round trip from Hope Valley to Wood River Junction. The \"streamliner\" made it from Hope Valley to the other end of the line in 18 minutes. It was put into service for outings, track inspection, and maintenance of way duties.\nUnder Rawlings' presidency, the railroad made large reductions in its losses, even showing an operating profit, but factoring in fixed expenses the company was losing money. Much of the reduction in expenses came from deferred maintenance. Even with a speed limit of 10 miles per hour (16 km/h) derailments became common, and tools for putting the train back on the track were a permanent fixture in the caboose. In October 1938, the company reported handling approximately 10,000 tons of freight per year.\nIn early 1941, Roy Rawlings moved to Florida with his wife and son after contracting a persistent case of pneumonia. His daughter Lucy Rawlings Tootell took over the day-to-day management of the railroad, \"reputedly as the only woman VP of Operations in the U.S.\" Reat Scholfield was responsible for operating the grain mill. \nDuring World War II, production of the M1941 Johnson rifle began in Rhode Island, including at the Rhode Island Arms Company, which moved into part of the mill in Centerville. As the United States Department of War preferred rail transport for security reasons, completed rifles were shipped out via the Wood River Branch Railroad from Hope Valley. The U.S. soon entered the war, but little benefit came to the railroad, as lumbering was curtailed by many men being drafted into the military and little military production took place in the rural Hope Valley area.\nFreight volumes had begun to decline during the war, and this intensified following the war's conclusion in 1945 when the area's few remaining textile mills largely switched to truck transport. Rawlings paid for the company's deficits, considering the railroad a loss leader for his mill. He was optimistic that grain business would increase, as Rhode Island's biggest poultry producer operated in neighboring Wyoming.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Wood River Branch Railroad", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Branch_Railroad", "article_id": 72151274, "section": "Roy Rawlings takes over", "metadata": {"word_count": 406, "char_count": 2529, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On March 14, 1947, the Rawlings grain mill was completely destroyed by a fire. Hope Valley's fire chief responded moments after receiving the phone call, summoning seven fire companies, but they could do little more than protect nearby buildings. The grain was highly flammable, and flames reportedly grew to several hundred feet in height. Once the fire burned itself out, losses were estimated at $100,000 (equivalent to $1,210,000 in 2021). While these were mostly covered by insurance, the 64-year-old Rawlings decided to call it quits. The mill accounted for most of the Wood River Branch Railroad's traffic, and to make matters worse both the Centerville Mill and Bitgood's sawmill were also destroyed by fires shortly afterwards. The sole remaining customer of any significance was the Howard C. Woodmansee Coal and Oil Company; with the overwhelming majority of its traffic lost, the Wood River Branch had no choice but to close.\nRawlings first offered the company to any buyers, hoping someone would use the land along the railroad for development. This time, there was no one left to save the Wood River Branch Railroad. Therefore, following the company's request, and with the ICC noting no objections, the agency granted permission to abandon the line on August 8, 1947. After one final round trip on the President's Special, the railroad came to an end.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Wood River Branch Railroad", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Branch_Railroad", "article_id": 72151274, "section": "Demise and legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 222, "char_count": 1366, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The company was overwhelmed with offers to purchase the line for salvage and the reuse of its rails on other railroads, with Rawlings telling a Connecticut newspaper: \"Practically every junk dealer in the country wants to buy it.\" Lucy Rawlings Tootell signed a contract with the Providence-based Metals Processing Company in October, which paid the company $26,559 (equivalent to $322,000 in 2021) for the right to salvage the line, including rails, bridges, and the company's section car. The 1872 and the caboose were given back to the New Haven; the former found a new home at a Connecticut coal distributor. Scrapping began in November, and the rails and bridges were salvaged and resold elsewhere, but the ties were not valuable enough to justify resale and were instead abandoned along the line.\nPortions of the railroad's right-of-way remain extant in the form of a rail trail as of 2018, and the abutments and a pier from a Wood River Branch Railroad bridge remain in the Wood River. Some segments of the right-of-way have been reused for streets. A handful of preserved mill buildings that were once railroad customers survive as of 2017.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Wood River Branch Railroad", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Branch_Railroad", "article_id": 72151274, "section": "Demise and legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 191, "char_count": 1148, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A man was accused of attempting to derail a Wood River Branch train on April 14, 1897. It was alleged William H. Baton had placed a railroad tie over the tracks, which was later struck by a train; the train was not derailed as the tie was caught in the locomotive's cowcatcher. A jury found Baton not guilty of placing a tie on the tracks.\nA fatal accident, the first in the company's history, occurred on May 25, 1914. A local resident was traveling across the bridge over the Wood River on foot, despite being warned a train was due. A southbound train from Hope Valley rounded a curve near the bridge, and could not stop in time to avoid a collision. The man, Ernest Peter Palmer, was struck and thrown into the river. Though the train's crew dove into the river and recovered his body, a coroner later determined he was killed upon impact.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Wood River Branch Railroad", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Branch_Railroad", "article_id": 72151274, "section": "Accidents and incidents", "metadata": {"word_count": 155, "char_count": 843, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Wood River Branch Railroad's first locomotive was the Gardner Nichols, named after Amos G. Nichols' father. Weighing 23 short tons (21 long tons; 21 t), it was a 4-4-0 wood-burning locomotive built new by the Rhode Island Locomotive Works for the line. Purchased directly by Nichols, it was first leased to the railroad before Nichols agreed to sell it for company bonds. It ran on the Wood River Branch until 1906, when it was sold to a lumber company in the Southern United States.\nLocomotive number 2, named Wincheck, joined the Gardner Nichols as the second locomotive, purchased in 1883 from the Narragansett Pier Railroad. Originally built in 1872, Wincheck was retired in 1896 when its annual inspection found the boiler too worn out to continue operating. By 1898 Wincheck was described as a scrap heap, but it was not scrapped until 1906.\nLocomotive number 5, unofficially named Polly by the Wood River Branch's employees, was purchased used from the Long Island Rail Road in April 1896. Acquired to replace Wincheck, Polly was a 40-short-ton (36-long-ton; 36 t) 2-4-4T (known as a Forney locomotive) built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, and developed a reputation for frequently breaking down and having accidents. This locomotive was sold for scrap in November 1915.\nCinderella, a second locomotive of a similar design to Polly, was acquired used from the New Haven in 1904, and noted for being equipped with air brakes. Cinderella was scrapped in 1919 when the USRA decided it was not worth completing extensive needed repairs on the 32-year-old engine.\nLocomotive 10, never given a name, was brought to the Wood River Branch in April 1918 during federal control of the railroads. The ex-New Haven locomotive was assigned to the railroad permanently when the USRA returned the Wood River Branch to its owners in 1920.\nThe A100, renumbered 1872 by Roy Rawlings (and unofficially named Miss Hope Valley), was a newly-built, 20-short-ton (18-long-ton; 18 t) 0-4-0 Plymouth Locomotive Works gas locomotive, ordered by the New Haven for $8,483 (equivalent to $134,000 in 2021) and leased to the Wood River Branch Railroad. With four gears in forward and reverse, it could run at full speed (15 miles per hour or 24 km/h) in either direction. This was necessary as by this point the railroad had no turntable; the locomotive therefore always faced south. The New Haven reclaimed 1872 when the Wood River Branch shut down in 1947, and it was then sold to a coal dealer in Stratford, Connecticut.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Wood River Branch Railroad", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_Branch_Railroad", "article_id": 72151274, "section": "Locomotives", "metadata": {"word_count": 417, "char_count": 2506, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "16 Super Éxitos Originales (English: 16 Original Super Hits) is a greatest hits album by American singer Selena released on March 3, 1990, through EMI Latin. The label aimed to release a compilation containing recordings by Selena y Los Dinos prior to their contractual agreement in 1989, to illustrate the band's musical progressions up to that point. 16 Super Éxitos Originales encompasses 16 tracks re-recorded under new arrangements, ranging from compositions recorded through Freddie Records in 1983 to the group's Dulce Amor (1988) album. The album received critical acclaim from music critics, who found it to have contained recordings that solidified Selena's status in the Tejano music market and introduced her to a broader audience. The album peaked at number 22 on the US Billboard Regional Mexican Albums chart. EMI Latin posthumously re-issued 16 Super Éxitos Originales under the title Mis Primeros Éxitos (English: My First Hits) on August 13, 2002.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "16 Super Éxitos Originales", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Super_%C3%89xitos_Originales", "article_id": 73905053, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 151, "char_count": 965, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Following the 1989 Tejano Music Awards, Selena y Los Dinos signed with EMI Latin and released their debut studio album that same year. The label hesitated to let A.B. Quintanilla maintain his role as the group's producer. However, given the uncertainty of Tejano music's future, the company acquiesced, allowing A.B. to stay on as producer but cautioning that failure would result in his replacement by a company-approved candidate. Following the debut album by the band, led by vocalist Selena, surpassing the performance of other female Tejano artists' releases, A.B. secured his position.\nThe golden era of Tejano music was ushered in with the acquisition of Bob Grever's Cara Records on January 10, 1990, catalyzing a shift in the genre's emphasis from polkas to cumbia music. Despite the waning demand for Manny Guerra's production and music engineering services amidst the genre's surge in popularity, he contributed his services for 16 Super Éxitos Originales. Following Selena's endorsement agreement with Coca-Cola, subsequent to her contract with EMI Latin, the group decided to invest their earnings in acquiring new equipment. Empowered by these advancements, Selena resolved to learn Spanish, driven by escalating demand for press interviews. Initially, the singer recorded songs phonetically. Selena expressed her aspirations to attain fluency in the language, recognizing the value of bilingualism as a catalyst for personal and professional growth, believing it to be a testament to enhanced intelligence and broader opportunities in both business and interpersonal communication.\nEMI Latin sought to release a greatest hits album of the band's recordings predating their contractual agreement; they aspired to curate an album that encapsulated the group's musical trajectory up to that point. The group re-recorded the songs under new arrangements at Master Productions in Weslaco, Texas, which paradoxically manifested as a tin-clad garage structure. A.B., in re-telling his experience in producing 16 Super Éxitos Originales, noticed that the material intended for roofing purposes adorned the entirety of the edifice's exterior, rendering his experience memorable. Although the studio was a sought-after recording facility among prominent Tejano musicians, A.B. found it to be encompassing rudimentary recording techniques, though enjoyed experiencing the recording studio as an exceedingly fortuitous opportunity. This was the final album to include guitarist Roger Garcia, who was briefly replaced by Mike Orosco.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "16 Super Éxitos Originales", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Super_%C3%89xitos_Originales", "article_id": 73905053, "section": "Background and production", "metadata": {"word_count": 373, "char_count": 2535, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The compilation encompasses 16 tracks re-recorded under new arrangements, ranging from compositions recorded through Freddie Records in 1983 to the group's Dulce Amor (1988) album. The album commences with \"Estoy Contigo\", originally recorded in 1983 for Cara Records. This is followed by \"Sentimientos\", a cover version of Al Hurricane. The third track is \"Acuérdate de Mi\", originally taken from And the Winner Is... (1987), and is followed by \"Tú No Sabes\" (1987), the group's first mariachi-style recording. \"Tú No Sabes\", written by keyboardist Ricky Vela, was originally conceived as a melancholic mariachi piece; however, A.B. advocated for a cumbia direction and undertook its reformation during the band's rehearsal session preceding the recording. The following tracks, \"Costumbres\" and \"Siempre\", are covers of Juan Gabriel, while the seventh song, \"Dame Un Beso\", is an original song written by A.B. and Vela in 1986. \"Dame Un Beso\" materialized as a result of A.B.'s futile endeavor to procure compositions from Luis Silva, who was the recipient of many Songwriter of the Year awards. Silva ignored the group during the beginning phases of their music careers.\nThe eighth track on 16 Super Éxitos Originales, \"Yo Fui Aquella\", was one of the first songs A.B. composed. Although he expeditiously composed the melody for the song, it required several days of diligent effort before A.B. ultimately finalized the lyrics. The subsequent tracks, \"Cariño, Cariño Mío\" and \"Dulce Amor\", are both taken from the Dulce Amor (1988) album, while following tracks \"Quiero Estar Contigo\" and \"Terco Corazón\" are taken from Preciosa (1988). The thirteenth track, \"Dime\" originally appeared on Dulce Amor, while the subsequent track, \"Ya Se Va\", was one of the first singles released by Selena y Los Dinos in 1983. Vela expressed elation upon Selena's recording of \"Cien Años\" (1988), included as the compilation's fifteenth track, as it evoked poignant reminiscences of his childhood of listening to songs by Pedro Infante. \"Quiero\", from the Preciosa album, serves as the concluding track for the compilation.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "16 Super Éxitos Originales", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Super_%C3%89xitos_Originales", "article_id": 73905053, "section": "Music", "metadata": {"word_count": 328, "char_count": 2109, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "16 Super Éxitos Originales preceded the 1990 Tejano Music Awards, held on March 9, 1990, and followed Selena's appearance at Fulmore Junior High talking to students about the importance of getting their high school diploma that was sponsored by the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse. The compilation was released on March 3, through EMI Latin. It peaked at number 22 on the US Billboard Regional Mexican Albums chart, on the issue dated May 5, 1990. As part of a commemoration of Selena's twentieth year since entering the music industry, EMI Latin re-issued nine albums of the singer in a series of releases, including 16 Super Éxitos Originales, repackaged as Mis Primeros Éxitos on August 13, 2002. The reissue included a bonus track containing spoken liner notes with commentary from Selena's family, friends, and band, retelling the creative process and inspiration behind the album.\nTexas Monthly's Joe Nick Patoski listed 16 Super Éxitos Originales as one of his recommended listens as part of his 1992 article on the best Texas music albums. As Selena's biographer, Patoski believed EMI Latin's swift release of 16 Super Éxitos Originales served as a manifestation of the singer's appeal and allure. Latin Style magazine found the songs to have substantiated Selena's status as a dominant figure in the Tejano music market; they found the album to have served as a vehicle to introduce Selena to a broader audience, delineating the path she would embark upon as a performer. Houston Chronicle's Joey Guerra called 16 Super Éxitos Originales as a comprehensive examination of Selena's early career.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "16 Super Éxitos Originales", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Super_%C3%89xitos_Originales", "article_id": 73905053, "section": "Release and critical reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 261, "char_count": 1614, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Credits adapted from the liner notes of 16 Super Éxitos Originales by EMI Latin.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "16 Super Éxitos Originales", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Super_%C3%89xitos_Originales", "article_id": 73905053, "section": "Track listing", "metadata": {"word_count": 14, "char_count": 80, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States began before the country existed. During the previous century, several attempts were made to produce glass, but none were long-lived. By 1700, it is thought that little or no glass was being produced in the British colonies that would eventually become the United States. The first American glass factory operated with long–term success was started by Caspar Wistar in 1745—although two glass works in New Amsterdam that operated in the previous century deserve honorable mention. Wistar's glass works was located in the English colony known as the Province of New Jersey. In the southeastern portion of the Province of Pennsylvania, Henry Stiegel was the first American producer of high–quality glassware known as crystal. Stiegel's first glass works began in 1763, and his better quality glassmaking began in 1769. In the United States, the first use of coal as a fuel for glassmaking furnaces is believed to have started in 1794 at a short-lived factory on the Schuylkill River near Philadelphia. In 1797 Pittsburgh's O'Hara and Craig glass works was also powered by coal, and it contributed to the eventual establishment of Pittsburgh as a leading glassmaking center in the 19th century.\nMany of the skilled glass workers in the United States during the 17th and 18th centuries came from the German-speaking region of Europe. German–born Johann Friedrich Amelung (later renamed John Frederick Amelung) employed 342 people in 1788 at his New Bremen glass works located in Frederick County, Maryland. His skilled workers were German. Other prominent glass makers such as Wistar, Stiegel, and the Stanger brothers were also German. In many cases, as a glass works failed, the skilled workers found work at another factory.\nOther attempts to produce glass were made during the 1600s and 1700s, and a few had some success. Glass works in New Amsterdam and New York City, the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, Philadelphia, and the province of New Jersey's Glassboro are often mentioned by historians. Much of the evidence concerning the 17th century New Amsterdam glass factories has been lost, and a 17th-century Massachusetts glassworks did not last long. The works at Glassboro lasted into the 20th century. However, it is thought that there were no more than a dozen glass works of significant size producing in the United States in 1800.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 383, "char_count": 2382, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Glassmakers use the term \"batch\" for the sum of all the raw ingredients needed to make a particular glass product. To make glass, the glassmaker starts with the batch, melts it together, forms the glass product, and gradually cools it. The batch is dominated by sand, which contains silica. Smaller quantities of other ingredients, such as soda and limestone, are added to the batch. Additional ingredients may be added to color the glass. For example, an oxide of cobalt is used to make glass blue. Broken and scrap glass, known as cullet, is often used as an ingredient to make new glass. The cullet melts faster than the other ingredients, which results in some savings in fuel cost for the furnace. Cullet typically accounts for 25 to 50 percent of the batch.\nThe batch is placed inside a pot that is heated by a furnace to roughly 3,090 °F (1,700 °C). Tank furnaces, which were created in England in 1870, did not begin to supplant pot furnaces in the United States until the 1890s. Glassmakers use the term \"metal\" to describe batch that has been melted together. The metal is typically shaped into the glass product (other than plate and window glass) by either glassblowing or pressing it into a mold. Although pressing glass by hand had long existed, mechanical pressing of glass did not exist until the 1820s—and it was an American invention. All glass products must then be cooled gradually (annealed), or else they could easily break. Annealing was originally conducted in the United States using a kiln that was sealed with the fresh glass inside, heated, and gradually cooled. During the 1860s annealing kilns were replaced in the United States with a conveyor oven, called a lehr, that was less labor-intensive.\nUntil the 1760s, most glass produced in what would become the United States was \"green\" or \"bottle\" glass, which has a greenish color because of impurities in the sand used in the batch—and a lack of additives used to remove the greenish tint or add a more pleasing color. Crystal glass, a high quality clear glass that needs an additive known as red lead, began being produced by one works in the Province of Pennsylvania in the 1760s. Window glass production during the 18th century involved blowing a cylinder and flattening it. The crown method and the cylinder method (the latter of which was more advanced) were the two main methods used.\nOne of the major expenses for the glass factories is fuel for the furnace, and this often determined the location of the glass works. Wood was the original fuel used by glassmakers in the United States. Coal began being used in the 1790s. Alternative fuels such as natural gas and oil did not become available in the United States until the second half of the 19th century. Other important aspects of glassmaking are labor and transportation. Glassmaking methods and recipes were kept secret, and most European countries forbade immigration to the United States by glassworkers. Master glassmakers, including glassblowers and glass cutters, that had the secret glassmaking knowledge were smuggled from Europe to the United States to provide glassmaking expertise at American factories.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "Glassmaking", "metadata": {"word_count": 529, "char_count": 3157, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The first attempt to produce glass in what became the United States happened in 1608 in the English (later British) Colony of Virginia near the settlement at Jamestown. Glass was produced for a few years. A second attempt was made during the 1620s, but production ceased again after only a few years. Glassmaking was conducted for a short time in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay near Salem in the 1640s, and in the province of Pennsylvania near Philadelphia in the 1680s. At least two works produced glass in the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam during portions of the 1650s through 1670s. Very little is known about the New Amsterdam glass factories, but it is possible that at least one of them continued producing into the 1760s. Waterways provided transportation networks for the glass factories before the construction of highways and railroads. The first railroad in the United States was not chartered until 1827, and construction began in 1828.\nUnless the glass works in New Amsterdam (now New York) was still operating, no glass works are known to have operated in what became the United States from 1700 until close to the 1740s. Most glass was imported from London or Bristol. The English glass industry produced window glass using the crown method, and it produced good quality lead glass (crystal) tableware. The glass industry in German areas of Northern Europe was in a recession, and that situation may have led to Germans coming to the English colonies to produce glass. Prior to 1800, about two dozen glass works operated in the English colonies that became the United States, and some of them continued production into the 19th century.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 277, "char_count": 1652, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1738 Caspar Wistar, a German immigrant and manufacturer of brass buttons in Philadelphia, began plans for a glass works by purchasing land in Salem County, New Jersey. Production started in 1739. Wistar, who was originally from the Palatine region of what is now Germany, hired German glassworkers to make bottles, tableware, and window glass. The cylinder method was used for making the window glass, and bottles were made of a clear green glass. His original partners in the glassmaking project were four glassblowers from German portions of Europe.\nWistar's glassmaking company was known by multiple names, including United Glass Company, Wistar Glass Works, Wistarberg Glass Works, and Wistarburg Glass Works. Although the glass works was approximately 40 miles (64 km) from Philadelphia, Wistar maintained a Philadelphia residence and sold much of his glass there. Benjamin Franklin used Wistar's glass for some of his electrical experiments. After Caspar Wistar died in 1752, his son Richard led the glass works. The business continued to grow for about two more years before it began to have problems keeping workers, which led to problems with glass quality. The glassworks operated sporadically beginning in the 1775–1776 winter, and was offered for sale in 1780. Richard Wistar died in 1781. The glass works was eventually closed and abandoned.\nWistar began the German domination of American glassmaking that continued until the 19th century. Many of Wistar's skilled German workers moved to rival glass companies or started their own glass works, and they taught their methods and styles to others. Historians often consider Wistar's glass works to be the first commercially successful manufacturer of glass in the United States, although at least one has said the 17th century Smedes or Duijcking–Milyer glass works in New Amsterdam merit consideration.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "Wistar - first long term success", "metadata": {"word_count": 291, "char_count": 1868, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "German immigrant Heinrich Wilhelm Stiegel, nicknamed \"Baron Stiegel\", was born in Cologne in 1729. He arrived in Philadelphia in 1750, and moved to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, a few years later. He married in 1752, and bought out his father–in–law's interest in a plantation that became known as Elizabeth Furnace, which included a blast furnace used to make iron stoves. He became a citizen of the English colony of Pennsylvania in 1760, and changed his name to Henry William Stiegel.\nStiegel was the second German to operate an American glass works on a large scale. He built some \"glass–ovens\" at Elizabeth Furnace in 1762, and began making glass in 1763. Products were bottles and window glass. He hired European glassblowers, including some from Venice, and paid for their transportation to Pennsylvania. One of his first hires was a glassblower who had worked at the Wistar works.\nNearly two years later he started another glass factory in Manheim, Pennsylvania. During 1769, he started a third glass works in the same town that focused on quality tableware, and employed more men that had worked at the Wistar glass plant. He called this works the American Flint Glass Manufactory. Stiegel's works was the first to make lead glass in America. The lead glass of this time period, commonly known as crystal because it was colorless and transparent, was typically used for fine tableware. According to the American Philosophical Society, Stiegel's lead glass was \"equal in beauty and quality to the generality of Flint Glass, imported from England.\" Stiegel had retail outlets for his glass at various locations in the English colonies. However, he expanded too fast and ended production in 1774. He was briefly held in a debtors' prison.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "Stiegel - first lead crystal", "metadata": {"word_count": 285, "char_count": 1746, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Stanger family immigrated to Philadelphia in 1768. They were German glassmakers who came from Hesse, and the family had seven sons. At least one of the sons worked at the Wistar Glass Works. The brothers started a glass works between 1779 and 1781 in what became known as Glassboro, New Jersey. The works is believed to have begun producing in the fall of 1781. The brothers were led by Solomon (the original land holder) and Daniel Stanger, and their glass works was the second (after Wistar) located in \"South Jersey\". Their original products were bottles.\nBy 1784, all of the Stanger brothers had sold their interests in the Glassboro glass works, although they remained working with glass. At that time, Thomas Heston and Thomas Carpenter controlled the Glassboro works. In addition to bottles, the company began making window glass and other products. Heston died in 1802, but the factory operated under various owners for over 100 years—including the Whitney brothers who were descendants of Heston. At one time the factory was known as the Olive Glass Works. The Whitney brothers became sole owners of the plant in 1839. The Whitney Glass Works was purchased by one of Michael Owens' companies in 1918.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "Stanger and Glassboro - nearly 150 years", "metadata": {"word_count": 203, "char_count": 1213, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Another German, Johann Friedrich Amelung (later renamed John Frederick Amelung), arrived in Baltimore on August 31, 1784. He brought 68 German–speaking glass workers, and at least 14 more joined him a few months later. He purchased land in Frederick County, Maryland along Bennett's Creek to the north and east of Sugarloaf Mountain. He called the area \"New Bremen\", and built a glassmaking furnace and housing for his workers. On February 11, 1785, he announced that a group of \"German manufacturers have arrived and will establish a factory\", and that \"window glass, table glass, optical glass, looking glass\" would be their products.\nIn 1788 Amelung employed 342 people at his glass works. Window glass was made using the cylinder method and the crown method. Archaeological evidence suggests his bottles were made with a transparent green glass that did not require molds. During 1788 he applied for a loan from the State of Maryland, and received the loan plus tax exemption for five years. Over the next two years his glassmaking facilities had at least two fires that did an undetermined amount of damage. Amelung had financial difficulties, and the glass works was offered for sale in 1795. Amelung had invested more money in glassmaking than anyone ever had (at the time), and his factory produced impressive quality glass—but his business failed after 11 years. Amelung died in 1798.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "Amelung's big investment", "metadata": {"word_count": 227, "char_count": 1393, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1800 most of the nation's glass products came from Europe, and the United States was thought to have about ten glass factories. The domestic glass works were typically located near waterways that provided a transportation resource. Although some high–quality tableware may have been produced in Philadelphia or Baltimore, most glass factories produced bottles or window glass.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "18th-century works still operating in the 19th century", "metadata": {"word_count": 57, "char_count": 379, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Kensington Glass Works: In 1771 Robert Towars and James Leacock started the Kensington Glass Works in Philadelphia's Kensington neighborhood. Although glass factories had already been established near Philadelphia in Bucks and Lancaster counties, this was the first 18th century glass works in Philadelphia County. The works may have used coal to power its furnace, possibly making it among the first American works to do so. During November 1772, John Elliott, Samuel Elliott, and Isaac Gray gained control of the factory and they called it the Philadelphia Glass Works. Products were window glass, white glass, and green glass. Glass was made sporadically (including periods of idleness that lasted for years) under various owners throughout the next century.\nStanger Brothers: The Stanger Brothers glass works in Glassboro, New Jersey, is believed to have begun production in 1781. In 1783 Thomas Heston and Thomas Carpenter gained control of the plant. The factory operated under various owners (including descendants of Heston) until it was purchased in 1918.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "Philadelphia–New Jersey", "metadata": {"word_count": 163, "char_count": 1064, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Aetna Glass–House: Thomas Johnson, first governor of Maryland, owned the Aetna Glass House—which was sometimes referred to as the Johnson Glass Works. The plant was located southeast of Frederick, Maryland, on Bush Creek, and production began in 1792. Products were bottles, and window glass was also made later. This works was offered for sale in November 1793, and it was operated only intermittently until 1807. All glassmaking in Frederick County ended by the 1820s.\nA. Kohlenberg's New Glassworks: In 1797 Adam Kohlenberg and John Christian Gabler purchased a portion of Amelung's land on Bennet's Creek in Frederick County, Maryland. The land included one of the glass ovens used by Amelung's failed glass works, and Kohlenberg employed some of the glassworkers from Amelung's New Bremen works. Kohlenberg's works produced glass intermittently for about 15 years.\nFederal Hill Glass Works: In 1799 Frederick Amelung, son of John Frederick Amelung, built a glass works in Baltimore. The company name was Frederick M. Amelung and Company, and the glass works was located in Baltimore's Federal Hill neighborhood. The works is often called Federal Hill Glass Works or the Baltimore Glass Works, but was also called the Patapsco River Glass House and the Hughes Street Works because of its location. The factory began producing in 1800, and its products were bottles and glassware. Amelung lost financial control of the company in the early 1800s, but he remained as plant superintendent until 1806. The works was still producing in the late 1820s, and it became known for \"pictorial flasks\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "Maryland", "metadata": {"word_count": 253, "char_count": 1594, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Pittsburgh Glass Works (O'Hara and Craig): In 1796 Colonel James O'Hara and Major Isaac Craig began planning for the first glass works in Pittsburgh, which was also one of the first to use coal as a fuel for its furnaces. Peter William Eichbaum, who had been involved with the Schuylkill glass works near Philadelphia that used coal for its furnaces, provided the glassmaking expertise and supervised the construction of the Pittsburgh works. The plant was originally located at Coal Hill (now Mount Washington) on the south shore of the Monongahela River close to where it becomes the Ohio River. Actual glass production started in June 1797, making it the first to produce glass in the United States west of the Allegheny Mountains. The factory was called Pittsburgh Glass Works, and Eichbaum was its superintendent. In 1798, Eichbaum leased the factory, but control returned to O'Hara and Craig in 1800. Window glass, bottles, and other hollow ware were produced. Craig left the business in 1804, and O'Hara was the only owner through 1818. The glassworks continued operations, under various owners and names, until 1883.\nNew Geneva Glass Works: In 1795 Albert Gallatin formed a partnership with James Nicholson (Gallatin's brother–in–law) and three others. They purchased land in western Pennsylvania's Fayette County for the purpose of commercial development, and they named their land New Geneva. Their location gave them access to the Monongahela River, which gave them access to the west using waterways. They also had access to the east coast using roads that connected to Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, DC. In September 1797 the partnership made an agreement with five German glassblowers to start a glass works. Production began in 1798 shortly after production at the O'Hara and Craig works began in Pittsburgh. The works was about 45 miles (72 km) south of O'Hara and Craig's Pittsburgh glass works. Among his workers, mostly Germans, were former employees of the Amelung works. Gallatin's glass company was originally called Gallatin & Company, but later it became the New Geneva Glass Works. Gallatin sold his share of the company in 1803. The works was moved across the Monongahela River in 1807, making its new location at Greensboro in Greene County. This site provided access to coal, and the works continued until 1847.\nOhio Glass Works: In May 1799 Hugh Scott bought land on the north side of the Ohio River close to the O'Hara and Craig glass works. He started the Ohio Glass Company, and it began producing window glass in 1800. This works shut down by March 1801.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "Pittsburgh", "metadata": {"word_count": 425, "char_count": 2597, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Pitkin Glass Works: In 1783 William and Elisha Pitkin, and Samuel Bishop, established a glass works in East Hartford, Connecticut (which became part of Manchester in 1823). This was the first works in Connecticut to actually be built and produce. Products were bottles of various sizes and colors. J. P. Foster was one of the superintendents. Foster took over management in 1810, and the factory operated until 1830 when timber had become scarce.\nPeterboro–Goff: David Goff and a group of Connecticut investors established a window glass house in Peterborough (now Peterboro), New York, around 1783. The site was chosen because of the abundance of wood that was used as fuel for the furnaces. Good quality sand was within 20 miles of the factory. The factory ceased operations in 1813. Superior glass made by competitors, and the depletion of forests that provided wood for fuel contributed to the factory's demise.\nAlbany Glass Works: In 1785 Leonard de Neufville, with associates Jan Heefke and Ferdinand Walfahrt, built the Albany Glass Works at Dowesborough, New York, which was less than 15 miles (24 km) west of Albany. The design of the works was very similar to the design used for Amelung's glass works in Maryland. German workers were used, and production of window glass is believed to have begun in 1786. De Neufville was a poor financial manager, and the glass works was abandoned by 1790. James Caldwell and associates renovated the abandoned factory in 1792 and began producing window glass. He called his factory the Albany Glass House. A fire severely damaged the factory during the summer of 1794, but by December the old glass works, and a new one, were operating. More financial difficulties in 1795 caused the works to be taken over by Thomas and Samuel Mather. Products were window glass and bottles. The plant is thought to have closed in 1815 due to lack of fuel.\nBoston Crown Glass Company: Robert Hewes, Samuel Walley, John Gore, and eight others organized the Boston Crown Glass Company on July 6, 1787. Production did not start until November 11, 1793. Original works was located on Essex Street in Boston, and produced high quality window glass. Company was reorganized in 1809 with different owners, and a second works was completed during 1811 in South Boston. The company failed in 1827, and one of the glass factories was destroyed by fire in 1929.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "New York–New England", "metadata": {"word_count": 399, "char_count": 2381, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Some glass works existed during the 18th century but did not survive into the 19th century. The lists below for each region are in order of when the company started producing. The Schuylkill glass works, listed below, may have been the first glass factory to use coal to power its furnaces.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "Other 18th-century glass works", "metadata": {"word_count": 51, "char_count": 290, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Barge glass works: Jacob Barge began producing glass in 1760 in the Province of Pennsylvania. The works was located in Bucks County close to Philadelphia. Archeological evidence indicates that window glass was made using the cylinder method. Various types of bottles were also made. The glass works appears to have operated through 1784.\nSchuylkill glass works: In 1794 John Nicholson built a glass works on the west side of Philadelphia at the falls of the Schuylkill River. Peter William Eichbaum supervised construction of the glass works and provided glassmaking expertise, and production began in 1795. The factory's furnaces were coal powered, which means the works may have been the first American glass plant to use a furnace powered by coal. Bottles were the main product, although a limited quantity of window glass may have been produced. Financial difficulties and strikes caused by lack of pay caused the works' moveable property to be seized during 1797.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "Philadelphia area", "metadata": {"word_count": 155, "char_count": 968, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Foltz, Kramer & Eberhart: The first significant glass works in Maryland was built in Frederick County, Maryland, around 1780. The investors were Conrad Foltz, Martin Eberhart, and four Kramer brothers (Balthazer, Adam, Martin, and George), and some of these men had worked at the Stiegel glass works. When Foltz died in 1784, the works was sold to John Frederick Amelung.\nTuscarora Glass House: Thomas Johnson, owner of the Aetna Glass Works, built a small industrial complex that included a glass works. It was located along Tuscarora Creek on the north side of Frederick, Maryland. The complex, which included a mill and tannery, was completed by 1793 or earlier. By 1798 the glass works was \"out of repair\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "Frederick Maryland", "metadata": {"word_count": 117, "char_count": 710, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Glasshouse Company of New York, New Found Land: In 1752 Matthew Earnest, Samuel Bayard, Loderwyck Bamper, Christian Hertell and Johan Martin Greiner agreed to establish a glass works in the city of New York. All of the partners were from New York except Greiner, who was from Saxe-Weimar in Europe. As part of the agreement, Greiner would travel from Europe to New York on February 1 (or when the New Yorkers were ready), and he would lead in the construction of the glass works as well as instruct in glass making. The works was called \"the Glass House Company of New York\". The Glass House Company of New York was located on the Hudson River on land that included the Glass House Farm and became known as New Found Land. Newspaper advertising indicates that the works was producing by October 1754, and bottles were the main products. The glass works failed some time before 1762. In 1767 the works and land was offered for sale.\nGlasshouse Company of New York, New Windsor: During August 1752 Matthew Earnest, Samuel Bayard, Loderwyck Bamper, Christian Hertell purchased land in the Province of New York at New Windsor. It is believed that this land was originally purchased as a source of wood for the Glass House Company of New York's works at Glass House Farm. However, a glass house was erected on the New Windsor property to make bottles and window glass. It is not known for certain if this works continued after the 1767 sale of the works at New Found Land, but some believe the New Windsor works operated until about 1785.\nBrooklyn Glass Works: In 1754 Loderwyck Bamper started the Brooklyn Glass Works in New York City's Brooklyn borough in the Province of New York. Products were bottles, but there is little evidence the works actually produced.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "New York", "metadata": {"word_count": 306, "char_count": 1759, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Braintree: Peter Etter, Joseph Crellins, Norton Quincy, and John Franklin started a glass bottle works in the province of Massachusetts near Braintree (now part of Quincy). The business failed before 1752, when it was leased to Joseph Palmer. Infrastructure improvements were made, but the works was destroyed by fire around 1756.\nNew England Glassworks: Boston businessman Robert Hewes started the New England Glassworks, not to be confused with the New England Glass Company, in 1780. The plant was located in Temple, New Hampshire. German glassworkers were employed, but not Hessen deserters from the British army as local lore suggests. The works was destroyed by fire almost immediately after construction. The facility was rebuilt and window glass (crown method) was produced during the summer. The works was shut down and abandoned during the winter of 1781–1782 because of financial difficulties.\nIndia Point glass house: Politician John Brown started a glass works around 1796 at India Point in Providence, Rhode Island. The works made bottles for a nearby distillery, and may have been a small operation. Factory is thought to have been discontinued in 1799.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "New England", "metadata": {"word_count": 183, "char_count": 1168, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Darling: In 1747 Thomas Darling was granted sole rights to produce glass in the Connecticut Colony for 20 years, but was unable to fulfill the conditions of the agreement.\nCrellins: In 1752 Joseph Crellins was given permission by the Province of Massachusetts Bay colonial governor to begin a glass works provided he could secure German workmen. He could not meet the requirement before the agreement expired.\nWindslow: In 1752 Isaac C. Winslow received sole rights to produce glass in the Colony of Rhode Island. It is not believed that glass was ever produced.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "New England – Did not operate", "metadata": {"word_count": 93, "char_count": 562, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Glassmaking became difficult in the United States at the beginning of the 19th century. Red lead was a key additive for high–quality glassware and England controlled much of the supply. The United States Embargo Act of 1807, and the War of 1812, made red lead extremely difficult for American companies to acquire. After the War of 1812, English glass manufacturers began dumping low–priced glass products in the United States, which drove many American glass companies into bankruptcy.\nThe United States Tariff of 1824, which was a protective tariff, helped the American glass industry. Between 1820 and 1840, nearly 70 glass factories were started. Most of these factories were small businesses employing 25 to 40 workers. Higher quality glass became more available when American glass man Deming Jarves, sometimes called the \"father of the American glass industry\", developed a way to produce red lead from domestic sources of lead oxide. The most important innovation for the 1820s was the development of machine pressed glass—pressing glass into a mold. Bakewell and Company, New England Glass Company, and Jarves' Boston and Sandwich Glass Company were early users of machine pressed glass technology.\nGlassmaking on the East Coast of the United States peaked before 1850, as plants shifted to Pittsburgh because of the availability of coal for fuel. By 1850, the United States had 3,237 free men above age 15 who listed their occupation as part of the glass manufacturing process. Pennsylvania accounted for 40% of the glassmaking employees. Other states with more than 100 glass workers were New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, and Virginia (including what is now West Virginia).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18th-century glassmaking in the United States", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_glassmaking_in_the_United_States", "article_id": 75853649, "section": "Future glassmaking", "metadata": {"word_count": 267, "char_count": 1688, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days is a 2024 romance film directed by Michihito Fujii and produced by Chang Chen. Starring Greg Hsu and Kaya Kiyohara, alongside an ensemble cast including Joseph Chang, Shunsuke Michieda, Haru Kuroki, Hitomi Kuroki, and Yutaka Matsushige, the film follows a recently fired Taiwanese video game developer (Hsu) on a solo trip to Japan, reminiscing about a past romantic entanglement with a Japanese backpacker (Kiyohara) that never blossomed into a relationship.\nAdapted from a web travelogue by Taiwanese video game developer Jimmy Lai in 2014, the film was stuck in development hell before Japanese filmmaker Michihito Fujii joined the project in 2019, turning it into a collaborative film between Taiwan and Japan. Fujii spent four years penning the screenplay, while lead actors Hsu and Kiyohara were announced to be part of the production in March 2023. Principal photography commenced in Japan in the same month and continued in Taiwan in April. Following the completion of filming in May 2023, the film underwent six months of post-production.\nThe film held its world premiere at Ambassador Theatres Taipei, on 14 February 2024, followed by a theatrical release on 14 March and 3 May in Taiwan and Japan, respectively. It performed well at the box office and received generally positive reviews from critics, particularly for the acting and aesthetics, but the writing faced criticism. The film also secured four nominations in the 61st Golden Horse Awards.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%C3%972_Beyond_Youthful_Days", "article_id": 76736932, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 236, "char_count": 1487, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Jimmy, the founder of a video game development studio, gets fired from his own company during a board meeting. Devastated, he returns to his hometown of Tainan. While tidying his room, he stumbles upon a postcard he received 18 years ago from his dear Japanese friend Ami. He then receives a phone call from the studio co-founder, who invites him on the final business trip to Tokyo. After the business meeting, Jimmy embarks on a solo trip without a destination in Japan.\nJimmy's thoughts drift back 18 years to when he works at the struggling Karaoke Kobe in Tainan during the summer before university. He meets Ami, a new employee and Japanese backpacker looking for a working place to save up money for an upcoming journey. Assigned to show her around, Jimmy interacts with Ami and becomes romantically interested in her. During the welcoming meal, Ami is asked about her trip. She explains that she plans to go on a trip without a destination and shows her sketchbook of drawings recording her previous footsteps in Taiwan. Impressed, Jimmy suggests she decorate a wall at the karaoke. After the meal, Ami expresses her interest in motorcycles, and Jimmy rides her to an observation deck with a stunning view of Tainan. They bond and discuss their dreams. Jimmy confesses his uncertainty, and Ami encourages him to search for a dream.\nIn the present, Jimmy arrives in Matsumoto and encounters Liu, a Taiwanese izakaya owner who suggests that he visits Ami's hometown, Tadami. On his journey, he meets a young backpacker named Koji on the Iiyama Line, who recommends they stop at the snowing Nagaoka, where Jimmy is captivated by the scenery, reminiscent of a classic romance film Love Letter. Jimmy recalls that his co-workers asked Ami to describe her ideal boyfriend, but her description contradicts Jimmy's characteristics. However, a co-worker encourages him to date her anyway and gives him tickets to Love Letter. During the movie, Ami cries miserably and finds an excuse to leave the scene, leaving Jimmy confused.\nBack in the present, Jimmy meets and befriends Yukiko, a staff member at an internet café who is playing the game he developed. Yukiko offers to drive him to the sky lantern festival. Jimmy then recalls Ami's sudden departure, and her subsequent announcement of returning to Japan. Jimmy is furious with Ami and refuses to talk to her, even when she finishes the wall art. However, encouraged by his father's advice to leave no regrets, Jimmy decides to ask Ami out one last time before she leaves and takes her to a sky lantern festival. They make a promise to meet each other again after they have the opportunity to pursue and fulfill their dreams.\nUpon arriving in Tadami, Jimmy meets Ami's mother, Yuko, who reveals Ami's passing. Yuko gives Jimmy Ami's sketchbook, which contains drawings of Taiwan. Through the drawings, it is revealed that Ami had been suffering from cardiomyopathy and had wished to travel around the world during the final days of her life. However, after meeting and falling in love with Jimmy in Taiwan, her desire to continue living is ignited, and she decides to seek alternative treatments in Japan. Therefore, she abruptly leaves Taiwan before her condition deteriorates and refuses Jimmy's requests to see her in later years while she is hospitalized. Overwhelmed, Jimmy weeps as he reaches the last page of the sketchbook—a picture of them releasing sky lanterns, symbolizing their promise.\nOn his journey back, Jimmy writes a letter to Ami, sharing his life since their separation. He reveals that he was aware of Ami's passing after completing his first game, where he fulfilled his promise to achieve his dream and attempted to reach out to her, but to no avail. Jimmy expresses his gratitude for Ami's presence in his youthful days at the end of the letter, and promises to go on a trip without a destination in her honor.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%C3%972_Beyond_Youthful_Days", "article_id": 76736932, "section": "Plot", "metadata": {"word_count": 655, "char_count": 3888, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Greg Hsu as Jimmy, a successful former video game developer who went on a trip to Japan\nKaya Kiyohara as Ami, a Japanese backpacker romantically entwined with Jimmy 18 years ago\nJoseph Chang as Liu, the Taiwanese owner of a Matsumoto-based izakaya\nShunsuke Michieda as Koji, a young backpacker\nHaru Kuroki as Yukiko, an internet café staff member\nHitomi Kuroki as Yuko, Ami's mother\nYutaka Matsushige as Nakazato, a resident at Tadami who drives Jimmy to Yuko\nAlso appearing in the film are Toyoharu Kitamura as Shimada, the Japanese boss of Karaoke Kobe; Buffy Chen as Hsiao-ting, Jane Liao as Shu-yi, Lee Kuan-yi as Wei, the co-workers of Jimmy and Ami at Karaoke Kobe; and Figaro Tseng as Aaron, the co-founder of Jimmy's video game development studio.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%C3%972_Beyond_Youthful_Days", "article_id": 76736932, "section": "Cast", "metadata": {"word_count": 127, "char_count": 755, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days is adapted from and based on real-life events recorded in a travelogue titled Wandering Journey on Slow Train in Japan (Chinese: 日本慢車流浪記), written by Jimmy Lai under the pseudonym \"Blue Fox\". Lai, a Taiwanese video game developer, embarked on a vacation journey across Japan using the Seishun 18 Ticket and wrote the travelogue, aiming to reminisce about his romantic past with a Japanese backpacker. After publishing the travelogue on the Taiwanese blog Backpackers and it went viral in 2014, Lai was approached by film production studios interested in purchasing the adaptation rights. Eventually, producer Roger Huang acquired the rights and began searching for film directors and screenwriters to join the project. Actor Chang Chen and director-producer Lin Yu-hsien became attached to the project in the early stages, with Chang making his producer debut at the invitation of his friend Huang, and he described the experience as a \"learning opportunity\". However, Lai became dissatisfied with the numerous screenplay drafts, feeling that the filmmakers and production companies were excessively expanding the story length and introducing new elements that deviated from the essence of his travelogue. As script after script was rejected and with Lai's subsequent migration to the United States, the project was stuck in development hell for four years. In 2019, during the Kaohsiung Film Festival, Huang met Japanese filmmaker Michihito Fujii, who expressed interest in participating in Taiwanese film productions. Huang invited Fujii to helm the project, and Fujii accepted the role of director and screenwriter shortly after reading the travelogue. After Fujii joined the project, Huang rebranded the film from a domestic production with overseas location shoots into a collaborative film between Taiwan and Japan. Fujii initiated negotiations with Japanese production companies and sponsors, including East Japan Railway Company, which also permitted the crew to film on the railways with loaned train carriages.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%C3%972_Beyond_Youthful_Days", "article_id": 76736932, "section": "Conception", "metadata": {"word_count": 308, "char_count": 2046, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "After attaching to the project in 2019, Michihito Fujii spent four years penning the screenplay. He retained several background settings from Jimmy Lai's travelogue, including Lai's occupation as a video game developer and the names of the two main characters, Jimmy and Ami. However, he made numerous amendments, such as changing the story's background from Chiayi to Tainan, the hometown of Fujii's Taiwanese grandfather, as he found an older city more fitting for the film's tone. The time period was adjusted from 1996 to 2006, aligning it with Fujii's adolescence and allowing for a better grasp of the social atmosphere. Fujii also added backstories for Jimmy, detailing his venture into starting his own video game company, and explored the reasons why Ami traveled to Taiwan, which further enhanced their character arcs. Brian Lee, a real-life friend of Jimmy Lai and a video game developer for SIGONO, also influenced the portrayal of Jimmy's entrepreneurial failure. Opus: Rocket of Whispers and Opus: Echo of Starsong, two video games developed by Lee, were featured in the film.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%C3%972_Beyond_Youthful_Days", "article_id": 76736932, "section": "Pre-production", "metadata": {"word_count": 174, "char_count": 1090, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The film's production was officially announced under the working title Youth (Chinese: 青春) in March 2023, with Far EasTone as a major sponsor and starring Greg Hsu, Kaya Kiyohara, Hitomi Kuroki, and Chang Chen in lead roles. Chang later dropped out of the acting role to focus on his duties as producer. The casting choices were all proposed by Fujii, and Chang Chen provided advice but did not have a direct role in the casting process. Greg Hsu was recommended to Fujii by his friends due to his ability to portray both the 18-year-old and 36-year-old versions of the character, which Fujii described as having \"a sense of both youthful and mature\". Hsu accepted the role after reading the script and was drawn to the film's robust production crew. Kaya Kiyohara, who had previously worked with Fujii on his 2019 film Day and Night and 2020 film The Brightest Roof in the Universe, readily accepted the role as she was fond of the story and interested in joining an international project.\nHitomi Kuroki was invited by Chang Chen to make a cameo appearance, following their collaboration as award presenters at the 59th Golden Horse Awards, where Chang revealed to her that he was involved in a project with Michihito Fujii, and Kuroki gladly accepted the offer. The production crew consisted of an equal mix of Taiwanese and Japanese members, and Fujii prioritized the employment of crew members who were around 36 years old to better understand Jimmy's character traits in the film. Hsu was sent to Japan on the film's budget a week prior to filming to learn Japanese.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%C3%972_Beyond_Youthful_Days", "article_id": 76736932, "section": "Pre-production", "metadata": {"word_count": 269, "char_count": 1571, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Principal photography began in Japan in March 2023. Michihito Fujii chose to film in Japan during March as the country undergoes seasonal change in that month, enabling the crew to capture both snowfall at the beginning of the month and cherry blossoms at the end. Taiwanese cinematographer Chan Chih-teng was initially attached to the project but had to withdraw since his wife was scheduled to give birth in the filming period. Keisuke Imamura, a frequent collaborator of Fujii, stepped in as the substitute cinematographer. Imamura intentionally included a snowfall scene shot in Japan as a tribute to the 1995 romance film Love Letter. He also established a fixed colour temperature and selected lenses with Fujii prior to filming, adapting warm orange tones in Taiwan and cold blue tones in Japan to create a contrast. Filming took place in Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, Nagano Prefecture, Niigata Prefecture, and Fukushima Prefecture, which the latter three are located on the JR Iiyama Line and Tadami Line. East Japan Railway Company provided assistance for the crew in set construction while filming in train carriages. Several scenes were cinematographed at Mori-Miyanohara Station, Nagaoka Station, and Tadami Station, as well as the railway crossing near Kamakurakōkōmae Station, a tourist spot due to its feature in the manga Slam Dunk. On 25 March, scenes of Hsu and Haru Kuroki's characters releasing sky lanterns were shot at ski resort New Greenpia Tsunan in Tsunan, Niigata. Other filming locations included Shibuya Excel Hotel Tokyu and Sumida Park in Tokyo, Matsumoto Castle in Nagano, and Yuigahama in Kanagawa.\nAfter completing the scenes in Japan, the crew moved to Taiwan and commenced filming in April. The majority of the filming was completed in Tainan, with occasional shoots in Yunlin County, Kaohsiung, and New Taipei City. In Tainan, the filming locations included Fort Provintia, Shuei Sian Temple Market, Tiantan Tiangong Temple, Hsinchu East Gate, and Sihcao Boulevard, which served as the dating spots for Hsu and Kiyohara's characters in the film. Hsu and Kiyohara spent nine hours filming on a motorcycle, shuttling between these locations. Filming then continued at Chuan Mei Theatre, the only Taiwanese theater adorned with hand-painted movie posters, in mid-April. The film also featured Wusheng Night Market, where the crew invited local hawkers to participate in the shoot. Other filming locations in Tainan included Bao'an railway station and Yuguang Island, as well as the campus of Tainan University of Technology, which Hsu's character attended.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%C3%972_Beyond_Youthful_Days", "article_id": 76736932, "section": "Filming", "metadata": {"word_count": 404, "char_count": 2589, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Hsu took a brief hiatus to attend the 59th Baeksang Arts Awards which was held on 28 April in South Korea, before returning to film the scenes depicting Hsu and Kiyohara releasing sky lanterns at Shifen railway station in Pingxi District, New Taipei City, on 29 April. The shooting schedule at Shifen was disrupted by weather conditions, resulting in a delay from nightfall to the following morning. The scenes set at Karaoke Kobe, a recurring location in the film where Hsu and Kiyohara's characters worked, were filmed at a spa center in Huwei, Yunlin. The entire center underwent renovation to recreate a nostalgic ambience. The exterior wall painting of the Karaoke was decorated by Fujii's sister and picture book illustrator Rumi Yoshida. Hsu mentioned that the scenes revolving around the Karaoke were grouped together and filmed intensively, describing those shoots as having \"boss-fighting level of difficulty\". Filming ultimately concluded in late May.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%C3%972_Beyond_Youthful_Days", "article_id": 76736932, "section": "Filming", "metadata": {"word_count": 152, "char_count": 962, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Post-production spanned across six months, and was carried out separately in Taiwan and Japan. The respective crews in each country handled the scenes shot within their jurisdiction. As the film was set in two separate timelines, Fujii personally drew storyboards for continuity editing to connect the junctions between scene changes. He also made an effort to group scenes from the same timeline together, minimizing the need for transitions. However, he allowed the two crews to employ different styles and pacing during the editing process to better convey the cultural differences between the two countries. The film was announced to be distributed by Happinet Phantom Studios in Japan, and sales were launched at the Asian Film Market on 7 October 2023. The film was officially announced to be released in Japan on 27 October 2023, with a projected theatrical release date of May 2024. Its title was revealed to be 18×2 Beyond Youthful Days on 30 October.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%C3%972_Beyond_Youthful_Days", "article_id": 76736932, "section": "Post-production", "metadata": {"word_count": 156, "char_count": 960, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The film is scored by Japanese composer Takashi Ohmama. The film's theme song, \"Traveller of Memories\", is performed by the Japanese band Mr. Children. Production of the theme song began during the scriptwriting stage. Michihito Fujii is a long-time fan of the band who started listening to their songs in his teenage years and personally invited them to contribute to the film, which he considers a \"milestone in his career\". In addition, the film features the Taiwanese band Mayday's song \"Peter and Mary\", recommended by Fujii's Taiwanese assistant, who likened Mayday to the Taiwanese counterpart of Mr. Children. The film's score was released as a soundtrack album on 1 May 2024, in Japan.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%C3%972_Beyond_Youthful_Days", "article_id": 76736932, "section": "Music", "metadata": {"word_count": 113, "char_count": 694, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Japanese version teaser of the film was released on 7 October 2023, followed by the Taiwanese version on 30 October, alongside the official promotional poster. Both Taiwanese and Japanese versions of the official trailer were released on 25 January 2024. The Taiwanese version of the official trailer was edited by filmmaker John Hsu, who shared a similar background with the protagonist Jimmy, as they both aspired to become video game developers in their early lives. Jump! Boys, the film's production company, launched a marketing campaign in collaboration with the East Japan Railway Company and Klook in March 2024, which introduced a packaged rail pass that included the filming locations of Jimmy's journey. Additionally, a special collaboration with video game developer SIGONO took place, featuring a crossover poster with SIGONO's game Opus: Echo of Starsong released in selected cinemas on 30 and 31 March. An official guidebook was released on 2 May in Japan.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%C3%972_Beyond_Youthful_Days", "article_id": 76736932, "section": "Marketing", "metadata": {"word_count": 154, "char_count": 975, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days had its world premiere at Ambassador Theatres Taipei on 14 February 2024, and was released theatrically in Taiwan on 14 March. A special screening event took place in Tokyo on 27 March, with a theatrical release in Japan on 3 May. In addition, the film was selected to be screened at the 48th Hong Kong International Film Festival, 26th Far East Film Festival, and 23rd New York Asian Film Festival. The film is also available for streaming on Netflix starting 2 August 2024.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%C3%972_Beyond_Youthful_Days", "article_id": 76736932, "section": "Release", "metadata": {"word_count": 87, "char_count": 501, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days grossed over NT$7.7 million on its first day of release, directly ascending to the top of the box office in Taiwan. By the end of the first weekend, it had accumulated a total gross of NT$28 million, securing the top position in the weekly box office. In its second week, the film grossed over NT$45 million, making it the highest-grossing 2024 domestic film in Taiwan. The film grossed over NT$50 million by the third week, and surpassed NT$60 million within the fourth week. It reached a cumulative gross of over NT$70 million by the fifth weekend. On its seventh weekend, which also marked its premiere release in Japan, the film's box office stood at NT$73 million. The film also grossed over JPY$176 million in the first weekend after its release in Japan, rising to the seventh spot in the Japanese weekly box office. As of June 2024, the film's worldwide box office gross exceeded NT$500 million, which marks the film as the highest-grossing Taiwanese film of the first half of 2024.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%C3%972_Beyond_Youthful_Days", "article_id": 76736932, "section": "Box office", "metadata": {"word_count": 175, "char_count": 1016, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The film received generally positive reviews from critics, with China Times describing it as \"a success in both box office and critical acclaim\".\nAlan Chu, writing for United Daily News, lauded the film for its nostalgic and romantic elements, blending both Taiwanese and Japanese aesthetics, and its breathtaking cinematography. He also commended Greg Hsu for his versatile performance and Kaya Kiyohara for delivering an emotionally moving portrayal, while acknowledging the star-studded supporting cast that further enhanced the film's appeal. CommonWealth Magazine's Sumi Chen shared a similar opinion, praising director Michihito Fujii's meticulous attention to detail, the authentic performances of the actors, and the film's skillful exploration of love, nostalgia, and cultural differences, ultimately considering it a compelling cinematic experience.\nWriting for HK01, Keith Ho focused on the aesthetics of the film, highlighting its capture of picturesque landscapes in Taiwan and Japan, which contributed to the film's portrayal of a poignant and beautiful love story set in 2024 Japan and 2006 Taiwan. Chien Ying-jou, reviewing for Yahoo! Lifestyle, highlighted the film as a heartfelt love story that paid homage to classic youth films, particularly those by Japanese director Shunji Iwai, and captured the essence of youth and creates a new classic in the genre of youth romance, with the nature and realistic performances of the lead actors Hsu and Kiyohara.\nConversely, James Marsh of South China Morning Post, while rating the film 3.5/5 stars and expressing compliments on the film as \"refreshingly conventional\" and \"surprisingly effective\", noted that the film's formulaic story and Hsu's portrayal of the younger Jimmy lack emotional maturity. Mark Schilling of The Japan Times also described the film as emotionally disconnected, with the two lead characters lacking romantic chemistry and the last act being formulaic, although the acting talents of the leads were showcased.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "18×2 Beyond Youthful Days", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%C3%972_Beyond_Youthful_Days", "article_id": 76736932, "section": "Critical response", "metadata": {"word_count": 297, "char_count": 1998, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 91st 24 Hours of Le Mans (French: 91e 24 Heures du Mans), also known as the Centenary 24 Hours of Le Mans (French: Centenaire des 24 Heures du Mans), was an automobile endurance race for teams of three drivers racing Le Mans Hypercars (LMH), Le Mans Prototype (LMP) and Le Mans Grand Touring Endurance (LMGTE) cars held from 10 to 11 June 2023 at the Circuit de la Sarthe, near Le Mans, France. Held in front of 325,000 spectators, it was the 91st running of the Automobile Club de l'Ouest's 24-hour race—100 years after the first—and marked the fourth round of the 2023 FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC). There was a test day on 4 June, a week before the event.\nA Ferrari 499P shared by Antonio Fuoco, Miguel Molina and Nicklas Nielsen of Ferrari AF Corse started from pole position after Fuoco set the overall fastest lap in the Le Mans Hypercar class in the Hyperpole session. Their teammates James Calado, Antonio Giovinazzi and Alessandro Pier Guidi in the second AF Corse Ferrari won overall after leading the final 55 laps. It was the first overall Le Mans victory for Calado, Giovinazzi and Pier Guidi, as well as Ferrari's tenth and its first since 1965. Sébastien Buemi, Brendon Hartley and Ryō Hirakawa finished second in a Toyota GR010 Hybrid after battling the eventual winners in the second half of the race. Third overall was taken by Cadillac Racing's Cadillac V-Series.R LMDh car, driven by Earl Bamber, Alex Lynn and Richard Westbrook.\nAlbert Costa, Fabio Scherer and Jakub Śmiechowski of Inter Europol Competition led the last 112 laps of the Le Mans Prototype 2 (LMP2) class in an Oreca 07-Gibson car to claim their maiden WEC class victory. Team WRT's Rui Andrade, Louis Delétraz and Robert Kubica finished second by 21.015 seconds, while René Binder, Neel Jani and Nico Pino of Duqueine Team took third. Corvette Racing's Nicky Catsburg, Ben Keating and Nicolás Varrone in a Chevrolet Corvette C8.R came from two laps down, after a second-hour pit stop to replace a failed damper, to win the final Le Mans Grand Touring Endurance Am (LMGTE Am) and GTE race, one lap ahead of ORT by TF's Aston Martin Vantage AMR shared by Ahmad Al Harthy, Michael Dinan and Charlie Eastwood.\nCalado, Giovinazzi and Pier Guidi's victory moved them from fifth to second in the Hypercar Drivers' Championship, 25 points behind leaders Buemi, Hartley and Hirakawa. Andrande, Delétraz and Kubica remained the leaders in the competition for the FIA Endurance Trophy for LMP2 Drivers; category winners Costa, Scherer and Śmiechowski moved from sixth to second. Catsburg, Keating and Varrone extended their Endurance Trophy for LMGTE Am Teams lead over Al Harthy, Dinan and Eastwood. Toyota, the No. 41 Team WRT and No. 33 Corvette Racing teams left Le Mans as the respective Hypercar World Endurance Championship, Endurance Trophy for LMP2 Teams and Endurance Trophy for LMGTE Am Teams leaders with three races left in the season.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 496, "char_count": 2937, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The 2023 24 Hours of Le Mans, held at the Circuit de la Sarthe near Le Mans, France between 10 and 11 June, was the 91st running of the race, the 100th anniversary of its first edition in 1923 and the fourth round of the 2023 FIA World Endurance Championship.\nBefore the event, Toyota drivers Sébastien Buemi, Brendon Hartley and Ryō Hirakawa led the Hypercar Drivers' Championship with 71 points, five ahead of their teammates Mike Conway, Kamui Kobayashi and José María López. Ferrari AF Corse's Antonio Fuoco, Miguel Molina and Nicklas Nielsen were third, with Cadillac Racing's Earl Bamber, Alex Lynn and Richard Westbrook fourth.\nIn the FIA Endurance Trophy for LMP2 Drivers, Phil Hanson and Frederick Lubin of United Autosports led Team WRT's Rui Andrade, Louis Delétraz and Robert Kubica by an eight-point advantage while Corvette Racing's Nicky Catsburg, Ben Keating and Nicolás Varrone led the Endurance Trophy for LMGTE Am Teams from Richard Mille AF Corse's Luis Pérez Companc, Alessio Rovera and Lilou Wadoux by 39 points.\nToyota led Ferrari by 33 points in the Hypercar World Endurance Championship, while the No. 22 United Autosports squad led the No. 41 Team WRT team in the Endurance Trophy for LMP2 Teams by eight points and the No. 33 Corvette Racing team led the No. 83 Richard Mille AF Corse squad in the Endurance Trophy for LMGTE Am Teams with an 39-point advantage.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 234, "char_count": 1388, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following a lengthy analysis of the safety car's use by the race organiser, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO), dating back to the 2018 event, in which Porsche won the Le Mans Grand Touring Endurance Professional class (LMGTE Pro) by a large margin, a new procedure was implemented, with the goal of reducing the safety car's impact on the race. Three safety cars would be deployed, but two of them would be removed, allowing every car to circulate behind the remaining safety car. This would allow any lapped vehicles to pass the sole remaining safety car and go around the circuit until they reached the end of the queue. The field would then be sorted from fastest to slowest car categories, and racing would resume. This procedure would not be used in the race's final hour. Cars could still make pit stops during safety car periods until the pit lane exit was closed by the single safety car system. The system was tested during test day a week before the race.\nThe Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and the ACO suspended a ban on tyre warmers (designed to provide additional grip to tyres at the start of a stint) to reduce the championship's environmental impact only for the race at Le Mans across all car categories. Concerns made by drivers at the preceding 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps race weekend, where many cars slid off the track on cold tyres and crashed in changing conditions, forced the modification. LMGTE Pro was dropped from the race in 2023, leaving only the Le Mans Grand Touring Endurance Amateur (LMGTE Am) class as the only category for GT cars.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Regulation changes", "metadata": {"word_count": 275, "char_count": 1589, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Entry to the race was open from 8 December 2022 to 21 February 2023. The ACO Selection Committee granted 62 invitations and entries were divided between the Le Mans Hypercar (Hypercar), Le Mans Prototype 2 (LMP2) and LMGTE Am categories.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Entries", "metadata": {"word_count": 40, "char_count": 237, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Teams that won championships in the European Le Mans Series (ELMS), Asian Le Mans Series (ALMS) and Michelin Le Mans Cup (MLMC) earned automatic entry invitations. Second-place finishers in the 2022 ELMS LMP2 and LMGTE championships also received an automatic invitation. All current WEC full-season entries were automatically invited. The ACO selected three IMSA SportsCar Championship (WTSC) teams as automatic enties, regardless of performance or category. Teams that earned automatic LMP2 entries were permitted to change their cars from the previous year. ELMS LMGTE and ALMS GT teams which earned automatic entries could only enter in LMGTE Am. The 2022 European and 2023 Asian LMP3 (Le Mans Prototype 3) champions had to enter a LMP2 car, while the 2022 MLMC Group GT3 (GT3) champion was restricted to LMGTE Am.\nThe ACO announced the full list of automatic entries on 20 February 2023. Prema Racing chose to forego their automatic invitation as winners of the 2022 ELMS LMP2 category as it wanted to field their two full-time WEC cars in the race.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Automatic entries", "metadata": {"word_count": 171, "char_count": 1054, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The ACO announced the full 62 car entry list on the afternoon of 27 February. In addition to the 37 guaranteed WEC entries, there were 15 ELMS entries, four WTSC entries, four ALMS entries, and two one-off Le Mans entries. There were 40 cars in the two Prototype classes, 21 in the LMGTE Am class, and one innovative entry. In addition to the 62 entries invited, ten (three from LMGTE Am and seven from LMP2) were placed on a reserve list to replace withdrawn or unaccepted invitations. Reserve entries were ordered, with the first one replacing the first withdrawal from the race, regardless of class. Entries were selected for their sporting quality, technical, fan, media and public interest and commitment, loyalty to other ACO-administered series and entrant's performance.\nHeart of Racing withdrew their No. 27 LMGTE Am Aston Martin Vantage AMR, which was the tenth and final entry on the reserve list, after the entry list was published. The ACO published a revised entry list on 5 May 2023. It confirmed the withdrawal of Heart of Racing's entry as well as Risi Competizione's No. 82 LMGTE Am Ferrari 488 GTE EVO, reducing the reserve list to eight entries with no other changes to the teams' list.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Entry list and reserves", "metadata": {"word_count": 206, "char_count": 1206, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Garage 56 concept to test new automotive technologies at Le Mans returned after a two-year absence. It was announced at a press conference at Sebring International Raceway in March 2022 that a modified Next Gen Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 car fielded by Hendrick Motorsports would compete in the race, marking NASCAR's 75th anniversary and the first time NASCAR had a presence at Le Mans since 1976, when a Dodge Charger and Ford Torino competed in the Grand International category.\nThe Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 received numerous aerodynamic updates, carbon brake discs, functional front and rear headlights, and a larger 32 US gal (120 L; 27 imp gal) fuel cell, which reduced its weight by 525 lb (238 kg) compared to the NASCAR Cup Series model. Mike Rockenfeller, the 2010 overall Le Mans co-winner, joined 2009 Formula One World Champion Jenson Button and seven-time NASCAR Cup Series champion Jimmie Johnson as its drivers. Former crew chief Chad Knaus was project manager, and the car had the No. 24 in commemoration of driver Jeff Gordon.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Garage 56", "metadata": {"word_count": 172, "char_count": 1038, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The ACO and FIA changed the balance of performance four days before the test day to try to achieve parity in all categories since the Le Mans Hypercar performance was \"greater than initially anticipated\" and they did not have the manufacturers' consent prior to implement the changes. Four Hypercars received weight increases. The Toyota GR010 Hybrid, Ferrari 499P, Porsche 963 and the Cadillac V-Series.R were made 37 kg (82 lb), 24 kg (53 lb), 11 kg (24 lb) and 3 kg (6.6 lb) heavier, respectively. The Glickenhaus SCG 007 LMH, Peugeot 9X8 and Vanwall Vandervell 680-Gibson cars received no performance changes. Toyota, Ferrari, and Cadillac had their energy per stints increased to compensate for the additional ballast on their vehicles. In LMGTE Am, every car model in the Porsche 911 RSR-19, Chevrolet Corvette C8.R, Ferrari 488 GTE EVO, and Aston Martin Vantage AMR received more ballast to affect their handling. Similarly, Corvette's performance was improved by permitting a wider air intake on its engine, while Ferrari and Aston Martin's boost pressures were increased for improved performance.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Pre-race balance of performance changes", "metadata": {"word_count": 176, "char_count": 1105, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "One week before the race, on 4 June, all entrants were obliged to participate in eight hours of driving divided into two sessions. Some drivers missed part or all of testing because they were competing in the Formula E double-header in Jakarta, the GT World Challenge Europe round at Circuit Paul Ricard or the IndyCar Series event in Detroit. Reserve drivers included Matt Campbell (Porsche Penske Motorsport; he did not participate in testing); Alexandre Cougnaud (Graff); Kazuki Nakajima (Toyota; he filled in for Buemi, who was in Jakarta); and Stoffel Vandoorne (Peugeot Sport; also in Jakarta).\nThe morning session was held in clear weather. Ferrari led the session with a 3:30.686 lap from Fuoco's No. 50 car, which was 0.660 seconds faster than Gustavo Menezes' No. 94 Peugeot. Yifei Ye's No. 38 Team Jota Porsche was third, ahead of James Calado's No. 51 Ferrari, Conway's No. 7 Toyota and Renger van der Zande's No. 3 Cadillac. Paul di Resta's No. 93 Peugeot halted testing at the exit of the first Mulsanne Straight chicane due to a probable electrical hybrid problem triggered by a red light illuminated to compel a high-voltage safety protocol. Conway ran into the grass and spun front first into the wall before the Tertre Rouge corner entry, ending testing with two minutes left; Toyota's No. 7 car required new front and rear bodywork.\nReshad de Gerus' No. 47 Cool Racing Oreca 07-Gibson car led LMP2 with a lap of 3:36.409, quicker than two Hypercar entries. Second and third in class were Paul-Loup Chatin's No. 48 IDEC Sport and Ferdinand Habsburg's No. 31 Team WRT cars. Louis Prette's No. 66 JMW Motorsport Ferrari from Ulysse de Pauw's No. 21 AF Corse Ferrari and Charlie Eastwood's No. 25 ORT by TF Aston Martin lead the last hour of LMGTE Am with a 3:56.623 lap. The safety car procedure was used for debris on the exit of the first Mulsanne chicane.\nThe weather improved for the second session, resulting in faster lap times and 80 km/h (50 mph) slow zones for incidents. Early in the session, Antonio Giovinazzi's No. 51 Ferrari was fastest overall at 3:29.504. Laurens Vanthoor's No. 6 Penske Porsche was second, 0.144 seconds slower. Third to fifth were Kobayashi's No. 7 Toyota, Fuoco's No. 50 Ferrari, and Felipe Nasr's No. 75 Penske Porsche (affected by a brake-by-wire issue that kept the car in the garage for much of the session). With a time of 3:35.472, Pietro Fittipaldi's No. 28 Jota entry led LMP2 ahead of Habsburg's No. 31 Team WRT and André Negrão's No. 35 Alpine. When Rodrigo Sales' No. 14 Nielsen Racing and Laurents Hörr's No. 48 IDEC vehicles collided at the Forest Esses at 1 hour, 35 minutes in, the safety car procedure was employed for 37 minutes. Both vehicles became beached in the gravel trap past the Dunlop Chicane. Ferrari were in the top three in LMGTE Am as Thomas Neubauer improved the No. 66 JMW Ferrari's first session lap to 3:56.088 to maintain its lead from Francesco Castellacci's No. 54 AF Corse and Daniel Serra's No. 57 Kessel Racing cars.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Testing", "metadata": {"word_count": 517, "char_count": 3008, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The No. 10 Vector Sport, No. 13 Tower Motorsports, No. 14 Nielsen, No. 30 Duqueine Team, No. 80 AF Corse and No. 923 Racing Team Turkey LMP2 teams were all assessed 20-minute stop-and-hold first practice session penalties for running ride height sensors during testing and outside of private testing, a violation of the vehicle's homologation.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "After testing", "metadata": {"word_count": 55, "char_count": 343, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The first three-hour practice session occurred in warm and sunny weather on the afternoon of 7 June. Toyota led from the start with López's No. 7 car leading early on before his teammate Hartley in the No. 8 entry lapped quickest overall at 3:27.742 in the closing 23 minutes. The only other car in the 3:28 range was Bamber's No. 2 Cadillac, while the Porsches of Nasr's No. 75 and Kévin Estre's No. 6 cars were within half a second of Toyota's pace. Fittipaldi's No. 28 Jota car led LMP2 with a lap of 3:34.579, followed by Malthe Jakobsen's No. 37 Cool Pro/Am car. Mirko Bortolotti's No. 63 Prema entry was another 1.8 seconds back in third. Marco Sørensen No. 55 GMB Motorsport Aston Martin led LMGTE Am with a 3:55.020 lap, three-tenths of a second faster than Riccardo Pera's No. 86 GR Racing Porsche. Casper Stevenson's No. 777 D'station Racing Aston Martin crashed into the left-hand side Armco barrier before the Tertre Rouge corner and Steven Thomas' No. 13 Tower Motorsports entry hit the Aston Martin's drivers-side door at high speed after other cars avoided Stevenson's stationary car in the track's centre. Stevenson and Thomas were unhurt. Practice was stopped for 35 minutes to allow marshals and safety crews to repair the damaged barrier. Varrone had relieved Catsburg in the No. 33 Corvette when he also lost control of the car on a kerb into the Tertre Rouge corner and crashed rear first into the tyre barrier, ending the session with four minutes remaining. Corvette Racing replaced multiple components on the car to allow it to be driven in qualifying.\nD'station and Tower Motorsports had to start from the back of the outright grid after their chassis, damaged beyond repair, were replaced during qualifying. The stewards deemed Thomas to have not slowed enough before hitting Stevenson and imposed a four-minute stop-and-hold penalty on Tower Motorsports to be served within four laps of its announcement after the race began.\nThe second session, which lasted two hours, took place later that evening. Laurens Vanthoor's No. 6 Penske Porsche set the fastest lap of 3:28.878 with just over half an hour remaining in the session. Calado was second with Dane Cameron's No. 5 Penske Porsche third. Cadillac was fourth following a lap by Bamber and Toyota finished fifth after a lap by Kobayashi. Alexander Sims' Action Express Racing (AXR) car suffered front-right bodywork and minor cluster damage during the session and was driven into the pit lane for repairs. Bortolotti led LMP2 with a lap of 3:36.863 set before the session ended in Prema's No. 63 car. Filipe Albuquerque in United Autosport's No. 22 car was two-tenths of a second behind in second and Fittipaldi's No. 28 Jota entry was third. Kei Cozzolino's No 74 Kessel car lapped at 3:53.796 to lead LMGTE Am. Cozzolino demoted Alessio Picariello's No. 60 Iron Lynx Porsche to second and Matteo Cairoli's No. 56 Project 1 – AO Porsche was third.\nThe third session, three hours long, took place in warm weather on the afternoon of 8 June. Toyota set the early pace with Kobayashi and Buemi leading early on before Fuoco's lap of 3:26.579 led overall late in the session. Pier Guidi was second-fastest in the final eight minutes after spending 90 minutes in the garage due to a faulty transmission. The Toyotas in third (Kobayashi) and fourth (Hartley) were almost three-tenths of a second apart with António Félix da Costa's No. 38 Jota Porsche fifth. Jota again led LMP2 with Fittipaldi lapping at 3:34.071 ahead of Mathias Beche's No. 14 Nielsen entry. Castellacci led LMGTE Am from Ben Barker's No. 86 GR Racing Porsche and Matteo Cressoni's No. 60 Iron Lynx Ferrari. Although the session was not stopped, some cars did go off the circuit. Habsburg crashed the No. 31 WRT LMP2 entry into the barrier exiting Indianapolis turn and Manuel Maldonado ended practice early with a Full Course Yellow (FCY) after beaching the No. 65 Panis Racing car in the second Mulsanne Chicane gravel.\nThe final session, held for an hour, occurred later that evening. Calado set a 3:27.275 lap to lead practice with Esteban Gutiérrez's No. 709 Glickenhaus, Will Stevens' No. 38 Jota Porsche, Estre's No. 6 Penske Porsche and Sims' AXR Cadillac in second to fifth. Jean-Éric Vergne's No. 93 Peugeot stopped on the right-hand side of the Mulsanne Straight with an electrical fault, and race director Eduardo Freitas red-flagged practice for 19 minutes after becoming annoyed with drivers driving on the right rather than the left. Freitas extended practice by 15 minutes when the session was resumed with 20 minutes to go. Dries Vanthoor set LMP2's fastest lap of 3:36.229 in the No. 923 Racing Team Turkey car ahead of Job van Uitert's No. 65 Panis and Bortolotti's No. 63 Prema entries. Ferraris had the two fastest times in LMGTE Am with the top lap being a 3:52.965 set by Neubauer's No. 66 JMW car ahead of Scott Huffaker's No. 57 Kessel entry and Picariello's No. 60 Iron Lynx Porsche.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Practice", "metadata": {"word_count": 840, "char_count": 4954, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Divided into two sessions, an initial one-hour qualifying session decided the race's starting order, except for the fastest eight vehicles in each class, who qualified for a half-hour shootout, \"Le Mans Hyperpole,\" which determined pole position in all three classes. Every Hypercar started upfront, regardless of lap time, followed by LMP2 and LMGTE Am. The eight qualifying Hyperpole cars were ordered by fastest Hyperpole-session lap time first, followed by the other non-qualifying class vehicles by fastest lap time set during the first qualifying session.\nThe fastest Hypercar lap was a 3:25.213 set by Fuoco's No. 50 Ferrari with 16 minutes left. Pier Guidi's sister No. 51 Ferrari was demoted to second by Fuoco and was hampered by a slower GTE Am Aston Martin in the track's final sector during his fastest lap. Kobayashi's No. 7 Toyota took third after leading the session early on with teammate Hartley in fourth. The final four Hyperpole qualifiers were Frédéric Makowiecki's No. 5 Penske Porsche, Sébastien Bourdais' No. 3 and Bamber's No. 2 Cadillacs as well as Nasr's No. 75 Penske Porsche (whose best lap was invalidated for using more than the maximum released powertrain power). Fittipaldi's No. 28 Jota along with Deletraz's No. 41 WRT, Bortolotti's No. 61 Prema cars, Vector Sport's Gabriel Aubry, IDEC's Chatin, Cool's de Gerus, Prema's other entry of Bent Viscaal and Nielsen's Ben Hanley (after Dries Vanthoor's fastest lap was deleted for insufficient slowing under red flag conditions) advanced to Hyperpole in LMP2.\nIn LMGTE Am, Rovera's No. 83 Richard Mille AF Corse Ferrari and Davide Rigon's No. 54 AF Corse Ferrari along with Catsburg's Corvette, Eastwood's ORT by TF car, Serra's No. 57 Kessel car, Sørensen's GMB Aston Martin, De Pauw's No. 21 AF Corse Ferrari and Cozzolino's No. 74 Kessel car qualified for Hyperpole. Separate incidents for Matthieu Vaxivière's No. 36 Alpine and Albuquerque's No. 22 United Autosport car colliding into the Ford Chicane that saw Vaxivière get beached in the gravel and Jakobsen's No. 37 Cool car hitting the barrier at Indianapolis turn led to stoppages during qualifying.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Qualifying", "metadata": {"word_count": 343, "char_count": 2140, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Ferrari installed new tyres in Hyperpole, expecting Toyota to lap faster, and Fuoco and Pier Guidi drafted off each other as well as a Toyota. Fuoco's No. 50 Ferrari reset the Hypercar class record at 3:22.982 with eight minutes left for pole position despite Yorikatsu Tsujiko's LMGTE Am Kessel Ferrari slowing him into the left-hand Indianapolis corner and Arnage turn. It was Ferrari's first Le Mans pole since 1973, ending Toyota's streak of six consecutive poles extending back to 2017. It was also Ferrari's second pole of 2023 after the 1000 Miles of Sebring. Pier Guidi qualified the sister No. 51 Ferrari in second and held pole until Fuoco's lap. Hartley's No. 8 Toyota, Nasr's No. 75 Penske Porsche. Kobayashi's No. 7 Toyota, Bamber's No. 2 Cadillac, Makowiecki's No. 5 Penske Porsche and Bourdais' No. 3 Cadillac completed the top eight. The rear of Bourdais' car caught fire due to a burst high pressure fuel hose flooding it with engine fuel; he stopped at the first Mulsanne chicane for marshals and him to extinguish the fire, stopping Hyperpole with five minutes and 15 seconds left. The fire did not structurally damage the car but its engine was changed as a precaution.\nLMP2 pole position was secured by Chatin's No. 48 IDEC entry with a lap of 3:32.923. Following in the top five were Fittipaldi's No. 28 Jota, Deletraz's No. 41 WRT, De Gerus' No. 47 Cool and Bortolotti's No. 63 Prema cars. Three of the four GTE manufacturers were represented in the top three in LMGTE Am. Keating's Corvette took the class pole position with a 3:52.376 time set on his final lap, ahead of Ahmad Al Harthy's ORT by TF Aston Martin and Thomas Flohr's No. 54 AF Corse Ferrari.\nThe FIA WEC Committee moved the Garage 56 No. 24 Hendrick Chevrolet to the rear of the LMP2 field, ahead of all GTE cars, at the request of all LMGTE Am entries, after it lapped faster than the GTE vehicles in testing and practice.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Qualifying", "metadata": {"word_count": 335, "char_count": 1912, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The ACO scheduled a 15-minute warm-up session for teams to check their cars on 10 June at midday, in varied conditions with teams running slick tyres and recording slower lap times. Calado lapped fastest at 3:30.113, 2.846 seconds ahead of teammate Nielsen. The rest of the top five consisted of Bourdais, Nico Müller's No. 94 Peugeot and Conway. Tom Blomqvist's No. 23 United Autosports car led LMP2 with a lap of 3:39.818 from Fabio Scherer's No. 34 Inter Europol and Beche's No. 14 Nielsen cars. Kessel paced LMGTE Am with Serra's 3:55.038 lap leading teammate Cozzolino. Although there were no major incidents, Nicolas Lapierre stopped the No. 37 Cool entry at the side of the track at the exit of Arnage corner before restarting.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Warm-up", "metadata": {"word_count": 124, "char_count": 734, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Rainfall between the warm-up session and race start created mixed conditions around the circuit. The air temperature was between 18.2 to 26.4 °C (64.8 to 79.5 °F), while the track temperature ranged from 21 to 48 °C (70 to 118 °F); rain was forecast for the afternoon of 10 June. Basketball player LeBron James waved the French tricolor to start the race before 325,000 spectators at 16:00 CEST, which was led by the pole-sitter Nicklas Nielsen's No. 50 Ferrari. A total of 62 cars were scheduled to start the race, but the No. 708 Glickenhaus was in the garage having gearbox seal repairs arising from a differential setup change. The larger Hypercar field and driver behaviour meant greater risks were made while lapping slower vehicles. In the first hour, Buemi took the lead from Calado's No. 50 and Nielsen's No. 51 Ferraris on the outside entering Indianapolis Corner, while two incidents further down the field necessitated the first safety car intervention. Jack Aitken lost traction in the No. 311 AXR Cadillac's rear tyres on the damp track leaving the first Mulsanne Straight chicane. The car's front-left was heavily against the left-hand side Armco barrier. Mark Kvamme spun the No. 32 Inter Europol car into the gravel trap. Under the safety car, repairs to the barrier and debris cleanup took 35 minutes as Aitken returned to the garage for repairs and Kvamme was extricated from the gravel.\nWhen racing resumed, Conway's No. 7 Toyota was duelling Calado's No. 51 Ferrari for second as Rigon moved the No. 54 AF Corse Ferrari into the LMGTE Am lead when Catsburg's No. 33 Corvette was one of several GTE cars to pit under safety car conditions. Following Aitken's incident, Daniil Kvyat's second-placed No. 63 LMP2 Prema car entered the pit lane for a lengthy stop to remove debris in the air intake. Catsburg drove the No. 33 Corvette into the garage during the second hour to repair a faulty front-right damper and Keating rejoined the race two laps down in LMGTE Am. Accidents for Sales' No. 14 Nielsen car into the outside tyre barrier approaching Dunlop corner, which removed the car's front-right, and Ricky Taylor's No. 13 Tower vehicle against the inside barrier at high speed in Arnage turn prompted the retirement of both cars and the implementation of a slow zone. Midway through the second hour, De Pauw's No. 21 AF Corse Ferrari was caught out by Bourdais' No. 3 Cadillac slowing for the slow zone and rammed into Bourdais' rear under the Dunlop Bridge. Gustav Birch's No. 55 GMB Aston Martin was also involved in the incident, and both his and De Pauw's cars were retired. While Bourdais drove the No. 3 Cadillac to the garage for rear-end repairs, Birch and De Pauw were unhurt.\nKubica's No. 41 WRT car took the LMP2 lead while Porsche had the first four places in LMGTE Am with Cairoli's No. 56 Project 1 car leading the category. Claudio Schiavoni's No. 60 Iron Lynx Porsche hit the inside kerb too hard on the entry to Tertre Rouge corner and spun into Ryan Hardwick's No. 16 Wright Motorsports front-right corner during the third hour. Both vehicles incurred enough damage to be retired from the race. Soon after, Lubin's No. 22 United Autosports car spun out of Tertre Rouge corner and collided with Mikkel O. Pedersen's No. 77 Proton Porsche's right-hand side. Both vehicles returned to the garage for repairs. Heavy rain fell from Indianapolis corner to the start/finish straight before the end of the third hour, and several vehicles were caught off guard by the sudden drop in grip while braking and leaving turns on slick tyres. Pera's LMGTE Am-class leading No. 86 GR Porsche spun rear-first into the inside barrier. Wadoux spun the No. 83 Richard Mille Ferrari and crashed backwards into the Porsche Curves right-hand side wall at high speed and underwent precautionary checks at the track's medical centre. Her car's sustained a broken toe-link but she was not seriously injured. Aquaplaning cars prompted a second safety car deployment as Rigon moved the No. 54 AF Corse Ferrari to the LMGTE Am lead.\nDuring the safety car period, pit stop cycles in which teams switched to wet-weather tyres saw Menezes take the overall lead, with Estre's No. 6 Penske Porsche second. Sarah Bovy's No. 85 Iron Dames Porsche became the new LMGTE Am leader. The rain ceased soon after and teams began switching back to slick tyres as the track dried. Vergne beached the No. 93 Peugeot in the gravel at Mulsanne corner, extending the safety car period as it was tended to. After the safety car period ended, Ye's No. 38 Jota Porsche moved from sixth to the race lead into Indianapolis corner. Cameron moved the No. 5 Penske Porsche to second overall before being passed by the Ferrari 499Ps. He was imposed a drive-through penalty for passing the No. 100 Walkenhorst GTE Ferrari during the safety car period. Ye lost the overall lead when he lost control of the No. 38 Jota Porsche, removing its rear end assembly and engine cover in a high-speed sideways impact against the tyre barrier leaving the Porsche Curves. The car was repaired in the garage by mechanics for 20 minutes and four laps and Giovinazzi's No. 51 Ferrari took the lead. The debris on the circuit caused a Full Course Yellow.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Start and early hours", "metadata": {"word_count": 894, "char_count": 5219, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As night fell, LMGTE Am became a duel between JMW's Giacomo Petrobelli, AF Corse's Flohr and Iron Dames' Michelle Gatting, while Ramussen's No. 28 Jota, Jakub Śmiechowski's No. 34 Inter Europol and Oliver Jarvis' No. 23 United Autosport entrants battled the LMP2 lead. Heavy rain again fell on parts of the circuit and reduced visibility in the seventh hour and more vehicles were caught out by the changing conditions as they made pit stops for wet-weather tyres. Petrobelli got the JMW Ferrari beached in the gravel at Karting turn, causing heavy rear-end damage and requiring extrication. The car lost the LMGTE Am lead to Iron Dames' Gatting before being passed by Cairoli's No. 56 Project 1 car. Rasmussen's No. 28 Jota car had a frontal crash in the Porsche Curves but drove slowly to the pit lane for repairs and Scherer's No. 34 Inter Europol car took the LMP2 lead in the seventh hour. Pier Guidi then lost control of the race-leading No. 51 Ferrari while attempting to avoid colliding with the No. 911 Proton Porsche that had hit a Glickenhaus ahead of him in the Daytona Chicane. He recovered with vehicular assistance and lost the race lead to Müller's No. 94 Peugeot.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Night to morning", "metadata": {"word_count": 203, "char_count": 1180, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Kobayashi slowed at Tertre Rouge corner in the ninth hour to avoid passing Giedo van der Garde's No. 39 Graff car into a slow zone enforced for Pier Guidi's accident. Prette's JMW Ferrari was caught off guard by Van der Garde and hit the No. 7 Toyota's left rear, while Memo Rojas' No. 35 Alpine struck the Toyota's right rear. Prette collided with the rear of Van der Garde's car, causing race-ending damage to the JMW Ferrari and the No. 7 Toyota. Although no driver was hurt, Prette was taken to the medical centre for evaluation. A third safety car period was used to allow marshals to clear debris at Tertre Rouge corner and to recover the damaged cars. The accidents promoted Bamber's No. 2 Cadillac to third and Pier Guidi's No. 51 Ferrari to fourth. Because a large piece of Kevlar became caught in the suspension and blocked the cooler's flow, the No. 8 Toyota's engine began overheating at the same time as the No. 7 car's collision. When racing resumed, Hirakawa's No. 8 Toyota followed Bourdais's No. 3 Cadillac past Müller's No. 94 Peugeot for the race lead at the Dunlop chicane. Kvyat's No. 63 Prema LMP2 car slid sideways into the tyre barrier in the Porsche Curves. He was unhurt but heavy rear-end damage forced the vehicle's retirement. Fuoco entered the garage to repair a front leak caused by a stone damaging the front-right brake radiator. The No. 50 Ferrari lost six laps and dropped out of the race lead duel.\nRené Binder and Neel Jani's Duqueine car joined the LMP2 lead duel with Śmiechowski's and Scherer's No. 34 Inter Europol and Andrade's No. 41 Jota entries in the 10th hour. Müller's No. 94 Peugeot regained the race lead during the following hour, but was passed by Buemi's No. 8 Toyota on the run from Mulsanne to Indianapolis. Calado used the No. 51 Ferrari's better straightline pace on the straight into the Indianapolis turn to pass Müller's No. 94 Peugeot on the inside and take second place. At the first Mulsanne chicane, Menezes slipped onto the wet gravel and skidded into the tyre barrier. Menezes limped the damaged No. 94 Peugeot back to the pits for eight laps of front-end repairs. Calado took the lead when Ferrari did not replace the tyres on the No. 51 Ferrari and instead only refuel it at pit stops. After Serra's quick laps, Kessel joined the LMGTE Am lead duel. De Gerus damaged the No. 37 Cool entry's front-left and rear-left suspension against the barrier at the exit to the first opening of the Porsche Curves during the 13th hour. He brought the car into the garage to be retired with tub damage.\nEarly in the morning, the race lead was shared by Hirakawa's No. 8 Toyota and Pier Guidi's No. 51 Ferrari, and both cars were on the same pit stop strategy. Jonas Ried's No. 88 Proton Porsche collided with the outside barrier entering the Indianapolis corner, forcing the car to withdraw and the wall to be repaired. Ben Barnicoat's No. 80 AF Corse LMP2 Pro/Am car attempted to overtake slower vehicles through the Porsche Curves not long after. Barnicoat hit the inside kerb and the barrier hard enough with his left side to force its retirement after 15 hours. Kessel's No. 57 Ferrari had become the LMGTE Am leader by this stage thanks to steady pace from drivers Serra and Huffaker, as well as pit stop strategy. After passing Al Harthy's No. 25 ORT by TF car under the Dunlop Bridge, Pera's No. 86 GR Porsche moved to third in class before Scherer passed Kubica in the LMP2 duel for first. Hirakawa's front bodywork and a slow right-rear puncture were replaced during a pit stop after he ran over a squirrel at around 7:00 a.m. local time, removing front downforce from the No. 8 Toyota. This returned Calado's No. 51 Ferrari to the race lead.\nWhile lapping the No. 31 WRT LMP2 entry in the 17th hour, Estre's No. 6 Porsche hit the inside kerb in the Porsche Curves, severely damaging the car's floor against the tyre barrier. The car dropped out of a duel for fourth with Bourdais' No. 3 Cadillac after 43 minutes of bodywork and floor repairs in the garage. LMP2 remained a battle between Kubica's No. 41 Jota and Smiechowski's No. 34 Inter Europol cars, while LMGTE Am was a duel between Iron Dames' Frey and Project 1's Cairoli, and Catsburg and Keating's No. 33 Corvette moved to third in class after returning to the lead lap through pace and a safety car wave-by as the circuit dried. Eastwood's No. 25 ORT by TF Aston Martin pace and pit stop strategy allowed him to join the LMGTE Am lead duel as Keating passed P. J. Hyett's No. 56 Project 1 Porsche for second in class in the 18th hour. Pier Guidi's No. 51 Ferrari lost the lead to Buemi's No. 8 Toyota because he needed to power cycle the No. 51 Ferrari, which had difficulty restarting from his pit box due to a cockpit communications system failure, but reclaimed it by passing Buemi on the outside through slower LMP2 traffic into the second Mulsanne chicane. The gap between both drivers was small until Molina's No. 50 Ferrari attempted to regain a lap from Hartley's No. 8 Toyota, allowing Calado's No. 51 Ferrari to pull away. Actor Michael Fassbender lost control of the No. 911 Proton Porsche's rear exiting Karting corner, crashing into the tyre barrier hard enough to force the car to retire with rear-right damage after 20 hours.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Night to morning", "metadata": {"word_count": 934, "char_count": 5266, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In the 21st hour, Inter Europol's No. 34 car received a drive-through penalty for overtaking two vehicles under safety car conditions, although it did not lose the LMP2 lead to Kubica. Varrone's 33 Corvette set a series of quick laps to take the LMGTE Am lead from Bovy's No. 85 Iron Dames Ferrari and the No. 25 ORT by TF car of Al Harthy. He and Catsburg extended the Corvette's lead to more than 70 seconds over Gatting's Iron Dames Porsche who was being caught by Eastwood's No. 25 ORT by TF Aston Martin. Hartley closed to less than ten seconds of overall leader Giovinazzi's No. 51 Ferrari by the 22nd hour while Nielsen's sister No. 50 Ferrari returned to fifth overall after Mikkel Jensen's No. 93 Peugeot entered the garage with a hydraulics issue. Hirakawa, who replaced Hartley, spun into the left-hand side guardrail barriers entering the right-hand Arnage corner after locking the rear brakes in the braking zone due to a rearward brake balance setting that he was unaware of with 1 hour and 45 minutes remaining. He entered the pit lane to have mechanics replace the damaged front and rear bodywork before rejoining the track nearly a lap behind Giovinazzi's No. 51 Ferrari. In the 23rd hour, Iron Dames lost second in LMGTE Am to Eastwood's No. 25 ORT by TF car who passed Frey's No. 85 Iron Dames Ferrari on the inside into the first Mulsanne chicane after a short battle and began pulling away.\nAlthough the No. 51 Ferrari underwent a system reset at its final pit stop in the final hour, Pier Guidi maintained the lead the car had held for the last 55 laps and won after 342 laps; it was Calado's, Giovinazzi's and Pier Guidi's maiden overall Le Mans victory, Ferrari's tenth and its first since 1965. They finished 1 minute, 21.793 seconds ahead of the No. 8 Toyota, with the No. 2 Cadillac finishing one lap behind in third place, despite losing time due to frequent oil replenishing during pit stops arising from an engine oil issue from the third hour. Inter Europol led the final 112 laps in LMP2 despite radio communication issues in the final hour, earning their first WEC LMP2 victory and second since the ALMS 4 Hours of Dubai. Jota's No. 41 team finished second 21.015 seconds later, and Duqueine finished third despite their car's right-front suspension failing at the final chicane on the final lap. Algarve Pro's No. 45 team of James Allen, Colin Braun and George Kurtz despite a puncture and functioning accident data recorder needing replacing won the LMP2 Pro/Am subclass by five laps over the No. 37 Cool trio of Alexandre Coigny, Jakobsen and Lapierre. It was Allen's second subclass win, as well as Braun's and Kurtz's first. In the final LMGTE Am and GTE race at Le Mans, Corvette had their ninth Le Mans GTE victory with their C8.R leading the ORT by TF Aston Martin by one lap. It was Keating's second category win and Catsburg's and Varrone's first. 40 of the 62 starting vehicles completed the event, the lowest number since 2015.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Afternoon to finish", "metadata": {"word_count": 522, "char_count": 2972, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The top three teams in each of the four classes appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and spoke to the media at individual press conferences. Giovinazzi said it was \"by no means a given\" that Ferrari would finish the race but added that they \"should be very proud\" of the victory. Calado called it \"a great achievement after so long, this will go down in history.\" Pier Guidi said \"As an Italian, I have dreamed of driving for this brand since childhood. Now it's real. We won Le Mans with a red car.\" Ferrari chairman John Elkann described the win as an \"unforgettable day\" and that winning a competitive, wet-weather affected 24-hour race \"serves as an example for us all.\" Hartley was disappointed but proud to finish second, and disclosed that Toyota instructed Hirakawa to push hard in order to win the race. Hirakawa felt a lot of pressure relieving Hartley for his final stint and did not expect abnormal car behaviour into the Indianapolis corner. Bamber felt Cadillac \"had a nearly perfect race\" through wet-weather strategy and Westbrook felt his team deserved to finish third after being told they were lucky. Lynn said that the presence of spectators distinguished his third-place overall finish from his 2020 LMGTE Pro victory when no fans could watch at Le Mans.\nPorsche LMDh factory director Urs Kuratle believed the three Penske cars could have competed on pace with the No. 2 Cadillac if not for technical issues, adding: \"It was not our race, definitely not. But next year, we'll come back strong.\" Ye said visibility issues caused his accident and Jota owner Sam Hignett added that the Hypercar's windscreen becomes more dirty than an LMP2 car's. Toyota technical director Pascal Vasselon said Toyota did not blame Hirakawa for his crash.\nScherer, whose left foot was broken after departing Inter Europol's No. 34 car during a third lap pit stop, had his crew adjust run plans to allow for rest, and treatment permitted him to continue driving, saying: \"I tried to just go for it because winning Le Mans is the biggest thing for me to achieve in Europe, in motorsport. I was a bit like, 'I just go through, it doesn't matter what it costs.' Because I'm living for that and that's my dream. That you don't give up for a foot that gives you some pain.\" Catsburg stated that he did not observe Scherer as he entered his pit box and blamed the crash on a miscommunication. Checks revealed that Scherer's mid-left foot had an incomplete fracture and ligament damage. He was cleared for the following 6 Hours of Monza. WRT owner Vincent Vosse voiced his dissatisfaction at finishing second in LMP2, which was heightened as the team had lost the class victory on the final lap of the 2021 race due to a throttle sensor issue. Kubica said Inter Europol's competitiveness made WRT keep trying to pressure them to no avail but added that he was proud of his achievements at Le Mans.\nCatsburg stated he did not think a comeback from two laps down to win the race was possible, calling it \"insane\" that Corvette's pace allowed his team to re-enter LMGTE Am contention. Keating described Corvette's comeback from pole position as a \"emotional rollercoaster,\" but was enraged by the then-class leader being released from the pit lane too soon under safety car conditions in wet weather in the third hour and race control failing to correct the error, preventing Corvette from receiving a wave-by. Iron Dames' regret at not finishing on the LMGTE Am podium after duelling for the class lead was voiced by Bovy, while co-driver Gatting said that they were hindered by a brake replacement.\nBourdais argued that De Pauw had collided with him because \"there was no next slow to say that slow zone 2 was still active. And the GT guys were nose-to-tail. I don't know what he was doing, but he basically forgot that the next one was yellow again. He just plowed into us.\" Kobayashi said of his accident: \"It's so painful to end the race like this because we did the race pretty well and were running P3, catching up. It's very tough.\" Bourdais thought the Le Mans slow zone system was overly long and dangerous and advised that some slow zones be deactivated rather than having them along a long stretch of track. Kobayashi suggested that FCY to instruct every car to immediately slow to 80 km/h (50 mph) regardless of their location on the circuit be used more often for safety reasons.\nThe result kept Buemi, Hartley and Hirakawa atop the Hypercar Drivers' Championship with 102 points; race winners Calado, Giovinazzi and Pier Guidi moved from fifth to second, 25 points behind. Deletraz, Kubica and Andrade took the Endurance Trophy for LMP2 Drivers lead ahead of class victors Costa, Scherer and Śmiechowski. Catsburg, Keating and Varrone retained the Endurance Trophy for LMGTE Am Drivers points lead over Al Harthy, Eastwood and Michael Dinan. Toyota, the No. 41 Team WRT and No. 33 Corvette teams left Le Mans as the Hypercar World Endurance Championship, LMP2 Endurance Trophy for Teams and LMGTE Am Endurance Trophy for Teams leaders, respectively, with three races remaining in the season.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Post-race", "metadata": {"word_count": 876, "char_count": 5108, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The minimum number of laps for classification at the finish (70 per cent of the overall race winner's distance) was 239 laps. Class winners are denoted in bold and with ‡.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Official results", "metadata": {"word_count": 31, "char_count": 171, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Only the top five positions are included for all championship standings.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 24 Hours of Le Mans", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans", "article_id": 72794265, "section": "Championship standings after the race", "metadata": {"word_count": 11, "char_count": 72, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Duplex stainless steels are a family of alloys with a two-phase microstructure consisting of both austenitic (face-centred cubic) and ferritic (body-centred cubic) phases. They offer excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and toughness compared to other types of stainless steel. However, duplex stainless steel can be susceptible to a phenomenon known as 475 °C (887 °F) embrittlement or duplex stainless steel age hardening, which is a type of aging process that causes loss of plasticity in duplex stainless steel when it is heated in the range of 250 to 550 °C (480 to 1,020 °F). At this temperature range, spontaneous phase separation of the ferrite phase into iron-rich and chromium-rich nanophases occurs, with no change in the mechanical properties of the austenite phase. This type of embrittlement is due to precipitation hardening, which makes the material become brittle and prone to cracking.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "475 °C embrittlement", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/475_%C2%B0C_embrittlement", "article_id": 71998469, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 141, "char_count": 921, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Duplex stainless steel is a type of stainless steel that has a two-phase microstructure consisting of both austenitic (face-centred cubic) and ferritic (body-centred cubic) phases. This dual-phase structure gives duplex stainless steel a combination of mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties that are superior to those of either austenitic or ferritic stainless steel alone. The austenitic phase provides the steel with good ductility, high toughness, and high corrosion resistance, especially in acidic and chloride-containing environments. The ferritic phase, on the other hand, provides the steel with good strength, high resistance to stress corrosion cracking, and high resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. They are therefore used extensively in the offshore oil and gas industry for pipework systems, manifolds, risers, etc. and in the petrochemical industry in the form of pipelines and pressure vessels.\nA duplex stainless steel mixture of austenite and ferrite microstructure is not necessarily in equal proportions, and where the alloy solidifies as ferrite, it is partially transformed to austenite when the temperature falls to around 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). Duplex steels have a higher chromium content compared to austenitic stainless steel, 20–28%; higher molybdenum, up to 5%; lower nickel, up to 9%; and 0.05–0.50% nitrogen. Thus, duplex stainless steel alloys have good corrosion resistance and higher strength than standard austenitic stainless steels such as type 304 or 316. \nAlpha (α) phase is a ferritic phase with body-centred cubic (BCC) structure, Im\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {3}}}\n \nm space group, 2.866 Å lattice parameter, and has one twinning system {112}<111> and three slip systems {110}<111>, {112}<111> and {123}<111>; however, the last system rarely activates. Gamma (\n \n \n \n γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma }\n \n) phase is austenitic with a face-centred cubic (FCC) structure, Fm\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {3}}}\n \nm space group, and 3.66 Å lattice parameter. It normally has more nickel, copper, and interstitial carbon and nitrogen. Plastic deformation occurs in austenite more readily than in ferrite. During deformation, straight slip bands form in the austenite grains and propagate to the ferrite-austenite grain boundaries, assisting in the slipping of the ferrite phase. Curved slip bands also form due to the bulk-ferrite-grain deformation. The formation of slip bands indicates a concentrated unidirectional slip on certain planes causing a stress concentration.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "475 °C embrittlement", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/475_%C2%B0C_embrittlement", "article_id": 71998469, "section": "Duplex stainless steel", "metadata": {"word_count": 367, "char_count": 2564, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Duplex stainless steel can have limited toughness due to its large ferritic grain size, and its tendencies to hardening and embrittlement, i.e., loss of plasticity, at temperatures ranging from 250 to 550 °C (482 to 1,022 °F), especially at 475 °C (887 °F). At this temperature range, spinodal decomposition of the supersaturated solid ferrite solution into iron-rich nanophase (\n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n ´\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\acute {a}}}\n \n) and chromium-rich nanophase (\n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n ´\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ´\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\acute {a}}{\\acute {}}}\n \n), accompanied by G-phase precipitation, occurs. This makes the ferrite phase a preferential initiation site for micro-cracks. This is because aging encourages Σ3 {112}<111> ferrite deformation twinning at slow strain rate and room temperature in tensile or compressive deformation, nucleating from local stress concentration sites, and parent-twinning boundaries, with 60° (in or out) misorientation, are suitable for cleavage crack nucleation.\nSpinodal decomposition refers to the spontaneous separation of a phase into two coherent phases via uphill diffusion, i.e., from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration resulting in a negative diffusion coefficient \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n 2\n \n \n G\n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {d^{2}G \\over dx^{2}}}\n \n, without a barrier to nucleation due to the phase being thermodynamically unstable (i.e., miscibility gap, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n ´\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\acute {a}}}\n \n + \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n ´\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ´\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\acute {a}}{\\acute {}}}\n \n region in the figure), where \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n is the Gibbs free energy per mole of solution and the composition. It increases hardness and decreases magneticity. Miscibility gap describes the region in a phase diagram below the melting point of each compound where the solid phase splits into the liquid of two separated stable phases.\nFor 475 °C embrittlement to occur, the chromium content needs to exceed 12%. The addition of nickel accelerates the spinodal decomposition by promoting the iron-rich nanophase formation. Nitrogen changes the distribution of chromium, nickel, and molybdenum in the ferrite phase but does not prevent the phase decomposition. Other elements like molybdenum, manganese, and silicon do not affect the formation of iron-rich nanophase. However, manganese and molybdenum partition to the iron-rich nanophase, while nickel partitions to the chromium-rich nanophase.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "475 °C embrittlement", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/475_%C2%B0C_embrittlement", "article_id": 71998469, "section": "Age hardening by spinodal decomposition", "metadata": {"word_count": 344, "char_count": 2526, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Using Field Emission Gun Transmission Electron Microscope FEG-TEM, the nanometre-scaled modulated structure of the decomposed ferrite was revealed as chromium-rich nanophase gave the bright image, and iron-rich darker image. It also revealed that these modulated nanophases grow coarser with aging time. Decomposed phases start as irregular rounded shapes with no particular arrangement, but with time the chromium-rich nanophase takes a plat shape aligned in the <110> directions.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "475 °C embrittlement", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/475_%C2%B0C_embrittlement", "article_id": 71998469, "section": "Microscopy characterisation", "metadata": {"word_count": 67, "char_count": 481, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Spinodal decomposition increases the hardening of the material due to the misfit between the chromium-rich and iron-rich nano-phases, internal stress, and variation of elastic modulus. The formation of coherent precipitates induces an equal but opposite strain, raising the system's free energy depending on the precipitate shape and matrix and precipitate elastic properties. Around a spherical inclusion, the distortion is purely hydrostatic.\nG-phase precipitates appear prominently at grain boundaries. and are phase rich in nickel, titanium, and silicon, but chromium and manganese may substitute titanium sites. G-phase precipitates occur during long-term aging, are encouraged by increasing nickel content in the ferrite phase, and reduce corrosion resistance significantly. It has ellipsoid morphology, FCC structure (Fm\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {3}}}\n \nm), and 11.4 Å lattice parameter, with a diameter less than 50 nm that increases with aging.\nThus, the embrittlement is caused by dislocations impediment/ locking by the spinodally decomposed matrix and strain around G-phase precipitates, i.e., internal stress relaxation by the formation of Cottrell atmosphere. \nFurthermore, the ferrite hardness increases with aging time, the hardness of the ductile austenite phase remains nearly unchanged due to faster diffusivity in ferrite compared to the austenite. However, austenite undergoes a substitutional redistribution of elements, enhancing galvanic corrosion between the two phases.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "475 °C embrittlement", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/475_%C2%B0C_embrittlement", "article_id": 71998469, "section": "Consequences", "metadata": {"word_count": 207, "char_count": 1520, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "550 °C heat treatment can reverse spinodal decomposition but not affect the G-phase precipitates. The ferrite matrix spinodal decomposition can be substantially reversed by introducing an external pulsed electric current that changes the system's free energy due to the difference in electrical conductivity between the nanophases and the dissolution of G-phase precipitates.\nCyclic loading suppresses spinodal decomposition, and radiation accelerates it but changes the decomposition nature from an interconnected network of modulated nanophases to isolated islands.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "475 °C embrittlement", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/475_%C2%B0C_embrittlement", "article_id": 71998469, "section": "Treatment", "metadata": {"word_count": 76, "char_count": 567, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 1864 Washington Arsenal explosion occurred on June 17, 1864, at the Washington Arsenal (now known as Fort Lesley J. McNair) in Washington, D.C. after the Arsenal's superintendent left hundreds of flares to dry in the hot summer sun near some of the Arsenal's buildings. When the explosion happened, some of the flares entered into a warehouse via an open window. Inside, a fire quickly started and, when a barrel of gunpowder was set on fire, the roof of the building blew off. The warehouse was staffed with 108 women at the time of the explosion; 21 of them, mostly Irish immigrants, died and many more were seriously injured. Assistance from other Arsenal employees and several local fire companies soon arrived.\nThe day after the explosion, there were four burials at Mount Olivet Cemetery. The following day, a large number of people attended the funeral service held at the Arsenal. Among those in attendance were President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. The processions then moved to gravesites in Congressional Cemetery where two pits were dug: one for the identified bodies and the second for the unidentified. In the years that followed, there were additional explosions that happened at the Arsenal, including one that claimed the lives of 10 men. The Arsenal was closed a few years after the Civil War ended, and renamed Washington Barracks for many years, until acquiring its current name, Fort Lesley J.McNair.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1864 Washington Arsenal explosion", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Washington_Arsenal_explosion", "article_id": 75838092, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 239, "char_count": 1449, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "During the Civil War, most young and middle-aged men were conscripted or volunteered to fight in the Union Army or Confederate Army. While husbands from Washington, D.C., were busy fighting in the war, some of their wives took up jobs throughout the city to earn money or to demonstrate patriotism. Many of these workers were women from the working class and immigrant community. At the Washington Arsenal, now known as Fort Lesley J. McNair, women worked a variety of jobs. The Arsenal was located on the peninsula where the Potomac River and Anacostia River bordered the area. The peninsula was called \"The Island\" despite not being one. On this \"island\", women and men would come to work at the Arsenal, the largest of its kind during the war.\nThe Arsenal was established in 1791 and, during the Civil War, it housed around 40 buildings containing ammunition, flares, and other military artillery. One of the buildings on the north side of the Island was a penitentiary until 1862, when it was converted into ammunition storage. It was in this building where the co-conspirators of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln were hanged. During an inspection in early 1862, there was an estimated 16.5 million rounds of ammunition at the Arsenal.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1864 Washington Arsenal explosion", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Washington_Arsenal_explosion", "article_id": 75838092, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 208, "char_count": 1243, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On the morning of June 17, 1864, superintendent Tom Brown began his daily inspections of the warehouses. Employees at one of the warehouses had just finished producing a large amount of flares. It was hot that day, so Brown had several hundred flares lying in the sun to dry. The flares contained potassium chloride, strontium nitrate, and carbon, and were drying in an out-of-the way area by two buildings. Just before noon that day, there was an intense explosion caused by the sun igniting the flares. It completely destroyed a 100-foot (30 m) long building that was originally designed into four sections. A window had been opened in the hottest room of the building and one of the flares entered the building through the open window, setting off an explosion of cartridges and a barrel of gunpowder. This caused the entire roof to blow off the building while the interior was set afire. At the time of the explosion, 108 women had been working in the building. Earlier that morning, the women had received a message thanking them for donating $170 towards a memorial for the Allegheny Arsenal explosion that occurred in 1862.\nMany of the women were wearing hoop skirts that caught fire as they tried to escape the burning building. Some of the women were trapped because of the large worktables that had blocked entrances or windows. A few women who were rescued from the flames were taken to the Potomac River and thrown in the water to extinguish their burning clothes. Three women were most likely in shock when they began running up a hill while their clothes were on fire, but Arsenal employees managed to save them. Some of the survivors who were able to walk made their way to boats en route to the Sixth Street Wharf, where their families could take them home.\nThe explosion resulted in the worst civilian disaster in the nation's capital during the war. In total, 21 women died, some of whom were burned beyond recognition and only identifiable by a ring, piece of a dress, or other personal items. Some were not identified. In addition to the deaths, dozens of women were injured including some who were blinded. After the explosion, uninjured people from the Arsenal, military medical personnel, and several volunteer fire department companies arrived and began assisting the wounded.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1864 Washington Arsenal explosion", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Washington_Arsenal_explosion", "article_id": 75838092, "section": "Explosion", "metadata": {"word_count": 392, "char_count": 2300, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "News spread quickly throughout the city of the Arsenal disaster. A special edition of The Evening Star was printed that afternoon detailing the events of the explosion. When told of the disaster, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton announced the U.S. Department of War would be covering all expenses related to funeral costs. He told the Arsenal's commandant \"You will not spare any means to express the respect and sympathy of the government for the deceased and their surviving friends.\" The following day male employees of the Arsenal adopted resolutions to not only have a funeral service for the women who died, but to include a large procession to Congressional Cemetery, where a monument would be erected to honor the victims.\nThe first funerals took place on June 18, when four of the victims were buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery. The remaining victims were buried the following day, except for one whose funeral was at her home and another who died three weeks later. The Aresenal held a funeral on June 19 for the victims of the explosion. Arsenal employees made coffins for each victim, with a silver-plated plaque on each one listing their name. Victims who were not identified also had plaques on their coffins, but the name was listed as \"Unknown.\" Their coffins were adorned with flowers from city residents. St. Dominic Catholic Church's Reverend Father A. Bakel spoke at the service as did Reverend S. H. Leech from Gorsuch Methodist Church.\nAmong the attendees at the July 19 funeral were President Abraham Lincoln and Stanton. A funeral procession began at 3:15pm after the Army Medical Department put the bodies in hearses. Around 150 carriages traveled from the Arsenal to Congressional Cemetery followed by all employees of the Arsenal. A carriage with the remains of 13-year old Sallie McElfresh joined the procession at F Street. The funeral service at Congressional Cemetery began when the six identified victims and eight unidentified were placed in pits measuring 15-feet (4.6 m) wide and 5 1/2-feet deep. The first pit is where the identified bodies were buried. The last victim who succumbed to her injuries a few weeks later was buried at the site in July. A second pit, for those who were unidentified, was located a few feet away. Victims McElfresh and Annie Bache were buried in nearby family plots. The crowd chanted \"Farewell, sisters, farewell\" as the coffins were being placed into the pits.\nThere was an investigation and a coroner's inquest of the disaster, which revealed thousands of cartridges were carelessly put in an area where they could ignite. Brown was also \"guilty of the most culpable carelessness and negligence in placing highly combustible substances so near a building filled with human beings, indicating a most reckless disregard of human life.\" During the trial, Brown claimed to not know how the explosions occurred since the materials he was drying did not include sulphur. He did admit the pans were the ones he had placed near the building. Arsenal Commandant Major James G. Benton told the jury he was not present at the Arsenal during the explosion, but that after investigating the three pans outside the building, he knew that they were the cause. Additional witnesses confirmed seeing the flares on fire and causing explosions. An article in The Evening Star stated Brown had shown a \"degree of indifference to human life,\" yet Brown was never charged with any crime.\nCongress passed a resolution on July 4, 1864, to pay victims' families \"the sum of two thousand dollars, be and the same is hereby, appropriated out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the relief of victims of such explosion, – said money to be distributed under the direction of Major Benton, commanding at said arsenal and in such manner as shall most conduce to the comfort and relief of said sufferers, according to their necessities respectively, and that he report to this house.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1864 Washington Arsenal explosion", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Washington_Arsenal_explosion", "article_id": 75838092, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 656, "char_count": 3941, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Soon after the funeral, citizens of Washington, D.C. began raising funds for a monument to the victims. They managed to raise $3,000 within a year. A commission was created to find an artist and design for the monument. Commission members chose Lot Flannery and his company, Flannery Brothers. Flannery was an Irish American, like many of the victims. He carved the Grief statue on top of the monument, a few years before carving his most famous work, the statue of Abraham Lincoln in front of the District of Columbia City Hall. The monument was finished within a couple of months and dedicated on the one-year anniversary of the explosion.\nThe monument is 25 feet (7.6 m) tall and each side measures 5.6 feet (1.7 m) and was installed on June 17, 1865. The sculpture and pedestal are both made of marble, while the pediment is made of grey granite. The statue on top of the monument is of a woman with long hair wearing a gown, symbolizing Grief. Below her is a grape vine which symbolizes the sacrifice made by the victims. Her hands are clasped in front of her as she looks down. The second layer of the base includes reliefs of hourglasses with wings, demonstrating the women's time had ended. On two sides of the pedestal the name of each victim is carved. On the front of the pedestal is a relief of the explosion.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1864 Washington Arsenal explosion", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Washington_Arsenal_explosion", "article_id": 75838092, "section": "Monument", "metadata": {"word_count": 237, "char_count": 1321, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The explosion in 1864 wasn't the only industrial accident to take place at the Arsenal. In December 1865, while unloading old ammunition from a wagon, the ammunition fell and exploded. The ensuing explosion and fire resulted in 10 deaths. In describing the event, a reporter for The Evening Star wrote \"The terrible scene, immediately after the explosion, was only equalled by the scene at the explosion in June 1864, some of the corpses being burned, blackened, and torn so as to expose the entrails, and none being recognizable from the features.\" In July 1871, another massive explosion occurred in one of the warehouses, destroying several nearby buildings, but without casualties since it occurred at 3 a.m. The blast was powerful enough to break windows throughout the Arsenal. The government closed the Arsenal in 1881, renaming it the Washington Barracks. The name was changed again in 1948 to its present name, Fort Lesley J. McNair.\nIn 2014, on the 150th anniversary of the explosion, Tánaiste Eamon Gilmore visited the monument site while on an official visit to the U.S. and laid a wreath because many of the women who died or were injured were Irish immigrants. Personnel from Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall held a ceremony on the same day, honoring the women who lost their lives helping to defend the Union. Speakers at the ceremony included historian Ed Bearss and Colonel Fern O. Sumpter. At 11:50 a.m., the same time the explosion occurred, there was a moment of silence for the victims. The name of each victim was then read aloud.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1864 Washington Arsenal explosion", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_Washington_Arsenal_explosion", "article_id": 75838092, "section": "Later history", "metadata": {"word_count": 260, "char_count": 1550, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 1901 Boston Marathon was the fifth edition of the marathon race from Ashland to Boston, Massachusetts, United States on April 19, 1901. The event was organized by the Boston Athletic Association (B.A.A.). Rather than the modern marathon distance of 26.2 miles (42.2 km), the distance was officially 25 miles (40 km), though it has since been measured to be about 23.1–23.9 miles (37.2–38.5 km). About 25,000 spectators lined the course, many of them following and cheering on their preferred runners for significant stretches as they passed.\nJack Caffery of Canada repeated as champion, improving his course record from the previous year by a further 10 minutes to 2 hours, 29 minutes, 33 seconds and becoming the first person to win the Boston Marathon two years in a row. His compatriot William Davis, a Mohawk Canadian, finished runner-up and Sammy Mellor finished third.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1901 Boston Marathon", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Boston_Marathon", "article_id": 76597507, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 143, "char_count": 878, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Following the first modern Olympic marathon at the 1896 Athens Olympics, the first American marathon race was held in fall 1896 from Stamford, Connecticut to New York City. According to the Hamilton Spectator, the Bostonians who competed claimed they were drugged, and John McDermott of New York won the race.\nThe first Boston Marathon was held one year later in 1897, and it was also won by McDermott. The race was credited with establishing interest in marathon running in America. That momentum continued through to the 1900 Boston Marathon, which broke the all-time participation record with the help of a new Canadian delegation led by winner Jack Caffrey.\nFor the 1901 race, it was expected that participation would exceed the 1900 edition, with race manager John Graham expecting several top entries. The Canadians were to be represented by Jack Caffery, Fred Hughson, William Davis, and 1900 Boston Marathon runner-up Billy Sherring from Hamilton, Ontario. On April 15, Sherring withdrew from the race with what was variously described as a sore knee or a sickness. The rest of the Canadians arrived a week before the race, and also on April 15 Caffrey raced Tom Kanaly in a cross-country tune-up in Boston, finishing fourth despite a seven-minute handicap. People in Cambridge favored Ronald MacDonald to win the 1901 Boston Marathon, as his recent 19-mile performance was 6 minutes better than that of Caffrey.\nA total of 31 entries were received as of April 17, each runner to be accompanied by two bicycle riders to attend to their needs during the race. The top eight placers were to be awarded prizes, with a \"souvenir\" awarded to all finishers. A list of 33 entrants and a course description were published by the Boston Evening Transcript four days before the race, with that list being updated to 41 entrants as of the eve of the race.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1901 Boston Marathon", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Boston_Marathon", "article_id": 76597507, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 311, "char_count": 1852, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The race started at 12 pm local time, with conditions described as favorable with no wind. Fred Hughson of the Hamilton Y.M.C.A. and Jack Caffery (also of Hamilton, Ontario) took the early lead. The first mile was reportedly covered in 4 minutes and 40 seconds, a pace that only five runners in history have averaged across a full marathon as of 2024. By the railroad tracks in Ashland center, Hughson led with Caffery close behind and both leading C. Crimmins from Cambridgeport Gym by 50 yards (46 m).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1901 Boston Marathon", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Boston_Marathon", "article_id": 76597507, "section": "The race", "metadata": {"word_count": 88, "char_count": 503, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "This pace proved to be too fast for some of the anticipated favorites, including John Vrazanas of Greece who was not seen again after the first few miles. Crimmins trailed in third place, as William Davis led T. J. Hicks in fourth and fifth. There was little course control: according to the Globe \"hundreds\" of bicyclists tailed the leading runners encumbered by cars, horses, and children.\nAs the race advanced through Framingham and Natick, Hughson had built up a lead but was still closely tailed by Caffery. 45 minutes in, Hughson passed the Natick town hall about 100 yards (91 m) ahead of Caffery. Ronald MacDonald at this point was 75 yards (69 m) behind Caffery, and Sammy Mellor and Davis were running in fourth and fifth 1⁄3 mile (0.54 km) behind MacDonald.\nThe race dynamic began to shift as the runners approached Wellesley. Caffery overtook Hughson on the Wellsley Hills steep incline. At this point a horse became frightened and ran into the street ahead of the runners, but a bicyclist grabbed the bridles and was able to stop the horse before any runners were injured.\nWith Caffery now in the lead, the race progressed to Newton Lower Falls as Caffery extended his lead over Hughson to about 150 yards (140 m). By this point, MacDonald had passed Crimmins and was in 3rd place, leading Crimmins (who was described as an \"unknown proposition\") by about 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km).\nCaffery passed 15 miles (24 km) in 1 hour and 21 minutes – 9 minutes faster than last year's split – with a significant lead. Hughson was still in runner-up position, but at this point he was visibly struggling and onlookers predicted he would not finish the race. MacDonald was 1⁄3 mile (0.54 km) behind, and Crimmins was 220 yards (200 m) behind MacDonald in fourth position.\nAt Waban, MacDonald passed an ailing Hughson and was gaining ground on the leader Caffery. With nine miles to the finish, MacDonald had advanced to just 1⁄3 mile (0.54 km) behind Caffery. Meanwhile eventual runner-up William Davis was still only in fifth place, behind Caffery, MacDonald, Hughson, and Crimmins. Davis began to speed up, taking advantage of an incline on Cedar Street in West Newton to pass Crimmins and eventually Hughson.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1901 Boston Marathon", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Boston_Marathon", "article_id": 76597507, "section": "The race", "metadata": {"word_count": 378, "char_count": 2206, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Davis, now in third, caught up to MacDonald over the next mile, and MacDonald was alerted to his presence by the \"Indian warhoops and catcalls\" being made by the crowd of cyclist fans following Davis. MacDonald's followers tried to encourage him to maintain position, but nonetheless Davis passed MacDonald on a downhill en route to the Chestnut Hill Reservoir. Behind them, Hughson struggled significantly, falling on the road several times, and he was eventually brought off in a carriage and did not finish the race.\nWhen the reservoir was reached, a \"vast crowd\" of spectators cheered on Caffery and Davis, then about a mile back. There were so many onlookers on the reservoir that they blocked the runners, with some having to make a detour to pass by the pedestrians lined 20 or 30 deep. Confusion was heightened after a \"young man clad in running togs\" slid in from one of the side streets and joined the race behind Caffery. The young man fooled many of the spectators before he dropped out.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1901 Boston Marathon", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Boston_Marathon", "article_id": 76597507, "section": "The race", "metadata": {"word_count": 172, "char_count": 999, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Despite Davis' efforts, the gap was unsurmountable as Caffery finished first, breaking his own course record by about ten minutes in 2 hours, 29 minutes, and 33 seconds. Spectators stormed the course to embrace Caffery. Davis and Mellor followed, with Crimmins and Hicks taking the fourth and fifth positions. The race continued for about an hour after Davis finished, after which the final competitor completed the distance.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1901 Boston Marathon", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Boston_Marathon", "article_id": 76597507, "section": "The race", "metadata": {"word_count": 67, "char_count": 425, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "With about five miles remaining, 1898 Boston Marathon champion Ronald MacDonald was about 90 seconds behind leader Jack Caffery, a distance which MacDonald thought he could easily make up. However, MacDonald began to tire after dabbing himself with what he thought was a water sponge, which he received from his brother via a mobile canteen driven by a bicycle rider.\nShowing visible signs of fatigue, MacDonald was approached by Dr. J. S. Thompson of East Cambridge, who offered him 1⁄30th of a grain of strychnine in pill form, intended to \"strengthen his heart\" (anti-doping rules did not yet exist). The pills appeared to have the opposite effect, and MacDonald soon collapsed and did not finish the race.\nMacDonald was carried home, where he was bedridden for several days. At 10 p.m. the night of the race Dr. Thompson visited and said, \"on examining the sponge used in wiping the face of the runner I found a very strong odor of chloroform. That was seven hours after he had used the sponge, showing that the dose must have been a powerful one\". Dr. Thompson further stated, \"The only reason I can see was that he was a dangerous man, and some one wanted to get him out of the race. I think the canteen of the soldier bicycle rider must have been tampered with at Ashland, and the drug inserted there.\"\nThe Canadian delegation was not receptive to the poisoning idea, believing it to have cheapened Caffery's win. They complained that \"little, if any, attention was shown to\" the Canadians and of the Boston Athletic Association's perceived exclusivity. They also noted that although MacDonald was widely celebrated in Boston, the actual bettors did not place much money on him. The Hamilton Spectator stated, \"A better excuse than this will have to be found for MacDonald's defeat.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1901 Boston Marathon", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Boston_Marathon", "article_id": 76597507, "section": "Ronald MacDonald poisoning allegations", "metadata": {"word_count": 305, "char_count": 1790, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Being a member of the Mohawk people, William Davis was the first indigenous American to medal at a Boston Marathon, finishing second behind his countryman Caffery. A native of Hagersville, Ontario, Davis' running form was described as not suitable to \"please the experts\". He went on to coach Tom Longboat, winner of the 1908 Boston Marathon. John Vrazanis of Greece was the first Boston Marathon runner from outside North America, although he did not finish the race.\nCaffery's win and course record was a significant highlight in his athletic career. He was aided by Tom Kanaly, then a runner himself, who followed Caffery on a tandem bike. Walter C. Kelly wrote in the Buffalo Courier, \"The Marathon race of 1901 is a thing of the past. Like many other athletic events, it will now take its place in the annals of the athletic almanac. It will be forgotten, as athletic events are, but the performance of J. J. Caffery [sic] will long be remembered by the racing enthusiasts who long to see the runners reel off mile after mile until they have covered the quarter of a century\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1901 Boston Marathon", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Boston_Marathon", "article_id": 76597507, "section": "Legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 188, "char_count": 1081, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "There were 36 reported participants, but not all names and times were recorded.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1901 Boston Marathon", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Boston_Marathon", "article_id": 76597507, "section": "Results", "metadata": {"word_count": 13, "char_count": 79, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike was a labor strike involving workers at two textile mills in Little Falls, New York, United States. The strike began on October 9, 1912, as a spontaneous walkout of primarily immigrant mill workers at the Phoenix Knitting Mill following a reduction in pay, followed the next week by workers at the Gilbert Knitting Mill for the same reason. The strike, which grew to several hundred participants under the leadership of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), lasted until January the following year, when the mills and the strikers came to an agreement that brought the workers back to the mills on January 6.\nLittle Falls, a city situated along the Mohawk River, saw substantial growth in its textile industry during the early 1900s. The city's textile mills were primarily operated by immigrant workers from Europe who faced poor and living conditions in the city. In 1912, as part of efforts to improve workplace safety, the state government passed a law that lowered the maximum number of weekly working hours for women and children from 60 to 54. However, the law did not address pay, resulting in many workers throughout the state seeing a decrease in wages relative to their reduced working hours. In many cases, brief labor disputes led to the companies altering pay, but in Little Falls, the Phoenix and Gilbert Knitting Mills resisted, leading to many mill workers receiving less pay than before. As a result, on October 9, 80 workers at the Phoenix Mill performed a walkout, and they were joined on October 18 by 76 workers from the Gilbert Mill. Over the next few days, the number of strikers continued to increase until over 600 workers were on strike.\nShortly after the walkout, Socialist Party members from nearby Schenectady, including that city's Socialist Mayor George R. Lunn, came to Little Falls to help the strikers. Many, including Lunn, were arrested during peaceful rallies at a park near the mills, but after criticism from regional publications and state politicians, the city backed down by late October. Around that same time, the IWW, which had sent organizers to the city near the beginning of the strike, took the lead in organizing the strikers, helping them to form a strike committee, teaching them picketing techniques, and helping to draft a list of demands that included pay wage increases. On October 24, the strikers voted to officially organize a local union of the IWW in Little Falls. Several days later, on October 30, there was a violent confrontation between law enforcement officials and strikers outside the Phoenix Mill, and in the resulting riot, police raided the strikers' headquarters and arrested many. Following this, IWW officials Matilda Rabinowitz and Bill Haywood came to Little Falls to help continue the strike. Around the same time, the IWW faced competition from the United Textile Workers of America (UTW), which organized its own separate local union and signed a labor contract that brought some mill workers back to work on December 2. However, the IWW local, with about 400 members, persisted. On December 24, the New York State Department of Labor initiated an investigation into the strike and helped to negotiate a contract that was approved by both the mills and the union. As a result, the IWW members returned to work on January 6, 1913, bringing the strike to a close.\nThe terms of the contract resulted in wage increases of between 6 and 15 percent for the workers, depending on their piece work pay, and resulted in the strikers receiving their employment back without discrimination. However, over the next several months, the IWW focused a great deal of time and resources into court cases regarding several of those arrested during the strike, and ultimately, two organizers were found guilty of assault and sentenced to a year in prison. As a result of these developments, the IWW local soon fell into a state of disorder, while nationally, the IWW suffered a serious blow to its size and power following the disastrous 1913 Paterson silk strike, which also concerned mill workers. By the 1920s, the IWW had entered into a period of serious decline, while the UTW ramped up its organizing efforts among immigrants in the area. The Little Falls strike was one in a wave of textile strikes in the Northeastern United States that followed the IWW's successful 1912 Lawrence textile strike, and one of numerous IWW-led strikes throughout the Northeast and the Midwest during the 1910s.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913_Little_Falls_textile_strike", "article_id": 72772429, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 751, "char_count": 4508, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Little Falls is a city in Herkimer County, in the Mohawk Valley region of Upstate New York, near Utica. Situated along the banks of the Mohawk River, the city was one of several in the region to have a developed textile industry with multiple textile mills by the beginning of the 20th century. The city's first mill had been organized in 1872, and by 1912, the city was a sizeable center for the production of knitted fabrics and underwear, home to several mills and other manufacturing facilities, earning it the nickname \"the Lowell of the Empire State\". These mills employed many immigrants from Europe, including many Austrians, Hungarians, Italians, and Poles. Many were not fluent in English. These immigrants were drawn to Little Falls due to the robust economic growth the city was experiencing during the early 1900s, as the economic output of the city grew by 89 percent between 1904 and 1909, with the total value of goods produced during the latter year equal to about $8.5 million. The laborers at these mills often faced poor working conditions, with the mills employing children as young as 5 years old in sweatshop conditions, while their squalid living conditions led to a high rate of tuberculosis among the immigrants. The millworkers lived in tenements that an article in The New York Times compared to \"rabbit warrens\". The latter had prompted the Fortnightly Club, a local charity organization, to hire M. Helen Schloss to serve as a visiting nurse to treat tuberculosis and other sicknesses in the city.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913_Little_Falls_textile_strike", "article_id": 72772429, "section": "Industry in Little Falls, New York", "metadata": {"word_count": 256, "char_count": 1527, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During this period of growth in Little Falls, business interests worked to prevent worker unionization, and in 1912, there were only 12 local unions in the city, representing only 6 percent of the population. In the mills, only about 75 jack spinners were unionized, constituting about a quarter of the entire union membership in the city. These spinners, who worked 60 hours per week, made about $2.60 per day, which was higher than the daily pay for spinners in other nearby cities, but the majority of mill workers were not unionized and made substantially less. In a study of the weekly pay of about 800 male workers, almost half made $9 or less, while less than a quarter made over $12. Out of 900 female workers' weekly wages, about half made $7.50 or less, about a fifth made more than $10, and 30 percent made $6 or less. Many workers complained of the low wages, saying that they were insufficient to provide for themselves and their family. Nationwide, union membership remained relatively low, with only about 6 percent of the country's workforce in 1905 affiliated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL), a federation of labor unions that primarily focused on organizing skilled tradesmen into craft unions. AFL leaders were relatively unconcerned with unionizing unskilled workers and viewed immigrant laborers, such as the workers at the mills in Little Falls, as a potential danger to the craft union movement. Also in 1905, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, whose members are known as Wobblies), an anarcho-syndicalist union, was established and began to organize unskilled workers in the country into industrial unions. Unionization efforts by the IWW would eventually push the AFL to reconsider their approach to unskilled labor, and the two organizations often engaged in competition to represent workers and lead labor strikes. During the 1910s, the IWW attempted to organize many factories in New York, and they were involved in several labor disputes in the state, such as the 1912 New York City waiters' strike in May of that year. That same year, the union led a strike against the New York Mills Corporation of New York Mills, which involved many Polish immigrants. In the United States during the early 1900s, many Polish workers were receptive to industrial unionism with the IWW and similar militant unions, such as the United Mine Workers of America.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913_Little_Falls_textile_strike", "article_id": 72772429, "section": "Organized labor", "metadata": {"word_count": 396, "char_count": 2392, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1911, New York State Assembly member Edward D. Jackson of Buffalo proposed legislation that would reduce the maximum number of weekly hours that women and minors could work in factories from 60 to 54. Additionally, the bill would bar them from working between the hours of 9 p.m. and 6 a.m. and prohibit them from working more than ten hours per day. The Jackson bill was opposed by industry interests, who hired lobbyists to attempt to prevent the bill's passage into law. Mill owners argued that the bill would hurt the state's textile industry, while one company that also operated mills in Georgia stated that the law would lead to more work being performed in those locations, where the cap on hours per week that women could work was 66. Meanwhile, organized labor supported the bill, with textile unionist John Golden speaking in favor of its passage. Additional support came from Frances Perkins, head of the New York branch of the National Consumers League, and the New York Child Labor Committee. The bill was proposed amidst a greater push for workplace safety for women following the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, an industrial disaster in New York City that had killed over 100 women. As part of this movement, the New York State Legislature had also created the Factory Investigating Commission to investigate working conditions in the state, with the commission visiting Little Falls in August 1912. Ultimately, with support from New York Governor John Alden Dix, the bill was approved and signed into law, with an effective date of October 1, 1912.\nWhile the bill had addressed the number of hours that could be worked, the legislation did not address the impact that the change would have on wages. As a result, when the law came into effect, many companies reduced pay in proportion to the decrease in hours worked. This led to numerous and sporadic walkouts throughout the state, with workers objecting to receiving less money. A similar situation had occurred previously in Massachusetts when that state's government had passed a similar law that decreased working hours that similarly led to strikes, including the 1912 Lawrence textile strike. The Lawrence strike, led by the IWW and involving many immigrant workers, such as Poles, had occurred just a few months before the labor disputes in New York. In many cases, the companies were able to quickly resolve these disputes by adjusting wages. In Little Falls, the Phoenix Knitting Mill and the Gilbert Knitting Mill also lowered wages according to the reduced hours, leading to a labor strike at these two mills.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913_Little_Falls_textile_strike", "article_id": 72772429, "section": "Changes to hours and wages", "metadata": {"word_count": 433, "char_count": 2599, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On October 9, 80 workers at the Phoenix Knitting Mill performed a walkout due to the reduced pay they had received. The walkout was a spontaneous action among the workers, who were primarily immigrants such as Italians and Poles. On October 18, 76 workers at the Gilbert Knitting Mill also performed a walkout to protest their reduced wages. Over the next several days, more workers began to honor the picket line, until the number of workers on strike was roughly equal to the number of workers who remained working, with about 664 workers involved in strike action and a further 659 workers indirectly affected by the strike. Around two-thirds of the strikers were women. However, throughout the strike, many skilled workers and native-born Americans resisted in joining. This was partially due to the fact that, in the past, the mill owners had hired immigrant workers to act as strikebreakers during labor disputes, such as in one that had occurred just two years prior. On October 17, Schloss, who had been involved in organized labor and socialist causes during her career prior to Little Falls while working as a nurse in New York City's Lower East Side, resigned from her position as nurse and became a fervent supporter of the strikers, helping to organize and lead many parades and rallies and opening a soup kitchen to feed the strikers.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913_Little_Falls_textile_strike", "article_id": 72772429, "section": "Early strike actions", "metadata": {"word_count": 228, "char_count": 1348, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Soon after the strike began, organized labor advocates and socialists from the surrounding area began to come to Little Falls to help the strikers. In Schenectady, located about 55 miles (89 km) down the Mohawk River from Little Falls, Mayor George R. Lunn, a member of the Socialist Party of America, recruited many to come with him to Little Falls to help organize the strikers and recruit more textile workers to join in picketing. While Mayor Lunn wished to hold a rally at Clinton Park (an area located directly across the street from the Phoenix Mill), city authorities took advantage of local ordinances to bar the socialists from holding the meeting, with one ordinance requiring permits from city officials to hold a rally and another forbidding gatherings of over 20 people in public. These ordinances were often enforced inconsistently, as previous political rallies by Democratic politicians William Sulzer and Martin H. Glynn had been allowed, but were invoked to prevent socialists who attempted to speak at the park. Local law enforcement officials were highly sympathetic to the mill owners, and both Herkimer County Sheriff James W. Moon and Little Falls Police Chief James \"Dusty\" Long stated that speeches by the socialists could possibly provoke a riot and further civil unrest. Many activists who attempted to speak in favor of the strike were arrested on charges of disturbing the peace or blocking traffic, including Mayor Lunn himself on October 15. Lunn refused to pay a $50 fine and was sentenced to a 50-day jail sentence. Regarding the strike and involvement of the socialists, Police Chief Long stated, \"We have a strike on our hands and a foreign element to deal with. We have in the past kept them in subjugation and we mean to continue to hold them where they belong\". In addition to law enforcement, local media institutions were also critical of the strike, with the Little Falls Journal and Courier expressing disapproval of the workers' decision to strike, saying, \"The question of whether the wages paid were starvation or not, did not, and cannot enter into the merits of the case. The employer fixed the wages that he was willing to pay, and the men were at liberty to accept the employment or not. ... There were no extraordinary conditions, no disturbances, no suffering, no distress, so far as anyone here knew\".\nOrganizers from Schenectady continued to push for the ability to hold rallies and employed strategies such as overcrowding the local jail and clogging the court system. Mayor Lunn called for 5,000 protestors to come to Little Falls, and following this, hundreds of labor activists, Wobblies, and socialists came to the city to aid the strikers. The action worked, as city officials began releasing many protestors on bail due to the small size of the city jail. Multiple newspapers in the area, such as The Post-Standard in Syracuse, criticized the double standard of preventing socialists from exercising their freedom of speech while allowing other groups, and in a letter to Little Falls Mayor Frank Shall and Sheriff Moon, Governor Dix cautioned them about suppressing New Yorkers' rights, saying:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913_Little_Falls_textile_strike", "article_id": 72772429, "section": "Socialist activists arrive in Little Falls", "metadata": {"word_count": 520, "char_count": 3156, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Your attention is invited to the fact that the Constitution of the State of New York guarantees the right of free speech and the right of people peacefully to assemble and discuss public questions. The people of the State of New York wish to see that these rights are not unnecessarily curtailed, but are respected in spirit as well as in letter, within your jurisdiction.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913_Little_Falls_textile_strike", "article_id": 72772429, "section": "Socialist activists arrive in Little Falls", "metadata": {"word_count": 65, "char_count": 374, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Facing this pressure, on October 21, Socialist candidates in the 1912 New York state election helped organize a pro-strike rally at Clinton Park that ran without interference from law enforcement. During the speech, Mayor Lunn told the strikers, \"Let your enemies use violence if they will—which I hope will never be the case—but do not ever use violence yourselves. You have right on your side. You can unite as one mighty army of workers and thus secure the wages to enable you to live peaceably\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913_Little_Falls_textile_strike", "article_id": 72772429, "section": "Socialist activists arrive in Little Falls", "metadata": {"word_count": 85, "char_count": 499, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following the free speech protests, IWW officials began to take the lead in organizing the strike activities. Wobblies had been involved since the early days of the strike, with organizers Fillippo Bochino of Rochester and Fred Hirsh of Schenectady arriving in Little Falls shortly after the initial walkouts. Other prominent IWW organizers who came to Little Falls included Benjamin Legere and George Lehney. Following the advice of the IWW, the strikers formed a strike committee that included representatives from both plants and from each nationality of the strikers. The strike committee organized subcommittees to handle other aspects of the strike, such as finances, and organized daily parades and picketing. Legere, who had spent the past few months working for the defense of Joseph James Ettor and Arturo Giovannitti in a court case related to their actions in the Lawrence strike, was the primary organizer, teaching the strikers different picketing techniques and helping to assemble the subcommittees. Additionally, the committee formulated some demands that they submitted to the mill owners on October 23:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913_Little_Falls_textile_strike", "article_id": 72772429, "section": "The IWW becomes involved", "metadata": {"word_count": 172, "char_count": 1121, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Same weekly wages for 54 hours' work as had been received for 60 hours.\nAdditional increase of 10 per cent for all workers on day shift.\nAdditional increase of 15 per cent for all workers on night shift.\nNo discrimination against workers for activity in strike.\"\nOn October 24, the strikers held a meeting where they voted to officially unionize with the IWW, with IWW General Secretary Vincent Saint John giving them a charter as Local No. 801 — the National Industrial Union of Textile Workers of Little Falls. On October 27, the strikers held a parade through Little Falls that involved over 1,000 people.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913_Little_Falls_textile_strike", "article_id": 72772429, "section": "The IWW becomes involved", "metadata": {"word_count": 105, "char_count": 609, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On October 30, a violent confrontation occurred between picketers and law enforcement officials. That morning, Chief Long had several men stationed near the entrance of the Phoenix Mill, where strikers were picketing. Tensions rose as the picketers refused to clear away to allow workers to enter the mill. As a result, a physical confrontation unfolded between the strikers and the officers. Mounted police officers began to attack strikers with their clubs, with several beaten unconscious. The strikers by comparison were almost all unarmed. During the resulting riot, one officer was shot, while a private police officer from the Humphrey Detective Agency of Albany was stabbed. Shortly after this, the strike committee met with strikers at the Slovak Hall, a building located across the Mohawk River from the mills in the immigrant part of town that was used as the headquarters for the strike. Police chased picketers across the river and to the hall, where they beat the doors down and assaulted the building and its occupants. Cases of liquor and beer were confiscated by the police, who also destroyed musical instruments and the framed IWW charter that the union had displayed in the hall. Many people who resisted were beaten, and the police arrested the entire strike committee, as well as several other strikers and sympathizers, including Schloss. Legere had managed to escape arrest and went to Utica, where he sent off several letters before he returned to Little Falls the following day and was promptly arrested. The night after the raid, strikers gathered at the hall and cleaned it before singing \"La Marseillaise\" and \"The Internationale\".\nFollowing the attack, the IWW sent more organizers to help with the strike effort, including Bill Haywood, Matilda Rabinowitz, and several people from Schenectady to help with relief efforts. Following the arrests, Rabinowitz helped to reorganize the strike committee with new members, while Mayor Lunn and other socialists from Schenectady operated the soup kitchen. Rabinowitz would serve as the IWW's primary organizer for the remainder of the strike, as Haywood was suffering from diabetes-related illness. Additionally, the IWW brought attorney Jessie Ashley to Little Falls to help prepare for the legal matters that those arrested would be facing. The following day, the strikers published a handbill condemning the action as a police riot, stating, \"It was the most brutal, cold blooded act ever done in these parts. Nothing under heaven can ever justify it, and the soul of the degenerate brute who started it will shrivel in hell long, long before the workers will ever forget this day\". In response, members of Little Falls' clergy, politicians, and businessmen held a town meeting where they voiced their approval of the actions taken by the police. By November 16, the strike had idled about 800 workers who remained at the mills. On November 19, activist Helen Keller sent a letter to the strikers commending them for their determination and expressing her support for their cause and included about $87 to help with the strike fund. Keller was an advocate for socialist causes and had joined the IWW after their work in Lawrence earlier that year. Donations were also sent by many supporters of the strike, including the IWW local union in Columbus, Ohio, which raised $40 for the strike. During this time, Rabinowitz and Schloss traveled throughout the Northeastern United States to gather additional support for the strike.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913_Little_Falls_textile_strike", "article_id": 72772429, "section": "Confrontation between police and strikers", "metadata": {"word_count": 563, "char_count": 3501, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Almost as soon as the strike began, the New York State Department of Labor's Bureau of Mediation and Arbitration arrive in Little Falls to attempt to broker an agreement between the strikers and the mills. Before the strike had spread to the Gilbert Mill, the bureau interviewed the owner of the Phoenix Mill, who said he would not negotiate any change in pay with the strikers until they returned to work. Meanwhile, after the strike had spread to the Gilbert Mill, representatives of that enterprise agreed to meet with strikers, but refused to have an IWW interpreter present, causing the negotiations to falter. For several weeks thereafter, neither mill would agree to negotiate in any way with IWW representatives. Around this time, the United Textile Workers of America (UTW), an AFL-affiliated union, began to organize some of the strikers into their union and negotiated with the mills on their behalf. The UTW presence in Little Falls, led by AFL organizer Charles A. Miles of Auburn, had arrived after the IWW had established its role in the strike and began to directly compete with the IWW to control the strike. According to reporting from the International Socialist Review, which was sympathetic to the IWW over the UTW, some members of the private police that had been involved in the October 30 confrontation had been members of the UTW. Miles partnered with business interests, clergy members, and law enforcement to portray the IWW as a violent anarchist group that was not able to effectively negotiate on the behalf of their members. Miles and the UTW succeeded in recruiting some strikers to the organization, claiming an initial membership of 52 mill workers, and while the mill owners refused to negotiate with the IWW, Miles managed to negotiate a settlement for his group with the millworkers, announcing an end to the strike on December 2. The settlement included an increase in day wages and piece work pay to make up for the loss of hours. However, the IWW local at this time claimed a membership of 400 workers who remained on strike. Concerning the competition between the two unions during the strike, historian James S. Pula has said, \"In the end, the IWW proved more influential, possibly because of the egregious actions of local officials that called forth a stronger response from the workers\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913_Little_Falls_textile_strike", "article_id": 72772429, "section": "Mediation and the United Textile Workers", "metadata": {"word_count": 390, "char_count": 2332, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On December 17, in a move similar to what the IWW had done in Lawrence, the strikers began to send their children to temporarily live in the homes of strike sympathizers in cities such as Amsterdam, Schenectady, and Pittsfield, Massachusetts, with 18 of a planned 50 leaving that day. Strikers were harassed by law enforcement officials during an accompanying march held to the train station, garnering significant media attention and public sympathy for the strike. On December 24, due to the protractedness of the strike, the State Department of Labor ordered an official inquiry into the causes and nature of the strike. The department held hearings in the city on December 27, 28, and 30, in total interviewing 47 witnesses, including numerous strikers and the mill owners. The investigators determined conclusively that the decrease in wages was the primary cause of and continued reason for the strike, though mill owners also contended that the intervention of the IWW had prolonged the strike. Following the hearings, the investigators created a multi-point plan that they submitted to the mill owners, who agreed to it. The terms, as written by the investigators, stated:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913_Little_Falls_textile_strike", "article_id": 72772429, "section": "Later strike action", "metadata": {"word_count": 190, "char_count": 1180, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"There will be no discrimination against individual strikers.\nThe companies to reinstate all former employees as soon as possible.\nAll men and women working 54 hours to receive pay formerly received for 60 hours.\nPiece work rates to be adjusted to compensate for reduction of time caused by fifty-four hour law.\nNight lunch to be adjusted by the workers directly involved.\nWinding schedules: Cop yarn in most sizes is raised 5 cents per 100 pounds. Mule spun yarn is increased from 9 per cent on the largest size to 16 per cent on the smallest size. 10 per cent additional is paid on latch needle knitting. Other piece work prices affected by the fifty-four hour law to be adjusted on the same plan.\"\nOn January 2, Rabinowitz called a mass meeting of the strikers where the terms of the proposal were read with the help of interpreters, including Carlo Tresca. The state mediator was also present to answer questions or provide clarifications for the strikers. Also during the meeting, attorney Fred Moore spoke to the crowd, calling on them to continue to fight for better conditions if they approved of the proposal. Ultimately, the strikers unanimously agreed to accept the terms of the contract, with the meeting ending with a playing of \"La Marseillaise\". The strikers agreed to return to work that Monday, January 6, thus ending the strike. The IWW viewed the settlement as a success.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913_Little_Falls_textile_strike", "article_id": 72772429, "section": "Later strike action", "metadata": {"word_count": 237, "char_count": 1390, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Concerning the strike, Pula stated in a 1995 book that the \"dispute [was] characterized by physical and emotional bitterness that more than matched the inclement weather of a brutal winter\". The strike was the longest to occur as a result of the Jackson bill, and the employees involved lost a cumulative 68,379 work days. It was the largest strike led by the IWW in the state of New York and represented one of several instances during this time of cooperation on the local level between Wobblies and members of the Socialist Party, despite disputes among higher-ups in both organizations. It was one of many in a wave of strikes in the northeastern United States that followed the Lawrence strike, with other textile labor disputes occurring around the same time in New Bedford, Massachusetts, and Passaic, New Jersey, as well as part of a wave of labor disputes led by the IWW in the northeast and Midwest. As a result of the strike, mill workers saw wage increases of between 6 and 15 percent, and the state government launched an investigation into the state of living conditions among the immigrant laborers in Little Falls. Additionally, the city government launched a \"clean-up week\" in an attempt to improve living conditions in the immigrant part of town, the Phoenix Mill constructed a few new houses for workers, and a loan company was established to aid immigrants.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913_Little_Falls_textile_strike", "article_id": 72772429, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 233, "char_count": 1378, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following the strike, the IWW focused on the legal issues concerning 14 strikers who remained arrested. Moore served as the attorney for those involved, with trials taking place from March to May 1913. In the end, many were found not guilty or received fines, but Bochino and Legere were found guilty of assault. The two Wobblies were sentenced to a year in Auburn Prison, where they were interred until July 1914. According to historian Robert E. Snyder in a 1979 article in the journal New York History, the court cases drained money and resources from the local union, and with two of the union's organizers in prison, the local struggled and eventually fell into a state of disorder. This time period also coincided with the IWW's 1913 Paterson silk strike, which ended in disaster for the union. According to historian Philip S. Foner, after the Paterson strike, \"the bright hopes of the IWW in the textile industry lay shattered\", further stating, \"The IWW suffered a setback in Paterson from which it never completely recovered. Its prestige in the East, which had been at a high point following the victory at Lawrence, underwent a tremendous decline, and there was no longer talk about the IWW's infallibility in strikes\". Coming as it did between the Lawrence and Paterson strike, Snyder states that the Little Falls strike \"has been neglected by labor historians\".\nFollowing the IWW's decline, the more conservative AFL remained and recruited workers in the area, and over the next few years the labor organization recruited heavily from immigrant laborers in the region. The AFL and IWW would continue to compete to recruit workers for the next several years, such as in the Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–1916, which also involved many Polish immigrants. However, by the 1920s, the IWW had declined significantly in size and power. Unionization amongst Polish immigrants in the northeast continued to increase over the next several years and is highlighted by a number of strikes, such as a 1916 labor dispute with the New York Mills Corporation in New York Mills. Later labor disputes in Herkimer County include the Remington Rand strike of 1936–1937 and several disputes led by dairy farmers in the 1930s.\nThe city of Little Falls held events to commemorate the centennial of the strike in 2012. Events were also held elsewhere in the Mohawk Valley: in Ilion, home to Remington Rand, a dramatic play based on the strike was performed, and in Utica the Unitarian Universalist church had a Wobbly give a speech about the strike on Labor Day.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913_Little_Falls_textile_strike", "article_id": 72772429, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 427, "char_count": 2556, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike was a labor strike involving several thousand sawmill workers and lumberjacks in the northern part of the U.S. state of Minnesota, primarily along the Mesabi Range. The lumber workers were organized by the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and primarily worked for the Virginia and Rainy Lake Lumber Company, whose sawmill plant was located in Virginia, Minnesota. Additional lumberjacks and mill workers from the International Lumber Company were also involved. The strike first began with the Virginia and Rainy Lake mill workers on December 28, 1916, and among the lumberjacks on January 1, 1917. The strike lasted for a little over a month before it was officially called off by the union on February 1, 1917. Though the strike faltered by late January and had resulted in many arrests and the suppression of the IWW's local union in the region, the union claimed a partial victory, as the lumber companies instituted some improvements for the lumberjacks' working conditions.\nThe roots of this strike stemmed from a previous strike involving miners on the Mesabi Range that ended in a partial victory for the workers. During this strike, the IWW became involved and established a local union in the region called the Metal Mine Workers' Industrial Union No. 490, which was based in Virginia. Following the end of the miners' strike, Local 490 began to organize lumber workers in the region. At the time, the Virginia and Rainy Lake Lumber Company operated the world's largest white pine sawmill plant in Virginia, which employed about 1,200 workers, and they had roughly 2,000 lumberjacks on their payroll at any given time. Through late 1916, Local 490 continued to organize these workers, working alongside the Agricultural Workers Organization No. 400, a subgroup of the IWW that had been trying to organize lumberjacks in the region for the past year. By December 1916, more militant individuals within the union were calling for a strike against the company, though IWW higherups such as General Secretary-Treasurer Bill Haywood were wary of this, thinking that there had not been enough time to adequately plan and organize a successful strike. Nonetheless, on December 24, 1916, about 700 workers met to create a list of demands for both the mill workers and the lumberjacks that included reduced working hours, higher pay, better working conditions, and changes to scheduling. On the morning of December 28, with the company refusing to institute these changes, up to 1,000 workers, representing a majority of the mill's 1,200-person workforce, went on strike and began picketing outside the plant. At the same time, messengers were sent to the logging camps throughout the area to convince the lumberjacks to strike, and over 2,000 did so between January 1 and 2.\nIn its first few days, the strike was successful in partially shutting down Virginia and Rainy Lake's plant and several logging camps in the region, while a sawmill owned by the International Lumber Company in International Falls was also affected by a walkout. However, early on, lumber management began to work with local law enforcement agencies and public officials to break the strike. Strikebreakers were brought in from other areas of the state, while police arrested dozens of strikers and IWW leaders on questionable charges. Additionally, many local municipalities began to enact laws that outright banned the IWW from their jurisdictions, with members facing either expulsion or imprisonment. By mid-January, many of the local IWW leaders had been arrested, while striking lumberjacks began to abandon the strike. With the help of deputized sheriffs acting for the companies, many logging camps began to resume operations within a week of the initial lumberjack walkouts, and many mill workers began to return to work due to low strike pay. Finally, on February 1, the remaining leadership of Local 490 met in Duluth and declared the strike over.\nThe IWW was able to claim a partial victory in the strike, as lumber companies instituted some changes to address the lumberjacks' poor working conditions and low pay. However, the strike had severely damaged Local 490's presence on the Mesabi Range, and while the IWW had planned to launch another organizing drive in the area, U.S. involvement in World War I and the accompanying suppression of the IWW by state and federal governments hurt these plans. In 1917, Minnesota enacted a criminal syndicalism law aimed in part at the IWW, and in September of that year, an IWW individual in Minnesota became the first person in the U.S. to be convicted under such a law. During the 1920s and 1930s, organizing efforts among lumber workers in the area would be taken over by the affiliate unions of the American Federation of Labor and the Committee for Industrial Organization. Discussing the strike in a 1971 article, historian John E. Haynes said, \"The resolution of that strike helped redefine the boundaries of permissible political and economic dissent in Minnesota, virtually erased the specter of strong IWW influence on the iron range, and served as a precedent for the state's treatment of dissenters during World War I\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%E2%80%931917_northern_Minnesota_lumber_strike", "article_id": 73091406, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 847, "char_count": 5214, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "In mid-1916, miners on the Mesabi Range in northern Minnesota launched a spontaneous labor strike. The range, situated about 75 miles (121 km) north of the city of Duluth, was a major iron ore mining region and part of the larger Iron Range. This strike began with a walkout led by Joe Greeni, a Czech immigrant, on June 2, and at its peak it involved several thousand miners, primarily immigrants. The labor dispute lasted for several months, but by September, with strike funds running low, numerous instances of violent confrontations between strikers and law enforcement officials, and many of the strike leaders imprisoned, miners began to return to work, and the strike officially ended on September 17. Despite the strike ending without a labor contract in place between the miners and the mining companies on the range, many of the companies began instituting changes to address the causes of the strike, such as increased pay and an eight-hour workday.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%E2%80%931917_northern_Minnesota_lumber_strike", "article_id": 73091406, "section": "Miners' strike on the Mesabi Range", "metadata": {"word_count": 159, "char_count": 961, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During the strike, union organizers from the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) helped to organize the miners. The IWW, whose members are known as Wobblies, had been established in Chicago in 1905 at a meeting of socialists and miners from the Western United States. The organization was a radical anti-capitalist union that advocated for industrial unionism and the concept of the One Big Union. Over the next decade, the union had established a presence in Minnesota, organizing a local union of lumberjacks in Deer River in 1910 and participating in free speech fights in Duluth and Minneapolis in the early 1910s. However, the miners' dispute had caught the union off guard. Despite this, shortly after it began, the IWW established a local union in Virginia, a city of slightly over 10,000 people on the range, and helped the miners to coordinate strike actions and write a list of demands to the mining companies. The local union, Metal Mine Workers' Industrial Union No. 490, was based out of the Finnish Socialist Hall, a meeting hall for socialists among Virginia's community of Finnish immigrants. Many Finns in the area had been involved in the strike and were supportive of socialist ideals and the IWW in particular, and socialist halls such as the one in Virginia existed in many of the towns along the Mesabi Range, serving as centers for community life. During this time, Local 490 established many branches in cities throughout the range. Following the end of the strike, Local 490 remained as the largest IWW organization in northern Minnesota, with about 2,000 of the 10,000 to 15,000 miners who participated in the strike remaining members. The local union was led by secretary-treasurer Charles Jacobson, a long-time native of Virginia who worked as a miner.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%E2%80%931917_northern_Minnesota_lumber_strike", "article_id": 73091406, "section": "IWW presence in northern Minnesota", "metadata": {"word_count": 295, "char_count": 1782, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "With the collapse of the miners' strike, many miners went to work in the area's lumber industry. Many lumber workers in the area also worked in mining during the summer months, and in late 1916, a significant number of lumberjacks had been involved in the miners' strike and were subsequently blacklisted by those companies. During their early years, the IWW had focused on organizing lumber workers primarily in the Western and Southern United States, and they had seen tremendous success in the Pacific Northwest, but they had only minor progress in organizing the industry in Minnesota and the larger Great Lakes region. However, starting in September 1916, Local 490 began to focus on organizing the 1,200 workers of the Virginia and Rainy Lake Lumber Company. The company was a concern, combining the Weyerhaeuser company's holdings in northern Minnesota, the Edward Hines Lumber Company's holdings in Minnesota and Wisconsin, and the Cook and O'Brien Company's processing facilities in Virginia. The Virginia plant was at the time the largest producer of white pine wood in the world, producing an average of 1 million board feet of lumber per day.\nMill workers were receptive to labor organizing due to the long hours and low pay they experienced on the job. At the Virginia plant, the mill workers' schedules included 12-hour days and 7-day weeks, with an average pay of between $2.50 and $3 per day (equivalent to between $72 and $87 in 2024). These workers made on average about 25 percent less than mill workers in the Pacific Northwest, which had already largely been organized by the IWW, and their hourly pay was significantly less than the average Virginia laborer's during this time. In an 84-hour week, the average Virginia and Rainy Lake mill worker made about what an average Virginia laborer earned in 50 to 54 hours of work, and many worked 6 days per week. While there had been several sporadic strikes and attempts at largescale labor organization among mill workers in the Great Lakes region since the late 1800s, such as efforts from the Knights of Labor, the region remained relatively unorganized and with lower pay than in other regions.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%E2%80%931917_northern_Minnesota_lumber_strike", "article_id": 73091406, "section": "Lumber industry in northern Minnesota", "metadata": {"word_count": 360, "char_count": 2165, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As an industrial union—as opposed to a craft union—the IWW sought to organize all workers in the area's lumber industry, which would include both the mill workers and the lumberjacks. Lumberjacks in northern Minnesota worked in poor conditions and during their employment lived in company-owned bunkhouses on logging camps. The typical bunkhouse measured 80 feet (24 m) by 30 feet (9.1 m) in area and housed between 60 and 90 men. Lumberjacks shared beds in these close quarters, which were often lice-infested, and in 1914, investigators for Minnesota's Department of Labor reported that \"the conditions under which the men were housed ... made it impossible for men to keep their bodies free from vermin\". Additionally, the houses were poorly ventilated and insulated, toilet facilities at the camps were often extremely primitive, and there were no first aid facilities despite the high injury rate among lumberjacks. In 1914, two state investigators stated in a report after visiting a camp, \"Both of us regretted that we did not have the authority to order all the men out of the camp and burn the place to the ground\". Men worked six- or seven-day weeks at the camps, though their isolation from many nearby towns meant that they often remained at their camps even on their days off, and the typical lumber season lasted between 3 and 6 months. Many earned between $35 and $40 per month (equivalent to between $1,011 and $1,156 in 2024). These camps had an extremely high turnover rate, with the Virginia and Rainy Lake Lumber Company employing a total of 22,000 people in lumberjack positions in 1916, but only ever having about 2,000 employed at one time. The average worker left after 74 days, resulting in an entirely new crew about once every month for many camps. Additionally, lumberjacks were often looked down upon by town residents and other members of society, who derogatorily called them \"timber beasts\". Lumberjacks were drawn to the IWW as a way to improve both their working conditions and stance in society. In many of the towns in northern Minnesota, lumberjacks were welcomed in IWW halls, where they could sleep, socialize, and discuss organizing plans with others.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%E2%80%931917_northern_Minnesota_lumber_strike", "article_id": 73091406, "section": "Organizing efforts among lumberjacks", "metadata": {"word_count": 363, "char_count": 2191, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1915, a new branch of the IWW was established: the Agricultural Workers Organization (AWO) No. 400. The AWO focused on organizing workers in the agricultural industry in the Midwestern United States, doing so by sending \"job delegates\" to work alongside other workers and introduce them covertly organize them. By 1916, due to a series of small-scale but effective strikes and an increase in demand for grain in Europe caused by World War I, the AWO successfully helped workers achieve higher wages, and their membership grew to about 20,000 by year's end. In late 1916, the AWO (which at the time was headquartered along Hennepin Avenue in Minneapolis) sent job delegates into the lumber camps in northern Minnesota. The IWW offices in Bemidji served as the AWO's local headquarters for these efforts, while other IWW offices in Duluth, Gemmell, Minneapolis, and Virginia also helped with the drive. The AWO planned for the organizing effort to last through 1917, at which point they felt they would have enough support among the lumberjacks to call for a strike.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%E2%80%931917_northern_Minnesota_lumber_strike", "article_id": 73091406, "section": "The Agricultural Workers Organization", "metadata": {"word_count": 176, "char_count": 1067, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Through late 1916, IWW organizers discussed working conditions and organizing with millworkers and began to plan a strike action. One of the most vocal advocates for a strike was Jack \"Timber Beast\" Beaton, an IWW member and long-time lumberjack from Wisconsin. Beaton was a popular leading member of Local 490 due to his fiery oratory and militant stance on issues regarding strike action. This put him in disagreement with Jacobson and other IWW organizers, who were more cautious about the prospects of a strike. In December 1916, tensions between these two sides were exacerbated after five nationally known IWW organizers who had been arrested during the miners' strike on charges of murder were released as part of a deal that saw several rank and file union members charged with manslaughter. Some of the more militant unionists such as Beaton viewed the deal as a sellout by the IWW, and acting without direct approval from the national union, they began to prepare for a strike.\nOn December 24, several dozen organized millworkers met with Beaton at the Finnish Socialist Hall and drafted a list of demands to be submitted to the mill operators. The demands included a flat pay increase for all workers of 25 cents per day, eight-hour shifts on Sundays and Saturdays, an end to Sunday night shifts, shift changes every week, and an end to union suppression. The workers then elected a committee of six individuals to present these demands on December 26, with a deadline of noon on December 27. Jacobson was opposed to the idea and telegraphed IWW General Secretary-Treasurer Bill Haywood, who told Jacobson, \"a successful strike at the present time in the Virginia mills would be hopeless. Must wait until better organized. Continue with organization work\". Despite this, the meeting with mill management went as planned on December 26, and Jacobson reluctantly agreed to officially sanction the possible strike action. The demands were submitted to Chester R. Rogers, the manufacturing superintendent for the company, who rejected them. During their meeting, Beaton also stated that, if their demands were not met, lumberjacks would also go on strike in an act of solidarity, though Rogers dismissed that possibility. Shortly after the meeting, Rogers hired a large number of guards for the mill and requested St. Louis County Sheriff John R. Meining to deputize them, which he did. Additionally, Sheriff Meining deputized Rogers and placed him in charge of the guards.\nAs December 27 passed with no official response from the company by noon, the workers began to prepare for the strike. That night, Beaton oversaw a meeting of about 700 workers at the Finnish Socialist Hall, where a strike resolution was passed. At the same time, Beaton and Jacobson organized a \"flying squad\" of about a dozen men to go to the logging camps throughout the area to spread the word of the strike to the AWO job delegates and convince the lumberjacks to stop working as well. The IWW organizers had worked with individuals who were familiar with the conditions on the logging camps and had created a list of demands for the lumberjacks as well, which included no discrimination against union members, a 9-hour workday, a $10 per month pay increase (equivalent to $290 in 2024), a minimum wage of $40 per month (equivalent to $1,200 in 2024), negotiable salaries, better food, and improved sleeping, toilet, and cleaning facilities. Three lumberjacks from each camp were to submit these demands to the camp foreman. The demands from both the mill workers and the lumberjacks stipulated that both groups would remain on strike until both sets of demands were satisfied.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%E2%80%931917_northern_Minnesota_lumber_strike", "article_id": 73091406, "section": "Prelude to strike action", "metadata": {"word_count": 604, "char_count": 3663, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On the morning of December 28, several hundred strikers began to picket outside the main gates to the Virginia and Rainy Lake Lumber Company plant in Virginia. The total number of workers on strike constituted a majority of the 1,200 workers and may have been as high as 1,000. As a result, one of the plant's two sawmills closed, while the other continued to operate only on a sporadic and reduced basis. That same day, men from the flying squad left Virginia en route to International Falls to attempt to recruit the lumberjacks, with many of the camps lying between these two cities along the logging railroads. Meanwhile, another group was sent from Bemidji to International Falls to recruit lumberjacks in the camps operated by the International Lumber Company. At the same time, Beaton left Virginia to go to Wisconsin, a state where he had previously done some work with labor organizing, where he hoped to recruit more lumberjacks to go on strike and possibly lead to a general strike of the lumber industry in the region.\nThe flying squads urged the lumberjacks to begin their strikes with a walkout on January 1, 1917. As the AWO organizers began to generate support for the strike, camp foremen notified company officials, who in turn notified sheriffs and requested deputies, though they were unable to send men before January 1. After several days of rallying support for the strike, on January 1, about 1,000 lumberjacks left their camps, with about 1,000 more joining the strike the following day and more throughout the rest of the week. Of the lumberjacks, over 1,000 came from 6 camps operated by the Virginia and Rainy Lake Lumber Company, while another 1,000 came from 9 camps operated by International Lumber. Exact figures regarding the total number of lumberjacks involved in the strike are difficult to substantiate, though the IWW reported at the time that about 4,000 were involved. The men boarded trains along the logging railroads and traveled to nearby towns, such as Bemidji, Gemmell, International Falls, and Virginia. Most of the affected camps were located in St. Louis and Koochiching Counties. In addition to the roughly 1,000 Virginia millworkers and 2,000 lumberjacks mentioned above, several smaller mills and independent logging operations, such as the Backus-Brooks Company, were affected by the strike, and International Lumber's sawmill in International Falls was hit by a partial walkout of millworkers. Both Virginia and Rainy Lake and International Lumber were forced to cease logging operations during the early days of the strike, and while the overall lumber industry in northern Minnesota was hard-hit, the industry in central Minnesota was relatively untroubled by the strike. Local newspapers were highly critical of the strike and the IWW in particular, with the Daily Virginian calling the Wobblies' actions a \"reign of terrorism\" and the Minneapolis Tribune reporting on alleged criminal acts committed by the Wobblies, such as well poisoning and crippling horses.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%E2%80%931917_northern_Minnesota_lumber_strike", "article_id": 73091406, "section": "Early strike actions", "metadata": {"word_count": 488, "char_count": 3019, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During the early part of the strike, Rogers contacted other mills in the area and was able to gather enough replacement workers to keep one of his sawmills in operation for the duration of the strike. While the Virginia and Rainy Lake plant was located within Virginia city limits and therefore outside the jurisdiction of Rogers's deputies, the Virginia police department cooperated with Rogers and helped disperse large crowds of protesters away from the plant's gates. On the first day of the strike, picketing was pushed back to an area three city blocks away from the plant, and police arrested six picketers for distributing flyers. The next day, after police were notified by a court that there was no law against the distribution of flyers, the Virginia city council passed an ordinance banning the distribution of any flyer that had an \"unsightly appearance\". Over the next several days, police made many more arrests, including of six IWW leaders for disturbing the peace, intimidating strikebreakers, and distributing IWW literature. In one case, two of the men were given a $100 fine (equivalent to $2,500 in 2024) or 60 days of hard labor for disturbing the peace by using the word \"scab\". On January 1, 53 men were arrested at a camp near Cusson, Minnesota, for allegedly taking over a bunkhouse there, while a group of 40 picketers were arrested in mid-January for distributing flyers outside of the Virginia and Rainy Lake company's employment office in Duluth. Over the course of the strike, hundreds of people were deputized by the sheriffs of St. Louis, Koochiching, Beltrami, Carlton, and Itasca counties to prevent the strike from spreading. In many cases, these deputies were paid $2 per day (equivalent to $49 in 2024) by the sheriff's departments and another $3 per day (equivalent to $74 in 2024) by the lumber companies they were assisting, in addition to receiving room and board. In Koochiching County, public opinion against the lumber companies was so negative that the sheriff had to transport in people from the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area to be deputized, which included two undercover spies from the IWW's Minneapolis office.\nIn Koochiching County, the sheriff led a raid on the IWW hall in Gemmell, arresting many of the leaders and telling the striking lumberjacks to either return to work or leave the town. While the leaders were released a week later due to a lack of charges against them, the raid had the effect of scattering the strikers and disrupting the strike in the county. Similar arrests of IWW leaders in other parts of the state further damaged the strike, and local municipalities began to pass laws specifically targeting the strikers and banning IWW members. In the mining city of Eveleth, the city government outright banned IWW members from the city, ordering all active members to leave or face arrest. On January 2, Virginia passed a similar law ordering all Wobblies to leave the city by 4 p.m. the next day or face arrest. Faced with the prospect of arrest, many lumberjacks in the city left that day, departing by train to either Duluth or Minneapolis–Saint Paul, with some others leaving Minnesota entirely. Of the remaining IWW members who stayed, many were arrested and given a choice between leaving the city or paying a $100 fine (equivalent to $2,500 in 2024), with many choosing the former. On January 4, Jacobson was arrested, and his successor was also arrested on January 15. The next day, Beaton was arrested in Park Falls, Wisconsin, on a concealed carry charge. At the state level, Minnesota Governor Joseph A. A. Burnquist sided with local law enforcement and the lumber companies by ordering that those arrested on charges of rioting during the strike be charged in Duluth instead of the city in which the offense allegedly took place. While many newspapers continued to write approvingly of the actions taken by law enforcement, the Saint Paul Dispatch was one of the only in the region to criticize the actions against the IWW as unconstitutional.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%E2%80%931917_northern_Minnesota_lumber_strike", "article_id": 73091406, "section": "Law enforcement response to strike", "metadata": {"word_count": 673, "char_count": 4038, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Within a week of the strike's beginning, several logging camps began to resume operations at a reduced output. Many strikers struggled to subsist off of the small strike pay offered by the IWW, and many began to find work elsewhere as the labor dispute continued. By the last week of January, many mill workers had returned to their jobs, and while lumberjacks held out longer, logging operations returned to prestrike levels by the beginning of February. On February 1, what was left of the IWW leadership in northern Minnesota met in Duluth and officially announced an end to the strike.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%E2%80%931917_northern_Minnesota_lumber_strike", "article_id": 73091406, "section": "End of the strike", "metadata": {"word_count": 100, "char_count": 589, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Discussing the strike in a 1950 journal article, historian George B. Engberg calls it \"one of the most serious strikes that the lumber industry of northern Minnesota has ever experienced\". While the strike was primarily a failure for the IWW, Local 490 was able to claim a partial victory based on improved conditions for lumberjacks on logging camps. International Lumber bought new blankets for the bunkhouses and raised the base pay for lumberjacks slightly, while Virginia and Rainy Lake spent 20 percent more on food for the lumberjacks in the year following the strike. While the lumberjacks demanded a $40 per month minimum wage (equivalent to $980 in 2024), the companies instead instituted a $45 minimum monthly wage (equivalent to $1,100 in 2024). However, the IWW's presence on the Mesabi Range was all but destroyed by the strike as Local 490's operations were suppressed by law enforcement. Starting in January 1917, the Minnesota Legislature began to hold hearings regarding IWW activities in the state, inviting many mining and lumber industrialists, labor activists, and IWW leaders such as Joseph James Ettor to give testimony. According to academic Ahmed White in a 2022 book, these hearings showed that the IWW had not been engaged in violent activities in the time preceding the strike actions and exposed corruption and use of violence by the lumber and mining companies and local public officials. The report on the hearings also highlighted the poor working conditions experienced by the miners and lumberjacks, but offered little in the way of addressing these issues.\nWhile the IWW had plans to launch another organizing drive among the mining and lumber industry in the area, the U.S. involvement in World War I soured these plans. In March 1917, a criminal syndicalism bill was proposed by a Minnesota senator from International Falls, and after passing both the Senate and House of Representatives with only one vote against in both chambers (both cast by Socialists), the bill was signed into law by Governor Burnquist in April. Minnesota was among a number of U.S. states and territories to pass criminal syndicalism laws that primarily targeted the IWW around this time, and in September 1917, Jesse Dunning, a former secretary of the IWW local office in Bemidji, became the first person in the United States to be convicted under such a law. That same month, agents from the United States Department of Justice launched several raids on IWW offices, including those in Duluth, Minneapolis, and other cities in the Mesabi Range, to gather evidence for use against the organization. Despite this, the IWW maintained a presence in the area into 1920, but by that time, their power had all but been broken. Additionally, during World War I, the Minnesota Public Safety Commission, a government commission established in 1917 with broad powers to ensure public safety during the war, had infiltrated the organization and succeeded in damaging it from the inside. Law enforcement agencies in the state later used similar techniques that they had applied to the IWW to target war dissenters and pacifists, as well as other left-leaning groups such as the Nonpartisan League. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, organized labor activities in northern Minnesota was primarily driven by the affiliated unions of the American Federation of Labor and the Committee for Industrial Organization. Discussing the impact of the strike in a 1971 article, historian John E. Haynes wrote that, \"The resolution of that strike helped redefine the boundaries of permissible political and economic dissent in Minnesota, virtually erased the specter of strong IWW influence on the iron range, and served as a precedent for the state's treatment of dissenters during World War I\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%E2%80%931917_northern_Minnesota_lumber_strike", "article_id": 73091406, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 610, "char_count": 3782, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A commemorative crown coin of the New Zealand pound was produced for a planned visit by King George VI in 1949. Having first visited the country in 1927 in his duties as the Duke of York, proposals for a visit by the monarch to New Zealand in 1940 were postponed by the outbreak of World War II. A 1949 tour by the king and queen to Australia and New Zealand was announced in early 1948, the first visit of a reigning monarch to the dominion.\nA Royal Numismatic Society of New Zealand proposal to issue a commemorative coin into circulation was supported by Minister of Finance Walter Nash. Sketches by New Zealand artist James Berry were modelled by Royal Mint designer Percy Metcalfe, and the coin entered production in late 1948. Citing declining health, the king indefinitely postponed the tour in November 1948, sparking fears by the Royal Numismatic Society that the coins may be melted down. The New Zealand government responded positively to calls to continue with the issue of the coinage. Made available at face value at local banks throughout New Zealand in November, the coins were additionally distributed to collectors overseas via consulates-general in Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1949 New Zealand crown", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_New_Zealand_crown", "article_id": 75793906, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 206, "char_count": 1229, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "In the decades following the introduction of a domestic pound coinage in favour of the previous British pound sterling coinage, New Zealand produced several commemorative coins. In 1935, the Waitangi crown, of a previously nonexistent five-shilling denomination, was produced in extremely limited numbers and sold to collectors, without entering circulation. With the Waitangi crown's release largely regarded as a failure, the 1940 Centennial half-crown was produced in far larger quantities and entered circulation at face value. Due to considerable demand from collectors, the coin quickly fell out of circulation.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1949 New Zealand crown", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_New_Zealand_crown", "article_id": 75793906, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 89, "char_count": 617, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Albert, Duke of York, visited New Zealand in a 1927 royal tour, the fifth visit of a British prince to New Zealand. Following his ascension as George VI, another visit to New Zealand (corresponding to the New Zealand centennial celebrations of 1940) was considered, but disrupted due to the outbreak of World War II. A visit by George VI and Queen Elizabeth to Australia and New Zealand the following year was announced in March 1948, planned as the first visit of a sitting monarch to the dominion. A travel itinerary formed over the following days, with the King and Queen planned to sail to New Zealand in late February after sailing across the Pacific, before departing to Australia 16 days later.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1949 New Zealand crown", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_New_Zealand_crown", "article_id": 75793906, "section": "Proposed royal visit", "metadata": {"word_count": 121, "char_count": 701, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In April 1948, the Royal Numismatic Society of New Zealand moved to suggest the creation of a commemorative crown coin in preparation for the royal visit. Following Australian consideration of a commemorative coin in a four-shilling denomination, Minister of Finance Walter Nash moved in May to support the Royal Numismatic Society's proposal of a circulating commemorative coin. \nFollowing delays due to design conflicts, an obverse design was agreed upon by October 1948, and the coins entered production at the Royal Mint. New Zealand stamp designer James Berry, who had previously submitted unsuccessful designs for the Waitangi crown and the 1940 coinage series, designed a reverse featuring a silver fern (an endemic plant symbolic of New Zealand) surrounded by the four stars of the Southern Cross. Sketches of Berry's design were sent to Royal Mint designer Percy Metcalfe to be modelled. The obverse of the coin, like other New Zealand coinage of the period, shows an uncrowned bust of George VI designed by Humphrey Paget. Struck in .500 fineness, the 1949 crown was the sole circulating silver coin in New Zealand following the abandonment of silver coinage in favour of cupronickel in 1947.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1949 New Zealand crown", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_New_Zealand_crown", "article_id": 75793906, "section": "Production", "metadata": {"word_count": 192, "char_count": 1202, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In November 1948, the king indefinitely postponed the planned royal visit to New Zealand and Australia, citing poor health. Due to the possibility of the issue being melted down, the Royal Numismatic Society issued a statement urging the continued distribution of the commemorative coinage despite the cancellation, citing the lack of any iconography specific to the royal visit on the coinage, alongside precedent for periodic circulating crown issues in the United Kingdom and South Africa. Nash responded in early December that no plans were in place to melt the coinage.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1949 New Zealand crown", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_New_Zealand_crown", "article_id": 75793906, "section": "Cancellation of royal visit", "metadata": {"word_count": 90, "char_count": 574, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "By late February 1949, originally planned as the date for the royal tour, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand communicated to the Royal Numismatic Society plans to collaborate with other trading banks in distributing the coins later in that year. By early November the majority of the issue had arrived in New Zealand, and the coins were made available to the public for face value at local banks on 17 November. Smaller amounts were made available to overseas collectors at New Zealand trade commissions and consulates-general at various cities in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In Dunedin, large queues formed outside banks in anticipation for the coins on 17 November. The Royal Numismatic Society provided one coin to all members, available at face value plus the cost of postage. A total of 200,020 crowns were produced in 1949, alongside an estimated three proofs. Two of the proof coins, certified by PCGS, reportedly sold in excess of US$15,000 at auction.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1949 New Zealand crown", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_New_Zealand_crown", "article_id": 75793906, "section": "Release", "metadata": {"word_count": 163, "char_count": 991, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 1957 Farsinaj earthquake struck Hamadan province, Iran on 13 December at 05:15. The moment magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck at a depth of 15 km (9.3 mi). The epicenter of the earthquake was located in the seismically active Zagros Mountains. The mountain range was also the location for several historic earthquakes. The earthquake occurred near two segments of the active strike-slip Main Recent Fault. At least 1,130 people died, including over 700 in the village of Farsinaj. Additional deaths also occurred in Dehasiyab, Sarab, and other villages. The earthquake left an estimated 15,000 homeless; poor weather conditions including a winter storm on 21 December killed another 20 people. Several deadly and damaging aftershocks in that month killed a total of 38 people.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1957 Farsinaj earthquake", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Farsinaj_earthquake", "article_id": 72418669, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 122, "char_count": 777, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The Zagros Mountains extends for more than 1,500 km (930 mi); from Turkey to the Gulf of Oman, and through Iran and Iraq. It was formed by continental collision involving the Arabian plate and Central Iran. Its formation occurred during the late-Triassic, late-Jurassic, late-Cretaceous, Oligocene and Pliocene. During its early formation, some extensional tectonics may have occurred. The mountain range is still accommodating deformation, evident from present-day seismicity. Deformation is accommodated by thrust and strike-slip faulting within the range. Parallel to major thrust faults of the mountains is the Main Recent Fault, an active right-lateral strike-slip fault. Convergence between the Arabian plate and Iran occurs obliquely along the Zagros Mountains, and approximately 30–50 percent of the ~25 cm (9.8 in) per year convergence between the two plates is accommodated along the range.\nThe Zagros Mountains is seismically active while in the Iranian plateau; to the northeast, seismicity is nearly absent. The Main Recent Fault delineates the northeastern boundary of the Zagros Mountains, forming between 3 and 5 million years ago. It runs parallel to the Main Zagros Reverse Fault, a suture zone separating the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone from the fold and thrust belt. The fault comprises several segments with lengths of more than 100 km (62 mi). Southwest of the Main Recent Fault lies the continental margin of Arabia while the rocks to the northeast are of metamorphic and volcanic origin. Its southeastern segments ends in a zone of north–northwest trending strike-slip faults. The strike-slip component of this oblique convergence is accommodated along the Main Recent Fault. The southeastern segments are more seismically active in contrast to the northwestern segments.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1957 Farsinaj earthquake", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Farsinaj_earthquake", "article_id": 72418669, "section": "Tectonic setting", "metadata": {"word_count": 269, "char_count": 1788, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Three historical earthquakes were documented near the Main Recent Fault. Two earthquakes in May 912 and April 1008 occurred near the former settlement of Dinavar while a third occurred to the southeast of Dorud before 1889. The first two earthquakes brought heavy damage and casualties in Dinawar. During an earthquake in 912, a \"mountain split open\" and water ejected from the fissure, sinking many settlements. Ground cracks, possibly associated with tectonic origins, were documented during a 1008 earthquake. The Main Recent Fault was also the source of a Ms  7.4 earthquake in 1909 that produced over 40 km (25 mi) of surface rupture. Seismicity along the Main Recent Fault was nearly absent since 1909. In December 1955, an earthquake near Razan caused rockfalls and three deaths.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1957 Farsinaj earthquake", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Farsinaj_earthquake", "article_id": 72418669, "section": "Historic seismicity", "metadata": {"word_count": 126, "char_count": 786, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The earthquake occurred at 05:15 on 13 December with a magnitude of 6.5. One foreshock was felt 26 hours before the mainshock and 32 aftershocks occurred within a month later. Its epicenters were instrumentally recorded and located, revealing a northeast—southwest trend intersecting the Main Recent Fault. The earthquake caused ground deformation such as rockfalls and fractures. There were six reports of northeast-trending ground fractures, and some extended for several kilometers. Some of these fractures were caused by landslides and rockfalls. Villagers reported a vertical rupture located along the Main Recent Fault resulting in the northeastern side subsiding by 1 m (3 ft 3 in).\nThe meizoseismal area had a generally northwest–southeast trend along the Main Recent Fault. The heaviest damage extended northeast of the fault, in an area where aftershocks were also distributed. The degree of damage decreased sharply towards the southwest of the trend. Most villages southwest of the fault were situated on bedrock and sustained minimal to no damage. Northeast of the fault, devastation extended up to 55 km (34 mi) away, impacting villages such as Farsinaj and Gerareh. Along this section of the Main Recent Fault, called the Sahneh and Dinevar segments, the structure dips towards the northeast. Greater damage to the northeast with respect to the meizoseismal trend may indicate the earthquake ruptured along faults buried beneath the region at greater depth.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1957 Farsinaj earthquake", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Farsinaj_earthquake", "article_id": 72418669, "section": "Mainshock", "metadata": {"word_count": 226, "char_count": 1472, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "At least 1,130 people died, 900 were injured, and 15,000 became homeless. Twenty thousand animals also died, and 211 villages were destroyed. Twenty additional deaths and more livestock were lost due to the cold weather including a winter storm on 21 December. Serious damage was distributed over a 2,800 km2 (1,100 sq mi) area while the shock was felt for 180,000 km2 (69,000 sq mi). The mainshock and its aftershocks heavily damaged 5,000 of the 9,000 homes in the area. Most of these homes were characterised by their single-storey adobe or masonry materials held together by mud. These homes also had heavy roofs made from tampered earth. Government properties in the area were double-storey adobe and single-storey brick construction with jack arches or iron sheets as the roofing.\nIn the epicenter area, the seismic intensity was assigned VII (Very strong) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. The area of maximum damage was between Kangavar and Farsinaj, and the most affected areas were north of Sahneh. The severity of damage became inconsistent and rapidly fell to the south. At Farsinaj, 702 people, or about half the population, perished, and only 30 homes were left intact. The village was reconstructed 1 km (0.62 mi) away from the ruins. At Dehasiyab, 34 people died and 23 were injured—the village was razed and reconstructed several hundred meters away. Six people died, 20 were injured and two-thirds of homes in Sollantaher were destroyed. The entire village of Kalbikhani was levelled and 22 died. At Sarab, 53 residents died, whereas at Sahneh, Gakul and Bisitun, damage was moderate. In Sarab Bidsorkh, 46 residents of the nearly-razed town perished. Sixty-three people died in the ruins of Cheqa-Bala and Cheqa-Pay, while at Khariz, 11 people died. No serious damage or high fatalities occurred within a 15 km (9.3 mi) radius around Farsinaj, and at Sonqor, only cracks appeared in some buildings. Two people died, some adobe homes, and old shops at a marketplace were damaged in Kangavar.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1957 Farsinaj earthquake", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Farsinaj_earthquake", "article_id": 72418669, "section": "Impact", "metadata": {"word_count": 329, "char_count": 2017, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Aftershocks on 13 and 18 December near Kangavar and Firuzabad on 28 December caused further damage. An aftershock on 14 December in Kangavar caused over 20 deaths, 50 injuries and devastated 15 villages. Another aftershock on the same day at Najafabad and Gurveh killed one, injured four, and destroyed more buildings. Three villages including Sarab sustained major damage during a 16 December aftershock. Fourteen people died in an aftershock on 18 December at Fash. On 31 December, another aftershock killed three at Kangavar and ruined some homes that had been restored following previous shocks. On 16 August 1958, a magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck the same area affected by the mainshock. This earthquake was the largest since the 1957 Farsinaj earthquake, and killed over 130 people.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1957 Farsinaj earthquake", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Farsinaj_earthquake", "article_id": 72418669, "section": "Aftershocks", "metadata": {"word_count": 125, "char_count": 789, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick held a leadership election on June 14, 1969, in Saint John, New Brunswick, to elect a new leader for the party. The position had been vacant since former leader Charles Van Horne's resignation in early 1968; Van Horne previously vowed to do so in the likelihood of his defeat in the 1967 provincial election, which he lost to the Liberal Party led by Louis Robichaud.\nThe front-running candidates for the leadership election were Richard Hatfield, a legislative member for Carleton who had been serving as house leader ever since Van Horne's resignation, as well as Van Horne himself, who decided to run for leadership again. Of three other candidates, only Mathilda Blanchard opted not to withdraw. Hatfield won the leadership election with 799 votes, or 58.5 percent of the votes cast. After securing leadership for the party, Hatfield went on to defeat Robichaud in the 1970 provincial election and further led the party through three re-elections, becoming the longest-served premier in the province. His leadership collapsed after a string of controversies led to his party losing every seat in his 1987 provincial re-election, leading to his immediate resignation. The next leadership election was not held until 1989, two decades after this one.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1969 Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick leadership election", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_New_Brunswick_leadership_election", "article_id": 77170113, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 209, "char_count": 1304, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "On February 8, 1968, then-Progressive Conservative leader Charles Van Horne announced his resignation through a letter sent to president George E. McInerney. Having been confident that he would win the 1967 provincial election, Van Horne had previously vowed to resign his leadership in the likelihood of his defeat; he was not only defeated in the election by Liberal leader Louis Robichaud but also in his home electoral district of Restigouche. Up until his resignation, it had been previously decided on November 9, 1967, that he would remain as leader, even though he would not have a seat in the legislature — rumors hinting towards the potential resignation of Lewis C. Ayles of Campbellton to allow for Van Horne to have a seat were shut down. Through his resignation letter, Van Horne reiterated his intentions to resign upon the party's defeat.\nOn the same day as Van Horne's resignation, five ballots were cast among the caucus to elect one of their own as a house leader. Richard Hatfield, a 37-year-old Carleton legislative member who had been defeated by Van Horne during the previous leadership convention, was elected. According to a Financial Post report from later that month, it had been under the impression that a leadership convention would be called that spring.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1969 Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick leadership election", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_New_Brunswick_leadership_election", "article_id": 77170113, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 211, "char_count": 1285, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On September 9, 1968, a seat was made vacant in Van Horne's home riding of Restigouche following the death of then-Youth Minister Joffre Daigle; nine days later, Robichaud announced a by-election for November 4 to fill the vacancy. The following month, Van Horne returned to the province and announced his candidacy on October 17. As speculation was being made earlier that month on the likelihood of Van Horne making a political return, Hatfield opposed the idea of Van Horne joining the by-election, viewing it as being \"a distraction\" to party progress. On the other hand, Tory president McInerney supported it; he expressed having \"the greatest respect for Mr. Van Horne\". Van Horne ultimately won the by-election on November 4, defeating single opponent and Liberal candidate O. R. M. Brimsacle by 186 votes. An editorial published by The Gazette on November 6 stated that Van Horne's victory \"might do more to aid the Liberal Government there, than if the Liberal candidate had won\".\nA scheduled party meeting in Fredericton for November 23 emerged along with the topic of a new potential leadership election. Van Horne was also speculated to be a candidate for it, though the meeting concluded with no definite plan to call for a leadership convention yet. It was highlighted that Hatfield and Van Horne were both fighting for leadership around this time; Van Horne was reportedly showing interest in being leader again, though many Conservatives also showed disinterest towards the idea.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1969 Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick leadership election", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_New_Brunswick_leadership_election", "article_id": 77170113, "section": "Van Horne's return to politics", "metadata": {"word_count": 243, "char_count": 1495, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In early April 1969, the Progressive Conservative party called for a leadership convention to be held at Saint John on June 14. Although his candidacy was not specifically announced, Hatfield made it clear that he would seek candidacy. It was also expected that Van Horne would emerge as a contender. Another speculated candidate at the time was also Paul Creaghan, a lawyer from Moncton. Although it had already been well-established that caucus members preferred Hatfield, it was also clear that this did not indicate his victory, given that this also happened during the last leadership election which Van Horne carried by a three-to-one margin.\nIan R. Ferguson, a 21-year-old University of New Brunswick (UNB) student from Grand Falls who served as the editor-in-chief of UNB's student newspaper The Brunswickan, was the first to declare candidacy for the leadership election on April 15; the reasons he gave for running were because of the \"lack in representation of [his] age group in provincial affairs, the lack of government communication with the people of New Brunswick, and specifically because of the sad state of higher education in the province in general\". Ferguson, however, never ultimately ended up becoming a candidate at the convention, as evidenced by his name having not appeared in the election results. It was also reported at this point that Van Horne was considering seeking candidacy.\nHatfield officially declared his candidacy for leadership on April 24. Van Horne—who was in Phoenix, Arizona, at the time—was still undecided though also gave a \"soon\" deadline for his decision. During a news conference, Hatfield proposed \"a new approach to leadership and policies to meet our province's needs\". Additionally, J. Roger Pichette, Alfred Landry, Creaghan and William Cockburn were all speculated by the Montreal Star as being \"potential candidates\", though they ultimately likely decided against running. In early May, Van Horne unexpectedly decided against running, adding that \"my position regarding the leadership remains unchanged\". Up until this point, Van Horne was anticipated as the primary contender against Hatfield. As early as almost a week later, however, Van Horne hinted towards changing his mind.\nOn May 16, Van Horne changed his mind and officially announced his candidacy for leadership, stating that he was urged from all ridings \"that [he] should be a candidate for leader\". The upcoming convention, which was to have 1,600 Tory delegates in attendance, was described by James Ferrabee of The Gazette as a \"re-run of 1966\" though now, as described by Ferrabee, with more credibility towards Hatfield. Ferrabee described Hatfield as being \"quiet-spoken and low-key\" in contrast to the \"flamboyant and loud\" Van Horne. Ferrabee further wrote that the 1966 delegates had been \"persuaded that Van Horne was the only man who could beat Louis Robichaud in an election which they knew then wasn't far off\", though Van Horne, on the other hand—being from the northern and majority Francophone part of the province—had the advantage of potentially having the stronger vote from Acadian delegates due to being a much stronger French speaker than the Anglophone-originating Hatfield.\nMathilda Blanchard, a labour leader from Caraquet who served as the provincial fish handlers' union president, also announced her candidacy for leadership on May 26, stating that \"I think there are so many things unsaid and undone\", though her candidacy was not generally taken seriously and was considered as being one that \"really doesn't count\". Other considered candidates at this point included Joseph MacDougall, who shortly afterwards lost his bid to retain his position of Mayor of Saint John; Leonard C. Jones, the Mayor of Moncton; the earlier-considered Creaghan, who reportedly \"considered entering the race\"; and Jean-Maurice Simard.\nIn the days leading up to the convention, Hatfield was considered as being the victor. Van Horne stated that the Liberal victory in 1967 was \"by the skin of their teeth\", adding that \"he has the best chance to lead the party to victory in the next provincial election\". On June 10, a legal petition for bankruptcy was filed against Van Horne; it was related to a consent decree from December 1968 in which Van Horne was ordered to pay $17,586. Those who filed the action alleged that Van Horne was bankrupt because he had not paid the debt, despite a writ being issued to do so on December 20, 1968. No assets in his name which could've been used to seize and satisfy the debt were able to be found by the sheriff of Restigouche County, who returned the writ marked \"nulla bona\". Van Horne was described as being a free spender who substantially indebted the party during his 1967 provincial campaign; the upcoming convention was blacklisted by the American Federation of Musicians from allowing for work to be serviced by its members, as the party hadn't paid a $12,500 bill signed by Van Horne for Don Messer and His Islanders to perform at the time. Hatfield was also described by opponents, per The Toronto Star, as a \"wealthy businessman\" who \"can't speak for the majority of New Brunswick's people\". Van Horne would additionally attack Hatfield, labelling him as a \"mama's boy\".\nHatfield and Van Horne filed for nomination on June 11, 1969. That same day, William T. Walker, who had just lost his over decade-long mayoral position in Fredericton earlier that week, declared that he was \"definitely in the running\", adding that he had \"a good chance\" of winning in the first ballot. Jones, who had been earlier considered as being a candidate, announced having \"very serious consideration\" for a candidacy run based on \"personal matters\", though he later chose not to run. The next day, Blanchard, Walker, and MacDougall filed for nomination in the final hour before the deadline.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1969 Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick leadership election", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_New_Brunswick_leadership_election", "article_id": 77170113, "section": "Leadership convention", "metadata": {"word_count": 945, "char_count": 5853, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The leadership election for the party took place on June 14, 1969. It was held in Saint John for 1,600 Tory delegates to vote between Hatfield or Van Horne, both considered front-runners, or Blanchard. Robert Stanfield, then-leader of the national Progressive Conservative party, served as the convention's keynote speaker. The day prior, Van Horne attacked Hatfield for \"lacking frankness and guts\" while also saying that \"people resent leadership that is devious and uncourageous\". Hatfield's response made no mention of Van Horne, saying that he was \"running for the party, not against anyone\".\nThe result of the election was publicized on June 16; Hatfield secured an overall majority during the first ballot with 799 votes, or 58.5 percent of the vote, to Van Horne's 554 votes, which amounted to 40.5 percent of the votes cast. Blanchard, the only other candidate, received 13 votes, or about one percent of the votes cast. Walker and McDougall, the two other registered candidates, each withdrew after offering a speech before the casting of votes.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1969 Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick leadership election", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_New_Brunswick_leadership_election", "article_id": 77170113, "section": "Election results", "metadata": {"word_count": 169, "char_count": 1055, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Hatfield, as the newly elected party leader, went on to defeat Robichaud in the 1970 provincial election. That same year, he appointed Van Horne as the Minister of Tourism following pressure accumulated as a result of Van Horne's popularity. Hatfield continued to lead the Progressive Conservatives through three victorious re-elections, ultimately having the longest term served by a premier in the province. His 17-year leadership started going downhill when, on September 25, 1984, he was found in possession of marijuana during a security check that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police conducted before a flight from Fredericton to Moncton during a royal visit by Queen Elizabeth II. This incident and the ensuing scandals led to a number of other Tories turning against him, with the party going on to lose all 58 legislative seats in his 1987 provincial re-election to the Frank McKenna–led Liberal Party. Hatfield and his party's defeat marked one of the worst in Canadian history; the only other time a majority-led party lost all of its seats in Canada was in Prince Edward Island during its 1935 election. The loss led to Hatfield's immediate resignation. The next leadership convention, held in 1989, saw Barbara Baird Filliter emerge as the first woman to become leader of a Conservative party in Canada.\nAnother leadership convention for a provincial political party would not be held in Saint John for nearly three decades, after which it held the 1998 New Brunswick Liberal Association leadership election.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1969 Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick leadership election", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_New_Brunswick_leadership_election", "article_id": 77170113, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 243, "char_count": 1519, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On July 31, 1976, heavy rainfall caused the Big Thompson River in Colorado to flood, causing at least 144 deaths, more than 250 injuries, and at least 5 others to be missing. The flood was caused by a stalled thunderstorm complex that produced rainfall totals of 12–14 inches (300–360 mm) near Estes Park, Colorado, including 7.5 inches (190 mm) of rain that fell in one hour. Cresting at 30 feet (9.1 m), the flood caused widespread damage along the river totaling almost $40 million ($150 million in 2016 USD). It is considered one of the deadliest floods in the state's history.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1976 Big Thompson River flood", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Big_Thompson_River_flood", "article_id": 75837366, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 101, "char_count": 581, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The Big Thompson River is a tributary of the South Platte River, approximately 78 miles (126 km) long, in the U.S. state of Colorado. Originating in Forest Canyon in Rocky Mountain National Park, the river flows into Lake Estes in the town of Estes Park, and then through Big Thompson Canyon.\nBefore the flood, 600 people lived in Big Thompson Canyon. In addition, between 2,500 and 3,500 people were there on July 31 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Colorado's statehood on August 1.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1976 Big Thompson River flood", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Big_Thompson_River_flood", "article_id": 75837366, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 84, "char_count": 489, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On July 31, a thunderstorm complex developed alongside the Front Range of the southern Rocky Mountains near Estes Park. The development was caused by a number of meteorological factors, including a shortwave trough, a polar front that moved across southeastern Colorado with the main polar airmass northeast of the Front Range, and moisture and unstable air behind a cold front extending across the Big Thompson River valley. Upper-atmospheric light winds caused the thunderstorm complex to remain stationary, which produced heavy rainfall across portions of the Big Thompson Canyon, including up to 7.5 inches (190 mm) of rain falling in one hour. Over four hours near Estes Park, 12–14 inches (300–360 mm) of rain fell, causing the Big Thompson River to overflow its banks and triggering a flood surge that moved along the river and into Big Thompson Canyon. The flood moved at an average speed of 15 miles per hour (24 km/h), and crested at 30 feet (9.1 m). A flash flood warning was issued at 23:00 CDT, but the timing of this was criticized because it was issued several hours after the floods began.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1976 Big Thompson River flood", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Big_Thompson_River_flood", "article_id": 75837366, "section": "Meteorological synopsis", "metadata": {"word_count": 185, "char_count": 1105, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A portion of U.S. Route 34 was washed out by floodwaters, sustaining significant damage as visibility on the highway dropped to zero miles. The flood impacted most of Cedar Cove, Drake, and Midway, and causing extensive damage to buildings in Glen Haven. The floods caused more than $40 million in damage in 1976 USD, equivalent to nearly $150 million in 2016 USD, including 418 homes, more than 400 vehicles, and 152 businesses being destroyed, along with a further 138 buildings damaged. The flood swept people as far east as Interstate 25 and areas 25 miles (40 km) away. Mudslides caused by heavy rainfall also closed Poudre Canyon. It is considered one of the deadliest floods in the history of Colorado, causing at least 144 deaths and 250 injuries, along with at least 5 missing.\nOn August 1, over 800 people were evacuated from flood-impacted areas via helicopter, and were taken to a high school in Loveland, Colorado that was established as a rescue center by the American Red Cross. U.S. Route 34 was reopened 86 days after it was closed after portions of the highway were washed out. United States President Gerald Ford designated Larimer County, Colorado a disaster area. For 25 years after the flood, until 2001, a ceremony was held annually to remember the disaster. It was held at a memorial constructed off U.S. Route 34, several miles from Drake, containing a list of people killed during the flood; this memorial was constructed in 1978, two years after the tragedy.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1976 Big Thompson River flood", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Big_Thompson_River_flood", "article_id": 75837366, "section": "Impact and aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 252, "char_count": 1485, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Colorado country music singer Chuck Pyle wrote a song titled \"Here Comes the Water\" celebrating the actions of Colorado State Patrol Sgt. Willis Hugh Purdy, who raced the flood down the canyon warning residents. On October 2, 2016, an episode of Colorado Experience premiered on PBS regarding the disaster.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1976 Big Thompson River flood", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Big_Thompson_River_flood", "article_id": 75837366, "section": "In popular culture", "metadata": {"word_count": 50, "char_count": 310, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 1978 Avon International Marathon was the first edition of the Avon International Marathon, and took place on March 19, 1978, in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States. It was a women-only marathon which had been put on to showcase female talent over the distance (26 miles 385 yards (42.195 km)), which at the time did not feature for women at the Olympic Games. The race was sponsored by Avon Products, who had covered the traveling expenses for some of the world's best female marathon runners to take part. The race was won by Marty Cooksey of the United States, a relative unknown, in a time of 2:46:16.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1978 Avon International Marathon", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Avon_International_Marathon", "article_id": 73357426, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 108, "char_count": 611, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Although the men's marathon had featured at the Olympic Games since its modern inception in 1896, the women's marathon was not an established event at an international level in the 1970s. Some experts claimed that running the marathon distance, 26 miles 385 yards (42.195 km), was dangerous for women's health. Women began unofficially running in the Boston Marathon in the late 1960s, and one of the pioneers of the sport was Kathrine Switzer, who ran Boston in 1967. She spent the subsequent years campaigning for the recognition of the women's marathon. In 1972, Boston officially allowed women to participate, and two years later the United States held a women's national marathon championship for the first time. As it gained prominence through the early 1970s, there were calls for it to be added to the Olympics, but there remained significant opposition, and the longest distance included for women at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal was 1,500 meters.\nSwitzer established the Avon International Marathon in 1978, a women only marathon, aiming to both create a pseudo women's marathon world championship, and highlight the growth in women's marathon running. The event was sponsored by Avon Products, and licensed by the Atlanta Track Club.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1978 Avon International Marathon", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Avon_International_Marathon", "article_id": 73357426, "section": "Inception of the Avon International Marathon", "metadata": {"word_count": 201, "char_count": 1252, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The race took place in the northern suburbs of Atlanta on a two-lap course which started from the Avon Products building on Cotillion Drive, Chamblee. The route, which was described as hilly and not conducive to record setting, headed north up North Peachtree Road and Tilly Milly Road to Mount Vernon Place before turning west along Mount Vernon Road, reaching Perimeter Center. The course then weaved south and north, along Peachtree–Dunwood Road, Ashford–Dunwood Road and Chamblee–Dunwoody road before returning to the start and finish area.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1978 Avon International Marathon", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Avon_International_Marathon", "article_id": 73357426, "section": "Course", "metadata": {"word_count": 85, "char_count": 544, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Switzer had initially hoped for a field of around 500 runners, but it eventually attracted around 200 entrants. In order to ensure a high-quality field Avon, the race sponsor, covered the traveling expenses of the top twenty female marathon runners from around the world. The world record prior to the race was 2:34:47, held by Christa Vahlensieck of West Germany, who it had been hoped would take part, but she was committed to take part in the 1978 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. The second-fastest woman, Chantal Langlacé also missed the race, as she had an Achilles tendon injury. Nonetheless, fourteen of the fastest twenty-four female marathon runners took part, four of whom had personal bests quicker than 2 hours 40 minutes – Kim Merritt, Manuela Angenvoorth, Jacqueline Hansen and Miki Gorman.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1978 Avon International Marathon", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Avon_International_Marathon", "article_id": 73357426, "section": "Runners", "metadata": {"word_count": 132, "char_count": 812, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The race began at 1:00 pm (EST). A field of 186 runners started the race, which took place in warm and dry conditions, around 75 °F (24 °C), possibly peaking to 90 °F (32 °C). A group of five runners broke away near the beginning of the race; Kim Merritt, Leal-Ann Reinhart, Sarolta Monspart, Manuela Angenvoorth and Julie Brown. Merritt was forced to drop out roughly quarter of the way through the race due to an inflamed Achilles tendon. At the halfway stage, Brown, who was described by Sports Illustrated's Kenny Moore as \"the most controlled of the leaders\", took the lead and opened up a gap from the pack.\nAfter 15 miles (24 km) Marty Cooksey, who had run a more conservative first half, moved into second place, around 200 yards (180 m) behind Brown, with Monspart and Angenvoorth behind her. Cooksey gradually closed the gap to Brown over the next 8 miles (13 km) and passed her around 3 miles (4.8 km) from the end. Cooksey held on to win the race in 2:46:16, a personal best by over seven minutes. Brown collapsed before the end and had to receive medical attention, leaving Monspart and Angenvoorth to battle for second place; the pair finished just over five minutes behind Cooksey, the former taking second place by thirteen seconds. Cooksey was a surprise winner; at the finish line, one of the race officials said \"I don't know anything about her.\"\nRoads were not closed for the race, and the traffic was heavy in places. Brown was forced off the road at least once because of the amount of traffic, despite attempts by the police on motorcycles to clear the traffic ahead of the runners. The Atlanta Constitution said that \"Cars were bumper-to-bumper for miles around the Dunwoody area.\" This, along with the hilly nature of the course, was provided as part of the reason that the finishing times did not get close the world record.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1978 Avon International Marathon", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Avon_International_Marathon", "article_id": 73357426, "section": "Race summary", "metadata": {"word_count": 326, "char_count": 1850, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 1986 João Câmara earthquake (Portuguese: Sismo de João Câmara de 1986) struck on 30 November 1986 at 02:19 Brasília Time with a moment magnitude of 5.1 near the town of João Câmara, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The event was felt over a large area of northeastern Brazil, including the cities of Natal and Mossoró. It took place in a more seismically active part of Brazil, where deformation of land at the Brasiliano orogeny between the São Francisco and São Luís cratons formed a series of fault zones in between 1 billion to 538.8 million years ago. The 1986 João Câmara earthquake occurred on one of these fault zones while accompanied by a lengthy series of earthquakes which consisted more than 1,000 recorded events. This mainshock was preceded by a series of foreshocks that began in August and was followed by a series of aftershocks which continued until 1990. Widespread damage to buildings at João Câmara occurred and thousands of people were displaced. The earthquake is widely remembered as one of the most significant events in Brazil's history.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1986 João Câmara earthquake", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Jo%C3%A3o_C%C3%A2mara_earthquake", "article_id": 73213666, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 183, "char_count": 1080, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Brazil is geologically dominated by three major sedimentary basins; the Amazon, Paraná and Parnaíba basins. These basins of Paleozoic-Mesozoic age are the drainage systems of the South American continent. The rest of the country consists of metamorphic rocks of the Brazilian Shield, a geologic province which consists of four cratons of Archean to Mesoproterozoic age. These cratons are connected by Neoproterozoic collisions which formed the Brasiliano orogeny. The Brasiliano orogeny can be found on the east and northeastern coast of Brazil. Also in this region can be found some remnant aulacogens and rifts from the South America-Africa breakup period.\nIn the Brasiliano orogeny can be found a group of provinces and belts which make up the Brasiliano orogeny. The one the João Câmara earthquake is involved with is the Borborema Province, a structurally complex wide exposure of Precambrian rocks that cover an area of roughly 400,000 square kilometres (150,000 sq mi) in northeastern Brazil. The Borborema Province consists of five sub-provinces which are separated by shear zones which vary in scale. Deformation in these shear zones are still continuing, therefore seismicity can take place.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1986 João Câmara earthquake", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Jo%C3%A3o_C%C3%A2mara_earthquake", "article_id": 73213666, "section": "Tectonic setting", "metadata": {"word_count": 184, "char_count": 1201, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Mw 5.1 earthquake which occurred near João Câmara, a town with a population of 22,000, was the part of an earthquake swarm which started on 5 August 1986, when a magnitude 3.3 earthquake was strongly felt in the town of João Câmara. This, in the next days was followed by multiple 3.0+ quakes until 11 September, with the largest quake being a MR  4.2. Later, the sequence was reactivated when the largest earthquake of the sequence, the João Câmara mainshock, struck with a magnitude of MR  5.1. This triggered a heavy frequency of aftershocks of 3.0+ quakes throughout December and January until the end of January, with the largest aftershock being a MR  4.4. The amount of aftershocks over the magnitude of 3 continued to decrease in frequency until it ended in the later months of 1988. On 10 March 1989, the sequence got reignited when a Mm 5.0 struck near the first mainshock, causing additional minor damage at João Câmara. Thousands of events with a magnitude of 0+ were recorded, including 15 earthquakes with a magnitude of 4.0+. The fault plane solutions for the mainshock and the other events have a mutual agreement which indicates southwest–northeast directed strike-slip faulting with a slight normal component in a linear manner along the Samambaia Fault.\nBefore the 1986 earthquake in the region's history, the last seismic activity had occurred in 1952 and 1983 which was also a small sequence of earthquakes. Six years earlier, a mb 5.2 earthquake had also struck nearby, in Ceará; hence why the northeast of Brazil is considered to be the most seismically active region of the country.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1986 João Câmara earthquake", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Jo%C3%A3o_C%C3%A2mara_earthquake", "article_id": 73213666, "section": "Earthquake", "metadata": {"word_count": 271, "char_count": 1610, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Property damage from the 5.1 was widespread mostly near João Câmara; although in the same place minor damage was caused in the August–September 1986 events as well. More than 4,000 homes were destroyed or damaged; 500 of those were rebuilt using a typical design made by the Brazilian Army, which consists of timber panels with concrete infill. Multiple buildings other than homes made of brick or stone suffered extensive amounts of cracks. In some cases including the church of the city suffered collapsing of walls. A seriously damaged hospital and a few schools were completely rebuilt of reinforced concrete. Out of the brick buildings, buildings made of poor quality brick were mostly damaged. Cracks or wall collapses usually happened on buildings with poor mortars or sun-dried bricks with poor quality. Collapses of tiled roofs were also widespread. Newer buildings and buildings made of concrete received little to no damage. More than 10,000 people were displaced as a result of the earthquakes, mostly in fear of landslides.\nAs a response to the earthquake, four vertical component short period seismometers were deployed in the area in order to locate events in a more easier way and understand the characteristics of the earthquakes. José Sarney, the president of Brazil, as well as several other ministers, visited the area which was hit by the earthquake. Camps were also set-up to shelter displaced residents.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1986 João Câmara earthquake", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Jo%C3%A3o_C%C3%A2mara_earthquake", "article_id": 73213666, "section": "Impact and response", "metadata": {"word_count": 229, "char_count": 1426, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "1989 (Taylor's Version) is the fourth re-recorded album by the American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It was released on October 27, 2023, by Republic Records, as part of Swift's re-recording project following the 2019 dispute over the master recordings of her back catalog. The album is a re-recording of Swift's fifth studio album, 1989 (2014). She announced the re-recording at the final Los Angeles show of her sixth concert tour, the Eras Tour, on August 9, 2023.\nA 1980s-inspired synth-pop album, 1989 (Taylor's Version) is characterized by upbeat arrangements of synthesizers and percussion. It contains re-recorded versions of the 16 songs from 1989's deluxe edition and five previously unreleased \"From the Vault\" tracks. Swift, Jack Antonoff, and Christopher Rowe produced the majority of the album; Ryan Tedder, Noel Zancanella, Shellback, and Imogen Heap reprised their production roles. Extended editions of the album additionally feature the re-recorded versions of the One Chance soundtrack song \"Sweeter than Fiction\" (2013) and the Kendrick Lamar remix of \"Bad Blood\" (2015).\nMusic critics praised 1989 (Taylor's Version), with emphasis on the production, Swift's vocals, and the vault tracks. The album topped record charts in Australia, Canada, and European territories including France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. In the United States, 1989 (Taylor's Version) marked Swift's 13th number-one album on the Billboard 200 and record-extending sixth album to sell over one million first-week copies. Seven of its songs concurrently became top-10 entries on the Billboard Hot 100, with the vault tracks \"Is It Over Now?\", \"Now That We Don't Talk\", and \"'Slut!'\" occupying the top three spots. In 2024, Apple Music placed the album at number 18 on its list of the 100 Best Albums.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1989 (Taylor's Version)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)", "article_id": 74304105, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 280, "char_count": 1815, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Taylor Swift released her fifth studio album, 1989, on October 27, 2014, under Big Machine Records. Inspired by 1980s synth-pop, Swift conceived 1989 to recalibrate her artistry to pop after promoting her first four albums to country radio. The album received generally positive critical reviews and sold over 10 million copies worldwide. Three of its singles—\"Shake It Off\", \"Blank Space\", and \"Bad Blood\"—reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100. At the 58th Annual Grammy Awards, 1989 made Swift the first female musician to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year twice—her first win was for Fearless in 2010.\nSwift's contract with Big Machine expired in November 2018. She then withdrew from Big Machine and signed a new deal with Republic Records, which secured her the rights to own the masters of any new music she would release. In 2019, American music executive Scooter Braun acquired Big Machine; the ownership of the masters to Swift's first six studio albums, including 1989, was transferred to him. In August 2019, Swift spoke against Braun's purchase and announced that she would re-record her first six studio albums so as to own their masters herself. Swift began the re-recording process in November 2020. Fearless (Taylor's Version), the first of her six re-recorded albums, was released on April 9, 2021, followed by Red (Taylor's Version) on November 12, 2021, and Speak Now (Taylor's Version) on July 7, 2023; all three peaked atop the US Billboard 200 chart.\nSwift released re-recordings of some 1989 tracks prior to the re-recorded album; all songs feature the additional \"Taylor's Version\" moniker in their titles. The re-recording of \"Wildest Dreams\" was released on September 17, 2021, after the original version went viral on TikTok. Other tracks were used in films and series: \"This Love\" was released on May 6, 2022, after its snippet featured in the trailer for the series The Summer I Turned Pretty; a snippet of \"Bad Blood\" appeared in the animated film DC League of Super-Pets, and \"Out of the Woods\" featured in a trailer for Migration. On August 9, 2023, at the final Los Angeles show at SoFi Stadium as part of Swift's Eras Tour, she performed in five new blue outfits, representing the color that Swift's fans associated 1989 with; during the half-show acoustic set, she announced 1989 (Taylor's Version) as her next re-recorded album, set for release on October 27, 2023, exactly nine years after the original release of 1989.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1989 (Taylor's Version)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)", "article_id": 74304105, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 408, "char_count": 2471, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The standard edition of 1989 (Taylor's Version) comprises 21 tracks: re-recordings of the 13 songs from the standard edition of 1989, as well as the three bonus tracks from the original deluxe edition, and five previously unreleased \"From the Vault\" songs that were written for the 2014 album but excluded from the final track list. Re-recordings of the \"Bad Blood\" remix (2015) featuring American rapper Kendrick Lamar and \"Sweeter than Fiction\" (2013), a song Swift and Jack Antonoff contributed to the soundtrack of One Chance (2013), were included on extended editions of 1989 (Taylor's Version) as bonus tracks.\nMost re-recorded tracks were produced by Swift and Christopher Rowe. The remaining were co-produced by their original producers—Antonoff, Ryan Tedder, Noel Zancanella and Imogen Heap. Swedish producer Shellback, who produced multiple songs on 1989 alongside Max Martin, only produced \"Wildest Dreams (Taylor's Version)\" with Swift and Rowe, while Martin was not involved in the production of the re-recording. All of the vault tracks were written and produced by Swift and Antonoff, except \"Say Don't Go\", which was co-written by the American songwriter Diane Warren.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1989 (Taylor's Version)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)", "article_id": 74304105, "section": "Writing and recording", "metadata": {"word_count": 182, "char_count": 1184, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "1989 (Taylor's Version) is a synth-pop record. Its sound is driven by sinuous melodies, burbling synthesizers, and heavy percussions. According to NME, the album has a 1980s-inspired synth-pop sound, but is \"an evolution of Swift's own sound\" rather than a \"kitschy pastiche\" of retro influences. Various critics have opined that the only sonic difference between 1989 and 1989 (Taylor's Version) is Swift's vocals, which have become technically stronger and richer. According to Clash's Alex Berry, the re-recording has a \"cleaner\" instrumentation. Slant Magazine's Jonathan Keefe identified minor changes: the clicking pen noise on \"Blank Space\" sounds less like the spring action of a ballpoint pen, the \"ah-ah-ah\" vocal hook of \"New Romantics\" is more staccato, the reverb on \"Out of the Woods\" is more prominent, and the guitar's tone on \"Style\" is altered.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1989 (Taylor's Version)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)", "article_id": 74304105, "section": "Composition", "metadata": {"word_count": 133, "char_count": 862, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Various critics opined that the sonics of the five vault songs were pertinent to the 1980s-inspired sound of the original 1989. Their production incorporates reverb and keyboards that AllMusic's Fred Thomas found reminiscent of late-1980s radio. According to The Line of Best Fit's Kelsey Barnes, the vault tracks are of different pop subgenres similar to the 2014 recording. Variety's Chris Willman, meanwhile, felt that some production elements of the vault tracks were influenced by the music of Swift's tenth original studio album, Midnights (2022).\nThe title of \"'Slut!'\" refers to the slut-shaming Swift experienced as a public figure; in its lyrics, Swift describes a relationship that she is proud of and does not care how the outside world views. It is a mid-tempo synth-pop song, featuring synthesizers and soft backing vocals. \"Say Don't Go\" is about hanging on to an unfruitful relationship; it has a pop rock production consisting of isolated vocal patterns and 1980s-inspired drums. The disco song \"Now That We Don't Talk\" incorporates disco grooves and falsetto vocals in the chorus, and its lyrics see Swift moving on from an ex-lover while making fun of his lifestyle and tastes.\n\"Suburban Legends\" depicts Swift yearning for a hopeful but unfruitful romance. It features an insistent disco groove and an outro of dissipating synthesizers in a production that People's Jeff Nelson described as \"driving, sometimes wind chime-y\". \"Is It Over Now?\" chronicles the end of a relationship, with lyrics about mistakes committed by both partners and the mixed feelings that ensued. Musically, the song is an electropop and synth-pop power ballad that features dense reverb, synthesizers, and echoing drum machines.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1989 (Taylor's Version)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)", "article_id": 74304105, "section": "\"From the Vault\" songs", "metadata": {"word_count": 270, "char_count": 1724, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On September 19, 2023, Swift posted a short visual on social media that depicted the characters \"T-S-!-U-L\" emerging from a blue vault, which fans and journalists considered to be a teaser for one of the five \"From the Vault\" tracks. She also partnered with Google Search to launch a feature for solving word puzzles to uncover the album's \"From the Vault\" track titles. Searching for \"Taylor Swift\" gave rise to an animated graphic of a blue vault, which, upon being clicked, produced one of 89 puzzles with or without an accompanying hint. The track titles were set to be officially revealed once 33 million puzzles had been solved globally. Although the feature crashed hours after launching, it reached the 33-million mark in less than one day. Four of the five vault track titles were revealed: \"Is It Over Now?\", \"Now That We Don't Talk\", \"Say Don't Go\", and \"Suburban Legends\". Swift unveiled the back covers of the album, which featured the full track list, confirming \"'Slut!'\" as the remaining vault track.\nRepublic Records released 1989 (Taylor's Version) on October 27, 2023, as Swift's fourth re-recorded album. The album was made available for streaming, download, vinyl LP, cassette, and CD. The standard edition contains 21 tracks—16 are re-recorded versions of the tracks on the original album and five are vault tracks. A deluxe edition containing the re-recorded remix of \"Bad Blood\" featuring Lamar was released onto streaming and digital download platforms hours after the standard album. The album was sold in 14 physical variants, including five vinyl editions (one of which, the Tangerine Edition, being a Target exclusive containing the re-recording of \"Sweeter than Fiction\"), eight CD editions (each with folded posters or photographs), and a multi-colored cassette. The standard cover is a photograph of Swift in red lipstick with a background of a blue sky and seagulls flying in the distance. Exclaim! listed the album cover as 15th worst of the year, saying that Swift \"could afford to hire a professional graphic designer\" to design the cover, and that the cover looks like a fan design on Canva. Universal Music released \"'Slut!'\" to Italian radio on October 27, and Republic Records released \"Is It Over Now?\" as a single to US contemporary hit radio on October 31.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1989 (Taylor's Version)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)", "article_id": 74304105, "section": "Release", "metadata": {"word_count": 377, "char_count": 2299, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "1989 (Taylor's Version) was met with widespread acclaim from critics. On the review aggregator Metacritic, it received a weighted mean score of 90 out of 100 based on 15 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\". The review aggregator site AnyDecentMusic? complied 14 reviews and gave the album a 8.1 out of 10.\nMost critics appreciated the production for remaining faithful to the original. NME's Hollie Geraghty, The Daily Telegraph's Neil McCormick, and Ludovic Hunter-Tilney of Financial Times regarded 1989 (Taylor's Version) as Swift's best record; the lattermost said that the album showcased \"the highly engineered setting of the perfect pop song\". Will Hodgkinson of The Times dubbed the album a \"pop masterclass\", and Ed Power of the i described it as \"bright, brash, smart and catchy\". Rolling Stone's Angie Martoccio, American Songwriter's Alex Hopper, and Pitchfork's Shaad D'Souza opined that the re-recorded album proved the timeless quality of the original. Mark Sutherland from Rolling Stone UK said 1989 (Taylor's Version) \"could well be the greatest pop album of 2023\".\nCritics were also fond of Swift's vocals. Barnes said they were \"more powerful and punchy than ever\", and The Guardian's Rachel Aroesti described them as \"richer and more mature yet hardly distractingly so\". Berry admired how Swift sang with \"crystal clear pronunciation and a powerful impact\". Keefe and Hopper said her matured vocals made the tracks more impactful and resonant. By contrast, Adam White of The Independent wrote that Swift's improved vocals losing 2014's raw \"strain\" made the re-recording a \"diminished\" pop classic. However, White added the album was still \"untouchable greatness\".\nThe vault tracks were similarly well received. Aroesti, Martoccio, Power, and Hopper regarded them as worthwhile additions with more depth and a showcase of Swift's songwriting talents. Berry admired the \"exquisite\" vault tracks that showcased strong writing and production. Paste's Elizabeth Braaten proclaimed that the vault tracks made 1989 (Taylor's Version) Swift's best re-recorded album yet, and Thomas said they consolidated Swift's status as a \"timeless songwriter\". Keefe was less enthusiastic, saying that the vault tracks were solid but not valuable \"as a true thematic and aesthetic extension\". D'Souza wrote that they lacked \"the wallop and precision of the album proper\" but added more depth and context.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1989 (Taylor's Version)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)", "article_id": 74304105, "section": "Critical reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 366, "char_count": 2408, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On Spotify, 1989 (Taylor's Version) registered the highest single-day streams globally for an album in 2023, with 176 million reported streams. Swift also broke her own record for the most single-day Spotify streams for an artist. The album also broke the records for the most single-day and single-week streams on Amazon Music. Republic Records reported global opening-week sales of over 3.5 million units, making it the third best selling female album in its debut week ever. In terms of pure sales, the album sold 2.8 million copies worldwide in 2023, becoming the year's sixth-best-selling album overall and best-selling album by a solo artist. It was also the best-selling vinyl album of 2023 with 1.4 million copies sold. Its songs occupied the top six of the Billboard Global 200 the same week, making Swift the first artist to achieve this feat.\nIn the United States, 1989 (Taylor's Version) became Swift's record-extending 11th album to sell 500,000 copies and sixth to sell one million copies in a single week. The album debuted atop the Billboard 200 with 1.653 million units (including 1.359 million pure sales), surpassing the original 1989's figure by 400,000 units. It marked Swift's 13th chart-topper. The album topped the Billboard 200 for six non-consecutive weeks; its fifth week at number one helped Swift accumulate 68 weeks in total atop the Billboard 200, surpassing Elvis Presley's record for the most number-one weeks for a soloist. As of January 2024, it had reached two million in pure sales. 1989 (Taylor's Version) was the first album to sell over one million copies on vinyl in a single calendar year since Luminate began tracking US music sales in 1991. All 21 tracks on the standard edition of the re-recording charted on the Billboard Hot 100, with \"Is It Over Now?\", \"Now That We Don't Talk\", and \"'Slut!'\" in the top three. This marked the fifth time Swift had both a song and an album debut atop the Billboard 200 and Hot 100 simultaneously, extending an all-time record.\n1989 (Taylor's Version) also reached number one on the album charts of many European territories, including Austria, Belgium (both Flanders and Wallonia), Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden. In Germany, 1989 (Taylor's Version) helped Swift become the artist with the most vinyl records sold of 2023. In the United Kingdom, it earned 148,000 units within three days to claim the biggest opening sales week of the year. It debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart with 184,000 units, more than doubling the opening of its 2014 counterpart, and became Swift's 11th number one. It sold 62,000 vinyl LPs in its first week, becoming the fastest-selling vinyl album of 2023. The album stayed at the top for three consecutive weeks, becoming 2023's longest-running number-one album, and was the most purchased physical album of 2023, with sales of 185,000 units. In Australia, 1989 (Taylor's Version) debuted atop the ARIA Albums Chart as Swift's 12th number-one album. It marked a career-best opening week for Swift and possibly the largest vinyl sales week in Australian chart history. The album spent fourteen non-consecutive weeks at number one, was the longest-running number-one album of 2023, and had eight of its songs debut simultaneously at the top 10 of the ARIA Singles Chart, completely occupying the top four. Seven tracks from the album debuted on the Billboard Brasil Hot 100.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1989 (Taylor's Version)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)", "article_id": 74304105, "section": "Commercial performance", "metadata": {"word_count": 563, "char_count": 3439, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "1989 (Taylor's Version) was nominated for International Album of the Year at the Gaffa Awards in Denmark and the Juno Awards in Canada. It was also nominated for Top Global 200 Album at the 2024 Billboard Music Awards. In 2024, the album was placed at number 18 on Apple Music's list of the 100 Best Albums.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1989 (Taylor's Version)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_(Taylor%27s_Version)", "article_id": 74304105, "section": "Accolades", "metadata": {"word_count": 56, "char_count": 307, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 22 March 1997, five members of the Order of the Solar Temple (OTS) committed mass suicide in Saint-Casimir, Quebec, setting their house on fire with them inside. Among the dead were two couples: Didier and Chantal Quèze and Bruno Klaus and Pauline Riou, as well as Chantal's mother Suzanne Druau. The three children of the Quèzes had initially been included in the suicide plan, but the first attempt to initiate the suicide failed. After the failure of the first attempt, they confronted their parents, and convinced them that they wanted to live and were let go. Following two more unsuccessful attempts to orchestrate the suicide, the final attempt, with help from the children, was successful.\nThis followed two prior mass suicides by the group in 1994 and 1995; the group had the theological doctrine that by committing suicide, one would not die, but \"transit\"; they conceptualized the transit as a ritual involving magic fire, where they would undergo a spiritual voyage to the star Sirius, where they would continue their lives. The two leaders of the group, Joseph Di Mambro and Luc Jouret, had both died in the 1994 transit, but a second mass suicide was orchestrated the next year by the remaining members. Following these past suicides, the group was believed dissolved and was officially banned in Quebec, but it was believed that they may have continued to operate secretly.\nOn March 20, the Quèzes, as well as Klaus and Riou, all former members of the OTS group, began attempting to orchestrate the suicides; they mailed a suicide letter to two Canadian media outlets, outlining their reasons for committing the act. They then drugged their children and attempted to burn the house down. The attempts repeatedly failed, due to both mechanical error and the intervention of the couple's children. Following three unsuccessful attempts to orchestrate the suicide, two days later the children finally helped their parents burn the house down.\nFour died of smoke inhalation, while a fifth was separately suffocated by another. While the children were directly involved, they were ultimately not charged with any crime, as the Ministry of Justice deemed their responsibility lessened by their ingestion of drugs and their influence by the sect. After the incident, the OTS is widely believed to have effectively dissolved. The incident provoked widespread media interest and commentary in Quebec, particularly on religious freedom.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Saint-Casimir mass suicide", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Saint-Casimir_mass_suicide", "article_id": 77785403, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 395, "char_count": 2444, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The Order of the Solar Temple was a religious group active in several French-speaking countries, led by Joseph Di Mambro and Luc Jouret. Founded in 1984, it was a neo-Templar secret society with eclectic beliefs sourced from many different movements like Rosicrucianism, Theosophy, and the New Age. The OTS had a commune in Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade in Quebec, the \"Sacred Heart\" (French: Sacré-Coeur) commune and farm. The location, having previously belonged to the Catholic organization the Brothers of the Sacred Heart, was bought by the OTS in 1984 for 235,000 Canadian dollars. The farm was located on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River near Quebec City, where the group was headquartered in an old orphanage, also home to one of Jouret's Club Amenta locations. It was intended as an \"ark of survival\" far from urban areas with 100 people to repopulate the Earth following an apocalypse, due to the beginning of the Age of Aquarius, which would destroy Europe. By 1988, there were about 50 people living at this commune, who worked as volunteer farm workers. Members practiced organic farming and worked long and difficult hours; they also occasionally organized conferences on OTS ideas.\nThe OTS seemed to be doing well, but on 25 November, the 1988 Saguenay earthquake occurred at a 5.3 magnitude; this earthquake damaged the view held by Jouret and other Templars that Quebec would be a safe haven from the impending apocalypse, which was the main reason they had moved to Canada. While Jouret often spoke of the apocalypse, he had predicted that Quebec would be spared; following the earthquake, members of the Sacred Heart commune began to criticize his leadership and his predictions (viewing them as too specific). The farm was also not self-sustaining, and the commune was close to bankruptcy. In March 1993, Jouret and several other members became embroiled in a gun scandal, when they were charged for attempting to buy illegal weapons in Quebec. This resulted in immense scandal. Following the gun scandal, member Didier Quèze told the media that they were harmless and not a cult; he stated, \"In a cult, you're told what to do. Here, you do what you think you should do.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Saint-Casimir mass suicide", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Saint-Casimir_mass_suicide", "article_id": 77785403, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 364, "char_count": 2195, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following the gun scandal, Jouret became very paranoid and concerned with purported injustice. He began speaking of \"transit\", an idea which had previously been introduced by Di Mambro several years earlier; the idea of a \"voluntary departure of templars to another dimension in space in order to recreate the world.\" They conceptualized the transit as a ritual involving magic fire, where they would undergo a spiritual voyage to the star Sirius. In October 1994, the first transit killed 53 people, 48 in Switzerland and five in Canada; several of the dead did not consent to death or were directly murdered for being \"traitors\". Among the dead were both Di Mambro and Jouret. The group left a suicide letter called \"The Testament\". The main message of this letter is a call to other members of the OTS to join the departed ones by \"transiting\" themselves, encouraging former members to kill themselves. Included in this letter were the words:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Saint-Casimir mass suicide", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Saint-Casimir_mass_suicide", "article_id": 77785403, "section": "Earlier transits", "metadata": {"word_count": 157, "char_count": 945, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Know that from wherever we are, we will always reach out to those who are worthy of joining us.\nFollowing these suicides, the group became internationally notorious. In December 1995, 16 more members of the OTS would commit mass suicide, this time in France. Following the previous suicides, French police rounded up members of the OTS for preventative reasons, fearing new mass suicides on dates tied to astrological events or Templar history. It was stated by Yves Casgrain, a spokesman for Info-Secte, that the group likely still operated in Quebec, only underground. The OTS was officially banned by the government of Quebec after the first mass suicide and was believed to be dissolved.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Saint-Casimir mass suicide", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Saint-Casimir_mass_suicide", "article_id": 77785403, "section": "Earlier transits", "metadata": {"word_count": 113, "char_count": 691, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Quèzes, Didier and Chantal Quèze (née Goupillot), 39 and 41 years old, respectively, managed the bakery at the Sacred Heart commune: living apart from other members, they were not well-liked, with former OTS members describing Didier as the \"know-it-all\" of the farm on the commune and as \"a real character\", while his wife was described as passive and unassertive. The couple was perceived by one ex-member as \"withdrawn, haughty, and ill-tempered\". Former teachers from France, they had moved to Switzerland to be in closer proximity to the group, before moving to Canada. Sixty-three-year-old Suzanne Druau, Chantal's mother, was not a member of the OTS, but was associated with the movement and lived in a way permissible to the group's beliefs; she had moved from France to live with her daughter following the death of her husband. Druau was the only person to have died in the entire series of OTS deaths who was not a member of the group.\nForty-nine-year-old Bruno Klaus was the former head farmer of the commune; following his divorce from Rose-Marie, he was with Pauline Riou. Klaus was described as a calm and hardworking man, known to be fanatical about the farming methods on the commune (involving astrology), though his methods were ineffective and he was later made to work at the bakery. A lapsed Catholic from Switzerland, Klaus had met Luc Jouret in Switzerland circa 1984 when he visited him (as Jouret was a doctor) due to an earache. Jouret told him that he had actually had cancer, but that he had cured it – after this, Jouret would often tell Klaus that he \"should be dead\" and that he owed him his life. Klaus would then become a devoted follower of Jouret. Marie-Louise Rebaudo, the OTS's astrologer, later claimed that she saw significant changes in his star chart, which showed that he was to move to Quebec to help start the \"ark of survival\". He moved with Rose-Marie to the Sacred Heart commune. He had invested over 100,000 Canadian dollars into the farm purchase.\nRose-Marie eventually left the OTS over a \"cosmic marriage\" enforced by the group that separated her from her husband. For several years after this, she repeatedly tried to get Bruno back, having a \"foot inside, but always one outside\" the OTS community, but eventually gave up, and began contacting anti-cult groups. She divorced him and returned to Switzerland, taking their two children with her; while previously Bruno Klaus had been a high-status member, his reputation in the group suffered due to the actions of his wife. According to Swiss journalist Arnaud Bédat, Klaus was later romantically involved with Jocelyne Friedli, who died in the 1995 transit. He was then partners with Pauline Riou. Pauline Riou was a 54-year-old Canadian nurse; speaking of her, former member Hermann Delorme described Riou as completely \"enthralled\" with Jouret, saying that she would \"tremble when he spoke\". She was not a very active member of the group but was described as a very faithful and obedient one. Klaus, Riou, and the Quèzes were all close friends.\nFollowing the investigation of former members in the group in Canada, Klaus and Didier Quèze, among nearly 100 other former members or sympathizers, were met by the police; many of these members were extremely disappointed in the fact that they had not been selected as part of the previous mass suicide. The Quèzes moved to Saint-Casimir, a town of 2000 people near Quebec City, following the deaths, where they established a bakery, but continued to practice OTS ritual and ideology in secret; they moved their bakery, where they continued to work. Their neighbors were unaware of their connection to the group, then notorious, viewing them as \"quite normal\", though private. The couple's three children were forbidden from joining sports teams by their parents, and according to their classmates could not play with their peers or leave the house.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Saint-Casimir mass suicide", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Saint-Casimir_mass_suicide", "article_id": 77785403, "section": "The remaining members", "metadata": {"word_count": 650, "char_count": 3905, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following the 1994 deaths, Klaus and Didier Quèze were distraught, viewing themselves as having been abandoned by Jouret; according to Bédat they felt rejected by society and were convinced they were being spied on. Didier Quèze was placed under police watch by the Sûreté du Québec (SQ) in July 1996, but nothing beyond that, and he defended himself to the press. It was known that the four of them still had extreme faith in OTS beliefs. Police had last had contact with them the last summer solstice. A former police investigator into the OTS claimed that the police had visited the Quèzes several months prior to the deaths and that during this visit he had begged them not to take the children with them if they did do another transit, and that in response they had \"[sung him] sweet nothings\". Hermann Delorme predicted that another suicide would take place on the summer solstice of 1996, though this did not occur.\nAccording to Journal de Québec, in the weeks prior the police and Bédat had received several clues that indicated the planning of a third massacre in Quebec. According to Bédat, it was known that there were \"still a few fanatics left\"; he said he had received what he described as \"very specific information\" that something would happen near Quebec City. Following the publication of his book on the OTS in Canada in March 1997, L'Ordre du Temple Solaire, he spoke publicly to the media warning about how he believed a third massacre by the group was a possibility. He stated: \"We really can't rule out that they are preparing a third massacre. The fact that the first and second have left legitimizes their faith, suggests that there is indeed an afterlife as they imagined. How far will these convinced followers go? The worst is still possible...\" Klaus was once quoted in this book on the subject of his romantic relationships, telling how he and Friedli had switched wives at Jouret's suggestion. Bédat had previously had telephone contact with Klaus and Didier Quèze, and described them as being \"agitators\" of the OTS, \"if not leaders\".\nIn April 1996, Bédat published an article in the Swiss magazine L'Illustré titled Un troisième massacre se prépare au Québec, 'A third massacre is being prepared in Quebec'. A few days before the killings, Bédat sent a fax warning a former member who lived in Canada to be careful, especially of members Klaus and Didier Quèze. Following the mass suicide, the book, and Bédat's statements discussing the possibility of another massacre, were discussed by several news outlets. According to Delorme, in the weeks leading up to the \"transit\", Klaus and Didier Quèze often spoke of \"travelling\". Clément Godin, owner of the only gas station in the area, said that he had seen Didier Quèze fill up his gas cans, and that he seemed well. Godin was also the chief firefighter of the town and would later be one of the first responders.\nIn a private letter to his relatives left behind, one of the members wrote:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Saint-Casimir mass suicide", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Saint-Casimir_mass_suicide", "article_id": 77785403, "section": "Planning and warnings", "metadata": {"word_count": 510, "char_count": 2972, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "all the people in the Order were extraordinary, very far from the image of bastards spread by the newspapers. If only you could know how kind Luc Jouret was. We have all been hunted down like dogs because what we are telling, what we are relating, disturbs at a high level. [...] we are relieved to know that we as well as our children will no more have to endure the craziness of this earthly world. Don't believe anything that you will read about us. If only there would have been honest journalists, we would have helped them to write their articles.\nThe letter defends their choice to transit, and asks for forgiveness for the people they may have hurt, but says that they are happy to have accomplished their work, that it was merely moving again, but this time further away.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Saint-Casimir mass suicide", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Saint-Casimir_mass_suicide", "article_id": 77785403, "section": "Planning and warnings", "metadata": {"word_count": 142, "char_count": 780, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 20 March 1997, the Quèzes arrived home, after going on a two-day trip the destination of which was unknown. The same day, the pair mailed the Canadian newspapers La Presse and Le Journal de Montréal a \"testament\" letter, from a post office in Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade; it was stamped on the 21st. This letter was not taken seriously by the organizations they mailed and it was not published. A copy of this was also left in the shed. One excerpt from this letter read:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Saint-Casimir mass suicide", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Saint-Casimir_mass_suicide", "article_id": 77785403, "section": "20 March", "metadata": {"word_count": 83, "char_count": 471, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "We must however specify that it was necessary that a group of Men, Women and Children, having been previously prepared, had to go through the vicissitudes of these 3 years in Law and Service; so that the experience acquired could fully bear its fruits, to enrich the Consciousness of the Return to the Father.\nReligious scholar Alain Bouchard summed up the letter as saying \"we have had enough, you do not want to understand anything, we prefer to die\". The \"testament\" letter argued that the three mass suicides together constituted one singular transit, calling the first one an \"exceptional moment\" and saying the second had reactivated the process of planning another mass suicide. It blames the media, saying that the members \"know full well that the media's filth against us will increase\", though unlike previous letters it is mostly focused on living OTS members, to whom it says that the letter was intended to bring clarity to.\nIt threatens Thierry Huguenin, the 54th intended member of the 1994 suicide who had escaped, that \"[a]s for the pseudo 54th, he should know that the welcoming committee is waiting for him.\" La Presse described it as reminiscent of the 1994 transit letters written by Di Mambro. According to Shannon Clusel and Susan J. Palmer, they rationalized the fact that they had not been selected to participate in the earlier \"transits\" by Jouret and Di Mambro as a kind of \"trial period\" that had been done to strengthen them.\nLater in that evening, the Quèzes drugged their children, who did not know of the plans, with juice laced with sedatives. The children then went to sleep. The adults had created a setup involving propane tanks, gas canisters, and stoves, designed to explode the house; three five-gallon canisters of gasoline were attached to three propane tanks and a timer. This was planned for the spring equinox.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Saint-Casimir mass suicide", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Saint-Casimir_mass_suicide", "article_id": 77785403, "section": "20 March", "metadata": {"word_count": 312, "char_count": 1855, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Early in the morning, one of the teens woke up, and finding the unconscious body of her father, found the setup designed to set the house on fire. She then woke up her two siblings, and they then tried and failed to wake up their mother, but succeeded in waking up Druau. Druau told them that the group had \"failed\" (but did not tell them that they had been trying to commit suicide). The siblings then succeeded at thwarting the attempt by airing the house out, closing the propane tanks, and removing the rest of the setup – this was all done while their parents were still asleep.\nWhen the adults eventually woke up, they were confronted by the children. Chantal Quèze initially told the children that they would not attempt suicide again before Didier Quèze said they would – but this time their children would have a choice in whether they wanted to be included or not. The daughter almost agreed to participate in the suicide, before one of her brothers convinced her not to. That day, their school was worried about them given their absence; they had never been absent before. The principal called the home, which was answered by the older son, who told him that his siblings were sick and he had to take care of them.\nFollowing this, the children spent the remaining hours of the day tending to the adults, who were sick after the suicide attempt. As of the evening, the teenagers were still not decided as to whether they would participate; their parents, however, apparently believed they had agreed to die with them, and proceeded to slip sedatives into their food a second time. The children, assuming that the adults were too sick to try to do it again, slept, but close to midnight they were woken up again by their mother's cries and were too affected by the drugs to do anything. During the night, Druau was suffocated by the Quézes with a plastic bag (which had also occurred in the other OTS suicides), with her consent.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Saint-Casimir mass suicide", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Saint-Casimir_mass_suicide", "article_id": 77785403, "section": "21 March", "metadata": {"word_count": 346, "char_count": 1938, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Didier Quéze then repeated his attempt to restart the ignition machinery. Early in the morning, the teenagers woke up again and went downstairs, finding their father trying to reassemble the ignition system, and Druau dead with a garbage bag over her head. The children, having decided that they did not want to die, then proceeded to, again, remove the suicide setup, airing the house out and removing the system; the other adults were mostly asleep at this time. The children proceeded to argue with the adults through the morning, begging them not to die. Didier Quèze told them that their grandmother's death made it so they could no longer turn back, and once again the children's parents asked them if they would die with them. With some hesitation, all of the children refused. Later in the day, their parents gave them permission to survive as long as they did not interfere with their own deaths. The teens were then drugged and sent to a shed in the garden (where they had placed a bed), but after several hours the fire had failed to start and they returned to the house.\nUpon returning, the teenagers found the adults very ill, and once again stopped the ignition system, before begging their parents to not die. Their mother asked the children to restart the ignition system before they helped Klaus and Riou upstairs. They then helped their father start the fire, starting the ignition timer again, which also failed. A final time, they returned to the house (where they brought their mother additional sedative drugs at her request) and started the timer. They returned to the shed, taking with them several personal items and \"some mementos of their parents\". By about half an hour later, at 6 p.m., the house was burning. After a call from a neighbor, firefighters soon arrived, and after the fires diminished an hour later they were able to enter the home. At 7:35 p.m., they discovered four of the burnt bodies in the master bedroom on the second floor, arranged in a crucifix formation.\nRed rose petals were scattered throughout the room, and while searching the house police found a sword with Pauline Riou's name engraved into the handle and medieval-style clothing. Once the smoke cleared, Druau's body was found on the first floor at 8:05. The three propane tanks were found detached from the detonation mechanism and were unaltered by the fire. In the debris, metal grills were discovered containing cloth drenched in flammable substances. The timers used in the detonation mechanism resembled those used for the fire set at Morin-Heights. An hour after officers arrived, the three teenagers came out of the shed in the garden, and were found by the chief fire officer who believed them to be possibly drugged. The teenagers were taken to be medically examined and were found to have traces of benzodiazepines in their blood.\nCoincidentally, on the night of the 22nd, the Quebec television channel Canal D aired a documentary on the Order of the Solar Temple, Aller simple pour Sirius, 'One-way ticket to Sirius'. This documentary contains testimonials from people who had lost their parents to past OTS suicides.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Saint-Casimir mass suicide", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Saint-Casimir_mass_suicide", "article_id": 77785403, "section": "22 March", "metadata": {"word_count": 530, "char_count": 3138, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following the suicides, there was widespread media interest, particularly about the extent of the children's involvement and what had led to the events, with many competing theories; a heated debate on religious freedom in Quebec resulted. As the event had happened over the weekend, there was little coverage the following day, except for the broadcast of a Sûreté du Québec press conference and a brief interview with sociologist Raymond Lemieux; however, come Monday there began intense media coverage. Early coverage included interviews with former member Hermann Delorme and novelist Guy Fournier, who had written a novel based on the OTS; Fournier called the event a \"human tragedy\", a demonstration of \"remarkable faith\" by people who were \"screwed\", while Delorme described those who died as having been \"pushed to the wall\", \"no longer capable of living the situation\". Later coverage was more critical, promoting intervention in religious matters. Anti-cult speaker Yves Casgrain accused the government of having \"blood on its hands\", and said they had not listened to his warnings. He declared the incident an example of how cults can manipulate their victims, even if the leaders had been dead for years. Mike Kropveld, director of Info-Secte, said the government should be doing more to fight cults. The population of the village expressed their shock at the incident.\nIn the immediate aftermath, Arnaud Bédat stated that a fourth massacre was still possible, though he said there were no reliable leads unlike in the Saint-Casimir case, only rumors. The OTS was fixated on numerology (occult significance in numbers): Bédat noted that with the deaths of five additional members, the total death toll of the OTS had been brought to 74; seven and four add to 11, a significant number for the OTS as it was the number of \"elder brothers\" in their theology. The children dying would have made it 77, a double number, also important to the OTS. He noted that though it was still the same group, it was a smaller more isolated affair, a \"question of Klaus and his new concubine, of Quèze, his wife and his mother-in-law.\" In addition to the vernal equinox, he speculated that the timing of the suicides could also have to do with the weekend having experienced a lunar eclipse and the passage of the Hale–Bopp comet. The Canadian newspaper Le Devoir later received a letter from other OTS members following the transit, discussing the Saint-Casimir incident.\nOn the same day as the Saint-Casimir suicide, members of the unrelated Heaven's Gate group also began a mass suicide. Heaven's Gate happened to be a group with similar beliefs, in both cases believing that suicide would allow their souls to be transported into space. This led to initial suspicions of a connection, though police investigating the Heaven's Gate deaths refused to acknowledge these speculations. Scholars and journalists speculated immediately after the deaths that both groups had possibly been motivated in their timing in part by the vernal equinox (which had occurred on the 20th). The OTS deaths had been timed for the equinox, but due to the failed attempts they did not happen until the 22nd. Heaven's Gate had instead timed it for the closest approach of the Hale–Bopp comet on the 22nd. There was no apparent connection found between the two groups.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Saint-Casimir mass suicide", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Saint-Casimir_mass_suicide", "article_id": 77785403, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 547, "char_count": 3341, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The transit letter was immediately seized by the police following the suicides, in order to carry out analysis of it, especially to determine that it had not been written by anyone not among the dead. Excerpts of this letter were printed in a 25 March 1997 article by Martin Pelchat of La Presse, and included in Bédat's second book; the SQ refused to grant two researchers access to the letter in 2020. Handwriting analysis was done, as well as toxicology tests on the bodies of the dead and investigation related to the final phone calls made by the members killed. The teenagers were made to identify their parents' bodies by police, which they made the youngest son do. According to police, after learning of the death of their parents, only the eldest son cried.\nThe children were questioned by police; they said they did not remember what exactly had happened, likely due to the drugs. While awaiting the decision as to whether they would be charged, they were put in a Quebec City center operated by the Direction de la protection de la jeunesse (DPJ), the address of which was kept secret. Their schoolmates wrote them letters and recorded them a video cassette, though the DPJ did not want them to have outside contact during this period. They were later allowed to contact their classmates, but not allowed to discuss what had happened.\nBased on their testimonies, the children were considered to have played an \"active role\" in the mass suicide by investigators. Possible criminal charges for this kind of action could have been arson or murder. The Sûreté du Québec gave the Chief Deputy Attorney General discretion as to whether they would be charged, with no expressed opinion in their submitted report, which was atypical compared to common practice. On 24 April, the Quebec Ministry of Justice stated they would not press criminal charges against the Quèze children, ruling that though they were responsible for the deaths, this responsibility was mitigated by the fact they had been drugged. They also noted the \"culture of a cult that nurtures psychological destabilization annihilates the critical spirit and creates a break with generally accepted references\", and that the children had experienced a \"complete psychological drift\".\nThe coroner investigating the case was Yvon Naud. In his report on the deaths, released 8 October 1997, his single recommendation was the establishment of a committee to study and understand cults, and how to recognize and stop ones that became dangerous. This recommendation was not followed. The four adults (besides Druau) were found to have died from asphyxiation due to smoke inhalation, before the fire reached their bodies. There were no signs of other violence or poisoning, though the dead were found to have consumed significant quantities of tranquilizing drugs.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Saint-Casimir mass suicide", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Saint-Casimir_mass_suicide", "article_id": 77785403, "section": "Investigation", "metadata": {"word_count": 464, "char_count": 2826, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "This was the only OTS transit that left behind survivors (with the possible exception of Thierry Huguenin, who claimed to have escaped the first massacre); it was also the only one that was purely voluntary for those that died. Reflecting on the case, religious historian Jean-François Mayer called the fact there were witnesses left behind the most noticeable aspect of the case compared to the others, allowing the exact sequence of events to be known, which showed that it was done purely out of the conviction of the followers. He further called it extraordinary that a group of members had persevered through both the prior transits, only to do the same thing; he said this showed the degree of conviction some of them had reached. After this third suicide, the total number of people dead in incidents related to the OTS stood at 74.\nThe three children returned to France to live with their grandparents about two months after the deaths. During the trial of composer Michel Tabachnik for his alleged responsibility in the OTS deaths in 2001, one of the teenagers testified about her experiences; she expressed how she had thought of dying with her parents, stating \"My parents didn't want to stay alive. I still don't understand why, but I know there wasn't much we could do about it. Before he died, my father simply said to me: watch out for vultures.\" Interviewed 15 years after the suicide, one of the three teenagers to have survived stated he did not blame his parents. He expressed his desire to move on, stating: \"It doesn't make any difference whether it's been 5 years, 10 years, 15 years. The page is turned, I've understood what happened, I don't blame my parents. Enough ink has been spilled on that now. That's it.\" Their former neighbor and guardian, who kept in contact with them, reported they were doing well.\nThe house where the suicides occurred at was put up for sale by Didier Quèze's estate after the deaths. It was bought by a volunteer firefighter who had been the first person to arrive at the scene, then a neighbor who had seen the fire through the window. The house was renovated following the sale. He had known the three Quèze children well prior to the incident, as they were friends with his children. He was one of the only people in the village who knew of the Quèzes' connection to the OTS, though he believed they were no longer members. He became their guardian until they returned to France, as they had no family in Canada. In 2012, he stated that many people had offered to pay him for a visit to the house, which he refused, or asked if the house had ghosts. People also visited the house in the years after the deaths, but according to him this eventually ceased.\nIn 2012, religious scholar Alain Bouchard said there were few warning signs of the suicide – the only clear one being their continuous agreement with the Order's beliefs. The coroner who had investigated the case, Yvon Naud, argued that the event could not have been predicted. He stated: \"Can we lock someone up just in case, because of their beliefs? These are people we can rub shoulders with every day, there isn't something in their face that says, 'I'm part of the Order of the Solar Temple and I have to fly to Sirius on a cosmic journey'.\" Bouchard noted that the letter they sent had not been taken seriously, which may have been the only tangible sign of their intentions. The lead Sûreté du Québec investigator into the OTS, Jacques St-Pierre, said he had known since the 1994 transit that another could occur in Canada, given many members were disappointed they had not been included in the initial mass suicide. Arnaud Bédat stated he had been given \"very specific information\" that something would happen near Quebec City.\nIt was the final suicide linked to the group. In 2000, the religious scholar Massimo Introvigne wrote that further suicides could not be excluded \"as long as even one single person still shares the OTS's ideology\". Bouchard believes that the group continues to exist and still has members, but Bédat said it was the \"last journey of the last fanatics, those who were frustrated at not having left with the others\". Though many former members continued to have contact, he said they no longer adhered to OTS ideology and that there was no more danger. He believed there was no OTS left, and that the remaining members had \"returned to real life\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Saint-Casimir mass suicide", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Saint-Casimir_mass_suicide", "article_id": 77785403, "section": "Legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 769, "char_count": 4396, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In a two-day period on July 27–28, 1997, heavy rainfall caused an overflow of the Spring Creek near Fort Collins, Colorado, United States. Stalled convection over the city produced heavy rainfall of up to 14.5 inches (370 mm) across western portions of Fort Collins, causing a flash flood which damaged areas along Spring Creek. Numerous buildings at Colorado State University were inundated by floodwaters, sustaining over US$100 million in damage. Five people were killed, 62 were injured, and damage totaled in excess of $250 million, including more than 2,000 businesses and homes being damaged or destroyed. The flood is the worst natural disaster to impact the Fort Collins, Colorado, area.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Spring Creek flood", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Spring_Creek_flood", "article_id": 75830135, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 110, "char_count": 696, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Spring Creek is a 12.7-mile-long (20.4 km) tributary of the Cache La Poudre River in the state of Colorado in the United States. It begins at Spring Canyon Dam, and flows into Horsetooth Reservoir, and through Fort Collins. Before the floods, moist atmospheric conditions occurred due to an unusually strong flow of monsoon moisture, despite the area experiencing drought conditions for six weeks. A $5-million mitigation plan was also implemented before the flood. The average precipitation annually in the Fort Collins area near a Spring Creek drainage was 14 inches (360 mm) before the disaster.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Spring Creek flood", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Spring_Creek_flood", "article_id": 75830135, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 95, "char_count": 598, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On July 27, a cold front moving southward entered portions of northern Colorado as cooler air was pushed toward the state from a high-pressure area centered over southern Canada. Moisture also pushed into Colorado from the south, above the approaching cold front, as easterly winds pushed into eastern portions of the state moist, extremely humid surface air that was previously located over Kansas. The humid surface air then moved and saturated into the Front Range, resulting in the development of slow-moving thunderstorms into the next day. While this occurred, convection developed over Fort Collins, producing heavy rainfall of up to 14.5 inches (370 mm) across western portions of the city, including 10 inches (250 mm) of rain falling within five hours. The heavy rainfall overwhelmed drains and caused debris to block a railroad passage, resulting in a flash flood across Fort Collins. After the floods, moist air remained for several days over the state, eventually resulting in more convection developing that missed impacting already-impacted areas in Fort Collins and Larimer County, Colorado, instead inundating farmlands and portions of Sterling and Atwood, Colorado. A Colorado State University climatologist, Nolan Doesken, compared the meteorological conditions in Spring Creek to the 1976 Big Thompson River flood.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Spring Creek flood", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Spring_Creek_flood", "article_id": 75830135, "section": "Meteorological synopsis", "metadata": {"word_count": 203, "char_count": 1334, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Most of the rain fell across western portions of Fort Collins, near Spring Creek. At Colorado State University, 40 buildings were inundated by floodwaters, including the law enforcement department and television station at the university, causing over $100 million in damage. In a basement in one of the buildings, damages to textbooks totaled up to $1 million, along with an additional 425,000 books kept at a nearby library damaged. A 15-foot (4.6 m) railroad embankment overflowed after being hit with approximately 8,250 cubic feet (234 m3) of water per second, which caused a train to derail. The floods killed five people, injured 62 people, and caused property damage in excess of $250 million, including more than 2,000 businesses and homes being damaged or destroyed. Four of the five fatalities occurred at a mobile home park, where floodwaters increased over 5 feet (150 cm) in three minutes, destroying the mobile home park and another trailer park. Several of the injured were transported to Poudre Valley Hospital for medical treatment, including hypothermia from the floodwaters and lacerations sustained from broken windows. The rainfall in Fort Collins on July 28 was the heaviest in an urban area in the state, and also set three, six, and twenty-four hour-rainfall records. Additionally, across the Fort Collins area, the flood was the worst natural disaster ever there.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Spring Creek flood", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Spring_Creek_flood", "article_id": 75830135, "section": "Impact", "metadata": {"word_count": 221, "char_count": 1389, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "After the flood, 400 people were rescued. A documentary film was made detailing the flood and the reconstruction after the disaster. A high water marker was erected at Colorado State University designating the water level during the flood at Spring Creek, and flood-height poles were also built. Following the flood, flood management projects and further mitigation measures were enacted, which cost $50 million. A system used for flood warnings was also initiated, which was supported by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. New structures were also built in Fort Collins as improvements, which included channels and retaining walls being situated. The Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network was also created as a result of the floods, first beginning in Larimer County in 1998. Events were also set up to commemorate 20 years after the disaster in 2017.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "1997 Spring Creek flood", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Spring_Creek_flood", "article_id": 75830135, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 137, "char_count": 872, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On November 3, 2002, an MQ-1 Predator operated by the CIA launched an airstrike on a vehicle travelling through the al-Naqaa desert of Marib Governorate, Yemen. The strike destroyed the vehicle and killed six suspected militants, including its target Abu Ali al-Harithi, the leader of al-Qaeda in Yemen. The operation was the first drone strike conducted by the United States outside of Afghanistan.\nHarithi had been wanted for several years by both the Yemeni and American government for involvement in the USS Cole bombing. After Yemeni special forces failed to capture him in a raid in December 2001, the Yemeni government allowed the US to fly surveillance drones over the country to search for his location. A joint US-Yemeni intelligence team had been tracking down Harithi for months prior to the operation. He was pinpointed to a farm in Marib on the day of the strike after the National Security Agency (NSA) intercepted the signal of his phone. CIA agents stationed in Djibouti routed a Predator armed with two AGM-114 Hellfire missiles to the location and began monitoring the target before Harithi and a group of companions left in two vehicles. The NSA confirmed that Harithi was in the backseat of one car after hearing him giving directions to the driver. With permission from Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh as well as CIA Director George Tenet and CENTCOM Gen. Michael DeLong, who were viewing the situation through the Predator's video feed, the CIA drone operators fired a missile at the car, destroying it and killing six of its seven occupants, including Harithi.\nThe strike was consistent with the Bush Doctrine, which commits to preemptive strikes against terrorist targets. It was the first instance of a drone killing an American citizen as authorities later found that Kamal Derwish, ringleader of the Lackawanna Six, had died in the vehicle alongside Harithi. The CIA initially maintained that it did not know Derwish was in the vehicle, but an official later claimed in 2009 that it did know but justified his death as \"collateral damage\". American and Yemeni officials remained silent on the operation until it was confirmed by a US State Department official days later, angering the Yemeni government which intended to hide its cooperation with the US in order to avoid criticism. The operation prompted discussion over the strategic and legal implications of the US attacking terrorist targets in countries considered at peace with it, and killing American citizens deemed terrorists. It also lead to discussion over the American government adopting the tactic of targeted killing.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2002 Marib airstrike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Marib_airstrike", "article_id": 79255771, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 424, "char_count": 2616, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Abu Ali al-Harithi, al-Qaeda's chief of operations in Yemen, had been wanted by the US and Yemen since October 2000 for the investigation of the USS Cole bombing, his involvement being described as \"widely accepted within intelligence and law enforcement circles\" by a US official. After being tipped off, Harithi alongside senior Yemeni al-Qaeda leader Muhammad al-Ahdal went into hiding in the remote village of Hosun al-Jalal in Marib Governorate from August to November 2001. Under pressure from the US, Yemeni special forces launched a raid on the town in December in an attempt to capture the two, which lead to the deaths of 18 soldiers and six local tribesmen. The raid was the first military operation launched against al-Qaeda outside of Afghanistan. In the aftermath of the failed raid, the Yemeni government permitted the US to fly surveillance drones over the country in order to gain further intelligence on the location of the militants.\nIn January 2002, Yemeni Foreign Minister Abu Bakr al-Qurbi stated that the Yemeni government knew where Harithi and Ahdal were, but could not arrest them in fear of tribal resistance. In February, Yemeni officials suspected that the two had escaped to the local section of the Rub al Khali. US intelligence determined in mid-2002 that Harithi was residing somewhere in Yemen. Despite drones and Joint Special Operations Command searching for him for several months and sharing their information with Yemen, the US had been coming up short. \nUS ambassador Edmund Hull and the CIA believed that Harithi was still residing in Marib due to occasional phone calls of his intercepted and traced by a joint US-Yemeni intelligence team. Harithi kept on him up to five phones, each suspected to have been equipped with multiple SIM cards to throw off any spies. The NSA had set up an automatic system which would sound an alarm at their headquarters in Fort Meade, Maryland, if one of his recorded phone numbers was ever in use. Hull had arranged meetings and payments to local tribesmen and tribal sheikhs in exchange for potential information on Harithi's whereabouts.\nOn October 23, 2002, senior Yemeni officials confirmed that US surveillance drones were flying over the Rub al Khali in order to locate the militants, specifically searching for \"unusual movements\" such as cars within the mostly unpopulated area. Presidential advisor Abdul Karim al-Iryani said the militants may have evaded searches by placing a tent on the top of their pickup truck and having a native Bedouin familiar with the land drive them.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2002 Marib airstrike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Marib_airstrike", "article_id": 79255771, "section": "Abu Ali al-Harithi", "metadata": {"word_count": 419, "char_count": 2562, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On September 17, 2002, local authorities in Lackawanna, New York, publicly identified Kamal Derwish as the ringleader and recruiter of the Lackawanna Six, a group of Yemeni-Americans charged with materially supporting al-Qaeda and training at a terrorist camp in Afghanistan. Derwish had left Lackawanna by early 2001 after convincing the six men to train with al-Qaeda. Authorities learned in the spring of 2002 that Derwish utilized several aliases and was in communication with Saad bin Laden and Walid bin Attash, and intercepted \"assessment calls\" between Derwish and Lackawanna Six members in the summer. They believed that Derwish, along with fellow American militant Jaber Elbaneh, were hiding somewhere in Yemen. FBI agents were deployed to the country in late September in order to arrest the two.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2002 Marib airstrike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Marib_airstrike", "article_id": 79255771, "section": "Kamal Derwish", "metadata": {"word_count": 125, "char_count": 807, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The strike on Harithi was completed \"through a combination of human intelligence, aerial surveillance by Predator drones, and efforts by the National Security Agency (NSA) to track his cell phone use.\" During the afternoon of November 3, 2002, a Yemeni ground agent on the US ambassador's payroll spotted Harithi among a group of people entering two cars; a black Toyota Land Cruiser for him and five men in his entourage, and a separate vehicle for the women. The spy then contanced the CIA headquarters at Langley, Virginia to share his information.\nSimultaneously, a US Army Trojan satellite stationed at Camp Doha, Kuwait, intercepted the signal of one of Harithi's phones. A Cryptologic Support Group (CSG) unit of the NSA, part of the joint team in Yemen, pinpointed the signal using GPS tracking to a farm in Marib Governorate. Yemeni officials stated that Harithi's farm had been under their surveillance for months, with information being relayed to the US. Almost immediately, CIA drone operators from the Special Activities Division (SAD) in Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti, directed an MQ-1 Predator armed with two AGM-114 Hellfire missiles to the location. The NSA's information was being shared to the CIA and was their means of tracking the targets.\nThe drone pilots contacted CIA director George Tenet, who was viewing a live video feed from the Predator at the Counterterrorism Center at Langley. He informed CENTCOM Gen. Michael DeLong via telephone that the CIA had found its target. According to DeLong, who was viewing the Predator's video feed from the UAV room in MacDill Air Force Base, US forces were \"preparing to storm in when Ali exited with five of his associates. They got into SUVs and took off.\" The drone proceeded to follow the convoy.\nAn NSA analyst in Fort Meade tapping into the call noted that the person on the phone, who was seemingly speaking to another al-Qaeda operative to arrange a meeting, was not Harithi. However, he later recognized that Harithi was in the back seat of the Land Cruiser after hearing a six-second conversation of him giving directions to the driver, confirming it with a colleague. Also determined was Derwish's presence in the vehicle. The NSA relayed their information to the CIA, whose pilots had a lock on the target. Tenet requested and was granted final permission to fire from DeLong and from President Saleh, though the latter's approval was based on the condition that the operation would be kept a secret.\nAs the Land Cruiser made its way from the main road to an open desert track, the Predator fired a missile at it, instantly destroying it and killing six occupants. A seventh passenger managed to escape the vehicle before the missile struck and survived the attack injured. US officials blamed the severity of the destruction on an \"unexplained secondary explosion,\" suggesting that the vehicle held some sort of flammable or explosive material. Authorities found traces of weapons, ammunition, explosives and communications equipment within the remains of the car, and later took it away for inspection. A helicopter carrying Yemeni security officials had been standing by at the location soon after, removing the occupants and transporting them to a hospital in Sanaa, where US officials collected DNA samples which were sent to a laboratory for identification.\nThe victims were identified as Harithi, who was recognized in the debris by a distinct mark on his severed leg, four members of the Aden-Abyan Islamic Army, a local militant group linked to al-Qaeda, and an individual identified as Ahmed Hijazi. US and Yemeni officials later deemed Hijazi to be an alias for Derwish, but the CIA maintained that it did not know he was in the vehicle at the time of the strike. A US official in later claimed in 2009 that the CIA did know of Derwish's presence in the vehicle but justified his killing as \"collateral damage\" at the time because he \"was just in the wrong place at the wrong time.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2002 Marib airstrike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Marib_airstrike", "article_id": 79255771, "section": "Airstrike", "metadata": {"word_count": 660, "char_count": 3967, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Both the US and Yemen were initially adamant towards maintaining the operation a secret. Both sides developed a cover-up story for Yemen to follow: the Land Cruiser was carrying weapons, explosives and other flammable materials to be used by the militants and had accidentally exploded. CIA and Department of Defense officials initially refused to discuss the strike publicly, only stating that the US military was not responsible. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld refused to directly acknowledge any US involvement, but told reporters regarding the death of Harithi that \"it would be a very good thing if he were out of business\". During a rally for the upcoming midterm elections, President George W. Bush told supporters that al-Qaeda would be treated as \"international killers\" and would be hunted down wherever.\nDespite the agreement, Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz revealed that the US had conducted the drone strike and praised it during an interview with CNN on 5 November, labeling it a success against al-Qaeda which would pressure it to change its tactics. Wolfowitz's public acknowledgement of the strike was likely intended to serve as a victory for the Bush administration's war on terror the day midterm elections were set to take place. The Telegraph reported that the disclosure provided a boost in popularity for the Republican Party during the election.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2002 Marib airstrike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Marib_airstrike", "article_id": 79255771, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 220, "char_count": 1388, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Internally, the US intelligence and special operations communities, which had specifically intended for the strike to remain confidential, were angered by the public claim of responsibility. CIA official complained that due to the leak, other countries would be more hesitant of allowing the organization to operate their Predator drones. Regardless, the Bush administration publicly defended the strike and claimed that it was unrepresentative of a broader shift in policy. State Department spokesperson Richard Boucher stated that the US would maintain its position on targeted killing in regards to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict during a press conference two days after the strike. During an appearance on Fox News Sunday a week later, National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice maintained that the strike did not violate the constitution and was a defensive act in \"a new kind of war\". In December, US officials stated that the strike fell under a secret presidential finding which authorized the CIA to attack al-Qaeda targets anywhere in the world regardless of whether the targets are Americans or not.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2002 Marib airstrike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Marib_airstrike", "article_id": 79255771, "section": "United States", "metadata": {"word_count": 170, "char_count": 1112, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In contrast to the Western world, the strike produced outrage in Yemen, where sentiment critical of the US and sympathetic to Islamists already ran high among some parts the populace. Nationwide anti-American protests led to authorities evacuating and temporarily shutting down the US embassy in Sanaa. Local religious leaders and tribesmen vowed revenge for Hairthi's death, though his own tribe did not claim a wrongful killing by the government, as is common in Yemeni tradition. \nThe Yemeni government was angered by US officials violating their agreement on maintaining the secrecy of the strike. President Saleh was enraged by the leak, and complained to US General Tommy Franks during a later meeting that it would cause major problems for himself. He felt as though he was betrayed and embarrassed by the US after risking his reputation locally and in the region, particularly with Iraqi president Saddam Hussein. Brigadier-General Yahya al-Muttawakil, deputy secretary-general of the ruling General People's Congress, was the first Yemeni official to publicly discuss the strike on November 12. He told an interviewer that the situation was an example as to why Yemen was reluctant to cooperate closely with the US as \"They don't consider the internal circumstances in Yemen.\" The Joint Meeting Parties (JMP), a coalition of various major opposition parties, issued a statement condemning the strike as a violation of Yemen's national sovereignty, and criticized the government for remaining silent. On 19 November, Interior Minister Rashad al-Alimi acknowledged Yemen's cooperation in conducting the strike, and claimed that they were intending to release a joint statement with the US before the leak. Saleh admitted that he authorized the strike a year after it took place. From thereon, the US was banned from being able to fly Predator drones over the country's airspace. Despite this, US military action was permitted by Yemen in 2009, while drone again began flying over the country in 2011 as Saleh's control weakened amid the Yemeni revolution.\nOn 4 March 2004, the seventh passenger and sole survivor from the strike, Abdul Raouf Naseeb, was apprehended by security forces in Abyan governorate after having been besieged in the mountains with a group of militants the previous day. He was suspected of planning the April 2003 prison break in Aden which freed several al-Qaeda suspects involved in the USS Cole bombing. Naseeb was tried for an alleged minor role in the Cole bombing, but was later acquitted. He was rearrested in 2012 as an al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula commander.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2002 Marib airstrike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Marib_airstrike", "article_id": 79255771, "section": "Yemen", "metadata": {"word_count": 414, "char_count": 2603, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "After the strike was made public, it prompted outcry and condemnation from several figures in the international community. Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh called it a summary execution and a violation of international law, and warned that it could set a precedent where \"any country can start executing those whom they consider terrorists\". The United Nations Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Asma Jahangir, expressed the same sentiment, calling it \"a clear case of extrajudicial killing.\" Amnesty International, in a letter directed to Bush, urged the US to publicly condemn extrajudicial killings and hold any officials involved in them accountable, though in contrast, Human Rights Watch believed the killing of Harithi to be \"a legitimate wartime action.\" The open adoption of a targeted killing operation led to accusations of the US holding a double standard on the matter, as it routinely condemned Israel's targeted killings against Hamas leaders. Furthermore, revelation that an American citizen was killed in a strike outside of a defined battleground led to additional opposition from civil liberties and human rights groups.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2002 Marib airstrike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Marib_airstrike", "article_id": 79255771, "section": "International", "metadata": {"word_count": 177, "char_count": 1177, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Through the strike faced criticism for its tactics, American legal experts did not challenge its legality. An anonymous US official stated that President Bush had authorized the killing of American citizens working for al-Qaeda through a presidential finding signed after the September 11 attacks. The finding \"directs the CIA to covertly attack al-Qaeda anywhere in the world\", and made no distinction between Americans and non-Americans.\nSuzanne Spaulding, an official in the American Bar Association and former deputy general counsel for the CIA, claimed that the strike did not qualify as an assassination proper as it was \"viewed as a military action against enemy combatants which would take it out of a realm of assassination,\". Federation of American Scientists director Steve Aftergood called the strike \"necessary and appropriate\", and stated that it did not violate the executive order signed by President Gerald Ford prohibiting assassinations. Robert K. Goldman, a professor at the American University Washington College of Law, said \"If you assume the U.S. can be at war against non-state actors,\" al-Qaeda members can be considered \"combatants who are susceptible to direct attack at all times\". He considered the operation to not be an assassination but rather one of self-defense against the threat from al-Qaeda. Anthony D'Amato, international law professor at Northwestern University, said the consent of the Yemeni government \"would probably not affect the legality of the attack.\"\nHowever, several commentators claimed that the strike could set a precedent allowing the US to assassinate terrorists in any situation, even by violating the sovereignty of a foreign nation. Duke University law professor Scott Silliman said that since the Bush administration had defined their war against al-Qaeda as a global conflict, any place with al-Qaeda activity could be considered a combat zone by the US government. He called the precedent \"the most vulnerable aspect of the theory,\" theoretically allowing them to launch airstrikes on al-Qaeda targets anywhere, even in the United States. M. Cherif Bassiouni compared the situation to \"if a US drug agent killed a narcotics trafficker rather than arresting him and putting him on trial\". He said the attack \"is a dangerous precedent\" and \"puts governments at the same level as terrorists.\" Former Pentagon counsel and Tufts University law professor Alfred P. Rubin called the strike \"a very foolish thing to do\", noting that the US had previously refrained from assassinations against their enemies during the Cold War as \"It was not consistent with our vision of where the world should be going.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2002 Marib airstrike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Marib_airstrike", "article_id": 79255771, "section": "Legality", "metadata": {"word_count": 413, "char_count": 2660, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Harithi's killing was the first drone strike launched by the US outside of the War in Afghanistan. The operation was noted as being in line with targeted killing tactics often deployed by Israel against Palestinian militants. According to a former CIA agent, the operation represented the end of a long debate within the organization as to whether or not it should adopt the strategy. US official said that the President was not required to personally authorize the assassination of al-Qaeda leaders, the responsibility rather being assigned to military and intelligence leaders. The precedent was established by Bush through a presidential finding signed after the September 11 attacks.\nPublicly, State Department spokesperson Richard A. Boucher stated during a press conference that \"Our policy on targeted killings in the Israeli-Palestinian context has not changed.\" and \"If you look back at what we have said about targeted killings in the Israeli-Palestinian context, you will find that the reasons we have given do not necessarily apply in other circumstances.\" However, other government officials said privately that the only real difference between US and Israeli usage of targeted killing would be \"one of scale and frequency\", with al-Qaeda leaders being assassinated as a last resort. Israeli scholars and academics rejected Bourcher's distinction, seeing the airstrike as \"tantamount to a US endorsement of the Israeli policy of preemptive attacks on militant foes\". The scholars stated that the airstrike represented a rejection by the Bush administration of previous norms maintained by the US government against targeted killings out of fear for retaliatory violence.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2002 Marib airstrike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Marib_airstrike", "article_id": 79255771, "section": "Targeted killing", "metadata": {"word_count": 256, "char_count": 1683, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Harithi's death has been retrospectively described as a \"devastating blow\" to al-Qaeda's operational capacity within Yemen. In the aftermath of the strike, chief financial officer Muhammad al-Ahdal was deemed his replacement by the group. Ahdal was later arrested in Sanaa by Yemeni authorities on 25 November 2003. By the end of 2003, al-Qaeda in Yemen was regarded as mostly defeated, remaining mostly inactive until the 2006 Sanaa prison escape.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2002 Marib airstrike", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Marib_airstrike", "article_id": 79255771, "section": "Impact", "metadata": {"word_count": 69, "char_count": 448, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2002 Van Wert–Roselms tornado was a violent tornado that struck the city of Van Wert and the community of Roselms, Ohio on November 10, 2002. The National Weather Service rated the worst of the damage F4 on the Fujita scale, near and within the Van Wert area. In Van Wert, hundreds of homes and businesses were damaged or destroyed, with several homes and businesses sustaining F4 damage. Among these businesses, a movie theater, was leveled by the tornado, but the sixty people attending the feature inside the theater survived. In Roselms, only one single structure was left standing. The tornado killed four people, injured seventeen others, and was credited for over $30 million in damages.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2002 Van Wert–Roselms tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Van_Wert%E2%80%93Roselms_tornado", "article_id": 75177050, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 116, "char_count": 698, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The tornado touched down approximately four miles (6.4 km) northeast of the village of Willshire, Van Wert County, Ohio, and began moving northeast towards the city of Van Wert. Immediately after touching down, the tornado rapidly intensified to F4 on the Fujita scale as it crossed Zook Road approximately five miles (8.0 km) southwest of Van Wert. Around Zook Road, a 75-year-old man was killed when the tornado destroyed his house at F4 intensity. According to the National Weather Service (NWS), he was attempting to shield his wheelchair-bound wife when the tornado struck. As the tornado continued into Van Wert, it maintained F4 intensity. In Van Wert, 43 homes and five businesses were destroyed, and 164 homes and 27 businesses were damaged. The Twin Cinemas and five buildings at an industrial park sustained F4 damage. In Twin Cinemas, 60 people, mostly children, were watching a movie when the tornado destroyed the building. Vehicles from the cinema's parking lot were thrown into its seats. An 18-year-old man was killed when the car, which he had been driving near the cinema, was thrown into the cinema's seats. The tornado destroyed three county engineering buildings in Van Wert. After passing through the industrial park, several homes and business in Van Wert sustained F3-to-F4 damage.\nAfter leaving Van Wert, the tornado continued northeast and crossed into Paulding County, where it struck the community of Roselms. Only one building in Roselms remained standing after the tornado. Every structure in Roselms sustained up to F3 damage, and the NWS entire nine-mile (14 km) track of the tornado through Paulding County was rated F3 by the NWS. According to Dayton Daily News, 23 homes, 32 barns, and a church in Paulding County were completely leveled, and 19 more homes were damaged. The tornado also leveled the Washington Township building, and continued northeast at F3 intensity as it crossed into Putnam County. In Putnam County, the tornado destroyed a mobile home in Continental, killing two people. After traveling seven miles (11 km) through the county, the tornado rapidly weakened to F0 intensity just before it crossed into Defiance County. While traveling three miles (4.8 km) through Defiance County, the tornado skipped, and caused F0 damage to five homes and some outbuildings before crossing into Henry County, where it continued to skip, and caused F0 damage to outbuildings and trees along a 12-mile (19 km) path. The tornado then lifted approximately two miles (3.2 km) southeast of Malinta.\nIn total, the tornado killed four people and injured seventeen others along its 53-mile (85 km) path, and reached a peak width of 880 yd (800 m). It caused at least $30 million (2002 USD) in damage in Van Wert.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2002 Van Wert–Roselms tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Van_Wert%E2%80%93Roselms_tornado", "article_id": 75177050, "section": "Tornado summary", "metadata": {"word_count": 449, "char_count": 2745, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) later stated that of the entire Veterans Day weekend tornado outbreak—which consisted of 76 tornadoes—the Van Wert–Roselms tornado was the most remembered due to:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2002 Van Wert–Roselms tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Van_Wert%E2%80%93Roselms_tornado", "article_id": 75177050, "section": "Impact and aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 31, "char_count": 221, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "the heroic efforts of [Scott Shaffer] at the Van Wert Cinemas. After hearing the tornado warning that was broadcasted over the county's warning system, the manager led sixty patrons to interior hallways and restrooms. This was only a few minutes before the tornado destroyed the theater. Besides leveling the building, three cars were tossed into the seats that were previously occupied by moviegoers, many of which were children.\nVan Wert County EMA Director Rick McCoy was able to give the city a 26-minute lead time for the tornado by continuously running Van Wert's tornado sirens for 26 minutes. In the aftermath of this tornado, Van Wert County gave a NOAA Weather Radio to every business in the county.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2002 Van Wert–Roselms tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Van_Wert%E2%80%93Roselms_tornado", "article_id": 75177050, "section": "Impact and aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 118, "char_count": 709, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2009 National Football Conference (NFC) Wild Card playoff game was a National Football League (NFL) Wild Card playoff game between the Green Bay Packers and Arizona Cardinals on January 10, 2010. The game, which was contested at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, became notable due to its high score, which set numerous NFL playoff records, as well as its dramatic conclusion in overtime. The Cardinals, who went to the Super Bowl the previous season, hosted the Packers after winning the NFC West, with the Packers making the playoffs as a Wild Card team. It was the first playoff start for Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers.\nThe Cardinals dominated early, jumping to a 17–0 lead in the first quarter after two Packers turnovers. The Packers finally responded in the second quarter with their first score, a short rushing touchdown. However, the Cardinals struck back, with Kurt Warner throwing his second touchdown pass of the game to restore the Cardinals' 17-point lead. The Packers kicked a short field goal as time expired in the first half to cut the deficit to 24–10. Each team scored two touchdowns in the third quarter, all on touchdown passes. The Packers, down by 14 going into the fourth quarter, tied the game at 38–38 after a successful onside kick helped them score back-to-back touchdowns. Each team exchanged touchdowns again, leaving the score tied, 45–45. Cardinals kicker Neil Rackers missed a short field goal at the end of the fourth quarter, forcing overtime.\nThe Packers received the ball first in the overtime period. On the first play of overtime, Rodgers overthrew an open Greg Jennings on what could have been a game-winning score. One play later, Rodgers snapped the ball and was sacked by Cardinals defensive back Michael Adams as he was about to throw. The ball came loose, bounced off of Rodgers' foot and fell right to Karlos Dansby, who returned the fumble 17 yards for a touchdown to win the game. There was some controversy on the final play, with replays showing Adams grabbing Rodgers' face mask during the sack, although the play stood and the Cardinals won. At the time, the game set the NFL playoff record for most points (96), touchdowns (13), and first downs (62), while ranking third in total yards (1,024). In 2019, on the occasion of the NFL's 100th anniversary, the league ranked this game as the 47th best in its history.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2009 NFC Wild Card playoff game (Green Bay–Arizona)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NFC_Wild_Card_playoff_game_(Green_Bay%E2%80%93Arizona)", "article_id": 79383449, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 404, "char_count": 2392, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The Green Bay Packers made the playoffs in Aaron Rodgers' second season as the team's starting quarterback. After starting the season with a record of 4–4, the Packers went 7–1 in their last 8 games, finishing in second place in the NFC North with a record of 11–5. This included a 33–7 victory over the Arizona Cardinals in the last game of the regular season. Their record was good enough to earn them the fifth seed in the playoffs, a Wild Card spot. The Packers finished the season in the top 10 for offense and defense, with Rodgers throwing 30 touchdowns and over 4,400 passing yards. Charles Woodson anchored the defense, winning AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year, while being named to the Pro Bowl and selected as first-team All-Pro.\nThe Cardinals, who lost Super Bowl XLIII the previous season, won the NFC West for the second consecutive year with a record of 10–6. Their record was good enough for the fourth seed in the playoffs, and as the division winner, the right to host the Wild Card playoff game. The Cardinals were led by quarterback Kurt Warner, who had two wide receivers, Anquan Boldin and Larry Fitzgerald, reach 1,000 yards receiving for the season. As the host, the Packers and Cardinals Wild Card game was scheduled to be played on January 10, 2010, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The Packers were favored to win by one point.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2009 NFC Wild Card playoff game (Green Bay–Arizona)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NFC_Wild_Card_playoff_game_(Green_Bay%E2%80%93Arizona)", "article_id": 79383449, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 242, "char_count": 1379, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Packers started the game with the ball. On the first play of the drive, Rodgers threw an interception to Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie. On the ensuing drive, the Cardinals drove from mid-field to score the game's first touchdown, with Tim Hightower scoring on a one-yard rush. The Packers got the ball back, with Ryan Grant rushing 10 yards for a first down on the first play of drive. The next play though, Rodgers threw a short pass to Donald Driver, who fumbled the ball, which was recovered by the Cardinals. With a short field, the Cardinals scored a second touchdown in just two plays, with Early Doucet catching a 15-yard touchdown pass from Warner. After a penalty on the kick-off return, the Packers started their third drive on the eight-yard line. The Packers only gained 20 yards before being forced to punt. On the next drive, the Cardinals quickly drove down into Packers territory, before the defense finally got a stop at the five-yard line, forcing a short field goal attempt. The successful attempt increased the Cardinals lead to 17–0. The Packers had an early 27-yard catch from Rodgers to Greg Jennings, but their drive stalled and they attempted a 54-yard field goal, which Mason Crosby missed, wide right. The Cardinals had a 28-yard rush from Steve Breaston, but on the third play of the drive Warner threw a short pass to Fitzgerald, who fumbled the ball. Clay Matthews III recovered it and advanced the ball to mid-field.\nThe Packers scored six plays later, with a defensive pass interference penalty on third down extending their drive, allowing Rodgers to score on a one-yard rush. The Cardinals got the ball back and drove 61 yards in 8 plays, finishing off the drive with another touchdown pass from Warner to Doucet. The touchdown brought the Cardinals lead back to 17 points, with the score at 24–7. The Packers got the ball with just over two minutes left in the half. On the third play of the drive, Rodgers completed back-to-back passes to Jermichael Finley, with the first going for 44 yards and the second going for 17 yards. The Packers had a first down and goal on the nine-yard line with just under a minute left until halftime. Rodgers completed two short passes, before being sacked on third down. The Cardinals were called for a penalty for horse-collar tackle, which gave the Packers a first down. But with only four seconds left in the half, the Packers settled for a field goal attempt, which was successful. The score was 24–10 at halftime.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2009 NFC Wild Card playoff game (Green Bay–Arizona)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NFC_Wild_Card_playoff_game_(Green_Bay%E2%80%93Arizona)", "article_id": 79383449, "section": "First half", "metadata": {"word_count": 429, "char_count": 2489, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Cardinals began the second half with the ball and drove down for a quick touchdown, with Warner throwing a 33-yard touchdown pass to Fitzgerald. The extra point extended the Cardinals lead to 31–10. The Packers executed a similar drive, going 80 yards in 10 plays, with Rodgers attempting nine passes on the drive. Rodgers completed a 6-yard pass to Jennings for the score, bringing the Cardinals lead back to 14 points. On the ensuing kick-off, the Packers executed an onside kick, which was recovered by Brandon Underwood and allowed the Packers to retain possession of the ball. During their drive, the Packers faced fourth down with one yard to go and converted for a first down. They scored with another Rodgers touchdown pass, this time to Jordy Nelson. The score cut the Cardinals' lead to 31–24. The Cardinals struck back quickly though, with Beanie Wells executing a 42-yard run in the middle of the drive. The Cardinals scored again on a Warner-to-Fitzgerald touchdown pass, bringing the score to 38–24. On the ensuing drive, the Packers, still leaning heavily on the passing game, drove down 80 yards in 8 plays, capped off by a 30-yard touchdown pass from Rodgers to James Jones. With the score at 38–31, the Packers defense finally forced a punt on the next Cardinals drive. After the punt, Rodgers connected on back-to-back passes to Finley and Drive for 38 yards and 28 yards, respectively. On the third play of the drive, John Kuhn ran in a one-yard rush for a touchdown, tying the game at 38–38. The teams exchanged touchdown drives, with the Cardinals going 80 yards in 11 plays and Packers going 71 yards in 7 plays. Each team scored on a touchdown pass, with Breaston scoring for the Cardinals and Spencer Havner scoring for the Packers. With under two minutes left in the game and the score tied at 45–45, the Cardinals quickly drove down into field goal range. With 14 seconds on the clock, Neil Rackers attempted a 34-yard field goal. The kick went wide left and the Packers knelt the ball to force overtime.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2009 NFC Wild Card playoff game (Green Bay–Arizona)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NFC_Wild_Card_playoff_game_(Green_Bay%E2%80%93Arizona)", "article_id": 79383449, "section": "Second half", "metadata": {"word_count": 352, "char_count": 2035, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Packers won the coin flip and chose to receive the ball. On the first offensive play, Rodgers threw a deep pass towards Jennings, who was open and had a chance to breakaway for a walk-off touchdown. However, Rodgers overthrew Jennings and the ball fell just a few yards in front of him. On third down, Rodgers snapped the ball and was pressured by Michael Adams as he was about to throw the ball. The ball was knocked loose, bounced off of Rodgers' foot, and fell right to Karlos Dansby, who returned the fumble 17 yards for a walk-off touchdown.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2009 NFC Wild Card playoff game (Green Bay–Arizona)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NFC_Wild_Card_playoff_game_(Green_Bay%E2%80%93Arizona)", "article_id": 79383449, "section": "Overtime", "metadata": {"word_count": 100, "char_count": 550, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Post-game analysis focused on the record-setting offensive output by both teams. The 96 combined points, 13 combined touchdowns and 62 combined first downs set NFL playoff records at the time. The 1,024 combined total yards was the third most in NFL playoff history. The Packers also set numerous playoff team records, including most points (45), yards (493), and first downs (32). Each quarterback excelled, with Rodgers throwing for 423 yards and 4 touchdowns, while Warner threw for 379 yards and 5 touchdowns. Warner did outperform Rodgers on the turnover battle; Rodgers had a fumble lost and threw the aforementioned interception while Warner did not turn the ball over (the Packers had three total turnovers compared to just one by the Cardinals). A number of commentators noted the surprising failure of the Packers defense, which ranked second in total yards allowed, fifth in passing yards allowed, and recorded the most interceptions (30) of any team in the NFL that season. The Packers rush defense, which only gave up 83 yards a game on average, allowed the Cardinals to rush for 156 yards. They also had Woodson, the Defensive Player of the Year for the 2009 season, three defensive Pro Bowlers, and two defensive All-Pros.\nSpecific plays were also highlighted in post-game analysis. The aforementioned turnovers, which were uncharacteristic for the team, led to the Packers' early deficit. The Packers became more aggressive, including executing a successful onside kick and multiple fourth down conversions. The onside kick took the Cardinals by surprise, with no Cardinals player close to recovering the ball. The Packers offensive line also faltered, especially when it mattered most. On the second play of overtime, Daryn Colledge committed a costly penalty negating a long gain and likely first down. The Packers allowed Adams to rush free on Rodgers on the final play, forcing the game-winning fumble recovery. It was the Cardinals fifth sack of Rodgers in the game, the same amount that Rodgers was sacked in the Packers' previous four games combined. Although it did not end up impacting them, Rackers' miss at the end of the game was shocking, as it was relatively short and Rackers had only missed one field goal all season. Rodgers' overthrow of Jennings on the first play of overtime was also highlighted. A completion would have at least given the Packers the ball at mid-field and likely would have been a walk-off touchdown. Lastly, there was some controversy with a possible face mask penalty against the Cardinals on the final play that would negated the walk off touchdown and given the Packers a first down. The NFL noted after the game that the contact to Rodgers' face mask was incidental and determined that it did not include \"twisting, turning or pulling\" that would have justified a 15-yard penalty.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2009 NFC Wild Card playoff game (Green Bay–Arizona)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NFC_Wild_Card_playoff_game_(Green_Bay%E2%80%93Arizona)", "article_id": 79383449, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 465, "char_count": 2839, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Packers playoff appearance began a streak of eight straight seasons making the playoffs, all with Rodgers as the starting quarterback. The next season, the Packers made the playoffs as a Wild Card team again, however they strung together four straight victories in the playoffs to win Super Bowl XLV. The Cardinals advanced to the Divisional Round to play the New Orleans Saints. The Saints blew the Cardinals out, winning 45–14 in what would be the last playoff game for the Cardinals until 2014 and the last game of Warner's career.\nThe game is best remembered for its high score and dramatic finish in overtime. It was only the second NFL playoff game to end on an overtime walk-off, defensive touchdown (the first such game also included the Packers in 2003). In honor of the NFL's 100th anniversary, the league recognized the game as the 47th best game in the league's history. The game also ended up being the last victory in Warner's Hall of Fame career, with his retirement coming during the following offseason after the Cardinals' blow-out loss to the Saints.\nThe Cardinals and Packers met again in the Divisional round six years later, with Rodgers still leading the Packers. That game, which was also hosted by the Cardinals at University of Phoenix Stadium, ended in a similarly dramatic fashion, with the Cardinals scoring on a walk-off touchdown in overtime. In what became known as the Hail Larry game, Rodgers completed a Hail Mary pass to tie the game at the end of the fourth quarter. In overtime, Fitzgerald caught a short pass from Cardinals quarterback Carson Palmer and ran to the five-yard line for a 75-yard catch. Two plays later, Fitzgerald scored the walk-off touchdown to send the Cardinals to the NFC Championship Game.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2009 NFC Wild Card playoff game (Green Bay–Arizona)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NFC_Wild_Card_playoff_game_(Green_Bay%E2%80%93Arizona)", "article_id": 79383449, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 297, "char_count": 1753, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado was an unusually powerful and violent tornado that caused catastrophic damage to the city of Washington and several farmsteads in rural central Illinois during the early afternoon of Sunday, November 17, 2013. The tornado resulted in three fatalities and injured 125 people. This tornado was one of the two violent tornadoes in the tornado outbreak of November 17, 2013, and was the strongest, costliest, and longest-tracked tornado. It was tied for the deadliest tornado of the outbreak, tied with another intense tornado that went through Brookport, Illinois. The tornado was the eighth violent tornado of the below-average yet destructive year of 2013.\nThe intense supercell responsible for the tornado first produced at 10:59 a.m. CST 2.5 miles (4.0 km) of North Pekin; it crossed I-474, intensifying to a strong EF2 tornado. The tornado crossed I-74, where it strengthened to an EF3; some homes suffered severe damage north of the interstate, fluctuating between EF2 and EF3 strength as it passed near East Peoria. As it entered Washington, the tornado became violent as some homes in the Woodridge Trace subdivision were leveled; the tornado continued northeast, destroying an apartment complex and leveling an auto parts store before intensifying to a peak intensity of 190 mph (310 km/h). Numerous well-built homes were demolished, and rows of houses were leveled and swept away. The tornado maintained a high-end EF4 intensity through Washington. The tornado maintained its intensity after leaving the city, obliterating farmsteads north of Washington. Eventually, the tornado would weaken, fluctuating between EF2 and EF3 strength; some homes either received minor to significant damage as the tornado passed near the towns of Roanoke, Minonk, and Dana. The violent tornado dissipated 48 minutes after touching down east of Long Point at 11:47 a.m. CST, covering a path length of approximately 46.2 miles (74.4 km) and reaching a maximum peak width of 0.5 miles (880 yd; 0.80 km).\nThe tornado caused $935 million (2013 USD) in damages ($1.23 billion adjusted for inflation); it caused $800 million in damage in Washington alone, becoming one of the costliest tornadoes of all time. The tornado was also the strongest to occur in November in the state of Illinois since records began in 1950. Following the tornado, the city of Washington and other communities devastated by the tornado outbreak received massive amount of aid from charity organizations. Additionally, a controversy began as Federal Emergency Management Agency declined federal aid to the state of Illinois after the tornado outbreak, leading to outrage from the mayor of Washington and other state officials.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 426, "char_count": 2724, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Based on computer models, the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) began to assess the possibility of a widespread severe weather event for November 17 as early as November 12, though too much uncertainty existed at the time to delineate the probability and scale of the event. As models gained a more accurate consensus, the SPC later anticipated substantial increase in atmospheric instability along the periphery of a potential cold front, indicating the risk of damaging wind gusts and tornadoes. Additional confidence over the next 24 hours resulted in a substantial expanding of this risk area into the lower Great Lakes on November 14, valid for Day 4. The overlap of increasing moisture in the atmosphere, wind shear, and high levels of CAPE were expected to contribute to the possible severe weather. The development of supercells and later squall lines was anticipated and was also expected to impact the Mid-Atlantic states. At around midday on November 15, the SPC issued a slight risk for severe weather for the 16th in regions concentrated primarily around Iowa and Missouri, forecasting the possibility of storms particularly during the evening to overnight hours of November 16. The system associated with those storms was to track eastward and strengthen; as a result, the SPC also issued a Day 3 slight risk earlier on November 15 for a large swath of the Eastern United States in effect for November 17. The slight risk included a 30% chance of severe thunderstorm activity for an area concentrated on Indiana and Ohio.\nWith the overall upper-level system expected to track eastward across the High Plains on November 17, the SPC issued a slight risk for severe thunderstorm activity for an area surrounding the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, valid for the early morning of the day on November 17. Model data indicated the weakening of the capping inversion coinciding with increasing instability and wind shear, which would lead to the enhanced potential for storms and tornadoes as the night progressed and the low-level jet strengthened. This overnight severe weather largely failed to develop, leading to only a very few isolated reports. However, at 0600 UTC on November 17, the SPC upgraded to a high risk for severe weather on the 17th (the second latest date in the year a high risk has been issued since 2000, and the latest in the Midwest) for regions of Illinois, Indiana, southwestern Michigan, and western Ohio, in anticipation of conditions becoming increasingly favorable for a significant tornado outbreak; this area of high risk was expanded at 1300 UTC to encompass a roughly circular region of the United States Midwest containing nearly 19 million people. Those same regions were listed as having at least a 30% chance of tornadoes, coupled with a 45% chance for wind. The issuance of a high-risk zone reflected the anticipation of an intense upper-level trough and a strong mid-level jet stream producing highly conducive conditions for the development and prolonging of severe weather.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "Meteorological setup", "metadata": {"word_count": 494, "char_count": 3039, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "This long-lived supercell produced five tornadoes near Pekin, Washington, Dana, Coal City, Manhattan, and Frankfort, the strongest and longest-tracked being the Washington, Illinois, tornado.\nThe supercell developed a mesocyclone and maintained it for over 50 miles (80 km). Then, at 10:52 am CDT, the supercell produced a strong but short-lived EF2 tornado over at Pekin. The tornado touched down north of State Highway 9, mainly uprooting trees and downing power lines before it crossed the Illinois River. The tornado made it across the river into the residential side of Pekin. It rapidly strengthened to mid-range EF2 intensity; roofs were ripped off of brick homes, and an apartment complex suffered significant roof damage. Afterward, it weakened down, causing EF0-EF1 damage to trees and infrastructures before dissipating. The tornado was on the ground for two minutes and reached a width of 100 yards; no one died, but the tornado caused ten injuries and $45 million in property damage. After the dissipation of the Pekin tornado, the super-cell quickly recycled and soon dropped the Washington tornado.\nAfter the Washington tornado dissipated, the supercell recycled and produced another tornado near Coal City at 12:22 pm CDT. The tornado traveled northeast, uprooting several softwood trees at EF0 intensity. It crossed E Reed Road where a home sustained minor roof damage at EF1 strength; a nearby metal building also received some damage to its roof and exterior walls. The tornado crossed Berta Road; along this road, it intensified to an EF2 as a home suffered significant damage. Crossing E Spring Road, the tornado entered a subdivision of homes at mid-range EF2 strength; several homes in this subdivision either sustained partial roof loss or the second story walls of the home collapsed. Along State Route 113, many businesses suffered considerable damage. An RV dealership had numerous vehicles damaged and flipped over; a two-story home had its roof ripped away and portions of the walls collapsed; a model home was shifted off its foundation; and a manufactured home lost its roof. As the tornado moved northeast approaching I-55, it caused widespread tree damage that occurred near the road. The tornado lifted northwest of Symerton at 12:33 pm CDT. The tornado traveled 12.4 miles (20.0 km) and had estimated peak wind speeds of 125 mph (201 km/h), reaching a peak width of 200 yd (180 m) and inflicting $12.75 million in damages. At least 100 homes and businesses were damaged and four injuries were reported by the tornado.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "Washington, Illinois, supercell", "metadata": {"word_count": 409, "char_count": 2552, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The supercell produced its final tornado at 12:42 pm CDT southeast of Manhattan. Upon touching down, the tornado rapidly intensified to mid-range EF2 strength. A home on W Burns Road sustained major roof loss, with walls partially collapsing. On S Schoolhouse Road, four high-tension power line towers were bent, and near W Draffle Road, two houses and a barn received heavy damage, with large portions of their roofs sheared away. The tornado weakened to high-end EF1 intensity, impacting a farm and causing significant roof damage. The tornado lifted at 12:48 pm CDT after traveling 5.4 miles (8.7 km) with a peak width of 200 yards (0.18 km). The tornado caused $750,000 in damages and no casualties were reported. The tornado had estimated peak winds of 125 miles per hour (201 km/h). The supercell was eventually absorbed by a squall line and dissipated over Lake Michigan.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "Washington, Illinois, supercell", "metadata": {"word_count": 145, "char_count": 878, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The supercell produced the tornado at 10:59 a.m. CST, causing minor roof damage to homes paralleling W Muller Road. After crossing the road, the tornado quickly intensified to high-end EF1 strength, uprooting multiple trees and causing the bedroom walls of a home to collapse due to flying debris from a roof, compromising the structure. The tornado then crossed I-474 and moved onto Harris Road, causing light roof damage to homes along the road. The tornado abruptly intensified to high-end EF2 strength, snapping power poles and causing significant roof damage to homes on Marla Street. The tornado slightly weakened to mid-range EF2 intensity, with estimated wind speeds up to 120 mph (190 km/h), snapping power poles and continuing to cause significant roof damage to homes along Pinecrest Drive. After crossing I-74, the tornado uprooted and snapped many trees. It then intensified to mid-range EF3 intensity with wind speeds up to 150 mph (241 km/h), causing the roof of a house to collapse into itself. The tornado completely leveled a poorly built home along Helene Court. One house suffered major damage as the upstairs exterior walls collapsed, along with some of the interior walls. A long row of trees was uprooted and fell into a ravine as the tornado continued to travel northeast at around 55 mph (89 km/h).\nSoon, the tornado significantly weakened to mid-range EF2 strength, continuing to uproot trees and strip away roofs from homes along Pleasant Hill Road before quickly strengthening to high-end EF2 intensity as a trailer was destroyed. A car was rolled into a home along Veterans Road, and significant roof damage was noted as the tornado continued to snap trees. It then suddenly intensified back to mid-range EF3 strength, almost completely leveling a well-built home at 150 mph (240 km/h). Another home suffered major roof damage and loss of exterior walls, and the garage of a home was completely blown away along Farmdale Road. Intense tree damage was also noted in this area, with a large debris field downstream from the location. The tornado briefly weakened back down to EF2, causing major roof damage, before strengthening back to low-end EF3 as multiple homes along School Road lost their exterior walls, and an electrical transmission tower was completely crumpled by the tornado. Numerous trees in and around Farm Creek were snapped and uprooted. A 51-year-old man was killed in this area. Around the same time, the National Weather Service at Lincoln issued a Particularly dangerous situation tornado warning for Tazewell County and Woodford County at 11:06 a.m. CST. Overall, the tornado caused $110 million in damages in East Peoria.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "Formation in Tazewell County", "metadata": {"word_count": 433, "char_count": 2672, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The tornado rapidly intensified to low-end EF4 strength as it entered the city of Washington, leveling and partially sweeping away a couple of homes along English Oak St in the Woodridge Trace subdivision at 170 mph (270 km/h). Nearby homes suffered major structural damage; an 84-year-old man suffered severe injuries here and later died from his injuries. The tornado intensified further to mid-range EF4 strength as it struck the Georgetown Commons apartment complex along Georgetown Road; the top two stories were destroyed, and nearby apartment buildings suffered major roof damage. A truck in the parking lot was lifted and wrapped violently around a tree. The sixteen apartment buildings and a nearby restaurant that also sustained heavy damage were torn down. Now moving at 65 mph (105 km/h), the tornado directly hit the Hillcrest Golf Course, which was closed for two years following the tornado. A building on the course property was leveled as the tornado shredded trees and tore off the carpeting on the minigolf course.\nThe tornado crossed Washington Road into Washington Estates, sustaining estimated wind speeds of 180 mph (290 km/h). An Advance Auto Parts store alongside Washington Road was leveled by the tornado; multiple employees were inside when the building was flattened, but no one was injured. On Fayette Avenue, the tornado caused destructive damage to numerous homes at EF4 intensity, killing an 82-year-old woman who initially survived but died from her injuries a week later. The tornado slightly weakened to low-end EF4 strength alongside Elgin Avenue; some homes on Flossmoor Avenue were swept away. On the Trail Edge subdivision, the tornado abruptly intensified to high-end EF4 strength with estimated wind speeds up to 190 mph (310 km/h). The most violent damage to occur from the tornado happened alongside Mackenzie Street, where a row of well-constructed homes was completely obliterated and all debris was swept away, leaving only bare foundations; along Bishops Court, another home was demolished and had all debris swept clean from the foundation and wind-rowed. On Kingsbury Road, Our Savior Lutheran Church received considerable damage. All the windows were blown out, and the roof sustained moderate damage; the doors to the walkout basement were ripped away, and the church's garage was demolished. A $50 bill from Washington was found 100 miles (160 km) away in Minooka.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "Formation in Tazewell County", "metadata": {"word_count": 382, "char_count": 2417, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Entering Devonshire Estates, the tornado maintained high-end EF4 intensity, leveling or sweeping away another row of homes on Coventry Drive while traveling northeast at around 65 miles per hour (105 km/h). Four rows of homes on Holborn Court were leveled; debris was partially swept off of their foundations. Along Westminster Drive, another row of homes was leveled and either partially swept away or completely swept away from their foundations, and trees were shredded and debarked. Around the same time, at 11:07 a.m. CST, a debris ball appeared on Doppler radar north of Washington accompanied by an intense velocity couplet. The tornado continued to travel northeast, leveling or sweeping away more homes from their foundations before leaving the city proper of Washington after crossing W Cruger Road.\nThe tornado scattered debris over the farmlands north of the road and carved deep spirals into the soils called cycloidal marks. A farmstead on N Main Street was destroyed, and debris was partially swept off its foundation. Still maintaining 190 mph (310 km/h) winds, the tornado crossed Duluth Lane, where an entire farmstead was destroyed: the farmhouse was leveled and swept away, some outbuildings on the farmstead were destroyed and reduced down to their foundations, and some grain bins lost their tops. Around this time, the National Weather Service issued another particularly dangerous situation tornado warning for northeast Tazewell, most of Woodford and the southern fringes of Marshall counties at 11:12 a.m. CST. The tornado eventually left Tazewell County, causing $800 million in damage in the city of Washington and $910 million in damage in the county. Three people were killed and another 121 injured.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "Formation in Tazewell County", "metadata": {"word_count": 271, "char_count": 1730, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The tornado weakened to EF3 intensity as an old, poorly built farmhouse along Mennonite Road was leveled by the tornado alongside. It further weakened to mid-range EF2, causing substantial damage to the roof of a home on County Road 1300 southeast of Metamora. The tornado made a close approach to the Parsons Company Inc. west of Roanoke, which was initially destroyed by another violent tornado nine years earlier, ultimately missing the plant by a few hundred yards. Just north of the plant, the tornado intensified to high-end EF2 with estimated wind speeds of 135 mph (217 km/h); a farmhouse lost all of its exterior walls along County Road 1500, and an outbuilding had all of its walls collapse. The tornado maintained EF2 intensity and continued northeast, snapping multiple wooden power poles at low-end EF2 strength. Two homes north of Roanoke sustained substantial damage; one had lost its exterior walls, destroyed at near EF3 intensity, while the other lost most of its roof. On Illinois 117 northwest of Benson, the tornado restrengthened to EF3 intensity, causing a farmhouse to lose its exterior walls. As the tornado traveled further northeast, a cell phone tower was crumpled and a home was shifted off of its foundation at high-end EF2 intensity; a well-built home had its roof ripped off on County Road 2300; and trees in the area were snapped and uprooted.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "Weakening phase through Woodford, La-Salle, and Pontiac County", "metadata": {"word_count": 228, "char_count": 1376, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As the tornado approached I-39, it crossed Illinois 117, where it regained EF3 intensity. A poorly constructed home was swept away, the station wagon in the garage was lofted and dropped into the basement, and a nearby free-standing pole collapsed. The tornado crossed I-39 and directly impacted the Road Ranger truck stop northwest of Minonk, overturning several semi-trucks and damaging hundreds of other vehicles; there were no fatalities but three truck drivers were injured. The tornado slightly weakened to high-end EF2, causing a home to lose its roof and the wall to partially collapse. Cars were displaced, a cell tower was completely crumpled, and trees and power poles were snapped along Base Road before the tornado left Woodford county. The tornado caused $25 million in damages and four injuries.\nThe tornado maintained EF2 intensity as it stripped away a large portion of a home's roof along E 7th Road. Small outbuildings were destroyed and several power poles were snapped. 0.5 miles (0.80 km) west of Dana, a machinery shed was destroyed as the tornado weakened to EF1 strength. South of Long Point, the tornado restrengthened back to EF2 intensity, demolishing several outbuildings and snapping numerous power poles. The tornado produced a satellite tornado, rated an EFU due to being in open fields, and it traveled for 2.6 miles (4.2 km). The main tornado caused extensive tree damage; a large shed containing a fire engine was destroyed, the fire engine tipping onto its side. Eventually, the tornado dissipated a few miles east of Long Point.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "Weakening phase through Woodford, La-Salle, and Pontiac County", "metadata": {"word_count": 254, "char_count": 1565, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The tornado caused nearly $1 billion in damage, $800 million of that in Washington and another $110 million in East Peoria. Final estimates, revised upwards twice, revealed that 1,484 homes were damaged or destroyed; in addition, multiple businesses were destroyed in Washington and East Peoria. Though the tornado tracked through rural areas in Woodford County, it inflicted $25 million in damage, and 24 homes were affected, seven of those were destroyed. Thousands of residents were left homeless and 23,000 people lost power.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "Impacts", "metadata": {"word_count": 82, "char_count": 529, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Three people died from the tornado, and 125 more were injured. At the OSF Saint Francis Medical Center and Medical Methodist Center, both in Peoria, treated dozens of patients, but none has been confirmed to be severe. On December 5, the Mayor of Washington, Illinois, Gary Manier, revealed that the city had an estimated 47% loss in property tax value due to the thousands of homes damaged or destroyed by the tornado. Even though the tornado went through densely populated neighborhoods, only three people died. National Weather Service forecasters attributed the low death toll to the already highly publicized threat of a tornado outbreak; people being away from their homes, either at church or shopping, on a Sunday morning; the local prevalence of basements or storm shelters for those at home; and increased dissemination of weather warnings.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "Impacts", "metadata": {"word_count": 137, "char_count": 850, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On January 23, 2025, Anthony W. Lyza with the National Severe Storms Laboratory along with Harold E. Brooks and Makenzie J. Kroca with the University of Oklahoma’s School of Meteorology published a paper to the American Meteorological Society, where they stated the tornado in Washington was an \"EF5 candidate\" and opined that the EF5 starting wind speed should be 190 mph (310 km/h) instead of 201 mph (323 km/h).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "Possible EF5 intensity", "metadata": {"word_count": 69, "char_count": 414, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "State politicians including governor Pat Quinn and senators Dick Durbin and Mark Kirk visited Washington. President Barack Obama authorized disaster funding for 15 counties in Illinois, while Governor Quinn declared seven counties as disaster areas. Pat Quinn declared seven counties as disaster areas. The Illinois National Guard dispatched ten firefighters and three vehicles to assist in searching for survivors from the tornado, with reports about people being trapped under rubble. On November 23, Governor Quinn announced the opening of a Multi-Agency Resource Center in Washington so survivors affected by the tornado could have easier access to relief services from 20 state and local agencies, and departments like the Department of Insurance helped cover insurance issues.\nTen 182nd Airlift Wing firefighters from the Illinois Air National Guard were dispatched to the city, searching through a total of 36 leveled structures, clearing debris, and shutting off six gas lines. The American Red Cross held a relief drive in Annawan to help victims from the Washington tornado, accepting cash donations and supplies like bottled water; volunteers also helped with the cleaning effort. The city of Washington was placed under a 6 p.m. curfew for a week. Army Reserve soldiers from the 724th Transportation Company, stationed at Bartonville, Illinois, came to assist after the Fire Chief of Washington requested help to set up blockades that lead into and out of the city; the soldiers set up blockades at four locations around Washington, using semi-trucks and Humvees. The team of soldiers stayed to support law enforcement until civil services arrived.\nThe Salvation Army donated over 20,000 supplies to communities in Central Illinois and Eastern Iowa, and over 100 people received emotional and spiritual care. Over 500 volunteers from All Hands and Hearts visited Washington, Illinois to help with debris removal despite the cold temperature from November to December 2013. Rock to the Rescue, a non-profit organization, raised more than $400,000 in a benefit concert in Bloomington for affected communities. Six days after the tornado passed, a caravan of fire trucks and ambulances from all around central Illinois waited to welcome the football team Washington Panthers, who were returning from the Illinois 5A state football semifinals. The motorcade carrying the team drove along Main Street, with dozens of residents lining up on the sideline to cheer and support the team. One week after the tornado struck, baseball player Jim Thome—a Peoria native—donated $100,000 to tornado relief for Washington.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "Response", "metadata": {"word_count": 402, "char_count": 2618, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Operation BBQ Relief spent over six days in Washington, making over 25,600 meals for the victims of the tornado. The Washington Tornado Relief Fund, later renamed the Washington Illinois Area and the Washington Community Foundation, was created in the wake of the EF4 tornado to benefit the residents of the city through assistance to local charities and governmental entities. Samaritan's Purse dispatched a disaster relief unit onto Washington the day after the tornado, establishing a base in Morton, Illinois; two days later, a total of 854 volunteers worked on clearing debris and tarping roofs that were damaged. Peoria Brick Company offered hundreds of red Washington Strong brick free of charge to residents who lost their homes, generating $2,570 that was later donated to Washington Illinois Area Foundation tornado relief, with the bricks valued at $7,000.\nReach Out Worldwide came to Washington to help with the clean-up effort, assisting a power company in cutting down an old power pole and removing tree debris from their yard, they cleared out trees and power poles off of roads and lands and cutting them. Immediately after the tornado, students from Illinois State University set up a donation drive to send supplies like bottled water and money to devastated communities in Central Illinois. On December 9, 50 students from the university traveled to Washington to help with the tornado cleanup. McCormick Foundation partnered with the Chicago Tribune, WGN-TV, and WGN radio to create the Illinois Tornado Relief Effort campaign; 7,200 people donated more than $880,000, which with matching funds from the foundation and donated expenses was boosted to $1.1 million. The funds were granted to five non-profits in communities hardest hit by the tornadoes, including Washington.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "Response", "metadata": {"word_count": 281, "char_count": 1795, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On December 19, 2013, the Illinois Emergency Management Agency requested $6.1 million in federal assistance for the local governments and electrical cooperative in the nine counties that were affected by the tornadoes of November 17. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) responded on January 9, 2014, stating how the devastation in Washington was not \"severe\" enough to merit federal help. Governor Quinn and U.S. senators Dick Durbin and Mark Kirk voiced their disappointment in the decision.\nOn February 6, 2014, the Illinois Emergency Management Agency appealed the denial of aid, citing $21.4 million in disaster-related expenses for the local governments in the nine counties that it believed were eligible for 75% reimbursements. On March 3, 2014, FEMA denied an application from the mayor of Washington, Gary Manier, for $26 million in aid. In a press conference, Manier told reporters,", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "FEMA aid refusal controversy", "metadata": {"word_count": 139, "char_count": 903, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"The federal government has failed us. The FEMA system is broken. ... Downstate Illinois doesn't have a chance of getting aid from the federal government.\"\nFEMA told Manier and other state officials that debris cleanup occurring beyond three days after the tornado would not be paid for by the federal government. FEMA also ruled that the federal government was not required to pay for damages done to infrastructure by vehicles helping to clear the street. FEMA later stated Illinois's damage assessments on the tornadoes were not qualified for any federal payment. Manier blamed federal guidelines for the calculation of damages.\nOn March 4, 2014, the state appealed FEMA's denial; the appeal was conclusively rejected, and less than twelve hours later, on March 5, Pat Quinn visited the city of Washington to announce a $45 million state-funded tornado relief plan for the affected communities. Federal legislators promised to fix FEMA's formula—calculating the certain amount of damage cities need to sustain before they qualify for federal aid—but almost three years after the tornado happened, nothing had changed, and during that time period, the state of Illinois had to pay the recovery costs that FEMA would otherwise have covered.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "FEMA aid refusal controversy", "metadata": {"word_count": 196, "char_count": 1241, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The weather did no favors in helping the recovery efforts. Through the rest of the month of November, it only got above 50 °F (10 °C) once, with the temperature getting down to a low 10 °F (−12 °C) on November 24 (20 °F [11 °C] below average) with snow being reported. What followed was one of the worst winters on record for the area, with nearby Peoria reporting a record 57.6 inches (146 cm) of snow through the winter and the state of Illinois as a whole having its 9th coldest winter on record.\nAfter the tornado, rebuilding efforts began. One in 20 homes rebuilt in Pekin, East Peoria, and Washington featured safe rooms with 18-inch (46 cm) reinforced concrete walls in the basement; there were more safe rooms than before the tornado. Six months after the tornado happened, over 650 building permits had been issued, but overall progress was slowed by the winter weather. Almost two years after the tornado, the Harry LaHood Park on Kingsbury Road on the Trail Edge subdivision was renovated; a new accessible restroom facility doubled as a tornado shelter capable of withstanding high-end EF4 winds. On September 22, 2015, the Community Spirit sculpture and plaza was unveiled on the south side of Five Points in Washington; the bronze sculpture, funded by private donations, was the centerpiece of a plaza featuring engraved messages referring to the tornado and rebuilding effort. By 2018, the Washington Foundation had disbursed nearly all of the funds it had been donated to support rebuilding efforts.\nAs of the 2020 United States census, Washington, Illinois, had a population of 16,071 people, an increase from 15,134 people in the 2010 census. Ten years after the tornado, the neighborhoods that were destroyed by the tornado had largely been rebuilt, though some former homesites remained empty lots.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "Recovery", "metadata": {"word_count": 304, "char_count": 1818, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On October 14, 2014, United Way released a 24-page book titled Rebuilding Hope after a Natural Disaster: Pathways to Emotional Healing and Recovery\", showing strategies on how to cope emotionally after a natural disaster. Over a year after the tornado, counselors saw an increase in domestic issues and alcohol abuse; adults who survived the tornado had trouble sleeping and concentrating, while some children were more fearful due to flashbacks from the tornado.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2013 Washington, Illinois, tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Washington,_Illinois,_tornado", "article_id": 77524815, "section": "Mental health impact", "metadata": {"word_count": 72, "char_count": 463, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During the evening hours of April 27, 2014, a large and destructive high-end EF4 tornado moved through several communities northwest of Little Rock, Arkansas. The tornado, also known as the Mayflower–Vilonia tornado, and which was part of a larger outbreak of severe weather across the central and southern United States, devastated the towns of Paron, Mayflower, Lake Conway, Vilonia, and El Paso, killing sixteen people and injuring over one hundred more. The tornado retained peak wind speeds of 190 miles per hour (310 km/h) as it moved through the town of Vilonia, where eight fatalities were recorded. The tornado was on the ground for almost an hour, and traveled a total of 41.1 miles (66.1 km) along its path, reaching a peak width of 3⁄4 mile (1.2 km).\nThe tornado touched down near the western edge of Pulaski County, moving to the northwest before impacting Paron at EF3 intensity, killing three people and damaging several residential buildings as it moved by. The tornado continued to move to the northwest as it left the community in ruins, reaching EF4 intensity for the first time as it entered the city limits of Mayflower. The tornado produced heavy structural damage as it tore through the southern edge of the town, killing three people. The tornado later hit Vilonia, where it produced high-end EF4 damage and killed ten people. The tornado dissipated a short time later.\nFollowing the tornado, on April 29, Faulkner County was declared a federal disaster area by President Barack Obama, who was visiting the town of Vilonia to survey the damage and speak with families of the victims. The declaration allowed residents to receive federal aid and low-cost loans to cover uninsured losses. The final rating of the tornado was a source of controversy, with some damage analysts concluding EF5 damage was plausible, and the National Weather Service office in Little Rock said it likely would’ve been rated F5 on the old Fujita scale. It was considered the catalyst for the ongoing EF5 drought as of 2025, sparking discussion within the meteorological community.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Mayflower–Vilonia tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mayflower%E2%80%93Vilonia_tornado", "article_id": 78547306, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 343, "char_count": 2080, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) indicated the potential for a large-scale tornado outbreak for six days in advance on its 4–8 day outlook, beginning early on April 19 valid at day 5. While models diverged on the exact nature and intensity of the expected mid-level shortwave trough, there was broad support for a dry line to develop in central Oklahoma. By April 22, the SPC expanded the threat zone for day 6 for the remainder of Oklahoma and central High Plains region, with strong upper-level winds to spread over the central High Plains. Three days later, a Day 3 moderate risk was issued early on April 25 for the Ark-La-Tex region, citing the increased risk for a severe weather outbreak, with the risk of trailing supercells.\nThe strong mid-level shortwave trough developed into a closed low-pressure area as the system occluded over the central High Plains on April 27, 2014. An associated surface cyclone reached peak intensity while a trailing cold front moved eastward across eastern Kansas, eastern Oklahoma and northern Texas. There were two areas where severe weather was expected: morning pre-frontal convection from Kansas and Oklahoma into Missouri and Iowa and warm sector supercell development across southeast Oklahoma and northeast Texas into Arkansas. By 20:00 UTC on April 27, the SPC issued a rare high risk for much of central Arkansas and a 30% hatched risk for tornadoes across the same corridor, citing the anticipation of numerous supercells capable of producing intense tornadoes. Expected thermodynamic conditions of storm-relative helicity values in of 300–400 m2s−2, convective available potential energy (CAPE) values of 2,500–3,000 J/kg−1, a 40–50 kn low level jet and boundary-layer dewpoints of 57 to 61 °F (14 to 16 °C) were expected to foster supercell development and strong to intense tornadoes across Arkansas, along with very large hail. A particularly dangerous situation (PDS) tornado watch was issued at that time for central Arkansas, where the Mayflower–Vilonia tornado would soon develop.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Mayflower–Vilonia tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mayflower%E2%80%93Vilonia_tornado", "article_id": 78547306, "section": "Meteorological synopsis", "metadata": {"word_count": 323, "char_count": 2039, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "At 7:06 p.m. CDT (0006 UTC), the tornado touched down in western Pulaski County, roughly 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Paron, and tracked north-northeast. Within a minute, the tornado dramatically intensified and struck a small residential area at EF3 intensity. Two homes were destroyed, and another was severely damaged in this area. One of the homes was built with bolts along the foundation perimeter and was reduced to a bare slab, normally indicative of EF5 strength; however, it was found that the anchor bolts were not secured with nuts and washers, and nearby vehicles were not moved, which indicated a lesser intensity. Three people were killed in that area. The storm weakened as it turned more northeasterly and moved through a forested area. Damage to trees and homes in this area was rated EF1. At 7:14 p.m. (0014 UTC), it struck Northpoint at EF2 intensity, causing severe damage to several homes. Roofs were removed entirely from homes, though the walls on these structures remained mostly intact. After briefly crossing Lake Maumelle, the tornado caused significant tree damage between Roland and Natural Steps with some trees being stripped of their foliage and debarked. Moving through an unpopulated area, the tornado intensified before crossing the Arkansas River and entering Faulkner County around 7:26 p.m. (0026 UTC).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Mayflower–Vilonia tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mayflower%E2%80%93Vilonia_tornado", "article_id": 78547306, "section": "Tornado summary", "metadata": {"word_count": 215, "char_count": 1337, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The tornado entered Faulkner County and struck the River Plantation subdivision at the southwest edge of Mayflower. Here, EF4 damage took place with large, two-story homes being leveled with only piles of debris left on their foundations. On the northeast side of the subdivision, one person was killed after debris struck the door of her storm shelter and opened it, exposing her to the tornado. The storm shelter's door was found to have been of sub-standard construction. Near where this fatality took place, large concrete road barriers were blown over and moved, and calculations revealed that this was also likely indicative of EF4 intensity. Just outside the subdivision, a power substation sustained major damage. Continuing northeast, the storm tore across the south edge of Mayflower and crossed AR 365 and I-40, tossing semi-trucks, cars, and road equipment from the highway. I-40 was closed for a time after the storm. \nA business district in this area experienced mainly EF3 damage, with 18-wheelers tossed, industrial buildings damaged or destroyed, and some nearby homes heavily damaged. A recreational vehicle (RV) dealership on the other side of the highway was destroyed at EF4 intensity (though meteorologist/civil engineer Tim Marshall applied an EF3 rating at this location due to structural flaws), along with most of the RVs; three of which were found wrapped around a nearby billboard. A vehicle repair shop, millwork company, construction company, and church in southern Mayflower were also destroyed, and a home improvement store was badly damaged. In addition to the fatality in the storm shelter, two other people were killed in Mayflower.\nThe tornado then crossed Lake Conway, downing numerous trees and causing a mixture of EF2 and EF3 damage to homes along the lakeshore. Some block-foundation frame homes along with multiple mobile homes were swept into the lake by the tornado. The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission lost a clubhouse, shop, horse barn, residence, metal carports, shower house, and several dog kennels in this area, and eventually removed 627 tons of tornado debris from the lake. The tornado then caused mainly EF2 damage as it struck areas in and around Saltillo. Numerous homes, mobile homes, sheds, barns, trees, and a church were damaged or destroyed in the Saltillo area. Two homes near Saltillo had only interior walls left standing, with the damage to those homes rated EF3.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Mayflower–Vilonia tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mayflower%E2%80%93Vilonia_tornado", "article_id": 78547306, "section": "Impact in Mayflower", "metadata": {"word_count": 388, "char_count": 2430, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Further northeast, the tornado began to re-intensify dramatically as it approached the Vilonia Bypass (US 64), reaching EF4 strength for a second time. Just southwest of the bypass, some poorly anchored homes were obliterated and swept from their foundations, and cars were tossed hundreds of yards away. Another frame home was left with only interior walls standing, and two mobile homes were obliterated with the frames thrown up to two streets away. Two children were killed in these homes. Shortly before 7:50 p.m. (0050 UTC), the tornado moved into the town of Vilonia at high-end EF4 strength, which had been struck by an EF2 tornado that killed four people on April 25, 2011, three years and two days prior. The EF4 tornado first struck the recently built Vilonia Middle School, destroying the top floor and causing most walls to collapse. With winds estimated as high as 190 mph (310 km/h) and the circulation spanning 3⁄4 mi (1.2 km), the tornado moved through the town center. Numerous homes and businesses were destroyed with only piles of debris or bare slabs left behind, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and mangled beyond recognition, some of which were crushed into small balls or stripped down to their frames. Trees in town were completely debarked and denuded, low-lying shrubs were completely stripped and debarked, and extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred. An aerial flyover revealed an extensive swath of ground scouring through the town. A dollar store, a strip mall, two auto repair shops, the old city hall, a gas station, a church life center, a real estate office, an investment firm, an auto parts store, and a fried fish restaurant were all completely destroyed in downtown Vilonia. The crumpled remains of a 29,998-pound metal fertilizer tank were found behind the destroyed strip mall, nearly 3⁄4 mi (1.2 km) away from where it originated. Nine people were killed in the town. As it moved out of downtown Vilonia, it tore directly through the Parkwood Meadows subdivision on the northeast side of town. Entire rows of homes were reduced to bare slabs at this location, though it was revealed that the vast majority of the homes were nailed rather than bolted to their foundations, preventing an EF5 rating.\nContinuing past Vilonia, the tornado weakened to EF3 strength as it passed just south of Williams Lake. A large metal arena building and a mobile home were destroyed in that area, with a few other structures sustaining EF1 damage nearby. Shortly after 8:00 p.m. (0100 UTC) the storm moved through densely forested areas and into White County, just west of El Paso. The tornado briefly regained EF2 status and destroyed two manufactured homes. One person was killed in one of the manufactured homes at this location. It soon dissipated at 8:02 p.m. (0106 UTC) roughly 1 mile (1.6 km) north-northeast of El Paso near a forested area. Overall, the tornado remained on the ground for 56 minutes, from 7:06 p.m. to 8:02 p.m. (0006 – 0102 UTC) and traveled along a 41.1 miles (66.1 km) path.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Mayflower–Vilonia tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mayflower%E2%80%93Vilonia_tornado", "article_id": 78547306, "section": "Damage to Vilonia and later dissipation", "metadata": {"word_count": 509, "char_count": 3037, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The same supercell that produced the Mayflower–Vilonia tornado later dropped four other tornadoes, all in the state of Arkansas. The strongest, rated EF2, injured one person near Center Hill.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Mayflower–Vilonia tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mayflower%E2%80%93Vilonia_tornado", "article_id": 78547306, "section": "Later tornadoes", "metadata": {"word_count": 29, "char_count": 191, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Sixteen people were killed as a direct result of the tornado while 193 others were injured. The sixteen fatalities made the tornado the deadliest in Arkansas since an F4 tornado killed 35 on May 15, 1968. It was also the first EF4 tornado of 2014 in the United States, as well as the first EF4-rated tornado to impact Arkansas since May 24, 2011.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Mayflower–Vilonia tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mayflower%E2%80%93Vilonia_tornado", "article_id": 78547306, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 63, "char_count": 346, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The tornado extensively damaged both Mayflower and Vilonia along a 41.1 mi (66.1 km) path. In Mayflower, the tornado inflicted EF3 and EF4-rated damage to numerous structures, including homes and a large metal building. The tornado also tossed cars and wrapped mobile homes around a billboard, indicative of high strength. Debris produced by the tornado in Mayflower was found in Lake Conway; 1,254,000 pounds (569,000 kg) of debris were fished out of the lake.\nIn the Vilonia area, the tornado crumbled the concrete walls of a strip mall and a large steel tank weighing approximately 29,998 pounds (13,607 kg) was lofted and tossed 3,911 feet (1,192 m) before being dropped next to the strip mall. Concrete parking stops, located in the parking lot of the Vilonia United Methodist Church were shifted laterally by the tornado; damage of this degree was also observed in the 2011 Joplin and 2011 El Reno–Piedmont EF5 tornadoes. The tornado produced ground scouring deep enough to be viewed on satellite imagery.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Mayflower–Vilonia tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mayflower%E2%80%93Vilonia_tornado", "article_id": 78547306, "section": "Damage", "metadata": {"word_count": 165, "char_count": 1011, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The final rating of the tornado was a source of controversy, and the National Weather Service office in Little Rock noted that if this tornado occurred prior to the change to the Enhanced Fujita Scale in 2007, it likely would have been rated as an F5 due to numerous homes being swept clean from their foundations. However, it was revealed that almost every home in Vilonia lacked anchor bolts and were anchored with cut nails instead. The new scale accounts for homes that use cut nails instead of anchor bolts, which do not effectively provide resistance against violent tornadoes.The final decision on an EF4 rating was based on this as well. However, meteorologist/civil engineer Timothy P. Marshall noted in his survey of the damage that the rating assigned was \"lower bound\", and despite the presence of construction flaws, this doesn't rule out \"the possibility that EF5 winds could have occurred.\" Further inspection from surveyors revealed that one home that was swept away along E Wicker St. was indeed properly bolted to its foundation. However, an inspection of the context surrounding the house revealed that small trees in a ditch near the home were still standing and that the residence had possibly been pummeled by heavy debris from downtown Vilonia, exacerbating the level of destruction.\nOn January 23, 2025, Anthony W. Lyza with the National Severe Storms Laboratory along with Harold E. Brooks and Makenzie J. Kroca with the University of Oklahoma's School of Meteorology published a paper to the American Meteorological Society, where they stated the tornado in Vilonia was an \"EF5 candidate\" and opined that the EF5 starting wind speed should be 190 mph (310 km/h) instead of 201 mph (323 km/h).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Mayflower–Vilonia tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mayflower%E2%80%93Vilonia_tornado", "article_id": 78547306, "section": "EF4 rating controversy", "metadata": {"word_count": 283, "char_count": 1718, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following the event, researchers from Texas Tech University conducted a study on an above-ground shelter where one death in Mayflower was recorded. The shelter remained intact, but the metal door of the shelter was bent and blown open by a large piece of debris. The study found that the door was not properly constructed and was not in compliance with Federal Emergency Management Agency standards. The study also recommended that all safe room doors should be tested to prevent in-shelter fatalities from occurring during tornadoes.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Mayflower–Vilonia tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mayflower%E2%80%93Vilonia_tornado", "article_id": 78547306, "section": "Mayflower Door Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 85, "char_count": 534, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "An in-depth damage survey was conducted by four researchers, including engineer Timothy P. Marshall, in conjunction with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and National Weather Service, along the damage path produced by the tornado. The study found that two areas of damage produced by the tornado, both to retail buildings, may have received an EF5 rating if the structures were well-built.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Mayflower–Vilonia tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mayflower%E2%80%93Vilonia_tornado", "article_id": 78547306, "section": "Damage survey of the Mayflower–Vilonia Arkansas tornado", "metadata": {"word_count": 62, "char_count": 408, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2014 National Football Conference (NFC) Championship Game was an American football game played between the Green Bay Packers and the Seattle Seahawks on January 18, 2015, at CenturyLink Field in Seattle, Washington. Both the Packers and Seahawks finished the 2014 season at 12–4, winning their respective divisions. The Dallas Cowboys also won their division with a 12–4 record, necessitating a tiebreaker for seeding in the playoffs. The Seahawks were awarded the first seed, the Packers the second, and the Cowboys the third based on each team's respective conference winning percentages. With the first and second seeds, the Packers and Seahawks both received first-round byes. The Packers faced the Cowboys in the Divisional Round, winning 26–21 in a game that became known as the Dez Caught It game after a controversial ruling of an incomplete catch by Dez Bryant. The Seahawks beat the Carolina Panthers 31–17 in the Divisional Round and with their higher seeding had home field advantage for the NFC Championship Game against the Packers.\nThe Packers started the game strong, taking a 16–0 lead into halftime. In the third quarter, the Seahawks scored their first points on a passing touchdown by their punter, Jon Ryan, after a fake field goal attempt. After a late interception by Morgan Burnett, the Packers had the ball on a first down with about five minutes left in the game and a 19–7 lead. However, the Seahawks began an improbable comeback: a defensive stop followed by a quick touchdown; a successful onside kick recovery; and another touchdown with a successful two-point conversion to take a 22–19 lead with about a minute remaining. The Packers were able to tie the game with a field goal to force overtime. The Seahawks won the coin toss and scored on a walk-off touchdown pass by Russell Wilson to send the team to Super Bowl XLIX. The game continued a growing rivalry between the two teams and gained widespread media attention for the unlikely comeback and questionable decisions made by Packers' coaches and players.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 77272873, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 337, "char_count": 2046, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The Green Bay Packers and Seattle Seahawks developed a rivalry through several closely contested games, including a controversial game-ending play in 2012 that became known as the Fail Mary. The Packers and Seahawks were scheduled to open the 2014 season against each other at CenturyLink Field in Seattle, Washington (which would be their first match-up since the Fail Mary game). Both teams had made the playoffs the prior season, with the Seahawks winning Super Bowl XLVIII. The Week 1 game ended up being a 36–16 blow-out by the Seahawks, with Marshawn Lynch rushing for over 100 yards and 2 touchdowns, while Russell Wilson threw 2 more touchdowns. The Seahawks defense held the Packers to just 255 total yards and only 6 points in the second half. After the Week 1 match-up, the Packers won 12 of the remaining 15 games, including separate four-game and five-game winning streaks. The Packers secured the NFC North division title and a first-round bye in a Week 17 match-up against the Detroit Lions, who would have won the division had they emerged victorious. During that game against the Lions, Aaron Rodgers reinjured his calf while throwing a touchdown pass to Randall Cobb. After being helped off the field and missing the rest of the half, Rodgers returned in the third quarter to lead the Packers to victory. The Seahawks finished the season winning 11 of the remaining 15 games, including ending the year on a six-game win streak. The streak included two wins against the Arizona Cardinals, helping the Seahawks overcome a three-game deficit to win the NFC West and secure the first seed in the playoffs.\nThe Seahawks won the first seed due to a tiebreaker, as they finished with the same 12–4 record as the Packers and Cowboys. The tiebreaker ended up being their record against conference opponents. The Seahawks were awarded the first seed, the Packers the second and the Cowboys the third. At the time, the first and second seeds were awarded a bye week during the first week of the playoffs. During the Divisional Round of the playoffs, the Packers hosted the Dallas Cowboys and the Seahawks hosted the Carolina Panthers. The Packers defeated the Cowboys 26–21 to advance to the NFC Championship Game, but not without controversy. In the fourth quarter, Cowboys wide receiver Dez Bryant appeared to catch a deep pass and dive for the end zone on what would have given the Cowboys a late lead or a first down near the goal line with the chance to take the lead. After review of the play though, Bryant was deemed to not complete the process of the catch, as the ball became dislodged as he dove and extended for the goal line. The ensuing controversy resulted in the match-up being known as the Dez Caught It game. The Seahawks beat the Panthers 31–17 in their playoff game. The Seahawks higher seeding gave them home field advantage, thus the NFC Championship Game would be hosted at CenturyLink Field. The Seahawks were favored by 8.5 points.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 77272873, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 507, "char_count": 2963, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The game began with back-to-back interceptions: Rodgers threw one to Seahawks cornerback Richard Sherman, followed by Wilson throwing one to Packers safety Ha Ha Clinton-Dix. After gaining possession, the Packers drove to the one-yard line but were stopped on consecutive plays and settled for a field goal. John Kuhn was originally awarded a touchdown on second down, but the result was overturned after replay review and Eddie Lacy was stopped short on third down. The field goal attempt by Mason Crosby was successful and put the Packers up 3–0. On the ensuing kick off, the Seahawks' returner, wide receiver Doug Baldwin, fumbled and the Packers recovered. The Packers drove to the one-yard line and again settled for a short field goal attempt, with Crosby converting to put the Packers up 6–0. The Seahawks went three-and-out on the next drive, punting the ball back to the Packers who started their drive at midfield. Rodgers led the team on a 7-play, 56-yard drive that culminated in a 13-yard touchdown pass to Randall Cobb to put the Packers up 13–0. The Seahawks again went three-and-out, with their punt being returned by Micah Hyde for 29 yards. The Packers put together a short drive and settled for a field goal on fourth down and one, with Crosby converting for a 16–0 lead. The next three drives ended in interceptions: two by Wilson, another to Clinton-Dix and one to cornerback Sam Shields, and one by Rodgers to cornerback Byron Maxwell. The Packers punted on their next drive and the Seahawks ran two plays for a loss of eight yards before halftime.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 77272873, "section": "First half", "metadata": {"word_count": 266, "char_count": 1570, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "With the Seahawks starting the second half with possession, each team went three-and-out and punted the ball. The Seahawks then finally put together a scoring drive, going 78 yards in 11 plays. On fourth down and ten yards to go, the Seahawks lined up for a field goal attempt but ran a fake, with holder Jon Ryan throwing a touchdown pass to Garry Gilliam to bring the score to 16–7. The teams again exchanged punts on short drives. The Packers started their next drive with a 32-yard rush by James Starks, sparking a 57-yard drive that ended with a 48-yard field goal by Crosby. For the third time in the game, the teams exchanged punts. On the ensuing Seahawks drive, Morgan Burnett intercepted Wilson's first pass with about five minutes left in the game. The Packers rushed the ball three straight times, losing 4 yards cumulatively and punted the ball back to the Seahawks. Wilson led the Seahawks on a quick 7-play, 69-yard drive that ended with him rushing for a one-yard touchdown. Down 19–14 with just over two minutes left in the game, the Seahawks attempted an onside kick. Packer Brandon Bostick—whose role was to block—instead leapt into the air and tried to catch the ball. The ball bounced off his helmet and was recovered by Seahawk Chris Matthews. Again, Wilson led the Seahawks in a quick touchdown drive, of 4 plays and 50 yards, that put them in the lead for the first time. Wanting to increase their lead to three points to prevent a potential game-winning field goal by the Packers, the Seahawks attempted a two-point conversion. After getting chased out of the pocket, Wilson threw a high-arcing pass to Luke Willson for a successful conversion, increasing the Seahawks' lead to 22–19. Rodgers led the Packers on a 48-yard drive to get into field goal range, with Crosby hitting a 48-yard field goal to tie the game with just a few seconds left on the clock. The Seahawks knelt the ball on their next drive to run out the clock and force overtime.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 77272873, "section": "Second half", "metadata": {"word_count": 346, "char_count": 1971, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Seahawks won the overtime coin toss and chose to receive the ball. Starting at the 13-yard line, the Seahawks got a first down on a short rush and then a 10-yard pass completion. After another short rush by Lynch, Wilson was sacked for a short loss bringing up a third down and six yards to go. On third down, Wilson completed a 35-yard pass to Baldwin for the first down. On the next play, Wilson threw deep to Jermaine Kearse for another 35-yard completion for a walk-off touchdown. Kearse had been the target on all four of Wilson’s interceptions on the day and the touchdown was his only catch of the game.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 77272873, "section": "Overtime", "metadata": {"word_count": 113, "char_count": 614, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Much of the post-game analyses centered on the improbability of the Seahawks comeback. Other analyses centered on key decisions by Packers' players and coaches that contributed to the unlikely comeback, missed opportunities by the Packers, the boldness of certain play calls by the Seahawks and the impacts that injuries had on the game. Statistically, the Seahawks won despite almost certain defeat, with one source noting over a 99.9% chance of a Packers' victory in the fourth quarter. The Packers' defense up to that point had stymied the Seahawks, with the only score allowed on a touchdown pass during a fake field goal attempt. Starting at just under four minutes left in the fourth quarter, the Seahawks' next three drives, all ending in touchdowns, gained over half of their total yards for the whole game.\nMcCarthy was questioned for conservative play calls throughout the game. The Packers kicked field goals twice on fourth down from the one-yard line, part of a total of five field goals in the game. Touchdowns on either of the fourth down calls could have increased the Packers point total by four or eight points, increasing the Packers' overall lead and limiting the possibility of a comeback. McCarthy also was criticized for calling three straight running plays in the fourth quarter after Burnett's interception. The rushes accumulated negative four yards and with the Seahawks calling two timeouts, the series only took about a minute off the clock. The criticism centered on McCarthy not putting the ball in the hands of Rodgers, his star player, to try to put the game out of reach.\nRodgers had injured his calf twice at the end of the 2014 season, which limited his mobility throughout the playoffs. Packers linebacker Clay Matthews III also sustained an injury during the game that prevented him from staying on the field consistently during the Seahawks' surge in the fourth quarter and overtime. Specific Packers' players were criticized for their decisions during the game. Ha Ha Clinton-Dix dropped a possible interception that might have been returned for a touchdown and he was criticized on the two-point conversion for not being more aggressive and making a play on the ball. During Burnett's interception in the fourth quarter, there appeared to be significant open space for a long return that could have ended in a touchdown or getting into field goal range. Instead, Burnett slid to end the play. Both Burnett and Julius Peppers, who appeared to indicate to Burnett to slide to end the play, were maligned for not being more aggressive and their mistaken belief the game was over.\nSeveral specific plays proved decisive in the game's outcome. In the first quarter, Rodgers thought that the defense had jumped offside, in essence giving him a free opportunity to take a shot to the end zone (since a penalty would negate any unsuccessful pass). However, a flag had not been thrown, and his pass was intercepted in the end zone. Also in the first quarter, Mike Daniels was flagged 15 yards for taunting after Clinton-Dix intercepted a pass and returned it to the four-yard line. Instead of starting the drive there, the Packers started on the 19-yard line and ended up settling for a field goal. In the third quarter, the Seahawks ran a fake field goal that resulted in a touchdown pass by their punter. After the game, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reported that the Seahawks were only going to run the play if Brad Jones was on the field because they noticed his aggressiveness during field goals. During the play, A. J. Hawk also chose to rush the Seahawks' punter instead of covering the eventual receiver, Garry Gilliam. In the fourth quarter, James Starks dropped what would have likely been a touchdown pass and Eddie Lacy did not see a screen pass thrown to him that would have kept the Packers moving on their drive. The penultimate key play though was the onside kick by the Seahawks late in the fourth quarter. With a Packers' recovery, the game would have essentially been over. Brandon Bostick, the Packers back-up tight end, attempted to field a high bouncing onside kick that ended up ricocheting off his helmet and being recovered by the Seahawks. Bostick was supposed to block on the play, to allow Jordy Nelson, who was in a good position, to recover the kick. The Seahawks scored shortly thereafter and then attempted a two-point conversion to try to increase their lead to three points. Wilson was flushed from the pocket on the play and threw a desperation pass to the end zone. Clinton-Dix had good position but for unknown reasons he did not converge on the football, allowing Willson to catch the pass. This play ended up being important because the Packers would tie the game shortly thereafter with a field goal that would have won the game if the two-point conversion was unsuccessful.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 77272873, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 818, "char_count": 4848, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Seahawks advanced to Super Bowl XLIX against the New England Patriots to be played at University of Phoenix Stadium in Arizona. The Seahawks were on the other side of a come-from-behind victory, with the Patriots scoring two fourth quarter touchdowns to overcome a 10-point deficit and take a 28–24 lead. The Seahawks had a chance to win the game, driving down to the one-yard line with 26 seconds left in the game, however a Wilson pass was intercepted at the goal line by Malcolm Butler to secure the Patriots' victory.\nAfter being heavily criticized by the national media for his offensive play-calling during the game, McCarthy gave-up these duties to Tom Clements for the upcoming 2015 NFL season. McCarthy continued as the Packers' head coach for another three seasons, before being fired near the end of the 2018 NFL season.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 77272873, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 141, "char_count": 835, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 2019, the NFL identified the game as the 44th greatest in NFL history up to that point. The game became an important part of the Packers–Seahawks rivalry and is identified as one of the most notable games between the two teams. The game gained notoriety by Packers' fans for the team's collapse at the end of the game, with one source calculating the team's chances of winning the game peaking at 99.9% late in the fourth quarter. From the Seahawks' perspective, the game has been identified as a defining moment and one of the greatest in the team's history. The unlikely comeback led to the team's second consecutive Super Bowl appearance and some discussions of a possible sports dynasty. The victory was dampened though by the dramatic loss by the Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX at the hands of the Patriots. Instead of a dynasty, the loss in the Super Bowl marked the last appearance for the Seahawks in either the NFC Championship Game or a Super Bowl under Carroll and Wilson. McCarthy and Rodgers would return to the NFC Championship in 2016, losing to the Atlanta Falcons 44–21, before McCarthy was fired two seasons later. Rodgers returned the Packers to the NFC Championship two more times before he was traded to the New York Jets in 2023. The Packers lost both games, a 37–20 loss in 2019 to the San Francisco 49ers and a 31–26 loss to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2020. The loss to the Seahawks began a four-game losing streak for Rodgers in NFC Championship Games which made him the first quarterback to lose that many consecutive conference championship games.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 77272873, "section": "Legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 275, "char_count": 1575, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On the afternoon and early evening of June 16, 2014, a powerful cyclic supercell struck northeast Nebraska, producing six tornadoes, including four violent (EF4+) tornadoes. The tornadoes impacted areas east of Norfolk, including the village of Pilger, which sustained major damage, as well as farmsteads near Stanton, Wisner, and Wakefield. This outbreak resulted in two fatalities, 20 injuries, and approximately $20.92 million (2014 USD) in damages. The event was part of the tornado outbreak of June 16–18, 2014, and the supercell produced the year's third, fourth, fifth, and sixth violent tornadoes. The main Pilger tornado was tied as the strongest tornado of 2014, with wind speeds comparable to the Mayflower-Vilonia tornado.\nThe first tornado touched down in an open field near Stanton but quickly dissipated. A more significant tornado then formed near Stanton. This tornado traveled for approximately 12 miles, causing extensive damage to several farmsteads and sweeping away a few farmhouses before lifting north of Dewey. Shortly thereafter, the supercell produced two additional violent tornadoes, known as the Pilger twins. One of these tornadoes struck the village of Pilger directly, resulting in devastating damage. The other tornado in the Pilger twin leveled a farmhouse before dissipating east of Altona, Nebraska. Meanwhile, the main Pilger tornado continued to wreak havoc across farmlands before eventually being absorbed by the Wakefield tornado. The final violent tornado from the supercell swept away three farmhouses and inflicted significant damage on multiple other farmsteads before dissipating north of Wakefield. The sixth and last tornado produced by the supercell was weak and short-lived.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Pilger, Nebraska, tornado family", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Pilger,_Nebraska,_tornado_family", "article_id": 77565835, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 257, "char_count": 1725, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "On June 13, 2014, the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) noted the possibility of severe weather associated with potential mesoscale convective systems in the northern United States for June 16–18. However, the predictability of this event was too low for the SPC to designate areas at risk of severe weather. The following day, the SPC revised their forecasts, indicating a slight risk for severe activity for areas around the confluence of the Big Sioux and Missouri rivers two days before the eventual tornado outbreak. The development of a low-pressure area and increasing atmospheric instability were expected to be contributing factors. Forecasts remained relatively unchanged on June 15, though the probability for \"significant severe weather\" was predicted for a large area of northern Iowa and adjacent areas.\nThe morning of June 16 was marked only by isolated storms in the Nebraska area with only marginal severe weather. Beginning at around 0800 UTC, however, favorable conditions for severe weather, particularly for large hail, began to build across central Nebraska. Moisture from the Gulf of Mexico began to make its way into southern Nebraska and over Kansas, raising dew points over the region. In addition, the prevalence of altocumulus castellanus clouds was an indicator of additional severe weather later in the day. The flow of moisture into the region was further enhanced by an eastward progressing warm front, and at 0600 UTC on June 16, the SPC once again issued a slight risk for severe weather for the eastern halves of South Dakota, Nebraska, and extending eastward into the western Great Lakes region. This was followed shortly after by the day's first severe thunderstorm watch, issued for primarily eastern Nebraska in response to a developing line of supercells. An hour later, the SPC upgraded some areas previously under a slight risk for severe weather to a moderate risk as a result of continuously increasing moisture content and CAPE in the atmosphere. At 1613 UTC, the SPC issued the first of three public severe weather outlooks for the day, covering a region centered on Sioux City, Iowa. A Particularly Dangerous Situation tornado watch was issued later that afternoon.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Pilger, Nebraska, tornado family", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Pilger,_Nebraska,_tornado_family", "article_id": 77565835, "section": "Meteorological setup", "metadata": {"word_count": 353, "char_count": 2208, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The first tornado produced by the supercell was a brief, weak EF0 tornado that was recorded by multiple storm chasers in an open field south of Stanton. The tornado lasted two minutes, peaked at 100 yd (91 m), and traveled for 1.25 mi (2.01 km). After that tornado dissipated, the storm spawned the first violent tornado, which touched down near 560th Ave, causing minor damage to trees along the road. It moved northeastward over open terrain with few damage indicators, although an area of snapped trees near 561st Ave received a high-end EF1 rating. The tornado continued to cause minimal EF0 damage to trees as it crossed the Elkhorn River. It then quickly intensified and reached EF2 strength as it crossed N-24 west of Stanton. An outbuilding was destroyed and power poles along N-24 were snapped. The tornado then weakened to EF1 strength, continuing to snap trees and power poles before rapidly intensifying to a much stronger high-end EF3 intensity as it struck a farmstead along 563rd 1/2 Avenue. A farmhouse was leveled, an outbuilding on the property was demolished, and trees were snapped. During this time, the tornado reached its maximum width of 400 yards (370 m).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Pilger, Nebraska, tornado family", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Pilger,_Nebraska,_tornado_family", "article_id": 77565835, "section": "Stanton tornado", "metadata": {"word_count": 198, "char_count": 1180, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The tornado then weakened to EF2 intensity as it struck another farmstead, causing major roof damage to the farmhouse, partial wall collapse, and the destruction of outbuildings. A semi-truck was overturned. The tornado then moved over open terrain with few damage indicators; this segment was rated EF0 as a result. As it reached 565th Road, the tornado abruptly became violent, leveling and sweeping away a home along 565th Road at low-end EF4 intensity with winds of 170 mph (270 km/h). Trees at this farmstead were snapped and debarked, an outbuilding was obliterated, and another home was also leveled and swept away. Two vehicles were thrown 0.25 mi (0.40 km) away, mangled, with one crushed into a ball. The tornado continued traveling northeastward, snapping multiple softwood trees, and became violent once more as it crossed 842nd Road on Payne Creek. A well-built farmhouse was swept away at low-end EF4 intensity, with nearby trees severely debarked and an outbuilding destroyed. A car was thrown a quarter of a mile away, mangled and folded into a ball. Another nearby home suffered light roof damage. The tornado continued to move northeast, destroying a barn with low-end EF2 damage before dissipating northwest of Dewey. The tornado traveled 12.21 miles (19.65 km), lasted 29 minutes, caused no injuries or fatalities, inflicted $2.25 million (2014 USD) in damages, and had a maximum wind speed of 170 mph (270 km/h).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Pilger, Nebraska, tornado family", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Pilger,_Nebraska,_tornado_family", "article_id": 77565835, "section": "Stanton tornado", "metadata": {"word_count": 232, "char_count": 1433, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The supercell recycled and produced its third tornado, which was also the second violent tornado of the day. At 4:00 p.m. CDT, the tornado touched down 5.5 miles (8.9 km) southwest of Pilger on 570 Ave near Cedar Creek, causing minor damage to trees. It strengthened to high-end EF1 intensity on 837th Road, snapping some trees and power poles, before quickly weakening back to EF0. The tornado continued northeast, regaining EF1 strength on 572 Ave, where it snapped trees and caused minor roof damage to an outbuilding. The tornado then changed direction to north-northeast and intensified to low-end EF2 strength with winds of 112 mph (180 km/h). At this intensity, several outbuildings near Willers Cove North Dr were flattened, and additional trees were snapped. The tornado made a sharp northeast turn, crossing the Elkhorn River before entering Pilger.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Pilger, Nebraska, tornado family", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Pilger,_Nebraska,_tornado_family", "article_id": 77565835, "section": "Pilger twin tornadoes", "metadata": {"word_count": 138, "char_count": 859, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Alongside Highway 15 west of town, the tornado intensified further. An unanchored home was swept away at high-end EF3 intensity, and a feed store north of the home was leveled. An RV was completely wrecked and mangled, and trees were snapped. The tornado crossed S Murray Street, rapidly intensifying to near high-end EF4 intensity. A well-constructed home on this street was swept away, and nearby homes were mostly leveled, leaving only a few interior walls standing. Homes near the intersection of W Black Hills Road and S Murray Street were flattened, trees were debarked, and mobile homes along W Elm Street were obliterated. Debris was scattered, and a five-year-old girl was killed around this area. \nThe tornado continued its path of destruction, sweeping away a home along S Stanton St at near high-end EF4 intensity. An entire home was shifted off its foundation further upstream. On S Main Street, a row of well-built homes was swept away with estimated wind speeds of 179 mph (288 km/h). The tornado then crossed Black Hills Trail Road into downtown Pilger, where it weakened to mid-range EF3 strength. Multiple cars were thrown and heavily damaged, a couple of outbuildings were destroyed, and the town's grain silos were razed. The silos were replaced a few months later. A church was destroyed, and a small business alongside N Main Street suffered severe damage. The tornado then rapidly intensified to near high-end EF4 strength. On E 2nd Street, another row of homes was flattened. Along the street, a well-constructed home at the intersection of E 2nd Street and N Monroe Street was completely swept off its foundation at 189 mph (304 km/h). The old and historic Wisner-Pilger Middle School on S 2nd Street sustained major damage and was left unrecoverable; it was later demolished. St. John Lutheran Church was leveled and partially swept away at near high-end EF4 intensity, leaving only the bell tower standing. The tornado left Pilger, resulting in one fatality, two dozen injuries, and $14 million in damages.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Pilger, Nebraska, tornado family", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Pilger,_Nebraska,_tornado_family", "article_id": 77565835, "section": "Pilger twin tornadoes", "metadata": {"word_count": 334, "char_count": 2033, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Around the same time that the main Pilger tornado was about to enter town, the supercell produced its fourth tornado, the third violent tornado of the day. This tornado touched down two miles south of Pilger at 4:13 p.m. CDT, causing light damage to many trees. It strengthened, snapping trees, collapsing the walls of several barns, and bringing down power lines. The tornado then weakened back to EF0 intensity, causing minimal damage to trees and an outbuilding. Both the main tornado and the second tornado continued to expand in size as they moved through the rural farmlands of Cuming County. The main tornado struck a farmstead along Highway 12 at mid-range EF2 intensity, ripping away a large part of the roof and leveling an outbuilding across the road. It then reattained EF3 intensity, causing substantial tree damage and removing the roof from a home on U Road. Meanwhile, the second tornado strengthened, destroying a barn at low-end EF2 strength and causing minor roof damage. It then weakened to EF1, snapping trees and demolishing another outbuilding. The main tornado destroyed a barn at low-end EF2 intensity on 412 Road. As the second tornado intensified to EF3, it toppled and bent an electrical transmission line and destroyed a nearby outbuilding. At this point, both tornadoes were paralleling each other. Another home on 412 Road sustained significant roof damage with winds of 122 mph (196 km/h).The second tornado crossed directly in front of the main tornado near X Road, where it caused its most violent damage. A farmhouse was completely leveled with winds reaching 170 mph (270 km/h), and several barns on the farmstead were swept away. Trees in the area were debarked. As the second Pilger tornado moved north, the main tornado approached from the east, re-intensifying to low-end EF4 strength. It struck another farmstead at the intersection of X Road and 412 Road, sweeping away a farmhouse, lofting a car into the basement of the home, and destroying a barn. The second Pilger tornado maintained EF2 intensity as it demolished another barn. A 74-year-old man from Clarkson was killed when his car was flipped off the road by the tornado. The tornado then slightly strengthened to high-end EF2 intensity, causing severe damage to the exterior walls of a home before abruptly dissipating. The second Pilger tornado was on the ground for 17 minutes, traveled 11.5 miles (18.5 km), and had a peak width of 500 yd (460 m). It caused $1.12 million in damages, killed one person, and had maximum wind speeds of 170 mph (270 km/h).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Pilger, Nebraska, tornado family", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Pilger,_Nebraska,_tornado_family", "article_id": 77565835, "section": "Pilger twin tornadoes", "metadata": {"word_count": 426, "char_count": 2557, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The main Pilger tornado crossed X Road and struck another farmstead, destroying barns and snapping more trees at EF1 strength. As it passed near St. Paul's Lutheran Cemetery, the tornado entered Wayne County, causing additional tree damage. The tornado abruptly intensified to high-end EF4 strength along 581st Avenue. A well-built farmhouse was swept clean off its foundation with estimated wind speeds of 191 mph (307 km/h). Numerous trees around the farmstead were snapped before the tornado moved northeast. The tornado made a sharp turn to the east, shrinking in size as the parent supercell began to recycle. The main Pilger tornado accelerated in speed and rapidly intensified to mid-range EF4 strength as it struck another farmstead on 848th Road. The farmhouse was swept away with winds of 182 mph (293 km/h). As the tornado began its rope-out phase, it gained speed and interacted with the developing Wakefield tornado, undergoing a Fujiwhara effect. The main Pilger tornado became intense again, mangling a metal truss tower and demolished an outbuilding on 849th Road before being absorbed into the larger and stronger Wakefield tornado, which led to its dissipation. The main Pilger tornado was on the ground for 39 minutes, traveled 18.41 miles, and reached a peak width of 500 yd (460 m). It caused $14 million in damages, resulted in one fatality, and injured 20 people. It was the strongest tornado in its family, with maximum wind speeds up to 191 mph (307 km/h).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Pilger, Nebraska, tornado family", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Pilger,_Nebraska,_tornado_family", "article_id": 77565835, "section": "Pilger twin tornadoes", "metadata": {"word_count": 242, "char_count": 1481, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As the Pilger tornado was entering its roping-out phase, the supercell produced the fifth and final violent tornado, which touched down approximately 8 miles north of Wisner at 4:40 p.m. CDT. This tornado initially strengthened to EF1 intensity, leveling an outbuilding as it moved eastward. The tornado then made a sharp turn to the northeast, crossing Highway 16. As it continued its path, it intensified further, razing a barn and advancing northeast. During this time, the Pilger tornado was absorbed and dissipated into the Wakefield tornado, which had begun to take on a wedge shape. As the tornado continued along 849th Road, it snapped wooden power poles and made a sharp turn to the northwest. It impacted another farmstead, where a farmhouse was ripped away, and several trees were snapped. The tornado maintained EF2 intensity as it moved northward. Along 851st Road, it caused significant damage to barns, and another home on 852nd Road suffered extensive damage, with its roof blown off. Two additional homes located on 585th Ave and 853rd Road experienced severe damage, either losing half of their roofs or having their roofs completely ripped off. Further north, the tornado struck another farmstead, leveling an outbuilding, causing significant roof loss to a metal building, and denting a grain silo. A two-story structure sustained minor damage, and a wooden power pole was snapped, indicating low-end EF2 strength.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Pilger, Nebraska, tornado family", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Pilger,_Nebraska,_tornado_family", "article_id": 77565835, "section": "Wakefield tornado", "metadata": {"word_count": 228, "char_count": 1434, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The tornado rapidly intensified to low-end EF4 strength as it impacted three farmsteads at the intersection of 585th Ave and 854th Road. At the first farmstead on 585th Ave, the farmhouse was leveled, and a second, poorly built home on the same property was also destroyed. The second farmstead, located north of 854th Road, sustained devastating damage. A well-built home was swept away, multiple trees were snapped, and another home on the same property lost half of its roof. The barn on this property was completely demolished, and a power pole on 854th Road was snapped. The final farmstead at this intersection, located west of 585th Road, had a poorly anchored home completely swept away. This home had questionable construction, and several trees on the property were snapped and debarked. The tornado briefly weakened to EF3 intensity before becoming violent once more. It swept away another home along 585th Ave, leveled an outbuilding, and damaged a grain bin, with additional tree snapping in the vicinity.\nAs the tornado continued its northern trajectory, it caused further tree damage and pockets of EF2-level damage. Several farmhouses east of Wakefield suffered significant roof damage before the tornado entered Dixon County. The tornado maintained EF1 intensity as it traveled along 586th Ave, snapping multiple trees and heavily damaging barns. The tornado dissipated at 5:08 p.m. CDT after being on the ground 28 minutes covering 16.22 miles (26.10 km). It was the largest tornado produced by the supercell, with a peak width of 530 yd (480 m). The tornado caused $3.05 million in damages, with no fatalities or injuries reported. Its maximum wind speeds were estimated at 170 mph (270 km/h). Another brief and weak tornado touchdown near Hubbard and traveled for 0.26 miles (0.42 km).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Pilger, Nebraska, tornado family", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Pilger,_Nebraska,_tornado_family", "article_id": 77565835, "section": "Wakefield tornado", "metadata": {"word_count": 291, "char_count": 1805, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "75% of Pilger was heavily damaged or destroyed by the tornado. Governor of Nebraska, Dave Heineman, declared a state of emergency for Pilger and the areas around the village and the National Guard came in to assist with emergency respondents, a shelter was opened up in Wisner-Pilger High School in Wisner. Governor Dave Heineman would later tour the village two days after the tornado. The village of Pilger were award $5.6 million in federal grant from Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).American musician, Bret Michaels and his band drove to the village of Pilger on June 23, to assist with the clean up effort and help rebuild. United Way opened up funding for Pilger for relief efforts. \nLCMS Disaster Response donated $110,000 to St. John and other churches affected by the tornado, a year after it was destroyed, the St John Lutheran Church was rebuilt. Matthew 25: Ministries went to the village of Pilger and the surrounding areas to help with tornado relief donating products like tarps, blankets, etc. All Hands and Hearts spent few weeks and they coordinated 2,943 volunteers to help remove debris. In total, 18,000 volunteers came to Pilger and Stanton County to help with relief and the volunteers stayed for a few days. The Salvation Army's Emergency Disaster Services mobilized their teams in Pilger to provide food, water, and spiritual support to victims of the twin tornadoes and first responders. Volunteers from Tyson Foods arrived in Pilger to serve more than 17,000 meals to survivors of the tornado and relief workers. \nPilger was getting a lot of help but other areas that got hit by the violent tornadoes like Cuming and Wayne counties didn't receive as much help with Wakefield only getting eight volunteers while Pilger received thousands of volunteers to help with the relief for the village, and the agricultural areas near Wakefield needs more volunteer to clean up the field from all the debris the tornado left.\nMultiple damaged structures were bulldozed and construction projects were placed to rebuild; the bank that was destroyed in Pilger announced that it will rebuilt. After the tornado, the population of Pilger dropped from 352 people to 240.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Pilger, Nebraska, tornado family", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Pilger,_Nebraska,_tornado_family", "article_id": 77565835, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 359, "char_count": 2191, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Storm chasers Hank Schyma - better known as Pecos Hank - Dr. Anton Seimon, Dr. Tracey Seimon, and Skip Talbot collaborated with a group of researchers to study the forward-moving speed of the Pilger tornado as it was roping out and interacting with the Wakefield tornado through a Fujiwara effect. Their findings suggested that the Pilger tornado achieved a record-setting forward motion of 94.6 mph (152.2 km/h). However, this forward ground speed has not been officially recognized by the National Weather Service.\nA year later, civil engineering professors at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln conducted an analysis of the damage caused by the Pilger tornado. Their research focused on how structural defects can make infrastructure more susceptible to the intense wind speeds of high-end tornadoes. In their findings; several infrastructures, including the Wisner-Pilger Middle School, Midwest Bank, and Minnick Funeral Home, has unreinforced. The town's grain bin suffered anchor and rivet failures that led to them being swept off their foundation, with one striking the southeast corner of the middle school.\nIn 2022, researchers Lanny Dean, David Moran, and Randy Hicks published a study based on a scientific field campaign. This study involved capturing video observations of the main Pilger tornado before it struck the village. The footage revealed detailed insights into the tornado’s core wind field and uncovered previously undocumented phenomena, including the presence of multiple sub-vortices. As many as nine sub-vortices were observed, indicating a multi-vortex tornado. These sub-vortices were seen appearing and disappearing within seconds or milliseconds.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Pilger, Nebraska, tornado family", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Pilger,_Nebraska,_tornado_family", "article_id": 77565835, "section": "Case studies", "metadata": {"word_count": 249, "char_count": 1679, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On January 23, 2025, Anthony W. Lyza with the National Severe Storms Laboratory along with Harold E. Brooks and Makenzie J. Kroca with the University of Oklahoma’s School of Meteorology published a paper to the American Meteorological Society, where they stated the main Pilger twin tornado was an \"EF5 candidate.\" The paper opined that the EF5 starting wind speed should be 190 mph (310 km/h) instead of 201 mph (323 km/h).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2014 Pilger, Nebraska, tornado family", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Pilger,_Nebraska,_tornado_family", "article_id": 77565835, "section": "Possible EF5 intensity", "metadata": {"word_count": 71, "char_count": 424, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2015–16 College Football Playoff was a single-elimination postseason tournament that determined the national champion of the 2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season. It was the second edition of the College Football Playoff (CFP) and involved the top four teams in the country as ranked by the College Football Playoff poll playing in two semifinals, with the winners of each advancing to the national championship game. Each participating team was the champion of its respective conference: No. 1 Clemson from the Atlantic Coast Conference, No. 2 Alabama from the Southeastern Conference, No. 3 Michigan State from the Big Ten Conference, and No. 4 Oklahoma from the Big 12 Conference.\nThe playoff bracket's semifinal games were held at the Orange Bowl and Cotton Bowl Classic on New Year's Eve, part of the season's slate of bowl games. In the Orange Bowl semifinal, Clemson defeated Oklahoma by twenty points. The second semifinal, at the Cotton Bowl, saw Alabama shutout Michigan State, 38–0. As a result of their victories, Clemson and Alabama faced each other in the national championship game, held on January 11 in Glendale, Arizona. In that game, Alabama won by five points, giving them their first CFP national championship and their sixteenth claimed national championship in school history.\nThe playoff set streaming viewership records for the CFP, with both semifinals besting those of the previous year and the championship doing the same. Despite an overall viewership drop of 23 percent from the 2015 championship, this year's championship set a record for unique viewers for an ESPN college football broadcast and ranked third among broadcasts of all sports in that category. The championship game received a Nielsen rating of 15.8.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2015–16 College Football Playoff", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_College_Football_Playoff", "article_id": 75757579, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 280, "char_count": 1754, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The 2015–16 CFP selection committee was chaired by Arkansas athletic director Jeff Long. Its other members were Wisconsin athletic director Barry Alvarez, former United States Air Force Academy superintendent Michael C. Gould, Texas Tech athletic director Kirby Hocutt, former NCAA executive vice president Tom Jernstedt, former head coach Bobby Johnson, former Nebraska head coach Tom Osborne, Clemson athletic director Dan Radakovich, former United States secretary of state Condoleezza Rice, former Big East Conference commissioner Mike Tranghese, former USA Today reporter Steve Wieberg, and former college head coach Tyrone Willingham.\nThe season's first College Football Playoff rankings were released on November 3, 2015. Clemson, from the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), was ranked No. 1. The Southeastern Conference (SEC) was represented by No. 2 LSU and No. 4 Alabama, while No. 3 Ohio State represented the Big Ten Conference. Notre Dame, an FBS independent, and Baylor, from the Big 12 Conference, rounded out the top six. Alabama rose to No. 2 the following week as a result of their win against LSU, who dropped to No. 9. The November 10 rankings also saw Notre Dame jump to No. 4 after beating Pittsburgh and Iowa rose to No. 6 following an eight-point win at Indiana. The top five teams kept their rankings through to week 11, though a loss by No. 6 Baylor to No. 12 Oklahoma saw them replaced in the top six by Oklahoma State. Several upsets shook up the following week's rankings: No. 9 Michigan State defeated No. 3 Ohio State and No. 10 Baylor defeated No. 6 Oklahoma State. As a result, Michigan State jumped to No. 5 and Baylor rose to No. 7. Further, Oklahoma leapfrogged to No. 3 following a win over No. 18 TCU and Iowa rose one spot to No. 4 after a win against Purdue that saw the Hawkeyes clinch the Big Ten West Division. The final week of the regular season saw only one change made to the top six, as No. 9 Stanford's win over No. 6 Notre Dame and No. 8 Ohio State's win over No. 10 Michigan were sufficient for the Buckeyes to replace the Fighting Irish in the No. 6 spot in the December 1 rankings.\nThe following weekend saw many conferences play their championship games. No. 1 Clemson won the ACC Championship over No. 10 North Carolina to remain undefeated, leading Sports Illustrated to declare them the \"clear No. 1\" entering the CFP. In Atlanta, No. 2 Alabama defeated No. 18 Florida for the SEC Championship, putting them at 12–1 and likely contenders for the playoff as well. The Big Ten Championship saw No. 5 Michigan State defeat No. 4 Iowa on a touchdown with 27 seconds remaining. In the Pac-12 Championship, No. 7 Stanford defeated No. 20 USC.\nUltimately, Clemson and Alabama were selected in the top two spots, while Michigan State rose to No. 3 and Big 12 champion Oklahoma was ranked No. 4 in the final CFP rankings. Clemson and Oklahoma were assigned to the Orange Bowl, while Alabama and Michigan State were scheduled to play in the Cotton Bowl Classic. Iowa and Stanford, ranked No. 5 and No. 6, respectively, were slated to face each other in the Rose Bowl.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2015–16 College Football Playoff", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_College_Football_Playoff", "article_id": 75757579, "section": "Selection and teams", "metadata": {"word_count": 536, "char_count": 3112, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Key: Team increased ranking from previous week Team decreased ranking from previous week Team selected to College Football Playoff", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2015–16 College Football Playoff", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_College_Football_Playoff", "article_id": 75757579, "section": "Selection and teams", "metadata": {"word_count": 19, "char_count": 130, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A rematch of the Russell Athletic Bowl from the year before, the Orange Bowl semifinal was a matchup between No. 1 Clemson and No. 4 Oklahoma. It was their fifth all-time meeting. Each team scored once in the first quarter: Oklahoma capped their opening drive with a Samaje Perine touchdown rush, while Clemson's Greg Huegel kicked a field goal on the Tigers' second possession. Clemson took the lead with ten points from its next two possessions but a touchdown pass from Baker Mayfield to Mark Andrews late in the second quarter gave the Sooners a one-point halftime lead. In the second half, Oklahoma, who lost both Perine and Joe Mixon to injury, failed to score, and the Tigers added touchdowns by Wayne Gallman and Hunter Renfrow to recapture and keep the lead. Clemson quarterback Deshaun Watson, a finalist for the Heisman Trophy, was named MVP alongside linebacker Ben Boulware as the Tigers won by twenty to advance to the National Championship.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2015–16 College Football Playoff", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_College_Football_Playoff", "article_id": 75757579, "section": "Orange Bowl", "metadata": {"word_count": 161, "char_count": 955, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Cotton Bowl Classic semifinal matchup paired No. 2 Alabama and No. 3 Michigan State in their first meeting since a Crimson Tide victory in the 2011 Capital One Bowl. The game started scoreless through the first quarter, and Alabama struck first with a touchdown by running back Derrick Henry near the midpoint of the second quarter. A field goal made the score 10–0 at halftime, but touchdowns from Calvin Ridley, Cyrus Jones, and Henry in the second half cemented a \"blowout\" win for the Crimson Tide, according to The Dothan Eagle. The win was the ninth in nine attempts for Alabama head coach Nick Saban against his former assistants and saw Derrick Henry, the Heisman Trophy winner, break the SEC single-season rushing touchdowns record of twenty-three early in the game. Alabama's 38–0 win was the first shutout in any Cotton Bowl Classic game since 1963.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2015–16 College Football Playoff", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_College_Football_Playoff", "article_id": 75757579, "section": "Cotton Bowl Classic", "metadata": {"word_count": 146, "char_count": 864, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In their first meeting since the beginning of the 2008 season, No. 1 Clemson and No. 2 Alabama met in the National Championship game to conclude the 2015 season. The Crimson Tide entered the contest as favorites by a seven-point margin. Alabama scored first on a 50-yard touchdown rush by Derrick Henry, and Clemson responded on their next drive with a pass from Deshaun Watson to Hunter Renfrow to tie the game. Clemson scored another touchdown before the end of the first quarter to lead 14–7 but another Henry score tied the game at 14 points apiece going into halftime. A field goal and a touchdown apiece to begin the second half made the score 24–24 early in the fourth quarter. Following the Adam Griffith field goal that tied the game, Alabama attempted and recovered an onside kick, allowing them to retain possession of the ball. The Associated Press called it \"perhaps the boldest call of [Nick] Saban's career\" and The Anniston Star said that \"the call was gutsy\" and \"the execution was flawless\". Alabama scored a touchdown two plays later on a pass to O. J. Howard and did not relinquish the lead for the rest of the game, despite a national championship-record 40 combined points in the fourth quarter.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2015–16 College Football Playoff", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_College_Football_Playoff", "article_id": 75757579, "section": "Championship game", "metadata": {"word_count": 211, "char_count": 1217, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Alabama's win gave them their fourth national championship in the previous seven seasons, the second team in history to do so after Notre Dame from 1943 to 1949. The championship was the fifth for head coach Nick Saban and the sixteenth all-time for the Crimson Tide. Clemson's loss in the national championship broke their 17-game winning streak, the second-longest in ACC history, and an even longer streak of 51 wins when leading at the end of the third quarter.\nThe national championship game drew a viewership average of 25.7 million, a drop of 23 percent, with a Nielsen rating of 15.8. Still, the championship game set an ESPN college football record for unique viewers at over 2.4 million, and ranked third among all ESPN broadcasts behind two FIFA World Cup games. The Orange Bowl and Cotton Bowl ranked first and second among CFP semifinal streaming viewership, besting both of the previous year's semifinals, and the championship game topped that of 2015 in the same category.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2015–16 College Football Playoff", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_College_Football_Playoff", "article_id": 75757579, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 165, "char_count": 987, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2018–19 College Football Playoff was a single-elimination postseason tournament that determined the national champion of the 2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season. It was the fifth edition of the College Football Playoff (CFP) and involved the top four teams in the country as ranked by the College Football Playoff poll playing in two semifinals, with the winners of each advancing to the national championship game. Each participating team was the champion of its respective conference: No. 1 Alabama from the Southeastern Conference, No. 2 Clemson from the Atlantic Coast Conference, No. 3 Notre Dame, an FBS independent, and No. 4 Oklahoma from the Big 12 Conference.\nThe playoff bracket's semifinal games were held at the Cotton Bowl Classic and the Orange Bowl on December 29, 2018, part of the season's slate of bowl games. The Cotton Bowl semifinal saw Clemson defeat Notre Dame, 30–3, and the Orange Bowl semifinal saw Alabama defeat Oklahoma by eleven points. By virtue of their victories, Alabama and Clemson advanced to the national championship game, held on January 7 in Santa Clara, California. The title game was a rematch of the national championship games in 2016 and 2017 and the 2018 Sugar Bowl semifinal. In the championship game, Clemson defeated Alabama, 44–16, to win their second CFP national championship and their third national championship in school history.\nBoth semifinals were among the six most-watched cable broadcasts of the calendar year, with the Orange Bowl's 10.4 Nielsen rating narrowly topping the Cotton Bowl's 10.3 rating. Despite the 26.97 million national championship viewers, the game received the lowest rating of any national championship game since 2012.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2018–19 College Football Playoff", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_College_Football_Playoff", "article_id": 75757594, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 271, "char_count": 1711, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The 2018–19 CFP selection committee was chaired by Oregon athletic director Rob Mullens. Its other members were former Virginia Tech head coach Frank Beamer, former The Arizona Republic reporter Paola Boivin, former Southern Miss head coach Jeff Bower, Oklahoma athletic director Joe Castiglione, former Central Michigan athletic director Herb Deromedi, former head coach Ken Hatfield, Robert Morris University president Christopher B. Howard, former head coach Bobby Johnson, former NFL player Ronnie Lott, Ohio State athletic director Gene Smith, Georgia Tech athletic director Todd Stansbury, and Florida athletic director Scott Stricklin.\nThe season's first CFP rankings were released on October 30, 2018, with three conferences represented in the top six. No. 1 Alabama, No. 3 LSU, and No. 6 Georgia represented the Southeastern Conference (SEC), No. 2 Clemson represented the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), and No. 5 Michigan represented the Big Ten Conference. Also debuting in the top six was No. 4 Notre Dame, an FBS independent. The following week of games saw No. 1 Alabama shut out No. 3 LSU, dropping the Tigers to No. 7 and allowing Oklahoma to rise to No. 6. The top eight ranked teams did not change over the next two rankings releases on November 13 and 20, the latter of which saw UCF ranked No. 9, making them the first Group of Five team to earn a CFP top ten ranking. The final week of the regular season featured several games with implications for the penultimate rankings release; No. 8 Washington State fell to No. 16 Washington in the Apple Cup, No. 10 Ohio State defeated rival No. 4 Michigan, and No. 22 Texas A&M beat No. 7 LSU in a seven-overtime game that broke the FBS record for points scored in a game with 146. Accordingly, the November 27 rankings dropped Michigan to No. 7, with Georgia and Oklahoma each moving up one spot and Ohio State jumping from tenth to sixth. LSU and Washington State also dropped to Nos. 10 and 13, respectively.\nEach conference played their championship the following week. No. 11 Washington was first to win their conference with a defeat of No. 17 Utah in the Pac-12 Championship on November 30. The next day, No. 1 Alabama defeated No. 4 Georgia in a rematch of the 2018 CFP national championship to win the SEC Championship. No. 2 Clemson beat Pittsburgh to win the ACC Championship and No. 6 Ohio State defeated No. 21 Northwestern to win the Big Ten Championship, both by at least three possessions. In the Big 12 Championship, No. 5 Oklahoma defeated No. 14 Texas, while No. 8 UCF beat Memphis to win the American Athletic Conference (AAC) Championship.\nThe final CFP rankings were released on December 2, 2018. Alabama, Clemson, and Notre Dame remained in the top three spots, and Oklahoma rose to No. 4 following Georgia's loss to earn the final playoff spot. Alabama and Oklahoma were assigned to the Orange Bowl semifinal, and Clemson and Notre Dame were assigned to the Cotton Bowl Classic semifinal. No. 5 Georgia was matched with No. 15 Texas in the Sugar Bowl, while No. 6 Ohio State was assigned to play No. 9 Washington in the 2019 Rose Bowl. In the final two New Year's Six games, No. 7 Michigan and No. 10 Florida were assigned to the Peach Bowl and AAC champion No. 8 UCF was sent to the Fiesta Bowl to play No. 11 LSU.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2018–19 College Football Playoff", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_College_Football_Playoff", "article_id": 75757594, "section": "Selection and teams", "metadata": {"word_count": 570, "char_count": 3305, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Key: Team increased ranking from previous week Team decreased ranking from previous week Team selected to College Football Playoff", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2018–19 College Football Playoff", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_College_Football_Playoff", "article_id": 75757594, "section": "Selection and teams", "metadata": {"word_count": 19, "char_count": 130, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Cotton Bowl semifinal matched No. 2 Clemson and No. 3 Notre Dame in the teams' fourth meeting; it was their first matchup since 2015, and Clemson entered leading the series 2–1. The teams traded punts to begin the game, and the Clemson defense forced a fumble on the first play of Notre Dame's second drive which resulted in a field goal for the Tigers. Notre Dame answered with a 10-play drive which concluded with a 28-yard Justin Yoon field goal to tie the game. That play was the final scoring play of the game for the Fighting Irish, as the Tigers finished the game with 27 unanswered points following two touchdown passes from Trevor Lawrence to Justyn Ross, one pass to Tee Higgins, and a Travis Etienne rush. Following their first quarter field goal, Notre Dame recorded seven punts, an interception, and turnover on downs, and a drive that ended at halftime. The game concluded with a 30–3 Clemson victory, sending them to the national championship for the third time in four seasons.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2018–19 College Football Playoff", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_College_Football_Playoff", "article_id": 75757594, "section": "Cotton Bowl Classic", "metadata": {"word_count": 174, "char_count": 997, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Alabama and Oklahoma were paired in the Orange Bowl semifinal, marking the programs' sixth all-time meeting. Oklahoma entered the game leading the series 3–1–1 with a 1–1–1 split in three prior postseason matchups. Receiving the ball first, Alabama opened the game with touchdowns on each of their first four drives while Oklahoma recorded two punts and a turnover on downs to make the score 28–0 in favor of the Crimson Tide by the fourth play of the second quarter. The Sooners broke the scoring streak with a touchdown on their next drive, a 32-yard pass from Kyler Murray to CeeDee Lamb. After an Alabama punt, the teams traded field goals extending into the third quarter. Alabama's first drive of the third quarter, which resulted in a punt, was the last drive until the very final possession of the game which did not result in a touchdown. The Sooners scored three times—receptions by Charleston Rambo and Lamb along with a Murray rush—while the Crimson Tide scored twice—catches by DeVonta Smith and Jerry Jeudy—to make the final score 45–34 in favor of Alabama.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2018–19 College Football Playoff", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_College_Football_Playoff", "article_id": 75757594, "section": "Orange Bowl", "metadata": {"word_count": 181, "char_count": 1071, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Clemson and Alabama's meeting in the 2019 national championship marked the fourth consecutive playoff in which the teams had met, following the 2016 and 2017 national championships and the 2018 Sugar Bowl semifinal. Clemson jumped out to an early lead with an A. J. Terrell interception returned for a touchdown on Alabama's third play. The teams traded touchdowns, though an Alabama missed extra point kept a 1-point lead for the Tigers. Alabama took their first lead following a Joseph Bulovas field goal early in the second quarter but failed to score for the remainder of the game. Clemson scored seventeen points over their final three drives of the first half and scored two more in the second half while forcing three turnovers on downs by the Crimson Tide. The Tigers started their final drive at their own 1-yard line and drove to the Alabama 12-yard line before time expired, sealing a 44–16 Clemson victory.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2018–19 College Football Playoff", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_College_Football_Playoff", "article_id": 75757594, "section": "Championship game", "metadata": {"word_count": 154, "char_count": 918, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Clemson's national championship victory marked their second title in the last three seasons, and the third title in school history. Their win made them the first team since the establishment of the AP poll in 1936 to finish a season undefeated with fifteen wins; head coach Dabo Swinney won his third Paul \"Bear\" Bryant Award two days later. Alabama's 28-point loss in the championship game marked their largest margin of defeat since the 1998 Music City Bowl, where they lost by 31 points. It was double their largest-ever margin of defeat under head coach Nick Saban to that point. \nEach semifinal game placed in the top six most-watched cable broadcasts of the 2018 calendar year, with Alabama–Oklahoma receiving 19.0 million viewers and Clemson–Notre Dame receiving 16.8 million. Both games' audiences peaked in the first half and declined as Alabama and Clemson each grew and maintained their respective leads. The Orange Bowl earned a Nielsen rating of 10.4, just beating out the Cotton Bowl's 10.3 rating. The national championship averaged 26.97 million viewers, more than either of Alabama and Clemson's prior CFP national championship meetings, putting it as the No. 7 most-watched cable broadcast of all time. In spite of this, the championship game's Nielsen rating of 14.6 was the lowest of any national championship game since 2012.\nAs is custom for national champions, Clemson was invited to the White House by U.S. president Donald Trump on January 14, 2019. Due to an ongoing federal government shutdown which caused some White House workers to be furloughed, Trump served the team a meal of fast food from McDonald's, Wendy's, Burger King, and Domino's Pizza, all of which he reported to have paid for himself, in the State Dining Room. He received some criticism for this, though some players commented positively.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2018–19 College Football Playoff", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_College_Football_Playoff", "article_id": 75757594, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 298, "char_count": 1833, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2019 National Football Conference (NFC) Championship Game was an American football game played between the Green Bay Packers and the San Francisco 49ers on January 19, 2020, at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California. Both the Packers and 49ers finished the season with 13–3 records, each winning their respective divisions. The 49ers got the first seed in the playoffs owing to their 37–8 victory over the Packers in Week 12, with the Packers taking the second seed. The Packers got the second seed over the 13–3 New Orleans Saints due to their better conference record. \nBoth teams received first round byes during the Wild Card round. The Packers faced the Seattle Seahawks in the Divisional Round, winning 28-23. The 49ers beat the Minnesota Vikings in the Divisional Round by a score of 27–10. With their higher seeding, the 49ers hosted the Packers in the NFC Championship game. The 49ers took a 27–0 lead into halftime behind the running of Raheem Mostert. Although the Packers scored in the second half, it was not enough to overcome their deficit. Mostert rushed for 220 yards and four touchdowns in the game, while quarterback Jimmy Garoppolo set an NFC Championship Game record for fewest pass attempts with just eight. The 49ers advanced to Super Bowl LIV, where they lost 31–20 to the Kansas City Chiefs.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2019 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 78627333, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 222, "char_count": 1323, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Near the end of the 2018 NFL season, the Green Bay Packers fired longtime head coach Mike McCarthy after two consecutive poor seasons. During the offseason, the team hired Matt LaFleur to be the team's new head coach. They started the 2019 season winning their first three games; they entered their bye week in Week 11 with a record of 8–2. Coming out of their bye week, the Packers suffered their worst loss of the season to the San Francisco 49ers, losing 37–8. They finished the season on a five-game win streak to finish the season with a record of 13–3.\nThe 49ers won their first eight games of the season. Over the next six games, they won three and lost three; all three losses were by one score or less. Each loss also occurred on the last play of the game. The 49ers ended the season with back-to-back wins to also secure a record of 13–3. A third team, the New Orleans Saints, also finished the season with a record of 13–3. Playoff seeding thus was determined by tiebreakers. The 49ers were given the first seed, as they beat both the Packers and Saints in the regular season. The Packers were awarded the second seed, as they had a better conference record than the Saints, who were given the third seed.\nBoth the Packers and 49ers were awarded first-round byes in the Wild Card round. The Packers hosted the Seattle Seahawks and the 49ers hosted the Minnesota Vikings in the Divisional Round; both teams won, with the Packers beating the Seahawks 28-23 and the 49ers beating the Vikings 27–10. With their higher seeding, the 49ers hosted the Packers at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California, for the NFC Championship Game on January 19, 2020. The 49ers were 7-point favorites.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2019 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 78627333, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 300, "char_count": 1693, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 49ers started the game with the ball and went three-and-out. After the ensuing punt, the Packers drove to mid-field before their drive stalled and they were forced to punt. The 49ers scored first on a six-play, 89-yard drive that included a 30-yard reception by Deebo Samuel and a 36-yard rushing touchdown by Raheem Mostert. The Packers next drive ended in another punt, which was returned by the 49ers to mid-field. The 49ers moved the ball 15 yards, close enough for a field goal attempt, which was converted by Robbie Gould to increase the lead to 10–0. On the ensuing drive, Aaron Rodgers fumbled the ball on third down, which was recovered by the Packers but forced another punt. Packers' punter J. K. Scott kicked a short punt out-of-bounds, setting up a short 37-yard touchdown drive for the 49ers. Mostert again finished the drive with a rushing touchdown, this time from nine yards out to put the 49ers up 17–0. On the Packers next drive, they began to move the ball, starting with a 23-yard catch by Jake Kumerow. Aaron Jones rushed the ball four straight times, gaining 27 yards to put the Packers on the 25-yard line. However, Rodgers fumbled the snap, which was recovered by the 49ers. The 49ers put together another scoring drive, this time ending in another field goal to put them up 20–0. On the ensuing kickoff, Tyler Ervin, the Packers kick returner, muffed the return and was only able to move the ball to the eight-yard line. The Packers picked up a first down, but Rodgers threw a deep pass intended for Geronimo Allison that was intercepted, setting up another short field for the 49ers. Mostert ran the ball three straight times, scoring his third touchdown on an 18-yard rush. The Packers got the ball back with 45 seconds left in the half, but were again forced to punt. The half ended on the punt with the 49ers up 27–0.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2019 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 78627333, "section": "First half", "metadata": {"word_count": 326, "char_count": 1851, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Packers started the second half with an 11-play, 75-yard scoring drive for their first points of the game. Rodgers completed nine passes on the drive, capped by a nine-yard receptions by Jones for a touchdown, cutting the 49ers lead to 27–7. The 49ers responded with a seven play drive consisting of all rushes, capped by a 22-yard touchdown rush for Mostert, his fourth of the game. The Packers put together another long scoring drive, going 75 yards in 10 plays. The longest play of the drive was a 42-yard reception by Jimmy Graham that brought the ball to the one-yard line. Jones scored on the next play on a one-yard rush. The Packers attempted a two-point conversion, which failed, leaving the score at 34–13. The Packers attempted an onside kick on the next kickoff; the 49ers recovered the ball. The Packers defense stopped the 49ers, holding them to a three-and-out and a punt. The Packers put together their longest drive of the game, going 92 yards in 7 plays to score their third straight touchdown. Rodgers completed a 65-yard pass to Davante Adams on the drive, which ended on an 8-yard touchdown catch by Jace Sternberger to make the score 34–20. The 49ers next drive lasted approximately five minutes and ended in a field goal to increase their lead to 37–20. On the next drive, the Packers converted a fourth down with 13 yards to go, but Rodgers threw his second interception of the game. The 49ers knelt the ball on the next three plays, ending the game for the victory.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2019 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 78627333, "section": "Second half", "metadata": {"word_count": 262, "char_count": 1494, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "From the 49ers perspective, post-game analysis focused on the large margin of victory, the rushing attack led by Mostert and the limited number of passes by Garoppolo. The poor defense by the Packers in the first half, especially in protecting against the rushing attack, was highlighted, as well as the Packers three turnovers. The 49ers game plan and play calls were widely praised. The 49ers employed a straightforward plan of attack, focusing on rushing at the Packers edge rushers, utilizing multiple tight ends to help block. The 49ers defensive performance, which included three takeaways and three sacks, was also recognized. Rodgers threw for over 300 yards and had two touchdown passes, primarily in the second half when then 49ers had a large lead. The 49ers also intercepted Rodgers twice and recovered a botched snap fumble that helped swing momentum early in the game.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2019 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 78627333, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 143, "char_count": 882, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 49ers advanced to Super Bowl LIV, where they played the Kansas City Chiefs. The 49ers took a 20–10 lead into the fourth quarter, but the Chiefs rallied for three straight touchdowns in the fourth quarter to seal a 31–20 victory. The Packers returned to the NFC Championship Game the following season, again losing, this time 31–26 to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The 49ers went 6–10 the next season, missing the playoffs.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2019 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 78627333, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 72, "char_count": 422, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The game was the eighth playoff match-up between the 49ers and Packers, extending the two teams' rivalry. The game was well known for the 49ers' overwhelmingly dominant rushing attack. It evoked a previous playoff game between the 49ers and Packers, where the 49ers again blew out the Packers with a strong rushing attack. Colin Kaepernick rush for a then-playoff record for a quarterback of 181 yards. That game also occurred in a season when the 49ers would go on to lose the Super Bowl. Mostert's 220 yards were the second-most in an NFL playoff game at the time, behind Eric Dickerson's 248 yards in 1986. He also became the first player in the NFL history to rush for more than 200 yards and score four touchdowns in a playoff game. His successful season and this playoff game helped solidify Mostert's tenure with the 49ers, after he had spent time on six different teams to start his career. The loss was the third NFC Championship Game loss for Rodgers, after the 2014 NFC Championship Game against the Seattle Seahawks and the 2016 NFC Championship Game against the Atlanta Falcons.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2019 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 78627333, "section": "Legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 188, "char_count": 1091, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2020 National Football Conference (NFC) Championship Game was an American football game played between the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the Green Bay Packers on January 24, 2021, at Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin. After signing quarterback Tom Brady and trading for tight end Rob Gronkowski, the Buccaneers went 11–5 and made the playoffs as a Wild Card team. The Packers finished the season with a record of 13–3 for the second straight season, good enough for the first seed and a first-round bye in the playoffs. The Buccaneers beat the Washington Football Team 31–23 in the Wild Card round and then beat the New Orleans Saints 30–20 in the Divisional round. After their first round bye, the Packers beat the Los Angeles Rams 32–18 in the Divisional round.\nAs the first seed, the Packers had home field advantage and hosted the Buccaneers in the NFC Championship Game. The Buccaneers took a 21–10 lead into halftime after Brady connected with Scotty Miller for a 39-yard touchdown pass right before the end of the half. The Buccaneers extended their lead to 28–10 at the beginning of the third quarter, before Aaron Rodgers led two consecutive touchdown drives to bring the score to 28–23 (after their second touchdown, the Packers failed at a two-point conversion). In the fourth quarter, the Buccaneers made a field goal to increase their lead to eight points. After driving down close to the end zone with over two minutes left in the game, Packers coach Matt LaFleur decided to kick a field goal and hope for his defense to get the ball back. After a controversial penalty on Kevin King, the Buccaneers were able to run out the clock and secure their berth in Super Bowl LV, where they would go on to beat the Kansas City Chiefs 31–9. The game helped rekindle a historic rivalry between the two teams.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 78353987, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 314, "char_count": 1815, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "After the 2019 NFL season, quarterback Tom Brady announced he would not be returning to the New England Patriots, ending his 20-year tenure with the team. Just a few days later, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers signed Brady to a two-year deal. The next month, Rob Gronkowski, who retired after the 2018 NFL season, announced he would be returning to the NFL. Gronkowski, who played with Brady for his entire career with the Patriots, was traded to the Buccaneers. The team finished the season with a record of 11–5, good enough to secure a Wild Card spot and the fifth seed in the playoffs. After their bye week, they won their last four games of the regular season to secure their playoff spot. In Brady's first season with the Buccaneers, he threw for more than 4,600 yards and 40 touchdown passes, with 7 of those touchdown passes going to Gronkowski. The Washington Commanders (known at the time as the Washington Football Team) hosted the Buccaneers in the Wild Card round. The Buccaneers beat Washington 31–23 to advance to the Divisional Round of the playoffs. The Buccaneers, again as the road team, beat their division rival the New Orleans Saints 30–20 in their Divisional Round game, earning them a berth into the NFC Championship Game.\nThe Green Bay Packers, coming off a loss to the San Francisco 49ers in the 2019 NFC Championship Game, started their second season under head coach Matt LaFleur by winning their first four games. However, in Week 5, the Packers suffered their first defeat, 38–10, to the Buccaneers. In that game, the Packers scored the first 10 points, then gave up 38 unanswered points, with Aaron Rodgers throwing two interceptions and the Packers defense giving up over 120 yards rushing to Ronald Jones II. The Packers would lose two more games over the next five weeks before winning their last six games of the year to secure the first seed in the playoffs with a record of 13–3. After their first-round bye in the playoffs, the Packers hosted the Los Angeles Rams in the Divisional Round. The Packers beat the Rams 32–18 with Rodgers throwing for almost 300 yards and 2 touchdowns. As the first seed in the playoffs, the Packers earned home-field advantage and thus would host the Buccaneers at Lambeau Field for the NFC Championship on January 24, 2021, with the winner earning the right to play in Super Bowl LV. The game occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, which decreased the crowd size to just under 8,000; Lambeau Field's capacity is around 80,000. Although historic rivals, the Buccaneers and Packers had only met once before in the playoffs in a 1997 Divisional Round game. The Packers entered the NFC Championship game as 3.5 point favorites.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 78353987, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 460, "char_count": 2685, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Buccaneers began the game with the ball and drove down the field on a nine play, 60-yard drive that ended in a 15-yard touchdown pass from Brady to Mike Evans. The Packers and the Buccaneers exchanged punts before the Packers tied the game 7–7 on a 90-yard drive punctuated by a 50-yard touchdown pass from Rodgers to Marquez Valdes-Scantling on third down. In response, Brady connected with Chris Godwin for a 52-yard catch and Leonard Fournette scored a touchdown from 20 yards out. The Packers responded with a field goal drive after they were stopped on third and goal at the six-yard line. With the score at 14–10, the Buccaneers punted the ball back to the Packers. However, on the fifth play of the drive, Rodgers was intercepted near mid-field with just over 30 seconds left in the first half. After converting on fourth down, the Buccaneers had first down at the 39-yard line with 1 second left until halftime. Brady threw a deep pass to Scotty Miller, who caught the ball for a touchdown, increasing the Buccaneer lead to 21–10.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 78353987, "section": "First half", "metadata": {"word_count": 182, "char_count": 1042, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On the Packers first drive of the second half, Aaron Jones fumbled the ball, which the Buccaneers recovered on the eight-yard line. On the ensuing play, Brady connected with Cameron Brate for a touchdown pass, increasing the Buccaneers lead to 28–10. Down 18 points, the Packers responded with a quick scoring drive, with Rodgers completing five passes for 68 yards, concluding with an 8-yard touchdown catch by Robert Tonyan. On the next drive, the Packers intercepted a deep pass by Brady. They drove down for another touchdown with a short pass from Rodgers to Davante Adams. The two-point conversion failed, leaving the score at 28–23. The Packers intercepted Brady for the second consecutive drive, again on a deep pass intended for Evans. The Packers punted after a three-and-out, and for a third consecutive drive the Packers intercepted Brady on a deep pass intended for Evans. The Packers had another three-and-out, punting back to the Buccaneers. The Buccaneers drove 44 yards to get into field goal range, which Ryan Succop converted to increase the lead to 31–23. With just under five minutes left in the game, the Packers drove down to the Buccaneer eight-yard line and had a first down and goal. Rodgers though threw three consecutive incompletions; instead of going for the tie on fourth down (which would have required a touchdown and two-point conversion), the Packers settled for a field goal to decrease the Buccaneers lead to five points. The Buccaneers got the ball with just over two minutes left in the game. The Buccaneers converted three first downs, including one via a penalty, to run out the rest of the clock and secure the 31–26 victory.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 78353987, "section": "Second half", "metadata": {"word_count": 278, "char_count": 1667, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Post-game analysis focused on the competitive nature of the game, individual performances and coaching. Both quarterbacks had solid performances, with Brady and Rodgers passing for three touchdowns a piece, and each team had 100 yard receivers, with Valdez-Scantling going for 115 yards and Godwin going for 110 yards. Both defenses forced turnovers, with the Packers intercepting Brady on three straight drives and the Buccaneers intercepting Rodgers once and forcing a Jones fumble on another drive. Neither team took full advantage taking the ball away though, with each team only scoring seven points off of turnovers. The Packers were especially criticized for not taking advantage of their interceptions, with two drives ending in three-and-outs after intercepting Brady. The defense and coaching was also criticized for allowing the long touchdown pass at the end of the first half. This criticism was of the coaching for not playing appropriate coverage, as well as the performance of Kevin King, who allowed Miller to get behind him on a play that was obviously intended for the end zone. King was also called for a controversial defensive pass interference penalty on third down during the Buccaneers' last drive that prevented the Packers from getting the ball back.\nThe Buccaneers defense was recognized for pressuring Rodgers during the game while sacking him five times. LaFleur's decision not to go for it on fourth down, down by eight points with only a few minutes left in the game, was criticized as too conservative. Although the field goal, which was successful, gave the Packers an opportunity to win, it only did so if the Packers defense could force a punt or turnover. Had the Packers gone for it on fourth down and not been successful, the team still would have been required to force a punt or turnover. The criticism focused on LaFleur's decision not to depend on the offense in a key moment and instead rely on a defense that, notwithstanding the three interceptions, had otherwise allowed over 350 total yards and 31 points up to that point. LaFleur defended his decision by stating his belief in the defense, the challenge of scoring on fourth down while also succeeding at the two-point conversion and his desire to give his team the opportunity to win the game and not settle for a tie and overtime.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 78353987, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 386, "char_count": 2331, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "With the victory, Brady became just the second quarterback to lead a team to a Super Bowl from both the NFC and American Football Conference (AFC). The Buccaneers advanced to Super Bowl LV, where they played against the Kansas City Chiefs. The Buccaneers beat the Chiefs 31–9, giving the Buccaneers their second NFL Championship. All of the Buccaneers' playoff victories were on the road, just the fifth team to achieve that feat. After their victory in the Super Bowl, the Buccaneers became the first team to play and win a Super Bowl in their home stadium.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 78353987, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 96, "char_count": 558, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The game was well known for its competitive nature, as well as the impact on both quarterbacks. For Brady, the victory gave him his 10th Super Bowl appearance of his career. For Rodgers, it was his and the Packers fourth straight loss in the NFC Championship Game since the 2010 NFL season, when they won Super Bowl XLV. It also marked back-to-back losses in the Conference Championship Game. The loss made Rodgers \"the first quarterback in NFL history to lose four straight NFC Championship Games\" and lowered his overall Conference Championship Games record to 1–4. The game continued the historic rivalry between the two teams.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020 NFC Championship Game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_NFC_Championship_Game", "article_id": 78353987, "section": "Legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 105, "char_count": 630, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "From 2020 to 2022, an organized criminal group stole and then resold catalytic converters through the United States. The regional theft rings sent their stolen catalytic converters to DG Auto Parts in Freehold, New Jersey, who removed the precious metals from them and ground them into dust. The precious metals were then sold to Dowa Metals and Mining America for refining, after which they were sent to Japan; these sales are believed to have generated approximately $545 million in revenue for DG Auto Parts. \nThe investigation that led to the discovery of the interstate theft ring was prompted by a wave of catalytic converter thefts in the Oklahoma area in late 2020 and early 2021, with similar rises across the United States. On May 2, 2021, police became aware of Tyler Curtis, the owner of Curtis Cores in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma, when he was involved in a traffic stop where (among other illicit things) 128 catalytic converters were found in the bed of his pickup truck; all had jagged edges, suggesting they had been stolen. By September, a team of investigators had linked Curtis Cores with DG Auto Parts, which was owned by Navin and Tinu Khanna. \nThe investigation expanded between then and the third quarter of 2022, by which time it was nicknamed Operation Heavy Metal, included over 70 local and federal agencies and linked independent investigations into regional theft rings in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Minnesota, New York and Virginia. On November 2, police executed simultaneous search warrants across the US on over 32 sites, resulting in 21 arrests in 5 states. The dismantling of the interstate theft ring was described as the first national takedown of a catalytic converter theft ring by the Department of Justice. \nFollowing the dismantling of the interstate theft ring, the theft of catalytic converters dropped dramatically. According to the National Insurance Crime Bureau, over 5,000 catalytic converter thefts were reported per month in 2022. In the first nine months of 2023, there were 2,675 catalytic converter thefts reported per month.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 337, "char_count": 2083, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "A catalytic converter is a typically oblong-shaped vehicle emissions control device that makes up part of an automobile's exhaust system. The catalytic converter accelerates a chemical reaction using heat and precious metals contained within the device, such as platinum, rhodium, and palladium (PRP), to transform toxic engine exhaust gases into less-toxic pollutants and other non-polluting gases. Catalytic converters became mandatory in American automobiles following the Clean Air Act of 1975, but are easy to surreptitiously remove from vehicles.\nAccording to a 2023 report by the National Insurance Crime Bureau (NICB), metal recyclers will often \"pay between $50 to $250 for a catalytic converter and up to $800 for one that was removed from a hybrid vehicle.\" The devices are typically much more valuable to the theft's victim: \"it can cost between $1,000 and $3,500 or more to replace a catalytic converter that is stolen, depending on the type of vehicle.\" In 2022, catalytic converter thefts cost victims over $382 million.\nFrom 2001 to 2021, the price of PRP rose dramatically: platinum rose from $530 per ounce to about $1100 ($941.00 to $1,276, adjusted for inflation). This led to an epidemic of thefts targeting the device for sale to scrap dealers. In a 2021 report, the NICB stated that \"in 2018, there were 1,298 catalytic converter thefts reported. In 2019, 3,389 thefts were reported. In 2020, reported catalytic converter thefts jumped massively to 14,433, with December leading the way with 2,347 thefts, or roughly 16 percent of the yearly total – in just one month.\" According to records from Carfax, which examined service records that listed 'stolen' as the reason for the catalytic converter replacement, it is estimated that 153,000 catalytic converters were stolen in America in 2022.\nInitially, the operation of the theft scheme appeared a continuation of this baseline trend. In the 2023 report, the NCIB stated that \"based on insurance claims, thefts of catalytic converters increased significantly from 2020 through 2022\". In addition, there were 16,660 insurance claims for catalytic converter thefts in 2020, a number that had increased to 64,701 by 2022. The report also stated that the highest rate for catalytic converter theft claims between 2020 and 2022 was California, with 24,102 thefts reported to insurers. In 2022 alone, an average of 1,600 catalytic converters were reported stolen each month in California.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 386, "char_count": 2456, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Dowa Holdings is a precious metals refiner that began in 1884 as a mining operation in the town of Kosaka, Akita Prefecture. The company specialized in mining kuroko ore, a rare black volcanic deposit found only in Japan and primarily in Akita Prefecture in the Hokuroku Basin. Dowa expanded its domestic mining operations during the early 20th century and began exploring international opportunities for expansion in the 1940s. By 1990 Kosaka Mine had closed and by 1994 Dowa's domestic operations in Japan were suspended \"due to economic changes and the depletion of ore\". \nIn 2015, Dowa Holdings established Dowa Metals & Mining America, starting their operations at a refinery in Burlington, New Jersey, some time after. After Dowa evaluated the PRP dust that it received, it would pay its suppliers and refine the dust into chunks in their refinery. It is unknown as to whether Dowa Metals & Mining America performed any form of vetting on DG Auto Parts. The chunks would then be shipped to Tanaka Precious Metals in Akita, where they would be prepared for sale. Between 2018 and 2022, Tanaka Precious Metals' annual revenue increased by approximately 20% to $288 million.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Dowa Metals & Mining America", "metadata": {"word_count": 194, "char_count": 1177, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Navin and his brother, Tinu Khanna, were first-generation immigrants from India. Their older brothers owned and operated a wrecking yard and, after working there for a few years, Navin and Tinu began their own business ventures. In 2016 they began a rubber disposal business, in 2018 they began a recycling business and in 2019 they also started a company in the auto wrecking industry under the name DG Auto Wreckers. According to an interview performed by Navin with ACE Finance, none of their prior endeavors succeeded until DG Auto Wreckers; this success was due to finding Dowa Metals & Mining America. \nA subpoena into the brothers' bank records corroborated the interview: between March 2021 and April 2022, a total of $224 million was transferred by Dowa into a single account used by DG Auto Parts. A further $175 million was discovered on another account.\nDG Auto Wreckers traded in used car parts, including catalytic converters. Initially, the business remained small, with sellers bringing in small loads from across New Jersey. However, when the COVID-19 pandemic began, the prices of PRP metals rose drastically. In December 2019, rhodium cost $6,000 per ounce and by March 2021, the price rose to $21,000 per ounce, with platinum and palladium seeing similar rises.\nThe brothers incorporated the business as DG Auto Parts in February 2020 and moved to the Freehold, New Jersey, site. They decided to focus on catalytic converter recycling and bought four decanning machines. These machines break apart the catalytic converters and demolish the cores into dust, which was then collected and sent to Dowa's refinery in Burlington, New Jersey. That year, DG Auto Parts bought a site in Emporia, Virginia, which they named DG Auto South, and began partnering with converter businesses across the US, including Curtis Cores. A neighboring business' manager said \"people would come with tractor trailers and drop them off. Dumpsters full of cat[alytic converter]s. They were working 24 hours.\" Investigations would later reveal that DG Auto Parts did not care whether their supplies were obtained legally.\nBy 2021, the business had a website and an app for both Android and iOS which showed, for a subscription, the real-time pricing of thousands of catalytic converter codes, submit photos of their catalytic converters for advance grading and pricing and settle on a price prior to shipping their catalytic converters. The codes on catalytic converters identify the make, model and place of origin of catalytic converters, which in turn identify their value, due to variation in state emission laws. As an example, GD3 EA6 denotes a Toyota Prius manufactured between 2004 and 2009; at the peak of the PRP metal prices, its high palladium content could sell for more than $1,800. \nAs the profits grew, DG Auto Parts began making advance payments in the millions to their largest suppliers, including Curtis Cores, so that they too could provide their suppliers with the highest prices to maximize the supply of catalytic converters.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "DG Auto Parts", "metadata": {"word_count": 491, "char_count": 3043, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The investigation that led to the discovery of the theft ring began in late 2020 and early 2021, when a wave of catalytic converter thefts struck the Tulsa, Oklahoma area. Police began arresting \"cutters\", low-level criminals responsible for stealing catalytic converters. The police then attempted to get the cutters to reveal who they were selling to. According to the cutters, one such person was Steven Low Sr., an insurance agent and dealer in catalytic converters. In May 2021, GPS tracked Low's vehicle to an automobile recycling warehouse on Oklahoma State Highway 51 in Broken Arrow.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Initial investigation", "metadata": {"word_count": 95, "char_count": 592, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The warehouse was owned by Tyler Curtis, who was already of interest to investigators: in a February 2021 Facebook Marketplace exchange, Curtis had told an undercover investigator it \"does [not] matter where they [the catalytic converters] came from....\" On May 2, two days after Low's visit, the Tulsa Police Department stopped Curtis' vehicle, following a tip: an off-duty officer had spotted a \"suspicious white pickup truck...with multiple catalytic converters in the bed\" driving through southeast Tulsa. A search of the vehicle revealed contraband and other tools commonly associated with criminal activity: a loaded handgun; a small bag containing three grams of cocaine and eight grams of heroin; a bundle of cash amounting to $9,900; and 128 catalytic converters with jagged ends, suggesting that they had been stolen.\nThe officers then called a lieutenant, their liaison with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) regarding the theft wave. Questioned on where the catalytic converters came from, Curtis claimed that his automobile recycling business which had opened in January 2021, Curtis Cores, had obtained them legally.\nCurtis and his passenger were then arrested for possession of drugs and an unpermitted firearm. To legally possess the catalytic converters, Curtis needed a scrap metal license, which Curtis did not possess; however, he said that his father had submitted an application for the permit. It was later discovered that, while he was in jail, he made a recorded phone call in which he asked his parents to remove incriminating objects from the warehouse. Curtis pleaded guilty or no contest in the Tulsa County District Court to the drug and firearm charges, receiving a three-year deferred sentence.\nAfter releasing Curtis on bail, police obtained a search warrant regarding Curtis' seized phone and iPad. On these devices, they discovered a Facebook messaging group including Curtis, a man called Navin Khanna and another called Adam Sharkey.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Curtis Cores", "metadata": {"word_count": 307, "char_count": 1978, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "By September, a team of investigators, led by Brad Staggs and the improbably-named Kansas Core, had identified that the stolen catalytic converters were being transported from across the US to a Freehold, New Jersey, company called DG Auto Parts where the cores were extracted and then shipped overseas.\nIn December, Kansas Core had obtained a warrant to place a 24-hour surveillance camera on a pole outside Curtis Cores. Vehicles arrived daily, sometimes hourly, full of catalytic converters. Curtis and his employees would then unload the converters, inspect them, and pay cash. Then the converters would be packed into cardboard boxes, wrapped in plastic and loaded onto pallets for transport. The business handled between 5,000 and 6,000 catalytic converters per week. These catalytic converters would then be transported either directly to DG Auto Parts or to Adam, an intermediary in New York.\nSeveral weeks after Kansas Core gained the warrant to surveil Curtis Cores, he gained a search warrant for Curtis's Facebook account. Looking through his account, they—alongside a team associated with the Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) division in Tulsa—traced the development of the trafficking ring. Curtis had started working at Green Country Auto Core part-time three years before his arrest. Green Country's owner, Dave Edwards, trained Curtis extensively on the catalytic converter recycling industry and described Curtis as \"good at his job [and] a hustler.\"\nBetween May and August 2020, Curtis found DG Auto Parts and put the owner, Navin Khanna, in contact with Edwards. Edwards would later say of Navin \"I didn't deal with that guy [Navin Khanna] much. Curtis dealt with him...I did talk to the guy—just kind of rubbed me the wrong way.\" Court documents would later reveal that Green Country Auto Core had sold approximately $2 million worth of catalytic converters to them. In late 2020, Curtis told Edwards that he would be starting his own business and that he would be bringing DG Auto Parts with him. Edwards later said of this \"I felt I wasted a lot of time on him, showing him the business. Would've been nice to have a little warning, couple of weeks at least. In hindsight, it's probably the best thing that happened to me.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "DG Auto Parts", "metadata": {"word_count": 365, "char_count": 2252, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Kansas Core and other investigators started filing for more warrants: intercepting calls made to and from Curtis's phone, tracking the locations of his employees' phones, and monitoring their Facebook accounts. Another warrant authorized a pole camera outside Curtis's home, where he lived with his wife, on a large plot of land owned by his in-laws.\nSince Curtis Cores had received stolen catalytic converters, he could be prosecuted in federal court. A regular delivery arrived from Houston, Texas, where the sellers specialized in \"torpedo\"-type catalytic converters – named for their distinctive shape – extracted from Toyota Tacoma and Tundra pickup trucks.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Dismantling the state theft rings", "metadata": {"word_count": 100, "char_count": 662, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On March 31, 2022, in Houston, off-duty sheriff's deputy Darren Almendarez was grabbing groceries with his wife, and parked their Toyota Tundra outside of a Joe V's Smart Shop north of the city. Leaving the store, Almendarez noticed that a black Nissan Altima had backed up to his vehicle. Almendarez had worked in an auto theft unit in the Harris County Sheriff's Office and recognized an apparent catalytic converter theft in progress. As he approached, two men clambered out from under his truck and into the Altima, and he told his wife to run away and call the police. The driver of the Altima raised a handgun; Almendarez drew his own; in the ensuing shootout, Almendarez and two men inside the Altima were shot; and then the men fled.\nAlmendarez was rushed to Houston Northwest Hospital, where he was pronounced dead. Not long after, Joshua Stewart and Fredarius Clark arrived at the same hospital seeking treatment for gunshot wounds. Following treatment, they were taken into custody. A third suspect, Fredrick Tardy, was arrested the following day.\nHouston police suspected that the three men delivered their stolen goods into a supply chain running through Tulsa. Staggs would later describe the Houston police as \"highly motivated, obviously, to go out and take these people down...So we took this detour in our investigation to provide them with anything we could.\"\nA week after Almendarez's death, the pole camera monitoring Curtis Cores recorded a black GMC pickup truck with Texas license plates pulling a U-Haul trailer of catalytic converters. The truck was traced back to Isaac Castillo, a Houston resident. Houston police had already stopped Castillo in February 2022, when he was driving a pickup carrying catalytic converters, discovering an unlicensed firearm and $25,000 in cash. Upon his return to Texas, police stopped Castillo again. Searching the truck, police discovered a box containing $206,000 in cash. Castillo continued to deny any wrongdoing, claiming that the money was a result of selling scrap in Oklahoma.\nHowever, police continued to investigate, and identified Castillo as a member of a \"Ley Road gang\". Houston police and the Houston HSI alleged that the three men accused of Almendarez's death had been using the Ley Road gang and another gang as fences for the catalytic converters they stole. On July 28 that year, officers from Houston HSI, Harris County Sherriff's Office, Houston Police Department and the Texas Department of Public Safety raided the Ley Road gang, seizing over $484,000, 29 firearms, narcotics, a stolen Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat and 477 catalytic converters worth an estimated $11–12 million. At the time, Castillo was not among those detained. The police obtained a warrant to locate his phone, which placed him at Curtis Cores making another delivery.\nShortly after leaving, Castillo was stopped by police for a third time, and this time arrested. Castillo would later tell investigators that Curtis kept $500,000 in his desk drawer and knew the catalytic converters he obtained and sold were stolen. When interviewed, one of the gang's leaders told police that Curtis had instructed him as to what vehicles to steal from.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Texas", "metadata": {"word_count": 516, "char_count": 3194, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "According to court documents, Theodore Nicholas Papouloglou incorporated DG Auto South in Emporia, Virginia, in November 2020. He incorporated the business as a \"scrap metal business\" and a \"money transmission business\". Neither he nor the business were registered as a money transmitting business, as required by the Department of the Treasury and by Virginia laws. Papouloglou received over $12.2 million in wired payments from DG Auto Parts between 2020 and 2021. He bought stolen catalytic converters from thieves in the area, which would then be transported to DG Auto Parts for shipment to Dowa. He also helped DG Auto Parts to buy catalytic converters from other sellers across state lines, including from Texas and Oklahoma, paying for these in bulk cash payments, with the total paid out by Papouloglou being at least $6.6 million.\nDespite this income, he paid no taxes on it during that time frame. A federal indictment was filed on March 19, 2024, including four counts; two of evasion of income tax assessments, one of conspiracy to transfer, receive, conceal and sell stolen goods and one of operating an unlicensed money transmitting business. An arrest warrant was filed that day. He pleaded not guilty to all counts the following day, however he later plead guilty to the first count of evasion of income tax assessments and to the count of conspiracy to transfer, receive, conceal and sell stolen goods on August 20 that year. The charges have a maximum penalty of 10 years imprisonment. He is awaiting sentencing, which is scheduled for February 20, 2025.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Virginia", "metadata": {"word_count": 258, "char_count": 1573, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "According to an indictment from July 2022, Tanner Hellbusch, who bought and resold cars and their components, began stealing catalytic converters sometime prior to February 2021. He was identified as a major local source of stolen catalytic converters, either stealing them himself or buying them from thieves and selling them on. At the time he lived with Jerrica Oga-Garo, his new fiancée, in Oak Hills, Beaverton, Oregon; he and his fiancée operated the business from their home, using the property to store catalytic converters and meet with buyers. Hellbusch placed advertisements on Facebook Marketplace looking for new suppliers. \nIn 2021, Oregon passed a law requiring that scrap metal businesses make a record of all catalytic converter purchases, including the vehicle identification number that they came from. This law also made it illegal to perform these transactions with cash. This led Hellbusch to try and find other buyers, leading him to begin selling catalytic converters through Brennan Doyle.\nDoyle began his own business buying stolen catalytic converters from across the Western US in early 2021, with Hellbusch becoming one of his major suppliers. Doyle then found Adam Sharkey, after which he bought a warehouse in Aurora, Oregon, recruiting some of his friends to help him run the business. Jenna Wilson, with whom he had an intermittent relationship with, helped with the accounting, while Benjamin Jamison (who Doyle had known since high school) met with prospective buyers and handled transactions. By mid–2022, Brennan Doyle and Benjamin Jamison moved to a lakefront rental property on South Shore Boulevard, Lake Oswego, Oregon. The property was a two-bedroom house, costing $5,000 a month to rent. They also bought a $15,000 speedboat and held parties at the house.\nAn officer from the Beaverton Police Department and a detective from Clackamas County, Oregon, provided information that pointed towards Hellbusch being a major source of stolen catalytic converters. Based on this, the Beaverton Police Department began an investigation into the theft ring. By mid–2022, two dozen officers from various entities were surveilling the Lake Oswego property and the Aurora warehouse, however, the department had difficulties proving that Doyle knew he was receiving stolen catalytic converters.\nIn an effort to help prove this, the Oregon Department of Justice allowed the Beaverton Police Department to wiretap four phones, including Doyle's. Using these wiretaps and freight receipts, detectives unravelled the organisation and discovered Doyle's connection to Adam Sharkey. The wiretaps were so successful because of how indiscreet Doyle was with his dealings, he often called his friends to discuss the shipping of catalytic converters, which included who was performing the deliveries and what they contained.\nOver mid–2022, Phillip Kearney, then assistant special agent in charge at the Oregon Department of Justice, began seizing the ring's assets and intercepting their wire transfers. Another alleged accomplice of Doyle, his childhood friend Casey Smith, complained online about how he was unable to access his bank account, losing access to $130,000. Later, Doyle and his alleged accomplices met to discuss whether their accounts had been frozen or whether the incidents were coincidences, and to discuss ways to get around their issues, unaware that Kearney had followed them.\nA SWAT team raided Hellbusch's house while police raided the Lake Oswego property and the Aurora warehouse on August 3, 2022, discovering almost $40,000 in cash in Doyle's bedroom and 3,000 catalytic converters at the warehouse. 14 people were indicted by a grand jury, almost all of which were charged with various crimes including racketeering, theft and money laundering. Among them, Wilson, Jamison, Hellbusch and Oga-Garo were charged with theft and racketeering while Smith was charged with racketeering. Doyle was charged with 90 counts relating to aggravated theft, money laundering, racketeering and unlawfully receiving stolen metal, with Hellbusch facing 25 counts under similar charges.\nIn total, Beaverton police believe that the theft ring stole approximately $22 million in catalytic converters over the approximately two years it was operational, $10 million of which passed through Doyle, with chief deputy district attorney Bracken McKey stating in September 2022 stating that they still hadn't tracked all of the funds.\nDespite the fact that Operation Heavy Metal was ongoing at the time, the investigation did not track catalytic converter thefts further than connecting the Sharkey's to the interstate theft ring, thus missing the connection to Oregon.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Oregon", "metadata": {"word_count": 714, "char_count": 4690, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Downpipe Depot and Recycling was a business owned by Alexander Kolitsas in East Hartford and Wolcott, Connecticut that operated between January 2021 and June 2022. They operated similarly to the other groups, buying catalytic converters from thieves before transporting and selling them to DG Auto Parts and an unnamed recycling business in New York, sometimes receiving over $200,000 per sale. He was assisted by Bryant Bermudez, who started there around November 2021.\nOne of the thieves, Yanquee Rodriguez, was paid $411,845 between January 2021 and May 2022, for supplying stolen catalytic converters to Downpipe Depot and Recycling; records seized during the investigation showed that he was their largest supplier. Other thieves included in the network were Roberto Alicea, Francisco Ayala, Theodore Roosevelt Owens, Marvin Figueroa and Michael Almodovar. In total, Kolitsas paid thieves $3,345,675 for stolen catalytic converters between January 26 and May 31, 2022.\nAccording to court documents, Kolitsas and Bermudez stored firearms at Downpipe Depot and Recycling and Kolitsas' home. During the investigation, it was revealed that Almodovar had sold approximately $34,000 of stolen catalytic converters to Downpipe Depot and Recycling; in a post on his social media, he described attacking a witness with a knife before stealing a catalytic converter. Several search warrants were executed on June 1, 2022, resulting in the seizure of five firearms, $47,000 from Kolitsas, $20,000 from Bermudez, approximately $8,000 from Downpipe Depot and Recycling and several vehicles. \nA federal indictment for one count of conspiracy to transport stolen property and one or more counts of interstate transportation of stolen property was passed down for Kolitsas, Bermudez, Alicea, Ayala and Owens on August 16, 2022. Kolitsas was further indicted for promotional money laundering, two counts of engaging in monetary transactions with proceeds of specified unlawful activity, and possession of firearms by an unlawful drug user or addict. Bermudez and Alicea were arrested on 23 August, Ayala was in state custody and Owens was in federal custody for unrelated offences. Kolitsas turned himself in on August 24. Alicea pleaded guilty on June 23, 2023, with sentencing scheduled for September 5.\nA superseding indictment was passed down in November 2023 including Kolitsas, Rodriguez, Figueroa and Almodovar. Figueroa and Rodriguez were arrested on November 15, 2023. Figueroa pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit interstate transportation of stolen property and interstate transportation of stolen property on October 9, 2024, and was sentenced to 14 months federal imprisonment on 8 April, 2025 to be followed by three years of probation. Rodriguez pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit interstate transportation of stolen property and one count of interstate transportation of stolen property on June 26, 2024. He was sentenced on February 20, 2025, to 15 months imprisonment followed by three years of probation. Almodovar was arrested and later sentenced in federal court to 14 months imprisonment.\nKolitsas pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit interstate transportation of stolen property and one count of promotional money laundering on October 7, 2024. He was released on a $150,000 bond and sentenced on 21 April the following year to five years imprisonment followed by two years probation. He was ordered to report to prison on July 14. \nAyala pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit interstate transportation of stolen property and interstate transportation of stolen property on April 4, 2023, with sentencing scheduled for July 13 that year. Bermudez pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit interstate transportation of stolen property and three counts of interstate transportation of stolen property on April 10. His sentencing was scheduled for July 12 that year, though was later postponed until 15 May, 2025. He was fined $20,000 and ordered to perform 300 hours of community service over three years of probation.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Connecticut", "metadata": {"word_count": 619, "char_count": 4059, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following a rise in catalytic converter thefts in Weld County, Colorado, Weld County Sherriff's Office (WCSO) began investigating in 2021. This later led police to Elevation Auto Core in Brighton, Colorado. In 2022, the WCSO was contacted by the Colorado Bureau of Investigation and HSI. The investigation expanded to the state and federal level because Elevation Auto Core was a part of the larger theft ring, including a business in Las Vegas, Nevada.\nPolice tracked one of Curtis's employees, Shane Minnick, to Elevation Auto Core on May 2, 2022, after which they discovered that the employee would soon be traveling back to Tulsa. Minnick was stopped at the airport, where a cash-sniffing dog alerted officers to his bag, which contained $500,000 in cash. Minnick signed the money over to the police.\nAccording to arrest papers in the case, undercover officers and confidential informants wearing cameras found they could walk in and easily sell \"obviously stolen catalytic converters\". Despite changes to Colorado law requiring identification and other personal information to be collected in the sale of catalytic converters, little to no questions were asked in three different sting operations. The catalytic converters were then (similar to the Curtis Cores operation) packaged and placed onto pallets to be transported out of state (most of which were sent to the \"east coast\" or overseas) or decanned on-site.\nSix men were taken into custody in both Colorado and Nevada on December 13, 2022, charged with violations of the Colorado Organized Crime Control Act, Colorado tax laws, theft, and money laundering.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Colorado", "metadata": {"word_count": 256, "char_count": 1619, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Between May 2020 and October 2022, four men from Minnesota, John Kotten, Justin Johnson, Soe Moo, and James Jensen, managed a theft ring where cutters stole catalytic converters and transported them to Kotten or Johnson or were instructed to transport them to Jenson or Moo who acted as buyers on their behalf. They would then store the catalytic converters in their homes or in commercial properties while they were sorted, categorized and priced, before transporting approximately 90% of their stock to \"high-volume buyers based in New Jersey, Oklahoma, Colorado, and New York\" using rented U-Haul vehicles and personal vehicles. \nThe four bought batches of catalytic converters in several states in late 2021, one of which had an Apple AirTag inside of it. This allowed investigators to track the catalytic converter as it was transported in a shipment worth $425,000 to New York. In August 2022, Moo allegedly traded stolen catalytic converters for several AR-15 style rifles and a firearm with an auto sear.\nTo maintain the image of a legitimate business in case of an audit or investigation, they also bought scrap cars from sellers or an auction. In order to conceal payments, Johnson also sometimes directed the payments to his father, grandmother and a real estate company. In total, they received approximately $21 million in payments using wire transfers, cash, cheques or a combination of methods; $19 million of this was solely across state lines. Prosecutors said that the group took multiple trips to a buyer in New Jersey in 2021 before flying back to Minnesota, with at least three of these trips netting them a profit of nearly $500,000.\nPrior to Kotten's arrest, several search warrants relating to the ring were executed in November 2022 by the Sleepy Eye Police Department and the Brown County Sheriff's Office. He was arrested on November 2 during a federal search warrant where two stolen vehicles were discovered. \"Hundreds\" of catalytic converters were seized from properties in Hutchinson, Sleepy Eye, St. Paul and Madison Lake alongside trucks, tools and over $500,000.\nThe four were charged on October 18, 2023, for conspiracy to transport stolen property across state lines, with all four making their first appearances at a federal courthouse in St. Paul on October 24. Kotten and Johnson were further charged with conspiracy to commit money laundering and false statements to a financial institution, while Moo was charged with possession of an automatic firearm. All four originally pleaded guilty, however on December 10, 2024, Kotten pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to transport stolen goods across state lines. In November that year, two other members of the ring pleaded guilty to conspiracy and gun crimes.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Minnesota", "metadata": {"word_count": 444, "char_count": 2753, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On May 2, 2019, Vang Auto Core LLC was started by Tou Vang, who was joined soon after by his brother, Andrew Vang. On May 31, Tou was arrested for the theft of a catalytic converter from a Prius. Between May 2 and October 1 that year, Vang Auto Core was already in contact with DG Auto Parts, with their first transaction occurring on October 1. In the following three months, the Vangs withdrew approximately $460,000 in $10,000 increments. This is likely due to the Bank Secrecy Act, a law requiring banks to report transactions larger than $10,000 to the Internal Revenue Service.\nIn September 2020, a Prius owner in Davis, California, discovered that their catalytic converter had been stolen. Investigation into the theft uncovered footage recorded by a vehicle on the same street, which showed a vehicle stopping near the Prius during the night, much like how the thieves had stopped behind Almendarez's vehicle in Houston. The vehicle and its owner were identified, and surveillance began. The following month, police stopped the vehicle and, upon searching it, discovered a number of catalytic converters inside. Two men were arrested in connection with this, Dao Xiong and Shaneel Lal. Prosecutors charged the two men with the theft of 64 catalytic converters in eight northern California counties.\nDuring surveillance, investigators observed the two men casing neighborhoods during the day, only to return by night to steal catalytic converters. Investigators also tracked Xiong to the Vangs home on Meadowgate Drive, Sacramento.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "California", "metadata": {"word_count": 248, "char_count": 1539, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The police acquired a search warrant for a phone confiscated from a known cutter in August 2020. In it, they discovered discussions between the cutter and a man called Choy Saeteurn, a mechanic based in Sacramento, regarding catalytic converters. Police then acquired a search warrant for Saeteurn's Facebook account.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "California", "metadata": {"word_count": 49, "char_count": 317, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "With this search warrant, police discovered that on September 3, 2020, Tou and Saeteurn had a text conversation about Saeteurn returning to buying and selling catalytic converters, saying that he was doing so discreetly. Prosecutors later alleged that Tou was buying discreetly due to his prior arrest in 2019. By September 2020 however, he was already under investigation for the interstate trafficking of catalytic converters.\nNavin communicated with Saeteurn a week later on September 10 about a need for more \"Prius\", referring to Toyota Priuses and their catalytic converters. In this conversation, he referred to Tou directly. The next day, Navin communicated with Saeteurn about Tou shipping 300 catalytic converters to DG Auto Parts. Bank records later showed that DG Auto Parts had paid Vang Auto Core $400,000 for the catalytic converters. In April 2021, shipping manifests showed that Vang Auto Core had shipped two crates weighing a combined 4,370 pounds (1,980 kilograms) to DG Auto Parts. In the two weeks following, DG Auto Parts paid Vang Auto Core a further $975,000.\nPolice began using a confidential informant to sell catalytic converters to the Vangs at their house some time between April and May 2021. Between then and August that year, the informant made five sales of between two or three catalytic converters at a time. On one occasion, the informant told the Vangs that he had stolen one from a Prius that he'd previously targeted. Andrew responded to this by saying \"for future reference, don't say they were stolen.\"\nDuring a conversation between the confidential informant and Andrew following the purchase of two catalytic converters in August that year, Andrew asked the informant to \"see if you can cover it [catalytic converter] better\" on return trips to the house, as another seller had \"brought hella heat over here\" not long prior by arriving in a stolen vehicle.\nAccording to police, many of the cutters that sold to the Vangs were also related to the Tiny Rascal Gang (TRG). The TRG was founded in 1981 in Long Beach, California by Cambodian refugees seeking protection from neighboring gangs. Due to this and the fact the Vangs operated the business from home, the Vangs were known to keep at least five firearms in their house and more than 1,300 rounds of ammunition.\nOne of the Vangs' neighbors, Joe McElroy, came back from work some time in November 2021, finding the street cordoned off by police; there was yellow crime tape surrounding the Vangs house and a tarp covering a corpse on the driveway. Upon asking around, he discovered that Andrew Vang had shot a burglar who had broken into their house. Not long after, he witnessed a \"stream\" of police entering the house with dogs and sledgehammers. McElroy later said of this \"Cops come over and fucked up the whole house...Just ransacked it. Knocking the walls down. They destroyed it.\" The Vangs moved out within a few days, with the damage said to have taken approximately eight months to repair.\nDue to the nature of the Vangs' operation, investigators speculated that the perpetrators knew about their business and targeted their home expecting to find money there. Andrew was not charged for the shooting, as the shooting was deemed to have been self defense. When the Vangs left their home, they looked to DG Auto Parts to help them. In December 2021, the Khanna brothers paid approximately $1.2 million for a house in northern Sacramento on their behalf.\nBy the second quarter of 2022, investigators already suspected that DG Auto Parts was the hub for the sale of stolen catalytic converters.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "California", "metadata": {"word_count": 598, "char_count": 3598, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A Wyandotte Nation Tribal Police Department officer stopped a rental truck on May 8, 2022. During the stop a detection dog was used to search the vehicle and it indicated that it had found something. It was discovered that the vehicle was carrying three pallets of catalytic converters and approximately $1.3 million in cash. The driver, Robert Sharkey, \"provided various mixed narratives to the purpose of his trip, or the source of the catalytic converters and money.\" The name Sharkey was already known to police in Tulsa due to his son, Adam Sharkey, DG Auto Parts' associate in New York. According to police, the money had originated from DG Auto Parts and approximately $290,000 was destined for Curtis Cores.\nRobert was allegedly transferring money to another intermediary, Martynas Macerauskas, in Amarillo, Texas. Martynas was the owner of M&M Auto, a business in Clarendon, Texas who partnered with DG Auto Parts. He would later tell investigators about his dealings with DG Auto Parts, saying \"Khanna does not care where the catalytic converters come from, only that he wants the volume so he can keep up with sales to Dowa.\"\nTwo days after Robert Sharkey was stopped, Martynas' wife, Kristina, was stopped in Texas with approximately $1.2 million in her vehicle; she told police that she had driven it from DG Auto Parts. In a search of M&M Auto, police found 30 catalytic converters. In total, the Macerauskas' received more than $6 million from DG Auto Parts for catalytic converters.\nThat same day, the pole camera surveilling Curtis Cores recorded Curtis's employees awaiting Robert's arrival. At approximately 3 a.m., Curtis was informed that Robert had been stopped and that the money had been seized. Curtis then called Adam to inform him. Two days after Robert Sharkey was stopped, Curtis flew to Newark Liberty International Airport and drove to DG Auto Parts while being followed by investigators. When he left, he was carrying approximately $1 million in bags which he then drove back to Oklahoma.\nCurtis did become more careful upon returning after the raids against the Connecticut group and the Ley Road gang out of concern that police would link them back to him. He altered how he would buy stolen goods, refused to travel with large sums of money and would routinely check with his wife to ensure the money stashed around their property was safe. Despite this extra care, investigators used a confidential informant who went to Curtis Cores carrying 20 catalytic converters, who told Curtis that he had bought the catalytic converters from \"a sketchy motherfucker\" who had \"just got them from some cars\" and, after escaping from police, hid them in a field; Curtis still bought them. When federal investigators later obtained a wiretap for an employee of DG Auto Parts, they recorded Navin on August 5 telling him that traveling with money was too risky and that the police were \"busting everybody\". \nAn August drop in PRP prices, particularly palladium, strained DG Auto Parts' finances. One buyer threatened to sue the company for stealing data from the pricing app. There were accusations on their Facebook page that the brothers offered large sums of money for large quantities of catalytic converters and then refused to pay. In September 2022, DG Auto Parts announced that it had secured funding out of its financial difficulties with private investment firm Barrett Edge, who praised the Khanna brothers as \"consummate professionals\".\nMeanwhile, investigators sent confidential informants to DG Auto Parts for months to sell catalytic converters, all the while emphasizing that they were stolen. In a Facebook message, Navin said, \"every cat in Cali [is] stolen I can promise you that\". Federal indictments later alleged that on September 1, a confidential informant claimed that their cousin worked in a Toyota warehouse and that they could steal catalytic converters and \"bricks\" (cores that had not yet been put into catalytic converters) from the Priuses stored there. The brothers agreed to the plan, paying $259,000 for 402 bricks and 98 catalytic converters.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Sting operations at DG Auto Parts", "metadata": {"word_count": 668, "char_count": 4101, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "By the third quarter of 2022, the investigation into the interstate catalytic converter theft ring was reaching its conclusion. Now nicknamed Operation Heavy Metal, the investigation had grown to include over 70 local and federal agencies. By chance, investigators in Operation Heavy Metal discovered the investigation into the Vang family; as such, the investigation was merged into Operation Heavy Metal. It was later discovered that Vang Auto Core had sold over $38 million of catalytic converters to DG Auto Parts. The case had become so large that agents from multiple different agencies had to meet together in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to coordinate the final stages of the investigation.On the morning of November 2, the owner of a store adjacent to Curtis Cores, Jeremy Jones of JT Auto, was in his office grabbing a cup of coffee when he witnessed the police storming into Curtis Cores. He later said of the day, \"I look out the window and something caught my eye—it was like a SWAT team. There's a tank. There's guys with assault rifles and military gear.\" Curtis, who had left shortly before the raid, returned not long after and was arrested. Six of his partners and employees and his wife were arrested the same day.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Operation Heavy Metal", "metadata": {"word_count": 205, "char_count": 1232, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Police used a helicopter and officers riding all-terrain vehicles to search unsuccessfully for the money stashed on his wife's family's land where he and his wife lived. Staggs said of this \"he probably has money hidden somewhere that we'll never find\". Curtis was accused of receiving approximately $13 million from DG Auto Parts for the shipment of catalytic converters.\nSimultaneously across the US, police executed more than 32 search warrants on locations used by the various organizations involved in the ring, seizing \"homes, bank accounts, cash, and luxury vehicles\", among other assets, which were valued at \"tens of millions of dollars\". In total, 21 arrests were made in five states. Seven people associated with DG Auto Parts were among those who were arrested, six of whom had been involved in decanning and selling the metals to refineries.\nThe Sharkeys gained approximately $45 million from the sale of stolen catalytic converters to DG Auto Parts and were arrested in New York. Curtis received approximately $500,000 from Capital Cores, a company operated by Adam in Long Island, New York.\nOver the course of their investigation, police discovered that Dowa Metals & Mining America had paid $545 million in revenue to DG Auto Parts. Prosecutors said that of the approximately $25 million withdrawn from this sum by the Khannas, only $150,000 was recovered. As such, the Khannas were deemed to be a flight risk if released on bail. Despite surveillance and bank records proving Dowa to be the source of DG Auto Parts' money, the company's name was withheld during the indictments against Curtis and the Khannas, only being referred to as an unindicted co-conspirator.\nLauren Horwood, a spokesperson for the Eastern District of California US Attorneys Office, described Operation Heavy Metal as the first national takedown of a catalytic converter theft ring by the Department of Justice.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Operation Heavy Metal", "metadata": {"word_count": 305, "char_count": 1902, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Staggs stated that Operation Heavy Metal had drastically cut the rate of catalytic converter thefts, saying \"in the four months prior to that national takedown day, there were 250 reports of catalytic converter theft. In the four months after, there were 38.\" According to the NICB, by 2023 reports of catalytic converter thefts had declined significantly nationwide. In the first nine months of 2023, there were 2,675 catalytic converter thefts reported per month, down from over 5,000 in 2022.\nA similar fall was registered in Houston, in March 2022 there were 1,200 catalytic converter thefts reported and on March 31 Deputy Almendarez was killed. The following month the number of reports dropped to approximately 950, falling gradually to 900 reports by July 2022. On July 28 the Ley Road Gang was raided, with the number of reports falling to approximately 400 by the end of the year.\nThe number of reports stayed steady until May 29 that year, which was when Senate Bill 224, known as the Deputy Darren Almendarez Act, became effective. The act aimed to \"provide a framework of offenses, penalties and enhancements\", with one of the enhancements being that if a firearm was used in the theft of a catalytic converter, the charge would become a felony. From then, the amount of reports fell gradually to almost zero by February 2024.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Fall in theft rates", "metadata": {"word_count": 224, "char_count": 1339, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The government was seeking forfeiture of approximately $545 million in connection with the case; it is unclear whether they received this amount during the search and seizure efforts.\nAdam and Robert Sharkey were indicted in October 2022; Adam was charged with 16 counts including conspiracy to receive stolen catalytic converters, conspiracy to commit money laundering, engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful activity, and the sale and receipt of stolen goods. Robert's charges were reduced to misprision of a felony on 5 December, 2024. Both pleaded guilty in a federal court in Tulsa on December 9, 2024, with Adam pleading guilty to one count of conspiracy and receiving a mandatory maximum of five years imprisonment. As a part of their plea agreements, both agreed not to challenge the seizure of $1.1 million on May 8 that year in Wyandotte, Oklahoma and the seizure of $38,000 from two bank accounts.\nJanice Ayala joined Dowa Metals & Mining America as their Chief Compliance Officer on March 3, 2023. During Ayala's 27-year tenure at the Department of Homeland Security, her most recent role before joining Dowa was as Director of Joint Task Force – Investigations. This agency oversaw the investigation into both DG Auto Parts and Dowa.\nJamison pleaded guilty sometime between the 2022 Oregon indictment and 2024, while Doyle's trial is set for October 29, 2024.\nThe three men involved in the shooting of Darren Almendarez were later charged with capital murder. The District Attorney's office are seeking the death penalty for Joshua Stewart and Fredarius Clark, while Frederick Tardy, who was 17 at the time, was deemed too young. Tardy was released on a $750,000 bond. The three were awaiting court dates in April 2024. \nNortheast Community Center in Houston was renamed the Deputy Darren Almendarez Community Center in his honor in August 2023, aiming to \"keep his legacy alive in the very community that he and his family called home.\"\nA superseding indictment was unsealed on March 20, 2024, charging Tinu and Navin's mother, father and older brother, Anita, Nirmal and Michael Khanna with conspiracy to transport stolen catalytic converters from California to New Jersey. The case alleged that, after Tinu and Navin were arrested, Anita, Nirmal and Michael continued buying and selling stolen catalytic converters under DG Auto Parts. The case also alleged that they sold the PRP metals to employees of a New Jersey metal refinery, including Alfredo Mejia and Vishnu Chintaman, via a broker, Ricky Vega, and that they knew the catalytic converters that the metals came from were stolen.\nTou Vang was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment on May 6, 2025.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Further aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 438, "char_count": 2706, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Rafael Davila operated a group which included Davila, Zachary Marshall, Santo Feliberty, Nicolas Davila, Carlos Fonseca, Alex Oyola and Torres. The group targeted vehicles primarily in Massachusetts and New Hampshire between 2022 and April 2023. He was responsible for the planning of and transportation to each theft using a maroon Acura (which was later identified as both linking the thefts and belonging to Rafael Davila), the determining of the value of catalytic converters and the procurement of supplies.\nAfter the thefts, the catalytic converters would be sold to Jose Torres, who stored those he bought from several dealers and then sell them to recycling businesses. Torres would frequently sell the catalytic converters to Downpipe Depot and Recycling and DG Auto Parts, earning between $30,000 and $80,000 per week from them.\nUsing surveillance footage and the monitoring of communications and location data from the group's phones and Rafael Davila's vehicle, authorities believed that they were responsible for the theft of catalytic converters from at least 471 vehicles in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, though they also believed that a large number of thefts were either unidentified or went unreported.\nMembers of the group also conspired to and committed other thefts, including from the ATM machines of three federally insured banks in December 2022, a trailer on December 12, 2022, two jewellery stores in New Hampshire on January 12, 2023 and a self-storage building in Northborough in February 2023, resulting in the theft of a truck and $13,000 in Milwaukee power tools, some of which were recovered from a storage unit alleged to have been owned by Rafael Davila during a series of search and arrest warrants that were executed on April 12, 2023 across western Massachusetts. At its end, the investigation expanded to include 78 law enforcement agencies overseen by the FBI and Massachusetts State Police.\nThe group were arrested and charged in April 2023 with conspiracy to transport stolen property in interstate commerce, interstate transportation of stolen property, conspiracy to commit money laundering, conspiracy to commit bank theft and bank theft.\nRafael Davila pleaded guilty in April 2024 and was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment to be followed by three years of probation on October 1, 2024; Marshall pleaded guilty in November 2023 and was sentenced to 47 months imprisonment and three years probation in April 2024; Feliberty was sentenced to 57 months imprisonment and three years probation in March that year; and Nicolas Davila was sentenced to 37 months imprisonment and five years probation that month. As of February 2025, Fonseca, Oyola and Torres had also pleaded guilty and were awaiting sentencing, with Torres pleading guilty on May 17, 2023 and his sentencing scheduled for September 6 that year.\nIn the 18 months that followed the dismantling of the group, nine thefts of catalytic converters were reported.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2020–2022 catalytic converter theft ring", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_catalytic_converter_theft_ring", "article_id": 76074103, "section": "Operation Cut and Run", "metadata": {"word_count": 467, "char_count": 2965, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The women's 400 metres at the 2022 European Athletics Championships was held over three rounds at the Olympiastadion in Munich, Germany, from 15 to 17 August 2022. It was the twentieth time this event was contested at the European Athletics Championships. Athletes could qualify by achieving the entry standard of 51.70 seconds, by receiving a wild card, or by virtue of their ranking.\nTwenty-three athletes competed in round 1 on 15 August. Janet Richard set a Maltese record of 53.49 s. The three fastest athletes of each heat plus the next three fastest of the rest qualified for the semi-finals, where they were joined by the twelve highest-ranking athletes, who had a bye in round 1. Twenty-four athletes competed in the semi-finals on 16 August. The two fastest in each heat and the two fastest of the rest advanced to the final.\nEight athletes competed in the final on 17 August. Femke Bol of the Netherlands won the final race in a national record of 49.44 s. Natalia Kaczmarek of Poland finished in second place in 49.94 s and Anna Kiełbasińska of Poland placed third in 50.29 s. Outside the medals, Rhasidat Adeleke or Ireland set a national record of 50.53 seconds.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 European Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 71538250, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 202, "char_count": 1176, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The women's 400 metres was contested nineteen times a before 2022, after having been introduced at the 1958 edition. The previous edition of 2018, had been won by Justyna Święty-Ersetic of Poland, who returned as defending champion. The 2022 edition was held at the 400-metre track of the Olympiastadion in Munich, Germany.\nAt the start of the Championships, Marita Koch of East Germany held the world and European record of 47.60 s set in 1985 and the championship record of 48.16 s set in 1982. Shaunae Miller-Uibo of the Bahamas had set the world leading mark of 49.12 s on 25 July 2022, and Femke Bol of the Netherlands had set the European leading mark of 49.75 s on 6 August 2022.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 European Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 71538250, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 122, "char_count": 686, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "For this event, the qualification period was from 27 July 2021 to 26 July 2022. Athletes could qualify by achieving the entry standard of 51.70 s, by wild card as defending European 400-metres champion, or by virtue of their position on the World Athletics Rankings for the event. There was a target number of thirty-six athletes for this event. A final entry list with thirty-nine athletes was compiled on 8 August 2022.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 European Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 71538250, "section": "Qualification", "metadata": {"word_count": 72, "char_count": 421, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Twenty-three athletes from seventeen nations competed in the three heats of the first round on 15 August, that started at 19:35 (UTC+2) in the evening. The first three athletes in each heat (Q) and the next three fastest of the rest (q) advanced to the semi-finals. The twelve highest-ranked athletes received a bye into the semi-finals. In the second heat, Janet Richard improved the Maltese record (NR) to 53.49 s, although she didn't advance to the next round.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 European Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 71538250, "section": "Round 1", "metadata": {"word_count": 78, "char_count": 463, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Twenty-four athletes from fourteen nations competed in the three heats of the semi-finals on 16 August, that started at 13:00 (UTC+2) in the afternoon. The first two athletes in each heat (Q) and the next two fastest athletes of the rest (q) advanced to the final. Victoria Ohuruogu, Amandine Brossier, and Gunta Vaičule set personal bests (PB) in this round – of these three, only Ohuruogu advanced to the next round.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 European Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 71538250, "section": "Semi-finals", "metadata": {"word_count": 71, "char_count": 418, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Eight athletes from five nations competed in the final on 17 August, that started at 22:02 (UTC+2) in the evening. About 200 metres in, Lieke Klaver of the Netherlands was in the lead, followed by Natalia Kaczmarek of Poland and Femke Bol of the Netherlands. After 300 metres, Klaver was overtaken by Kaczmarek and Bol. The race was won by Bol in a European leading time and a new Dutch record (NR) of 49.44 s. Kaczmarek finished second, 0.5 seconds after Bol, in 49.94 s, and she was followed by Anna Kiełbasińska of Poland who finished in third place with a time of 50.29 s. In fifth place, Rhasidat Adeleke of Ireland set a national record (NR) of 50.53 s.\nIn an interview, Bol said: \"It wasn’t until after the race that I realised it wasn't such a close race. I won by half-a-second and with a big personal best. I felt confident and strong.\" Although she had won international medals before, this was Bol's first international title. Two days later, Bol also won the women's 400 metres hurdles in an unprecedented double at the European Athletics Championships. Afterwards, Bol said: \"I am so proud to achieve the double, but I will never do it again. Well, maybe. Never say never.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 European Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Athletics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 71538250, "section": "Final", "metadata": {"word_count": 211, "char_count": 1187, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2022 Gasparilla Bowl (officially known as the Union Home Mortgage Gasparilla Bowl for sponsorship reasons) was a college football bowl game played on December 23, 2022, at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The 14th annual Gasparilla Bowl began at 6:35 p.m. EST and was aired on ESPN. The game was played between the Wake Forest Demon Deacons from the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) and the Missouri Tigers from the Southeastern Conference (SEC). It was one of the 2022–23 bowl games concluding the 2022 FBS football season.\nWake Forest scored the game's first points on their first possession after Sam Hartman passed to Taylor Morin for a touchdown, and Missouri scored their first points with a successful field goal later in the first quarter. Each team scored a touchdown in the second and third quarters, though Wake Forest missed an extra point attempt following one of their scores. Wake Forest entered the fourth quarter with a three-point lead, which they expanded to ten points with another touchdown, the last of the game. Wake Forest emerged victorious with a final score of 27–17.\nThe game was Hartman's last as a member of the Wake Forest team; he officially announced a transfer to Notre Dame on January 5, 2023. He was the game's most valuable player and finished his Wake Forest career having set the ACC record for passing touchdowns. Wake Forest finished the season with a record of 8–5, while Missouri finished 6–7.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Gasparilla Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Gasparilla_Bowl", "article_id": 72161714, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 243, "char_count": 1447, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The Gasparilla Bowl featured the Wake Forest Demon Deacons, from the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), against the Missouri Tigers, from the Southeastern Conference (SEC). This was the first time that Missouri and Wake Forest had ever faced each other. The game was Wake Forest's seventh straight appearance in a bowl and their 17th overall, with a 10–6 record overall. It was Missouri's third consecutive bowl game appearance and 34th overall, and the Tigers entered the game sporting a 14–19 bowl game record overall. They entered with a three-game losing streak in bowl games; their last postseason win was in the 2015 Citrus Bowl.\nThis edition of the Gasparilla Bowl was the first to feature two Power Five teams, and only three other Power Five teams had played in the game previously: NC State (in 2014), Mississippi State (in 2016), and Florida (in 2021).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Gasparilla Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Gasparilla_Bowl", "article_id": 72161714, "section": "Teams", "metadata": {"word_count": 143, "char_count": 861, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Wake Forest finished their regular season with a 7–5 record, losing four of their final five games after starting the season with six wins in their first seven games. They faced four teams ranked in the AP Top 25 poll during the season, defeating Florida State while losing to Clemson, NC State, and North Carolina.\nOne of the major headlines for Wake Forest entering the game was the impending departure of quarterback Sam Hartman; though it was not made clear before the game whether he would leave for the transfer portal or the NFL draft, it was announced that this would be his last game at Wake Forest. While the passing offense was viewed as a strength, the pass defense was analyzed to be more shaky and largely dependent on the ratio of pass plays to rush plays that were run by the opposing offense. The Demon Deacons defense was impacted by the loss of cornerbacks JJ Roberts and Gavin Holmes to the transfer portal; the latter announced his commitment to Texas two days before the game.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Gasparilla Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Gasparilla_Bowl", "article_id": 72161714, "section": "Wake Forest", "metadata": {"word_count": 177, "char_count": 998, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Missouri finished their regular season with a 6–6 record, winning their final two games to become bowl eligible. They faced three ranked teams during the season, defeating South Carolina while losing to Georgia and Tennessee.\nThe Tigers were without several players due to draft preparations: defensive ends Isaiah McGuire and DJ Coleman both opted-out, as did safety Martez Manuel; these three players were Missouri's top three sack leaders throughout the season. Wide receiver Dominic Lovett did not play in the game after entering the transfer portal following Missouri's last regular season game.\nMizzou's scoring offense was brought into question by analysts, as Wake Forest entered the game with a 2–5 record in games when they allowed over 30 points (in contrast, they had a 5–0 record when allowing fewer) but the Tigers had only reached the 30-point mark three times over the course of the regular season.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Gasparilla Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Gasparilla_Bowl", "article_id": 72161714, "section": "Missouri", "metadata": {"word_count": 147, "char_count": 914, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The game was televised on ESPN, with a commentary team of Chris Cotter, Aaron Murray, and Lericia Harris. It began at 6:35 p.m. EST. The game's officiating crew, representing the Big 12 Conference, was led by referee Kevin Boitmann and umpire Apollo Martin. Played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, the weather at the game's kickoff was clear with a temperature of 49 °F (9 °C).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Gasparilla Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Gasparilla_Bowl", "article_id": 72161714, "section": "Game summary", "metadata": {"word_count": 67, "char_count": 388, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The game began with Ivan Mora's opening kickoff that gave Missouri the ball on their own 35-yard-line. The Tigers went three-and-out on their first drive and punted to the Demon Deacons and gave them the ball for their first possession at their own 15-yard-line. On offense, Sam Hartman found A.T. Perry for a 30-yard completion early on to move them past midfield. Several gains on the ground brought them to the Missouri 5-yard-line, where they scored the game's first touchdown on a 5-yard pass from Hartman to Taylor Morin. Missouri responded with a long, 15-play drive that spanned 58 yards and took nearly eight minutes off of the clock. They began after a touchback on their own 25-yard-line and successfully converted third downs on three occasions before failing to convert 3rd & 13 at the Wake Forest 19-yard-line. On the next play, Missouri scored their first points with a 35-yard field goal by Harrison Mevis. This left 1:46 on the clock and Wake Forest took all but ten seconds with a three-and-out and a punt to the Missouri 30-yard-line. The Tigers ran one play, a 10-yard rush by Brady Cook, before the quarter ended.\nMissouri began the second quarter with a three-and-out, as they failed to gain the required five yards that remained and punted to the Wake Forest 37-yard-line following a fair catch. Wake Forest expanded their lead with a second touchdown drive to begin their first possession of the quarter, starting with a 27-yard pass from Hartman to Donavon Greene followed immediately by a 12-yard pass to Jahmal Banks, which reached the Missouri 24-yard-line. They ended up converting on 4th & 1 with an offside penalty against Missouri, and scored three plays later with a Justice Ellison rush. The teams then traded punts; Missouri set themselves back with a false start penalty and were unable to recover, punting on 4th & 16, and the Demon Deacons had to punt after a less successful five plays, though they got the ball back immediately after the punt was muffed by Luther Burden III. They were unable to take full advantage as Hartman threw an interception to Jaylon Carlies in the end zone, giving Missouri a touchback. Missouri, on the other hand, were able to take advantage of this mistake with a 7-play touchdown drive capped off by a 1-yard pass from Cook to Demariyon Houston. Wake Forest managed to convert a pair of third downs on their last drive of the half but ultimately faced 4th & 9 and had to punt; the Tigers reached the Wake Forest 31-yard-line with a 12-yard pass from Cook to Mookie Cooper on the final play of the half but were unable to run another play as time expired with Wake Forest leading by four points.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Gasparilla Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Gasparilla_Bowl", "article_id": 72161714, "section": "First half", "metadata": {"word_count": 462, "char_count": 2664, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Wake Forest opened the second half promisingly, with a pair of Hartman-to-Perry passes that gained a first down, though they stalled from there and punted on 4th & 2, giving Missouri the ball on their own 17-yard-line. The teams then traded touchdowns, though in different ways: Missouri scored to take their first lead of the game on a 13-play drive that took nearly six and a half minutes off of the clock, with a touchdown eventually coming on a 4-yard rush by Cody Schrader, while Wake Forest drove 75 yards in four plays thanks to gains of 15 and 12 yards on passes that set up a 48-yard touchdown strike from Hartman to Banks. Matthew Dennis missed the extra point, keeping Wake Forest's lead at three points. After that, the teams traded three-and-outs, with Missouri committing a holding penalty on second down and ultimately kicking it away on 4th & 17, and Wake Forest picking up possession at their own 25-yard-line and advancing only five yards from there before they punted it back to their own 49-yard-line. Missouri was unable to take advantage of the field position, as they committed a turnover on downs after failing to convert 4th & 4 from the Wake Forest 43-yard-line after Cook's pass fell incomplete. On their next drive, the Demon Deacons were unable to find more success, as they faced 4th & 1 before a holding penalty set them back ten yards and sent the game into the fourth quarter.\nThe first play of the final quarter saw Wake Forest punt to Missouri, with a fair catch setting the Tigers up at their own 19-yard-line. Two passes and a rush by Cook picked up a first down, and a 12-yard pass two plays later put the ball on the 50-yard-line. after gaining 7 yards on their next two plays, the Missouri gained none on their next two, and turned the ball over on downs again. With under ten minutes to play, Wake Forest again failed to move the ball and punted on 4th & 18; the 31-yard kick gave Missouri the ball at their own 15-yard-line after Kris Abrams-Draine's fair catch. A 4th & 4 on Missouri's next series forced them into a similar outcome after a second-down sack took them from needing two yards to needing nine. Wake Forest fielded the punt on their own 25-yard-line and sparked their offense to an eight-play drive that included a roughing the passer penalty and a 15-yard rush by Ellison later on. The drive finished with a 16-yard touchdown pass from Hartman to Morin with 2:33 left on the clock, a play which extended the Demon Deacons' lead to ten points. Missouri's offense was set back by a loss of 12 yards resulting from a Kobie Turner sack, and suffered another sack, this one for a loss of 11 yards by Rondell Bothroyd, on the next play. They failed to convert 4th & 33 two plays later and gave the ball back to the Demon Deacons with one minute remaining; Wake Forest took a knee to run the clock out and secure a victory, 27–17.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Gasparilla Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Gasparilla_Bowl", "article_id": 72161714, "section": "Second half", "metadata": {"word_count": 520, "char_count": 2880, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Sam Hartman earned praise for his performance in the game and was named its most valuable player. After having announced an impending transfer before the game, he revealed on January 5, 2023, that his transfer destination was Notre Dame. He finished at Wake Forest having recorded over 13,000 career passing yards and a total of 110 touchdowns, an ACC record. He has been named a team captain and the starting quarterback for Notre Dame in their 2023 season opener against Navy.\nMissouri's offense and defense both received praise for their improvement over the course of the game; Columbia Daily Tribune said that the defense, in particular, played well for parts of the second and third quarters but struggled later in the game. Wake Forest finished the season with an 8–5 record following their win, and Missouri fell to 6–7.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Gasparilla Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Gasparilla_Bowl", "article_id": 72161714, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 139, "char_count": 828, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In September 2022, Australian telecommunications company Optus suffered a data breach that affected up to 10 million current and former customers comprising a third of Australia's population. Information was illegally obtained, including names, dates of birth, home addresses, telephone numbers, email contacts, and numbers of passports and driving licences. Conflicting claims about how the breach happened were made; Optus presented it as a complicated attack on its systems while an Optus insider and the Australian Government said a human error caused a vulnerability in the company's API. A ransom notice asking for A$1,500,000 to stop the data from being sold online was issued. After a few hours, the data thieves deleted the ransom notice and apologised for their actions.\nGovernment figures, including Home Affairs and Cyber Security Minister Clare O'Neil, and Minister for Government Services Bill Shorten, criticised Optus for its role in the attack, and for being uncooperative with government agencies and the public. The government announced legislation, including the allowance of information-sharing with financial services and government agencies, and reforms to Australia's laws on security of critical infrastructure to help the government act in the event of future breaches. In response to the data breach, Optus agreed to pay for the replacements of compromised passports, commissioned an external review, and gave seriously affected customers a subscription to a credit monitoring service. Optus also apologised for the breach. Customers criticized Optus for not being responsive and providing inadequate responses to those affected. As of June 2023, investigations into the breach and a class-action lawsuit from affected customers were ongoing.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Optus data breach", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Optus_data_breach", "article_id": 73821278, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 260, "char_count": 1769, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Optus, an Australian telecommunications company owned by Singtel, was founded in 1981 with the formation of the government-owned satellite-communications company AUSSAT. AUSSAT was privatised in 1991 and sold to a consortium that included Mayne Nickless and AMP. In 2022, Optus was Australia's third-largest telecommunications company with a 13.1% market share. In September 2022, Optus had around 10 million customers, comprising more than a third of Australia's population of around 26.12 million people.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Optus data breach", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Optus_data_breach", "article_id": 73821278, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 72, "char_count": 506, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 20 September 2022, Optus's technical team noticed and investigated suspicious activity on its network. The next day, Optus's systems were found to have sustained a data breach and regulators were informed. On 22 September, the company publicly announced the data breach and informed news agencies. Optus advised the public to be vigilant for potential fraudulent activity but stated it did not know whether the breach had caused any harm to customers. Optus did not state how many customers were affected or whether the theft of data had caused harm. Illegally obtained Information included names, dates of birth, home addresses, telephone numbers, email contacts, and passport and driving-licence numbers.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Optus data breach", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Optus_data_breach", "article_id": 73821278, "section": "Breach", "metadata": {"word_count": 109, "char_count": 709, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 23 September, Optus denied an insider's claims an application programming interface (API) had accidentally been left exposed to a test network that had access to the Internet. The company also said a complicated breach had occurred and that it had a strong cybersecurity system. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) was told Optus believed the hacker had scraped the company's consumer database, and that a third of the data in the database had been copied and extracted.\nOn 24 September, Optus and the Australian Federal Police (AFP), which had opened a criminal investigation, received reports data from the leak was being sold online and were monitoring the dark web for any attempt to sell the data. The same day, a user on the website BreachForums posted a ransom note; some cybersecurity experts believed the note was genuine but Optus and the AFP did not confirm its genuineness. The note demanded Optus pay $1,500,000 in the privacy-focused cryptocurrency Monero, provided a sample of data from 200 customers, and said the data thieves would release the personal information of 10,000 customers every day if Optus did not pay the ransom until a week elapsed. After the week elapsed, the thieves would sell the data for A$400,000 to anyone who wanted them. After several hours, the user deleted their original post and appeared to apologise for their actions despite no ransom being paid, stating it was a \"mistake to scrape publish [sic] data in first place\" and that too many people were paying attention to the breach. The user noted they would have reported the exploit they used if they had the ability to contact Optus, noting the lack of a secure mail, a messaging contact and bug bounties.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Optus data breach", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Optus_data_breach", "article_id": 73821278, "section": "Breach", "metadata": {"word_count": 286, "char_count": 1716, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Home Affairs and Cyber Security Minister Clare O'Neil said Optus was at fault for the attack, refuting Optus's argument the attack was complicated. O'Neil also stated the attack should not have happened, stating: \"Responsibility for the security breach rests with Optus[,] and I want to note that the breach is of a nature that we should not expect to see in a large telecommunications provider in this country\".\nOn October 6, the federal government announced an emergency regulation to temporarily allow drivers licences, Medicare information, and passport numbers to be shared with financial services, the Commonwealth, and state and territory agencies to assist monitoring of accounts of customers affected by the breach for potential scams or fraud. Financial institutions had to commit to several actions to receive the data, including honouring privacy obligations and deleting data once it has been used. The Council of Financial Regulators was asked to identify and report on changes to financial instructions to identify customers who were at risk of scams and fraud. The changes were in place for 12 months. Treasurer Jim Chalmers stated the measures would help protect customers from scams and detect fraud.\nO'Neil expressed frustration at the lack of ability for the government to intervene in the data breach, its inability to assist with the clean-up or compel Optus to give government services information. She stated Australian law had no use for the government when needed because Australia's laws governing security of critical infrastructure only allowed the government to intervene while a data breach was occurring.\nFollowing the breach, several new security measures to protect victims from fraud, including banks being more-quickly informed of data breaches to prevent the use of data to fraudulently access bank accounts, were announced. The federal government announced an overhaul of the $1.7 billion cybersecurity plan introduced by the previous government, including additional powers to intervene in cybersecurity. The government also considered a Cyber Security Act to create standards and obligations for industry and government, and a reform to the Security of Critical Infrastructure Act to bring customer data and systems under the definition of \"critical infrastructure\", allowing the government to intervene in major data breaches.\nIn April 2023, the National Office of Cyber Security was founded with five full-time staff and no additional funding beyond what was already given to the Department of Home Affairs. In June 2023, Air Marshal Darren Goldie was appointed as Australia's inaugural Cyber Security Coordinator. In November 2023, Goldie was recalled to the Department of Defence regarding a workplace matter, and cyber-and-infrastructure security head Hamish Hansford took on the position in the interim. \nOn 27 February 2023, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese and O'Neil hosted a roundtable with industry and civil society groups on cybersecurity following the data breach. A discussion paper was released regarding the role of the federal government in increasing Australia's cybersecurity capability. \nThe state governments of Queensland, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia agreed to pay for the replacement of driver's licences for people whose driver's licence numbers were compromised by the breach. In Victoria, plans to add a second number to driver's licences were quickly enacted; all victims of the breach received the second number as part of their replacements, to protect Victorians from identity theft.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Optus data breach", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Optus_data_breach", "article_id": 73821278, "section": "Government response", "metadata": {"word_count": 540, "char_count": 3573, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On the day the breach was announced, Optus set up a \"war room\" at its headquarters in Macquarie Park, New South Wales. This involved around 150 employees, and was headed by former Premier of New South Wales Gladys Berejiklian and regulatory and public affairs head Andrew Sheridan. \nOptus commissioned Deloitte to perform an \"independent external review\" regarding the breach. Optus also offered its \"most affected\" customers a 12-month subscription to credit-monitoring service Equifax Protect after O'Neil requested the company buy credit monitoring for its customers in Question Time. Optus CEO Kelly Bayer Rosmarin apologised for the attack on behalf of the company. Optus reserved $140 million for costs relating to the breach, including the replacement of hacked identity documents, Equifax Protect subscriptions, and the Deloitte review. Optus promised to pay for the replacement of compromised Australian and foreign passports.\nOptus reported 2.1 million of its customers had had identity documents stolen in the hack. Of these, 1.2 million had at least one current, valid number from a form of personal identification stolen. The remaining 900,000 customers had expired identity numbers stolen. \nServices Australia accused Optus of a lack of communication. On 27 September, Services Australia wrote to Optus \"asking for the full details of all affected customers with Services Australia credentials exposed, such as Medicare cards and/or Centrelink concession cards\". Minister for Government Services Bill Shorten stated a week later, Services Australia had not received any data from Optus, which said it was \"in contact with Services Australia and we will be letting all affected customers know the guidance on the steps they can take\". There was also confusion about the number of stolen Medicare ID numbers; Shorten told a press conference around 36,900 ID numbers had been stolen and Optus said 14,900 ID numbers had been stolen.\nCustomers also reported having problems communicating with Optus. Customers stated Optus could not confirm their personal information was part of the data breach. Customers reported after contacting Optus several times, the company's chatbot failed to understand customers' questions about the breach, sales representatives gave poor responses, they did not receive a response from Optus at all, and there were delays in warning customers of compromised personal information. One customer stated: \"Ultimately, we are sitting ducks for identity theft, and given that we can’t change our dates of birth, address or names, there isn’t much we can do about it, which is incredibly frustrating\".\nOn 8 March 2023, Bayer Rosmarin restated Optus's claim the attack was sophisticated, stating at a business summit: \"[t]he skilled criminal had knowledge of Optus' systems and cycled through many tens of thousands of internet protocol addresses in an attempt to evade our automated cyber monitoring\". She also stated Optus never paid a ransom to the hacker and that the main reason for the breach was other scam purposes.\nIn November 2023, Bayer Rosmarin resigned as CEO of Optus after the 2023 Optus outage; there had been mounting pressure on her to resign due to the outage and the data breach.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Optus data breach", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Optus_data_breach", "article_id": 73821278, "section": "Optus response", "metadata": {"word_count": 502, "char_count": 3231, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 6 October 2022, the Australian Federal Police (AFP) arrested a 19-year-old Sydney man Dennis Su in his home at Rockdale for blackmailing 93 breach-affected Optus customers. Su said he would commit financial crimes using the customers' personal data unless they paid him A$2,000, which none did. He was charged with one count of using a telecommunication network with intent to commit a serious offence and one count of dealing with identification information with intent to commit an offence. AFP Assistant Commissioner Justine Gough stated Su was not suspected of being responsible for the breach and warned people not to click on links claiming to be from Optus. Su pleaded guilty in November 2022; he did not go to jail due to a guilty plea, his age, and remorse shown for his actions, and he received an 18-month community corrections order.\nOn 11 October, the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (OAIC) launched an investigation into the breach, Optus's handling of customers' personal data, whether Optus took reasonable steps to protect consumers affected by the breach from fraud, misuse, or loss, and whether Optus needed to keep the collected information. The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) also launched an investigation into the breach, focusing on Optus's obligations to protect and dispose of personal data. The federal government gave OAIC $5.5 million to investigate the breach over two years in its October 2022 budget.\nLaw firm Slater & Gordon launched a class action alleging Optus \"breached laws and its own policies by failing to adequately protect customer data and destroy or de-identify former customer data\". The ongoing class action was joined by 100,000 current and former Optus customers who wanted compensation for losses, including the time to replace identification documents and the stress it caused. Optus stated it would defend its actions. In court, Slater & Gordon lawyers requested the public release of the Deloitte report, arguing it could reveal the possible causes of the data breach. Optus declined to release the report despite Bayer Rosmarin stating in March 2023 Optus would share \"key recommendations and learnings\" from the report. In November 2023, Optus lost a bid to keep the report confidential.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Optus data breach", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Optus_data_breach", "article_id": 73821278, "section": "Legal action", "metadata": {"word_count": 362, "char_count": 2285, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On the afternoon of April 5, 2022, amid a tornado outbreak across the Southeastern United States, a large and violent tornado struck the city of Pembroke and the community of Black Creek, Georgia. The National Weather Service forecast office in Charleston, South Carolina, rated the worst of the damage from the tornado EF4 on the Enhanced Fujita scale with winds estimated at 185 miles per hour (298 km/h), which made this strongest tornado in 2022. The tornado killed one person, injured 12 others, and caused $17 million in damage.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Pembroke–Black Creek tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Pembroke%E2%80%93Black_Creek_tornado", "article_id": 76390522, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 89, "char_count": 534, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "During the morning of April 5, a quasi-linear convective system (QLCS), commonly known as a squall line, moved across Georgia. The QLCS was being propelled by a mid-atmospheric shortwave ahead of a cold front. Mixed layer convective available potential energy across Georgia was as high as 1,500–2,000 J/kg, with dew points in the mid-60s °F. As the QLCS was moving across Georgia, a few discrete supercells formed and became particularly robust, owing to strong wind shear and storm relative helicity values exceeding 300 m2/s2. One of these supercells eventually produced the Pembroke–Black Creek tornado.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Pembroke–Black Creek tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Pembroke%E2%80%93Black_Creek_tornado", "article_id": 76390522, "section": "Meteorological synopsis", "metadata": {"word_count": 94, "char_count": 607, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The tornado formed south of Bacontown Road just southwest of Pembroke in Bryan County at 5:18 p.m. EDT (21:18 UTC). It quickly strengthened as it moved northeastward with a multi-vortex structure that lacked a condensation funnel, snapping or uprooting dozens of trees. The tornado then moved into Pembroke and reached EF2 intensity as it entered the downtown area. Along College Street (SR 67), the tornado inflicted significant damage to the Bryan County Courthouse, which had many windows blown out and lost a large portion of its roof. The Bryan County Jail was also damaged and fencing around the facility was destroyed. The Bryan County Planning and Zoning office was partially unroofed and also sustained some collapse of exterior walls. The Bryan County Administrative Complex, located near the courthouse and jail, also suffered major structural damage. A couple of older wood-frame homes were destroyed along South Main Street (SR 119), multiple other structures and several vehicles in town were damaged, including some that were flipped over, and many trees and power lines were downed. Moving east-northeast, the tornado crossed US 280 and exited the town. It maintained EF2 intensity as it crossed over a wooded, marshy area, flattening a swath of trees while also destroying an outbuilding along C C Road and heavily damaging a house on Stubbs Farm Road.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Pembroke–Black Creek tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Pembroke%E2%80%93Black_Creek_tornado", "article_id": 76390522, "section": "Tornado summary", "metadata": {"word_count": 219, "char_count": 1369, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "After moving north of Ellabell and entering the small community of Black Creek, the tornado rapidly strengthened to EF3 intensity as it into George D. Hendrix Park before becoming a violent EF4 wedge tornado as it moved through it. A large recreation center building was heavily damaged at this location, sustaining roof loss and collapse of exterior walls, with portions of its metal framing being twisted. Reinforced concrete light poles were snapped at the base, multiple large trees were snapped, denuded, and partially debarked, and turf at a football field in the park was also damaged. The tornado then grew to its peak width of about 3⁄4 mile (1.2 km) and reached its peak intensity of mid-range EF4 as it struck the Park Place subdivision. Several well-built homes here were destroyed, four of which were leveled, including two that were completely swept away with only their bare concrete slab foundations remaining. These homes were anchor-bolted to their foundations, though there was no contextual damage evidence to support an EF5 rating. Multiple other homes sustained major damage in the Park Place subdivision, some of which had roofs and exterior walls ripped off. Cars were tossed and damaged, and a large portion of the roof from the recreation center at George D. Hendrix Park landed on a house in this area, approximately 500–600 yards (460–550 m) away from where it originated. Several people were left trapped under the rubble of their damaged or destroyed homes and had to be extracted by rescue crews. No fatalities occurred in the Park Place subdivision, though there were multiple serious injuries.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Pembroke–Black Creek tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Pembroke%E2%80%93Black_Creek_tornado", "article_id": 76390522, "section": "Tornado summary", "metadata": {"word_count": 265, "char_count": 1626, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The violent tornado then crossed over Wilma Edwards Road onto the Black Creek Golf Course, where many trees were snapped and partially debarked, a golf cart barn was destroyed, and a clubhouse building sustained severe structural damage. Around the golf course, the tornado reportedly changed the landscape, including a hole it created that was big enough for a pickup truck to fit inside. Some homes at the golf course on Worthington Drive, Wembly Court, and Wellington Court were impacted by the southern edge of the circulation and sustained considerable roof and exterior damage. A man who was at the golf course attempted to take shelter in a clubhouse along Worthington Drive, but the doors were locked. He recorded a video of the tornado as it just barely missed the structure; it showed numerous trees falling down, and the moment when a portion of the roof was ripped off the structure as he stood outside. The man was not injured, and his video went viral. The tornado then weakened to EF3 strength as it moved further to the east-northeast, mowing down more trees as it moved through another wooded and marshy area. It then crossed over McCown Lane and Olive Branch Road before striking a mobile home park along the southern end of Homestead Drive at EF3 intensity. Several well-anchored mobile homes were destroyed after being thrown or rolled. Some outbuildings were destroyed, and storage trailers were overturned as well. A 66-year-old woman was killed in one of the destroyed mobile homes, and multiple injuries occurred throughout this area.\nThe tornado then began to quickly weaken and narrow as it crossed I-16 at the US 280 exit; several videos showed the tornado crossing the interstate. Along the east side of the interstate, the tornado caused EF1 damage to some large warehouses, ripped part of the roof off a AGCO company building at Oracal Parkway Circle, and inflicted considerable damage to trees. It then dissipated after crossing the road at 5:33 p.m. EDT (21:33 UTC), having traveled 14.39 miles (23.16 km). In addition to the fatality, at least 12 people were injured. Coupled with the EF4 tornado that struck Newnan the previous year, this event marked the first time that F4/EF4 tornadoes had struck Georgia in back-to-back years since modern records began in 1950.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Pembroke–Black Creek tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Pembroke%E2%80%93Black_Creek_tornado", "article_id": 76390522, "section": "Tornado summary", "metadata": {"word_count": 382, "char_count": 2299, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following the tornado, the Bryan County Commissioners declared a state of emergency in Pembroke. As a result of the state of emergency, a curfew between was established overnight, which prohibited people from trespassing around the tornado disaster area. On April 5, the American Red Cross established a shelter in Pembroke. Search and rescue teams from numerous neighboring towns came to aid in sweeping the area for injuries and aiding victims. Within 24 hours, the Bryan County Board had received $58,000 in donations and aid. The tornado caused the largest insurance claim in the history of Bryan County, with insurance claims reaching $17 million. In March 2024, the Bryan County Board of Commissioners approved the restoration of the Hendrix Park gymnasium, which had been heavily damaged. In April 2024, the Bryan County Board of Commissioners agreed to pay $4.7 million to rebuild the Hendrix Park gymnasium. In July 2024, the Bryan County Commissioners approved the installation of 15 new emergency warning sirens for Bryan County.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2022 Pembroke–Black Creek tornado", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Pembroke%E2%80%93Black_Creek_tornado", "article_id": 76390522, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 164, "char_count": 1040, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The women's 400 metres at the 2023 European Athletics Indoor Championships took place in three rounds at the Ataköy Athletics Arena in Istanbul, Turkey, on 3 and 4 March 2023. This was the 37th time the women's 400 metres was contested at the European Athletics Indoor Championships. Athletes could qualify by achieving the entry standard or by their World Athletics Ranking for the event.\nTwenty-seven athletes from sixteen nations competed in the first round on 3 March in the morning. In twenty-sixth place, Duna Viñals set an Andorran record of 57.71 s. Twelve athletes advanced to the semi-finals on 3 March in the evening, where Viivi Lehikoinen of Finland was disqualified for obstruction and six athletes qualified to compete in the final race on 4 March.\nIn the final, the gold medal was won by world record holder Femke Bol of the Netherlands in a time of 49.85 s, successfully defending her 2021 title, silver by Lieke Klaver of the Netherlands in 50.57 s, and bronze by Anna Kiełbasińska of Poland in 51.25 s. In fourth place, Susanne Gogl-Walli set an Austrian record of 51.73 s.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 73186461, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 186, "char_count": 1092, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The women's 400 metres was contested at every previous edition of the European Athletics Indoor Championships (1970–2021), 36 times in total before 2023: every year from 1970 until 1990, and every other year since then until 2021, with a three-year gap between 2002 and 2005 for synchronisation with other international athletics championships.\nThe 2023 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held in the Ataköy Athletics Arena in the Ataköy quarter in Bakırköy, Istanbul, Turkey. This indoor track and field arena was originally built for the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships and has a capacity of 7,450 spectators.\nOn 19 February 2023, less than two weeks before the championships, Femke Bol of the Netherlands broke Jarmila Kratochvílová's 1982 world record of the 400 metres indoor in a time of 49.26 s. At the start of the 2023 championships, this was also the European record and the leading time in Europe and the world. Kratochvílová's former world record of 49.59 s was still standing as the championship record. Bol was the defending champion after winning this event in a time of 50.63 s in 2021.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 73186461, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 182, "char_count": 1116, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "For the women's 400 metres at these championships, the qualification period was from 20 February 2022 to 19 February 2023. Athletes could qualify by achieving the entry standard of 52.20 s for 400 metres indoor or 50.80 s for 400 metres outdoor. Athletes who did not achieve the entry standard could still qualify by their position on the World Athletics Ranking for this event. There was a target number of thirty athletes in total, with a maximum of three athletes per nation. A final entry list with twenty-seven athletes from sixteen nations was published on 23 February 2023.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 73186461, "section": "Qualification", "metadata": {"word_count": 98, "char_count": 580, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The five heats of round 1 were held on 3 March 2023, starting at 10:40 (UTC+3) in the morning. Of the twenty-seven competing athletes from sixteen nations, the first two athletes in each heat (Q) and the next two fastest (q) advanced to the semi-finals. In the first heat, Duna Viñals of Andorra set a national record (NR) of 57.71 s. In the fifth heat, Tereza Petržilková of Czech Republic, Helena Ponette of Belgium, and Cliodhna Manning of Ireland ran personal best times (PB).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 73186461, "section": "Round 1", "metadata": {"word_count": 84, "char_count": 480, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The two heats of the semi-finals were held on 3 March 2023, starting at 19:55 (UTC+3) in the evening. Of the twelve competing athletes from ten nations, the first three athletes in each heat (Q) advanced to the final. Viivi Lehikoinen of Finland was disqualified (DQ) for breaking technical rule 17.2.2 about jostling and obstruction (TR17.2.2).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 73186461, "section": "Semi-finals", "metadata": {"word_count": 56, "char_count": 345, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The final with the six remaining athletes from four nations was held on 4 March 2023 at 20:30 (UTC+3) in the evening. Femke Bol of the Netherlands was leading the race after about 100 metres and she completed the first lap of 200 metres in 23.78 s. Bol went on to win the gold medal after finishing the race in 49.85 s, successfully defending her title from 2021 with her third 400 metres indoor race under 50 seconds of 2023. Lieke Klaver of the Netherlands won silver in 50.57 s and Anna Kiełbasińska of Poland won bronze in 51.25 s. Outside the medals, Susanne Gogl-Walli of Austria set a national record (NR) of 51.73 s.\nAfter the race, Bol and Klaver celebrated with Dutch flags with the texts giro 555 and geef nu meaning 'donate now [to] giro [account number] 555' printed on them, a call to donate money to the Dutch Cooperating Aid Organizations for humanitarian aid to the victims of the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes a month earlier.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 73186461, "section": "Final", "metadata": {"word_count": 169, "char_count": 944, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2023 FIA GT World Cup (formally the Macau GT Cup – FIA GT World Cup) was a Grand Touring (GT) sports car race held on the Guia Circuit in Macau on 19 November. It was the sixth FIA GT World Cup and the thirteenth GT3 car race held in Macau. The Automobile General Association Macau-China, the event's promoter, appointed the motorsports organiser SRO Motorsports Group to form a grid. The edition included two races: a 12-lap qualifying race and a 16-lap main event.\nRaffaele Marciello of Mercedes-AMG Team Landgraf won both the qualifying and main races from pole position. Marciello led every lap of both races, winning his second consecutive FIA GT World Cup and becoming the race's first repeat winner. Edoardo Mortara of Audi Sport Asia Team Absolute took second place, and Augusto Farfus of ROWE Racing finished third.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 FIA GT World Cup", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIA_GT_World_Cup", "article_id": 75097104, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 141, "char_count": 828, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) sanctioned the 2023 FIA GT World Cup, the event's sixth edition, the thirteenth race in Macau for GT3-specification vehicles, and an undercard to the 2023 Macau Grand Prix. It was held at the 6.120 km (3.803 mi) Guia Circuit in the streets of the Chinese special administrative region of Macau on 19 November after three days of practice and qualifying, and was co-organised by the SRO Motorsports Group at the FIA's request. The FIA (the governing body of motor racing), the Automobile General Association Macao-China (Macau's FIA member club), and the Macau Grand Prix Organizing Committee signed a three-year agreement to hold the race, which had been cancelled from 2020 to 2022 due to travel restrictions imposed on foreign visitors caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in Macau and was instead held as a non-FIA recognised event. This was in contrast to previous agreements which were one-year contracts. The FIA nominated Pirelli as the race's control tyre supplier on a three-year contract beginning in 2023. Each driver could use five sets of slick tyres and three sets of wet-weather tyres during the weekend.\nDrivers had to have competed in an FIA-recognised GT3 championship race within the preceding two seasons or have considerable experience in Grand Touring (GT) cars to enter the event. Platinum, Gold, Silver, and Bronze-rated drivers were permitted to compete, but the FIA GT World Cup Committee might prohibit a competitor's entry if it deemed them to be too inexperienced. Entries were open from 1 July to 31 August. The FIA and the Macau Grand Prix Organizing Committee revealed the entry list on 25 October, which included five GT3 manufacturers (Audi, BMW, Ferrari, Mercedes-AMG and Porsche) and 21 drivers. All five preceding FIA GT World Cup winners, Maro Engel, Augusto Farfus, Raffaele Marciello, Edoardo Mortara and Laurens Vanthoor, entered the race. Climax Racing's Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo was withdrawn after unsuccessfully trying to assign Lucas Auer as its driver, lowering the number of entries to 20.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 FIA GT World Cup", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIA_GT_World_Cup", "article_id": 75097104, "section": "Background and entry list", "metadata": {"word_count": 332, "char_count": 2080, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Two half an hour practice sessions were held on the afternoon of 16 November. Marciello, Christopher Haase and Matteo Cairoli competed for the fastest lap in the first session, with Marciello leading at 2:16.150 on his final fast lap. He was three-tenths of a second faster than Vanthoor in second, with Cairoli, Kévin Estre and Engel in third through fifth. There were no major incidents during the session. Marchy Lee temporarily stopped his Mercedes-Benz on the circuit at the start of practice before Daniel Serra's Ferrari 296 GT3 miscalculated the Melco hairpin on an out-lap, causing a car blockage that marshals cleared. Estre's Porsche suffered slight damage against the turn 15 barrier but continued with no apparent damage. The second practice session was delayed by half an hour owing to incidents during the Macau Grand Prix's first qualifying session, and lap times were quicker than the preceding session. Several drivers led the field before Cairoli lapped quickest overall at 2:15.532 late in the session. Marciello was 0.032 seconds slower in second, followed by Daniel Juncadella, Serra and Farfus. As with the first practice session, there were no major incidents or stoppages. On his final run, Engel overcorrected and drove into the run-off area at Lisboa corner, although his car was not damaged.\nFriday afternoon's half-hour qualifying session determined the qualification race's starting order with each driver's fastest lap times. The weather was dry and windy for qualifying. Marciello, in his final race as a Mercedes factory driver before moving to BMW in 2024, reset his own GT3 track record of 2:14.542 on his last quick lap on an old set of tyres to secure his third successive FIA GT World Cup pole position. Marciello was joined on the front row by Mortara, who was 0.216 seconds slower but had provisional pole until Marciello's lap in the last seconds of qualifying. Engel was third, bringing two Mercedes-Benz drivers into the top three, which he attributed to winds and slightly higher tyre pressures. Vanthoor was the fastest of the seven Porsche drivers, taking fourth ahead of Sheldon van der Linde, the highest BMW driver, in fifth. Juncadella took sixth, ahead of Serra's fastest Ferrari in seventh place. Farfus, Earl Bamber and Hasse made up positions eight through ten. Cairoli was unable to maintain his previous pace because he lost momentum, qualifying 11th. Alessio Picariello qualified 12th, ahead of fellow Porsche brandmates Estre in 13th and Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters champion Thomas Preining in 14th. Ye Hongli was the top placed Silver-rated driver in 15th, followed by Adderly Fong in 16th. Jules Gounon was the slowest Platinum-rated participant in 17th, ahead of Cheng Congfu in 18th, Chen Weian in 19th and Lee completed the starting order in 20th. Some drivers ran off into the Lisboa turn run-off area during qualifying. Estre triggered the session's only stoppage when he misjudged his braking point and collided with the outside tyre barrier at Lisboa turn 12 minutes in, causing minor damage to his Porsche's left-front corner. Estre's car had to be removed from the barrier to continue driving. All cars returned to the paddock during the stoppage. Cairoli damaged his car's left front corner after leaving the circuit at Police turn, and Ye damaged the front of his car at Moorish Hill Corner five minutes before practice ended.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 FIA GT World Cup", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIA_GT_World_Cup", "article_id": 75097104, "section": "Practice and qualifying", "metadata": {"word_count": 551, "char_count": 3398, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 12-lap qualifying race to set the main race's starting order commenced in an air temperature of 22 °C (72 °F) at 14:05 Macau Standard Time (UTC+08:00) on 18 November. Marciello made a quick start to lead the race into the first corner, while Mortara and Engel battled for second, with the latter overtaking on the outside through the high-speed Mandarin Oriental Bend turn. Vanthoor lost four positions on the first lap after being forced wide at Lisboa corner and hitting the barrier, while Juncadella moved from sixth to fourth. Preining collided with the guardrail barrier at the entry to San Francisco Bend corner due to driver error, while Cairoli stopped with heavy rear-end damage after colliding with Ye. The safety car was deployed for the first time for four laps to allow for the safe recovery of the crashed cars. Both drivers were unhurt, however Cairoli was transported to the medical centre for a headache. On lap five, Marciello retained the lead after fighting off Engel's attempts to pass him on the run to Lisboa turn. Juncadella tried to pass Mortara for third on the outside into Lisboa and was ahead of him into the turn. Mortara's position on the outside gave him an advantage and Juncadella was pushed into the outside tyre wall. Juncadella fell from fourth to ninth due to the incident, but he continued driving despite another impact with Farfus, removing his front-right side-view mirror. The first three drivers pulled away from the rest of the field.\nOn lap eight, Fong lost control of his car's rear in the Mandarin Oriental Bend turn due to a loss of some downforce from being affected by turbulence from a vehicle ahead of him. His car's left-rear wheel made minor contact with the inside wall leaving the turn, breaking the rear-left suspension's tie rod and sending him across the track. He struck the outside side barrier exiting the corner before ricocheting across the track. Although his Audi was heavily damaged, Fong was unhurt and quickly exited the car unaided. Fong did not need medical assistance. Race officials dispatched the safety car for the second time before stopping the race with a red flag on lap nine to allow marshals to clear the track of debris and repair the heavily damaged barrier. Every driver returned to the pit lane for the stoppage. The race resumed behind the safety car 23 minutes later, at 14:57 local time, and the drivers exited the pit lane behind the safety car. After one lap behind the safety car, the remaining 17 drivers resumed racing, with Marciello keeping the lead and holding off Engel into Lisboa corner. Van Der Linde passed Serra for fifth into Lisboa turn and regained control of his car despite missing his braking point. There were no change of positions on the final lap, and Maricello pulled away to lead the final two laps and win the qualification race and secure pole position for the main race. Engel finished 1.172 seconds behind in second and Mortara was third. Farfus, Van Der Linde, Serra, Vanthoor, Haase, Juncadella, Bamber, Picariello, Estre, Cheng, Chen, Gounon, Ye and Lee were the last of the finishers. Of the 20 starting drivers, 17 completed the race.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 FIA GT World Cup", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIA_GT_World_Cup", "article_id": 75097104, "section": "Qualification race", "metadata": {"word_count": 539, "char_count": 3162, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "^1 — Ye Hongli incurred a ten-second time penalty for colliding with Matteo Cairoli on the first lap and was demoted from 13th to 16th.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 FIA GT World Cup", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIA_GT_World_Cup", "article_id": 75097104, "section": "Qualification race classification", "metadata": {"word_count": 25, "char_count": 135, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 16-lap main race began in dry weather conditions of 22 °C (72 °F) at 12:05 local time. Uno Racing Team inspected and withdrew Fong's car owing to chassis damage sustained in the incident in the previous day's qualification race, lowering the number of starting cars to 19. Marciello accelerated from the rolling start to maintain the lead into the first corner, and after defending against Engel, he pulled away on the drive to Lisboa turn. Van Der Linde moved from sixth to fourth while his brandmate Farfus fell from fourth to sixth on lap one. On the following lap, Van Der Linde slipstreamed behind Mortara's car by using his BMW's higher top speed but could not pass him. Engel began suffering from a broken paddle shifter on lap four but the problem exacerbated after examining the cables and connections between the dashboard and the steering wheel. Mortara occasionally closed up to the back of Engel's car, as Van Der Linde applied pressure. On lap eight, Estre collided with the side of Bamber's Porsche at Lisboa turn, damaging his rear diffuser with subsequent contact while contending for tenth. Soon after, Chen made a driver error and crashed into the tyre barrier at the same point, leading race control to deploy the safety car for a single lap because the track was partially blocked.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 FIA GT World Cup", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIA_GT_World_Cup", "article_id": 75097104, "section": "Main race", "metadata": {"word_count": 223, "char_count": 1306, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Marciello raced away from the field on the lap ten restart after Engel was unable to select second gear owing to a full failure of his paddle shifter and could not drive at full speed. All other drivers were delayed as series regulations banned overtaking before the start/finish line immediately after the safety car's withdrawal. Engel dropped to 18th and drove slowly to the pit lane to retire his car, indirectly because of the safety car period. This promoted Mortara to second and Van Der Linde to third, with Marciello holding a 2.7-second lead. Attention focused on Mortara and Van Der Linde in the battle for second, until the latter made an unscheduled pit stop on lap 11 to replace a left-rear tyre puncture that was caused by on-track debris. Van Der Linde rejoined the track at the back of the field, moving his brandmate Farfus to third, who had overtaken Serra at the restart. On the penultimate lap, Estre collided with the barrier at Fisherman's Bend, removing his rear fender and dropping him from ninth to twelfth. \nThere were no more overtakes, as Marciello led every lap of the race weekend to clinch his second consecutive FIA GT World Cup victory following his first in 2019 and became the event's first repeat winner since it was first held in 2015. Mortara lagged behind the BMWs and Mercedes-AMGs in terms of acceleration and top speed on the long straights, finishing second 2.51 seconds later. Farfus finished third on the podium, ensuring that three different manufacturers were in the first three places. Serra was the highest-finishing rookie driver in fourth. Juncadella moved from ninth to fifth, ahead of Porsche's best-placed driver Vanthoor in sixth and Hasse was seventh. Picariello took eighth, Bamber came ninth and Ye was the highest-placed silver-ranked entrant in tenth and earned the Silver Cup. Cairoli, Estre, Cheng, Gounon, Preining, Van Der Linde and Lee were the final finishers.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 FIA GT World Cup", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIA_GT_World_Cup", "article_id": 75097104, "section": "Main race", "metadata": {"word_count": 321, "char_count": 1927, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2023 Macau Formula 4 Race, also called the 2023 Macau Asia Formula 4, was a Formula 4 (F4) motor race held on the Guia Circuit in Macau on 12 November 2023, as part of the 2023 Macau Grand Prix. It was the fourth F4 race in Macau, and it was an invitational, non-championship round of the 2023 Formula 4 South East Asia Championship. The event featured two races: a seven-lap qualifying race to determine the starting grid for the twelve-lap final race.\nThe race had 23 drivers and 11 teams. SJM Theodore Prema Racing's Arvid Lindblad, won the event from pole position after winning the qualification race earlier that day that he began from pole position after setting the fastest lap time in the half-hour qualifying session. Lindblad led every lap of the two races, which was hampered by inclement weather in the morning and included repeated deployments of the safety car due to driver accidents. His teammate Charles Leong came in second, followed by Rashid Al Dhaheri in third.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Macau Formula 4 Race", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Macau_Formula_4_Race", "article_id": 75281034, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 171, "char_count": 987, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "In early 2023, the Macau Grand Prix Organizing Committee and Shanghai-based motor racing championship promoter Top Speed began negotiations to include the Formula 4 (F4) junior single-seater car category in the 2023 Macau Grand Prix. If a higher single-seater category was not included in the 2023 Grand Prix meeting, the winner of the season-ending F4 Chinese Championship race would be named the Macau Grand Prix winner. It was held as part of the revived 2023 Formula 4 South East Asia Championship instead of the 2023 F4 Chinese Championship, which had been the case in the previous three editions of the event, and was an invitational, non-championship round. The event was held on the 24-turn clockwise 6.120 km (3.803 mi) Guia Circuit in the streets of the Chinese special administrative region of Macau on 12 November following a day of practice and qualifying. It was the fourth consecutive year that Macau hosted an F4 race after the category was added to the event owing to COVID-19 regulations that prevented the Formula Three round from being held.\nDrivers invited to the race had to be at least 15 years old (with their birth date binding) and hold an International C or ASN national licence. The race accepted entries between 21 August and 15 September, with a maximum of 28 allowed. The entry list for 23 drivers and 11 teams was released on 25 October. Each driver competed in a Tatuus F4-T421 Gen 2 car equipped with the updated Fiat Abarth F413T turbocharged engine and the Halo cockpit protection device. Charles Leong, the two-time Macau Grand Prix winner, was among the drivers entered in the race. Martinius Stenshorne, the 2023 Formula Regional European Championship runner-up, returned to F4 racing with the Pinnacle Motorsport/B-MAX Racing team. There were three female drivers in the race: Bianca Bustamante, Miki Koyama and Vivian Siu. Budgetary constraints prevented Andy Chang, the 2022 Macau Grand Prix winner, from entering the event.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Macau Formula 4 Race", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Macau_Formula_4_Race", "article_id": 75281034, "section": "Background and entry list", "metadata": {"word_count": 322, "char_count": 1966, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Drivers had a single 45-minute practice session to test their cars and become acquainted with the Guia Circuit on the morning of 11 November. SJM Theodore Prema Racing's Freddie Slater lapped fastest at 2:30.922, 17 minutes into the session. Stenshorne, Leong, Arvid Lindblad, Jack Beeton, Raphaël Narac, Rashid Al Dhaheri, Kevin Xiao, Ethan Ho and Enzo Yeh followed in positions two to ten. Thomas Leung crashed into the barrier, forcing practice to be halted after seven minutes so that his car could be recovered. Liu Kai Shun hit the wall at the Melco hairpin, breaking his front wing. Tiago Rodrigues hit him from behind, causing a three-car traffic jam that required a second stoppage before being cleared. Lindblad crashed at Lisboa Corner, prompting Hadrien David and Yeh to drive into the run-off area to avoid Lindblad's stalled car. Beeton had earlier struck the Fisherman's Bend corner wall; thus practice ended early with eight minutes left. The bottom of the barriers were severely damaged and required extensive repairs, while Beeton's car was tough to remove from the barrier before being loaded onto a flatbed truck.\nLater that afternoon, a half-hour qualifying session determined the qualification race's starting order based on each driver's quickest lap time. Drivers who did not lap within 110 percent of the fastest entrant did not qualify for the event. The session's start was delayed by a quarter of an hour due to a slippery track in the last sector caused by a support race incident. Lindblad claimed pole position for the qualification race with a lap time of 2:24.293 on his final lap. He was joined on the front row by Slater, whose fastest lap was 0.549 seconds slower, while David was third. Both Leong and Al Dhaheri took fourth and fifth late in the session. Beeton took sixth, Narac seventh, Rodrigues eighth, and Stenshorne ninth. Ho completed the top ten qualifiers. Bustamante in 11th set her quickest lap at the end of qualifying and was the fastest driver not to qualify in the top ten places. Following her in the final places were Yeh, Liu Kai Shun, Koyama, Kai Daryanani, Xiao, Cheong, Chui Ka Kam, Ryuji \"Dragon\" Kumita, Marco Lau, Siu, Jaden Pariat and Leung. The final five qualifiers were outside the 110% limit but were allowed to compete in the qualifying race. Daryanani oversteered into the Lisboa corner wall, halting qualifying for five minutes after 12 minutes. Stenshorne broke his front-right wheel in an accident on the track's final sector, stopping qualifying for six minutes. With nine minutes remaining, Narac's front wing broke against the Solitude Esses turn barrier, and his car briefly rose while embedding itself into the wall. Qualifying was stopped for 13 minutes because recovery vehicles needed to return to their locations for future usage, extending the car's recovery time.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Macau Formula 4 Race", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Macau_Formula_4_Race", "article_id": 75281034, "section": "Practice and qualifying", "metadata": {"word_count": 468, "char_count": 2846, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The qualifying race to set the main race's starting order began at 08:00 local time on 12 November and was scheduled to last eight laps. Rain and winds hit Macau that morning, causing standing water and a lack of grip on the wet circuit. Race organisers permitted drivers to conduct additional sighter laps to assess the conditions. Because of the weather and the large amount of spray, it was decided not to begin the race with a standing start but to hold the first two laps under safety car conditions, which made judging braking and turning into corners difficult when the lap began and ended because water could accumulate from being drained from other parts of the track. Liu spun into the pit lane straight barriers at the start of the second lap, causing damage to his front wing. Liu stopped against the wall at Reservoir Bend, extending the safety car period by one lap as it was tended to. The safety car led the field through the pit lane at the conclusion of the second lap and was withdrawn at the end of the following lap, during which time some water was removed from the course and spray levels fell.\nAt the start of lap four, Lindblad led Slater and David (who avoided an accident by regaining control of his car's loose rear at Fisherman's Bend turn and nearly losing third place to Leong) and drove away from the rest of the field. Daryanani retired after hitting the R Bend turn barrier before crossing the start/finish line, triggering the safety car's second deployment. To enable the recovery of Daryanani's stranded car, each driver had to go through the pit lane again. After Daryanani's car was removed from the track, the race restarted on lap six with Lindblad again leading from Slater and David. Lindblad pulled away from teammate Slater, while the other drivers chose alternative paths through the first sector to avoid spray. On the same lap, under pressure from Leong, David made a driver error and crashed into the barrier at the exit of Dona Maria corner. Leong was promoted to third, and the safety car was deployed for the third and final time on lap seven. During the safety car period, Stenshorne stopped on track at San Francisco Hill because of a mechanical issue and could not restart until the whole field had passed him.\nThe race concluded under safety car conditions due to the time limit expiring, and Lindblad led every lap of the qualification race to secure victory, ensuring he would start the main race on pole position. Slater came in second position, 0.758 seconds behind, and Leong finished third. Al Dhaheri, Beeto and Ho finished in positions four through six. On the final lap, Narac's front wing was damaged, and he was shown the mechanical flag (black and orange). As a result, he was unable to enter the pit lane for repairs and finished in seventh. The final classified finishers were Rodrigues, Bustamante and Yeh, Koyama, Xiao, Chui, Cheong, Leung, Dragon, Siu and Lau; Siu and Lau received drive-through penalties, which were converted into 30-second time penalties and added to their final race times, dropping them to 17th and 18th place, respectively.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Macau Formula 4 Race", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Macau_Formula_4_Race", "article_id": 75281034, "section": "Qualifying race", "metadata": {"word_count": 538, "char_count": 3119, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 12-lap final race began 29 minutes after its planned start time of 15:40 local time on 12 November. The grid was dry prior to the race due to improved weather conditions, albeit some dust patches were set on the circuit to dry spilt oil. Lindblad held off a challenge from teammate Slater to sneak around on the outside into the braking zone for Lisboa corner, causing his teammate to turn in later than usual despite locking his tyres and weaving left and right to try to get the latter out of his slipstream. Behind them, Koyama lost control of her car into Lisboa corner. She spun against the outside tyre barrier, causing her vehicle's rear to bounce back onto the track and obstruct the outside line. Bustamante was sighted and hit Koyama's rear before Xiao lightly struck her. Cheong and David were forced to halt because their pathways were obstructed, and the safety car was called in to help officials clear the collision scene.\nAt the lap three restart, Slater pushed Lindblad for the race lead until a suspected electronic control unit problem in his car in the centre of the Solitude Esses caused him to fall to the back of the field. This promoted Leong to second, Al Dhaheri to third and Beeton to fourth. Stenshorne had advanced from 19th to seventh place after passing Rodrigues on the fourth lap when the safety car was deployed for the second time when Lau crashed at Paiol corner and spilled oil on the track. Due to the oil on the circuit, the safety car was deployed for three laps before the race resumed on lap eight. Lindblad again maintained his lead and was briefly challenged by Leong in second before being pressured by Al Dhaheri in third due to a lack of pace, allowing Lindblad to move away to 2.7 seconds by the end of lap nine. David had overtaken Daryanani and Chui to move into tenth.\nLeung collided with Liu on the way to Lisboa Corner, driving the latter into the outside wall. Instead of deploying a safety car for the accident, yellow flags were waved at Lisboa corner, stopping drivers from overtaking. Stenshorne collided into the Fisherman's Bend turn barrier, removing his front wing on the straight and promoting everyone behind him up a position. On lap ten, Xiao collided with the wall at Dona Maria corner, resulting in the safety car's third and final deployment. Lindblad won the race under safety car conditions, having led every lap of the weekend. Leong finished 0.274 seconds behind in second and Al Dhaheri was third. Beeton finished fourth, ahead of Ho, Rodrigues, David, Yeh, Slater and Daryanani. The final finishers were Chui, Cheong, Dragon and Siu; Narac retired from eighth on lap ten due to car damage.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Macau Formula 4 Race", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Macau_Formula_4_Race", "article_id": 75281034, "section": "Final race", "metadata": {"word_count": 467, "char_count": 2668, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2023 NCAA Division I women's basketball championship game was the final game of the 2023 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament. It determined the national champion for the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season and was contested by the Iowa Hawkeyes from the Big Ten Conference and the Louisiana State (LSU) Tigers from the Southeastern Conference. The game was played on April 2, 2023, at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas. In the game, LSU defeated Iowa 102–85 to win their first national championship, setting a record for most points scored by a team in an NCAA women's basketball championship game. LSU's Angel Reese recorded a double-double and was voted the Most Outstanding Player (MOP) of the Final Four.\nLSU's victory gave them their first women's basketball national championship and the fourth in the head coaching career of Kim Mulkey. Much media attention was directed to Angel Reese for a taunting gesture made to Iowa's Caitlin Clark near the end of the game, fomenting the Clark–Reese rivalry. LSU held a championship parade in Baton Rouge and were invited to the White House.\nThe championship game was televised on ABC and the broadcast broke numerous records, including the highest viewership for a women's college basketball game at 9.9 million; the semifinal game between Iowa and top-ranked South Carolina was itself the third-highest-viewed women's college basketball game in ESPN's history. It was also the most-viewed college sporting event ever shown on the ESPN+ streaming service, and the year-over-year viewership from the 2022 championship game more than doubled.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 NCAA Division I women's basketball championship game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_championship_game", "article_id": 73327295, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 258, "char_count": 1628, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The Tigers, representing Louisiana State University (LSU) in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, were led by second-year head coach Kim Mulkey for the 2022–23 season. LSU finished the regular season with a record of 27–1, and a conference record of 15–1. Their only loss during the regular season was an away game against South Carolina, ranked No. 1 by the AP Poll. They were seeded second in the SEC tournament, where they defeated Georgia before losing to Tennessee in the semifinals.\nLSU received an at-large invitation to the NCAA tournament and were placed in the Greenville Regional 2 as the No. 3 seed. As a top-four seed, LSU hosted first- and second-round games at their home arena, Pete Maravich Assembly Center. LSU faced No. 14 seed Hawaii in their first-round game, and won 73–50; the other game played in Baton Rouge saw No. 6 seed Michigan defeat No. 11 seed UNLV, setting up a second-round matchup between LSU and Michigan. Two days later, on March 19, LSU defeated Michigan 66–42 to advance to the regional semifinals. They traveled to Bon Secours Wellness Arena in Greenville, South Carolina, for their next game against No. 2 seed Utah, where they won by three points. This placed them into the regional final round, where they defeated No. 9 seed Miami to advance to their fifth Final Four and their first since 2008. There, they were matched up against Virginia Tech, the No. 1 seed from the Seattle Regional 3. The Tigers were favored to win the game by two points and ended up winning by seven to advance to the national championship game.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 NCAA Division I women's basketball championship game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_championship_game", "article_id": 73327295, "section": "LSU Tigers", "metadata": {"word_count": 268, "char_count": 1551, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Hawkeyes, representing the University of Iowa in Iowa City, Iowa, were led by head coach Lisa Bluder in her 23rd season at the school. Ranked No. 4 in the AP preseason poll, they won their first three games of the season before suffering a loss to Kansas State. They participated in the Phil Knight Invitational tournament, where they defeated Oregon State but lost to No. 3 UConn and No. 12 NC State. They faced numerous other ranked teams throughout the season, with wins over No. 2 Ohio State, No. 8 Maryland, and No. 2 Indiana, and losses to No. 2 Indiana and No. 7 Maryland. They finished the regular season with a record of 23–6 and a conference record of 15–3. Caitlin Clark earned consensus national player of the year honors. The Hawkeyes received the No. 2 seed in the Big Ten tournament, where they defeated Purdue, Maryland, and Ohio State on consecutive days to win the conference championship.\nIowa received the Big Ten's automatic invitation to the NCAA tournament by virtue of their conference tournament championship and were selected as the No. 2 seed in the Seattle Regional 4. Like LSU, the Hawkeyes hosted first- and second- round games at their home arena, Carver–Hawkeye Arena in Iowa City, and they defeated No. 15 seed Southeastern Louisiana in their first-round game. The other first-round game played in Iowa City saw No. 10 seed Georgia defeat No. 7 seed Florida State, and Iowa defeated Georgia by eight points in the second round to advance to the regional semifinal. There, they faced and defeated No. 6 seed Colorado at Climate Pledge Arena in Seattle, and took down No. 5 seed Louisville in a game whose viewership bested any NBA on ESPN broadcast during the 2022–23 season to reach the Final Four of the NCAA tournament for the first time since 1993. They won 77–73 over defending national champion South Carolina, who were undefeated at 36–0, to reach the final; the game was widely viewed as an upset since South Carolina were \"heavy favorites\" not only to defeat Iowa but also to repeat as national champions. Further, the ESPN broadcast of the game drew 5.5 million viewers and set records as the most-watched NCAA semifinal and third-most-viewed women's college basketball game in ESPN's history.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 NCAA Division I women's basketball championship game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_championship_game", "article_id": 73327295, "section": "Iowa Hawkeyes", "metadata": {"word_count": 382, "char_count": 2239, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "LSU won the opening tip, but Iowa scored the game's first point with a two-point field goal from Monika Czinano. LSU's Flau'jae Johnson gave the Tigers their first lead seconds later with a three-point field goal, though Iowa took it back with shots made by Kate Martin and Caitlin Clark. The teams traded baskets and tied at 9–9 and 12–12 before a three-pointer by Kateri Poole and a free throw by Angel Reese put LSU in front by four points. The game was tied again shortly thereafter with back-to-back three pointers from Clark and a two-point jumper from Alexis Morris; a pair of free throws for each team tied it again at 20 points apiece with under three minutes remaining. With under a minute remaining, LSU took their largest lead of the quarter—five points—after Jasmine Carson made a three-point jumper, and the quarter ended with LSU maintaining this lead; the score was 27–22 in favor of the Tigers.\nIowa regained the lead two minutes into the second quarter; three-pointers from Gabbie Marshall and Martin brought the deficit within one point and a layup by Hannah Stuelke put Iowa in front. LSU retook the lead within a minute and expanded it to seven points with three-pointers made by Carson and Last-Tear Poa. Free throws and layups allowed Iowa to make up some of the deficit, but back-to-back three-point shots by Carson pushed LSU's lead to as many as thirteen points with four minutes until halftime. After a layup by Marshall, the score remained 49–38 for nearly a minute until Iowa's McKenna Warnock made a free throw. Poa's three-pointer immediately afterwards bumped the Tigers' lead back to thirteen, and the teams traded jumpers until the final thirty seconds of the half, when Johnson scored a layup and a turnover by Martin led to a three-pointer by Carson with one second remaining. LSU led at halftime by a score of 59–42.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 NCAA Division I women's basketball championship game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_championship_game", "article_id": 73327295, "section": "Game summary", "metadata": {"word_count": 318, "char_count": 1853, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "LSU built on to their lead by scoring the first four points of the second half through LaDazhia Williams and Reese. A three-pointer by Clark with 7:56 remaining started a run for Iowa that saw the Hawkeyes score twelve consecutive points, which cut LSU's lead from 21 points down to nine. The lead narrowed further after Clark made another three-pointer with 5:22 to play, and back-to-back layups by the Tigers were followed by a Clark three-pointer that kept the deficit at nine points. Both teams traded field goals for the next two minutes; a pair of free throws by Morris with 1:03 on the clock ended up being the final points scored before the end of the third quarter. Iowa outscored LSU by six points in the third quarter, and trailed 75–64 entering the fourth.\nIowa scored the first five points of the fourth quarter, cutting LSU's lead to eight points, before two jumpers by Morris and a layup by Williams pushed it to 14. Two free throws by Czinano and a layup by Warnock for Iowa were countered by a layup by Reese and a jumper by Morris for LSU, leaving the Tigers' lead at 14. Clark's three-pointer with 5:21 remaining shrunk LSU's lead to 13 points, though a jump shot by Morris just under a minute later bumped their lead to 16 points. Clark and Williams traded layups, and a jumper by Morris with under two minutes left made the score 95–82. After a pair of fouls on Iowa, Poole made a three-pointer to extend the lead to sixteen points. Carson then made one of her two free throws with 53 seconds remaining to make the score 99–82. Martin scored Iowa's final points with a three-pointer assisted by Molly Davis, and the game's final points were scored on a three-pointer by Morris with 27 seconds remaining to push the score to 102–85. Marshall attempted a three-pointer for the Hawkeyes with 15 seconds left, but she missed and a rebound by Williams allowed LSU to run out the clock and secure the 17-point victory for their first national championship in program history.\nReese was named the Most Outstanding Player (MOP) of the Final Four; she finished the championship game with a double-double, scoring 15 points and securing 10 rebounds, and tallied a season-high five assists. She was named to the all-tournament team alongside teammates Morris and Carson, Iowa's Clark, and Zia Cooke of South Carolina. Clark, the consensus National Player of the Year, led all scorers with 30 points and set a record with 191 total points over the course of the tournament. The game set several offensive and scoring records: LSU's 102 total points were the fourth-most they had scored in a game during the season and the most that had ever been scored in an NCAA Division I women's championship game; Iowa's 85 points also marked the most points ever scored by the losing team in a women's championship game. Additionally, LSU's 59 points in the first half marked a new NCAA women's championship game record.\nLSU head coach Kim Mulkey became the first coach to win a Division I women's basketball national championship as the head coach at two different schools with the victory; she won three during her tenure as the head coach at Baylor from 2000 to 2021.\nThe next night, Reese's cousin Jordan Hawkins helped the University of Connecticut win its fifth men's title in school history.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 NCAA Division I women's basketball championship game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_championship_game", "article_id": 73327295, "section": "Game summary", "metadata": {"word_count": 574, "char_count": 3296, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The championship game was televised in the United States by ABC, with Ryan Ruocco on play-by-play commentary, Rebecca Lobo as the analyst, and Holly Rowe and Andraya Carter as sideline reporters. The broadcast broke several records including the largest-ever viewership for a women's college basketball game, with 9.9 million viewers and a peak viewership of 12.6 million. This marked an increase in viewership of 103% from the championship game the year prior (which was televised exclusively by ESPN in primetime), and was also the most-viewed college sporting event ever shown on the ESPN+ streaming service.\nThe records broken by this game were consistent with a larger trend in women's basketball and women's sports more broadly: the WNBA saw a 16% increase in viewership during its 2022 season—its most-watched in 14 years—compared to the season before.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 NCAA Division I women's basketball championship game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_championship_game", "article_id": 73327295, "section": "Media coverage", "metadata": {"word_count": 135, "char_count": 859, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In the immediate aftermath of the game, much attention was directed to a gesture made by Angel Reese towards Caitlin Clark. Near the end of the fourth quarter, Reese was seen making a gesture that involved moving her hand in front of her face, a taunt popularized by John Cena, before pointing to her ring finger in an allusion to a championship ring. These taunts drew criticism from some journalists and analysts, but Reese later defended the gesture and remarked on a similar gesture made by Clark to an opponent during Iowa's regional final game against Louisville.\nThe backlash Reese (who is Black) received on social media—the term \"classless\" trended on Twitter shortly after the end of the game—prompted some to point out a potential double standard as Clark (who is white) received no similar backlash for her similar actions, instead receiving praise from Cena himself for the move and her performance in that game. Reese said that the criticism was tied to her identity and that she was considered \"too hood\" and \"too ghetto\" to \"fit the narrative.\"\nLSU held a championship parade in Baton Rouge on April 5; the parade route ended at their home arena, Pete Maravich Assembly Center. A celebration inside the arena took place afterwards. Following the game, First Lady Jill Biden commended Iowa for their sportsmanship and praised both teams on their play. She remarked that she wanted Iowa to be invited to the White House along with LSU, as an addition to the custom of the president and first lady hosting the national champions. This comment drew ire from several people, including Reese, Alexis Morris, ESPN host Stephen A. Smith, and Representative Troy Carter, and the matter was clarified the following day by Biden's press secretary, Vanessa Valdivia, who said that LSU would be the only team invited to the White House celebration. Reese remarked that she would decline the invitation, and said that she would rather visit the Obama family instead of the Bidens, though she ultimately attended the White House visit alongside the rest of the team on May 26, 2023.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 NCAA Division I women's basketball championship game", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_championship_game", "article_id": 73327295, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 350, "char_count": 2083, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2023 season was the 40th season of Seattle Sounders FC, a professional soccer team based in Seattle, Washington, United States. It was their 15th year in Major League Soccer (MLS), the top flight of American soccer, and the 40th season played by a professional team bearing the Sounders name, which originated in 1974 with the first incarnation of the franchise. The team was under the management of Brian Schmetzer in his seventh full MLS season as head coach of the Sounders.\nSeattle had won the 2022 CONCACAF Champions League and qualified for the FIFA Club World Cup, which was played in early February. Following a preseason camp in Spain, the team traveled to Morocco and played Egypt's Al Ahly in the second round, where they lost 1–0. The Sounders returned to the United States and played in the MLS regular season from February to October; they finished second in the Western Conference and qualified for the MLS Cup Playoffs for the first time since the 2021 season. In the playoffs, the Sounders eliminated FC Dallas in a best-of-three series but lost to defending champions Los Angeles FC in the Western Conference Semifinals.\nThe team entered the 2023 U.S. Open Cup in the third round and defeated San Diego Loyal SC of the USL Championship before losing to the LA Galaxy in the round of 32. The Sounders also played in the 2023 Leagues Cup, which featured every MLS and Liga MX team, and finished third in their group behind CF Monterrey and Real Salt Lake. Jordan Morris led the team in scoring with 14 goals across all competitions. At their home stadium Lumen Field, the Sounders drew an average attendance of 32,161 during the regular season, the third-best figure in MLS.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 292, "char_count": 1694, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Early in the 2022 season, the Sounders won the CONCACAF Champions League by defeating UNAM of Liga MX. They became the first Major League Soccer team to win the CONCACAF Champions League and third to win an international CONCACAF competition. The season ended with the team missing the MLS Cup Playoffs for the first time since joining the league, snapping a 13-year streak—among the longest in professional North American sports at the time. Four Sounders players were called up to international teams for the 2022 FIFA World Cup: forward Jordan Morris and midfielder Cristian Roldan for the United States; defender Nouhou for Cameroon; and defender Xavier Arreaga for Ecuador.\nThe 2023 season was the first with jersey sponsor Providence Health & Services. The choice of Providence as sponsor was criticized by fans and several organizations, including the Emerald City Supporters and the Sounders FC Alliance Council, due to the healthcare system's policies on abortion and transgender care, as well as its treatment of low-income patients. A new secondary kit to honor Bruce Lee was unveiled during preseason; it was primarily red with a dragon pattern as an homage to his final film, Enter the Dragon, and included the seal of Lee's Jeet Kune Do martial art. It was also the first under a broadcast contract with Apple TV+, which offered all league matches through its MLS Season Pass streaming platform. The club's television play-by-play commentator, Keith Costigan, joined Apple's national broadcast team while other members moved to the retained radio broadcast or other roles. A limited number of MLS matches were also broadcast on U.S. television by Fox Sports, including six that featured the Sounders.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 275, "char_count": 1714, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following the end of the 2022 season, general manager Garth Lagerwey departed Seattle to become president of Atlanta United FC. He was replaced by technical director Craig Waibel on November 30. During the offseason, the Sounders exercised their contract options on most of their roster with the exception of forward Will Bruin and midfielder Alfonso Ocampo-Chavez; defender Jimmy Medranda was also released into free agency. The club had 11 players with guaranteed contracts through the 2023 season, including most of their veteran squad. In late December, the club acquired forward Héber through a trade with New York City FC. Seattle also signed two Homegrown Players, midfielder Sota Kitahara and goalkeeper Jacob Castro. The club's two SuperDraft picks, forward Eythor Bjørgolfsson and defender Blake Bowen, were signed by reserve side Tacoma Defiance after training with the first team.\nThe Sounders opened their training camp at Starfire Sports in Tukwila on January 4, 2023, with a full roster of healthy outfield players following the return of João Paulo and Obed Vargas from their 2022 injuries. The team played several intra-squad scrimmages during their Seattle training camp due to difficulty finding MLS and USL Championship teams with open schedules. The Sounders moved to Marbella, Spain, in late January as part of preparations for the FIFA Club World Cup hosted in Morocco the following month. There, the club was split into separate teams for scrimmages on January 28 against two European teams: a scoreless draw with Wolfsberger AC of Austria and a 3–2 loss to Swedish side Hammarby IF.\nSeattle entered the Club World Cup in the second round and lost 1–0 to Egypt's Al Ahly, conceding a deflected goal in the 88th minute. They were the first MLS team to play in the Club World Cup and earned $1 million in prize money as a participant. The team were eliminated from the tournament, but a month later qualified for the expanded 2025 FIFA Club World Cup as one of four CONCACAF entrants—all recent Champions League winners. Following their return from Morocco, the Sounders played a closed-door scrimmage against Louisville City FC of the USL Championship and won 2–1 with a set of rotated lineups. Several players remained in limited training through the end of February due to injuries and fatigue, including Vargas and striker Raúl Ruidíaz.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "Preseason and FIFA Club World Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 383, "char_count": 2362, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Sounders opened their MLS regular season campaign on February 26 at home against the Colorado Rapids. The team earned a 4–0 win—Cristian Roldan scored the opening goal of the season and was followed by Jordan Morris' pair of headers. Héber also scored in his MLS debut for the club. Morris and Héber scored a goal each in the following week's 2–0 victory over Real Salt Lake at home. Héber later suffered a hamstring injury during training and was replaced in the starting lineup by Fredy Montero, who had returned to the Sounders on a renewed one-year contract. Seattle's first away match of the season ended in a 1–0 loss to FC Cincinnati despite the home side earning a red card. A late equalizing goal by Yeimar Gómez Andrade was called off by the video assistant referee due to a foul in the build-up.\nThe team earned their third home shutout in a scoreless draw with reigning MLS Cup 2022 champions Los Angeles FC. Ruidíaz returned to the starting lineup, but was substituted early due to injury concerns. The Sounders played against Sporting Kansas City with several positional changes due to the absence of six players who had been called up to international teams. Jordan Morris became the first Sounders player to score four goals—all assisted by Léo Chú—in the club's 4–1 victory, their first on the road since July 2022. Morris was moved from the wing to the center forward position to compensate for the loss of Ruidíaz and Héber, but their recovery left the Sounders with more offensive options. In an interview, manager Brian Schmetzer stated that \"Sounders fans should be happy because we've got a really freakin' good team.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "February and March", "metadata": {"word_count": 282, "char_count": 1645, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Morris scored his fifth consecutive goal for the club in a 2–1 win over the LA Galaxy at Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson, California. The goal was assisted by Chú, who also scored from outside the 18-yard box in the first half. The Galaxy cut the lead by a goal and made several unsuccessful attempts to score an equalizer; the team appealed for a penalty following an alleged handball by Nouhou in stoppage time, but were denied. Goalkeeper Stefan Frei finished the match with seven saves and tied Osvaldo Alonso for the most MLS starts in club history at 322 matches. Brian Schmetzer also became the third-fastest coach in MLS history to reach 100 wins, having done so in 212 matches. During a home match the following week, the Sounders earned a 3–0 victory over expansion team St. Louis City SC to replace them atop the Western Conference. Josh Atencio scored his first career MLS goal, while Raúl Ruidíaz returned as a substitute and scored his first goal since September 2022.\nThe Sounders traveled to Portland and faced their local rivals, the Timbers, without starting midfielders Cristian Roldan and Albert Rusnák, who were both injured. Ruidíaz scored the opening goal of the match in the 58th minute, but the Timbers scored four goals to earn their fourth consecutive win against the Sounders. After the match, Schmetzer called the result an \"emotional punch to the jaw\" and said that the Sounders \"have to get back to understanding that this is a rivalry\"; he also attributed the shift in momentum to his substitution of Léo Chú for Héber and uncharacteristic defensive mistakes. Ruidíaz suffered a hamstring strain during the match and was later ruled out for four to five weeks; Cristian Roldan, still under concussion protocols, and left-back Nouhou were also unavailable for the next match at home against Minnesota United FC. Rusnák scored his first goal of the season in the 1–0 victory over Minnesota in the 79th minute, ending a defensive deadlock that had limited scoring chances for the Sounders.\nThe club entered the U.S. Open Cup in the third round along with other lower-ranked MLS teams and hosted San Diego Loyal SC of the second-division USL Championship at Starfire Sports in Tukwila. The Sounders fielded a lineup of reserves with eight players making their 2023 debuts—including several players from reserve side Tacoma Defiance on temporary contracts—to rest starters for upcoming league matches. The hosts took a 2–0 lead over San Diego in the opening half-hour, but conceded a penalty in the 53rd minute that was converted by Joe Corona. The Sounders reclaimed their two-goal lead but conceded twice—a free kick from Corona and a long-distance strike by Kyle Adams in stoppage time—to finish regulation time at 3–3. In extra time, Reed Baker-Whiting scored from outside the box for Seattle, but San Diego's Jackson Kasanzu headed an equalizer shortly after entering as a substitute. Kasanzu conceded a penalty in stoppage time that was converted by Fredy Montero for his second goal of the game as the Sounders won 5–4 and advanced in the U.S. Open Cup for the first time since 2017.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "April", "metadata": {"word_count": 523, "char_count": 3122, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Sounders returned to MLS play with a scoreless draw against Real Salt Lake in Utah, where the team had only won once in fifteen previous regular season matches. Defender Kelyn Rowe started the match and left in stoppage time with a knee injury; he had replaced Nouhou after the latter contracted malaria. Defiance defender Cody Baker was signed to a short-term contract to replace Rowe ahead of the next match at home against Sporting Kansas City, which the Sounders would play without the injured Roldan and Ruidíaz, as well as João Paulo for yellow card accumulation. Sporting Kansas City earned their first win of the season after scoring twice in the opening half-hour; Montero earned a penalty for the Sounders in the second half that was converted by Lodeiro, but the team lost 2–1, their first loss and non-shutout at home in 2023. The Sounders were eliminated from the U.S. Open Cup in the round of 32, played a few days later, by losing 3–1 on the road to the LA Galaxy. The club fielded six reserve and youth players alongside Fredy Montero and Xavier Arreaga, but conceded two goals to Memo Rodríguez in the second half. Paul Rothrock scored his second goal of the tournament for the Sounders from a header in the 68th minute, shortly after Rodríguez's first goal.\nA few days after their elimination from the U.S. Open Cup, the team traveled to play the Houston Dynamo with both Baker and Rothrock signing an additional short-term contract to fill in for injured first-team players. The match was disrupted in the first half by a weather delay and included two red cards shown to Dynamo players; the sole goal in the 1–0 away victory was scored by Rothrock in the 87th minute. A total of eight players who appeared during the match against the Dynamo had been developed in the Sounders academy, setting a club record. The Sounders returned home to play Austin FC, who snapped an eight-match winless streak with a 2–1 midweek win at Lumen Field; after several substitutions, Fredy Montero scored for Seattle in the 79th minute and the team unsuccessfully pushed for an equalizer. The Sounders then lost 2–0 on the road to Vancouver Whitecaps FC, conceding a goal to Pedro Vite in the first half and an own goal by Stefan Frei in the second; the result dropped the team to second in the Western Conference.\nThe Sounders began a three-match homestand with a 1–0 win against the New York Red Bulls, who they played for the first time in four years. Morris scored the lone goal of the match in the 22nd minute, but was substituted three minutes later due to a groin injury; Seattle maintained a shutout despite losing João Paulo, who was sent off after receiving a second yellow card in the second half. In a midweek home match, the Sounders lost 1–0 to the San Jose Earthquakes, who broke a 14-match away winless streak. Jeremy Ebobisse scored early in the second half as the hosts made 23 shots that forced eight saves out of Earthquakes goalkeeper Daniel. The team finished May still atop the Western Conference standings and only one home win in four matches at Lumen Field.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "May", "metadata": {"word_count": 540, "char_count": 3088, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On June 3, the Sounders and women's team OL Reign held a doubleheader event at Lumen Field, their shared home venue, against their respective Portland rivals. The clubs sold 42,054 tickets to the doubleheader, which began with a scoreless draw between the Sounders and Timbers; it was the 100th MLS shutout for Frei and also marked the return of Cristian Roldan following his concussion. After the match, Schmezter stated that the team had \"dropped points\" but he \"believe[d] in the process that we have\" especially as players returned from injuries; the Sounders had only scored four goals over an eight-match stretch that included four losses. The team then traveled to play Charlotte FC with Roldan and Ruidíaz returning to the starting lineup for the first time since early April. The Sounders took the lead three times through a first-half goal by Roldan and a brace from Ruidíaz, but the match ended in a 3–3 draw.\nThe team took a break from play during the mid-June international window and lost Jordan Morris, Cristian Roldan, and Alex Roldán to national team call-ups ahead of the CONCACAF Gold Cup. The Sounders played mid-week on the road against Los Angeles FC and lost 1–0 after conceding a goal in the first minute and struggled to find a chance to equalize. They returned home and played Orlando City SC to a scoreless draw to continue their month-long winless streak; Ruidíaz was absent for the match to attend a family funeral. The five-match winless streak for the Sounders ended on July 1 with a 1–0 win at home against the Houston Dynamo, who again had a player sent off. Rusnák scored the lone goal of the match in the 67th minute.\nThe Sounders traveled to Vancouver for their next match but would play with goalkeeper Stefan Cleveland replacing Stefan Frei, who had a concussion during training. The team won 3–2 after trailing twice against the Whitecaps and not earning a penalty for a potential handball in the box. Léo Chú scored two equalizing goals in the 60th and 76th minutes from set-pieces that were assisted by defender Jackson Ragen's headers. The winning goal was created in stoppage time by Chú's cross into the box, which was deflected to reach Yeimar Gómez Andrade, who scored from inside the box. In their second away match of the week, the Sounders lost 2–0 to the San Jose Earthquakes, who won the Heritage Cup as a result. San Jose scored from a penalty kick in the 19th minute and a volley shot off a corner kick in the second half, while Seattle were limited to two shots on goal. The Sounders returned home to face FC Dallas with their full contingent of starting players after the conclusion of the Gold Cup. The teams played to a 1–1 draw that began with an own goal by Dallas defender Sam Junqua and was followed by a Bernard Kamungo header to equalize in the first half. Seattle entered the Leagues Cup break at fourth place in the Western Conference.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "June and July", "metadata": {"word_count": 506, "char_count": 2900, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In July and August, MLS play halted for the Leagues Cup, an international competition with Liga MX clubs hosted in the United States and Canada. The Sounders were drawn into group West 2 alongside Real Salt Lake and Liga MX's Monterrey. They opened the tournament on the road with a loss to Real Salt Lake after a scoreless first half. The Sounders made several half-time substitutions and called for a penalty early, but instead conceded from a counter-attack while disputing the referee's non-call. Real Salt Lake defender Marcelo Silva was shown a red card in the 60th minute for a foul, but the hosts won 3–0. The Sounders hosted Monterrey in the final matchday of the group stage and scored two goals in the first ten minutes, but then conceded four goals—including a hat-trick by Germán Berterame—to lose 4–2. The team were eliminated from the Leagues Cup and finished third in group West 2; their next match would be 20 days later in mid-August.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "Leagues Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 164, "char_count": 952, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Sounders returned to regular season play on August 20 by hosting Atlanta United FC at Lumen Field under hazy conditions due to nearby wildfires. The team lost 2–0 as Atlanta's Giorgos Giakoumakis scored in the 11th and 65th minutes to beat Stefan Frei, who had been named captain and set a new club record for appearances in all competitions with his 340th match. The Sounders had several chances in the second half, but were unable to convert them. In their next match, on the road against Minnesota United FC, the Sounders made several positional changes and earned a draw. Both goals in the 1–1 draw were created through headers by Yeimar—a 17th-minute goal for the Sounders and an own goal in the second half—and Frei made three saves in the last minutes of the game.\nThe team ended their six-match run without a win by defeating Austin FC 2–1 during an away game at the end of August. The Sounders took the lead early in the second half through Jordan Morris while Frei made several saves to prevent Austin from scoring a second goal; both Morris's goal and a Frei save minutes later were reviewed by the video assistant referee but allowed to stand. The winning goal was scored at the beginning of stoppage time by Albert Rusnák after he received a rebound from an earlier shot by Obed Vargas. The Sounders then hosted the Portland Timbers in their penultimate Cascadia Cup fixture of the season; the home side took a 2–0 lead in the first half through goals by Raúl Ruidíaz and Léo Chú, who was sent off in the 53rd minute for his second yellow card of the match. The Timbers equalized through a pair of goals three minutes apart, but were held to a 2–2 draw after several saves from Frei. The two goals were the most the Sounders had scored at Lumen Field since April but extended a six-year home winless streak against the Timbers.\nThe Sounders began a three-match road trip by playing FC Dallas to a 1–1 draw that saw the return of Cristian Roldan following his concussion treatments. Dallas took the lead in the first half, but Alex Roldán's volley off a cross by Reed Baker-Whiting in the 57th minute tied the score. The team traveled to play the Colorado Rapids later in the week and won 2–1 to maintain their second-place rank in the Western Conference. Chú returned from his suspension to score the opening goal in the 34th minute, which was followed by Rusnák's header in the second half from a Cristian Roldan cross; the Rapids scored in the 80th minute, but were unable to find an equalizer and lost to the Sounders at home for the first time since 2018. After a one-week bye, they finished the road trip with a scoreless draw against Nashville SC. Héber's goal for the Sounders in the 58th minute was disallowed after video review due to an offside.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "August and September", "metadata": {"word_count": 495, "char_count": 2772, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The team clinched a playoff berth on October 4 with their 2–1 defeat of the LA Galaxy, their first home win since July. The Sounders took the lead in the ninth minute through a header from Jordan Morris, but conceded an equalizer early in the second half; Cristian Roldan scored the winning goal in stoppage time off a throw-in by Alex Roldan that was headed towards him by Josh Atencio. Seattle's final home regular season match was played three days later against Vancouver Whitecaps FC with 33,666 in attendance. It finished in a scoreless draw as Vancouver goalkeeper Yohei Takaoka made five saves. The result dropped the Sounders to third in the Western Conference.\nOn Decision Day, the Sounders defeated conference leaders St. Louis City SC 2–0 on the road and clinched second in the Western Conference; with a loss, the team could have finished as low as sixth. Both goals were scored in the first half, beginning with Rusnák's shot from distance in the 23rd minute, which was followed by Reed Baker-Whiting's attempt that was deflected by Tim Parker as an own goal. St. Louis were awarded a penalty kick for a foul by Cristian Roldan on Niko Gioacchini in the 66th minute, but it was rescinded after video review due to the lack of contact.\nSeattle finished the regular season with a 14–9–11 record and were undefeated in their final nine matches. Stefan Frei set a team record for the most shutouts in a season at 14, surpassing his total in the 2017 season. Jordan Morris was the top goalscorer during the regular season with 11 goals in 26 matches. The Sounders had an average attendance of 32,161 spectators per home match, the third highest in the league.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "October", "metadata": {"word_count": 290, "char_count": 1668, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As the second-place team in the Western Conference, the Sounders were paired with seventh-placed FC Dallas in the first round of the playoffs, which would be played as a best-of-three series. The team hosted the opening match at Lumen Field and won 2–0 with Rusnák's penalty kick before half-time and a header by Morris off Nouhou's cross in the 74th minute. Stefan Frei made four saves to keep a shutout after several turnovers gave Dallas opportunities to shoot on goal. In the second game, the Sounders lost 3–1 after a penalty kick was awarded to Dallas by the video assistant referee in the 13th minute and a second goal five minutes later. Morris scored after half-time and had another goal that was ruled offside; a foul on Ruidíaz in the 75th minute was recommended for a potential penalty kick by the video assistant referee but was not awarded. A berth in the Conference Semifinals was clinched on November 10 with a 1–0 home victory, giving the Sounders a 2–1 result in the best-of-three series. Rusnák scored the lone goal of the match in the 36th minute amid several Seattle chances that missed or were saved by Dallas goalkeeper Maarten Paes.\nThe playoffs paused for three weeks due to an international break and resumed with the Conference Semifinals. The Sounders hosted defending MLS Cup champions Los Angeles FC in the Western Conference Semifinals on November 26 and lost 1–0 after they conceded a goal to Denis Bouanga in the 30th minute. The Sounders had the majority of chances to score but failed to beat goalkeeper Maxime Crépeau, who made seven saves. Referee Ted Unkel was criticized by media and fans for his officiating during the match, particularly missed calls that would have been in Seattle's favor. The defeat marked the end of a 19-match unbeaten streak at home in the playoffs for the Sounders and was their first home playoff loss since 2013.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "November: MLS Cup Playoffs", "metadata": {"word_count": 322, "char_count": 1879, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 19th edition of the FIFA Club World Cup took place from February 1 to 11 in Morocco. The Sounders entered in the second round and were drawn against the winner of the first match, to be played between the OFC champion Auckland City FC of New Zealand and the CAF Champions League runners-up Al Ahly of Egypt. The winner of the second round match would play Real Madrid CF, the winners of the UEFA Champions League.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "FIFA Club World Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 77, "char_count": 417, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Major League Soccer schedule was released on December 20, 2022. The Sounders played 34 matches—mostly against opponents from the Western Conference—during the regular season from February 26 to October 21.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "Regular season", "metadata": {"word_count": 31, "char_count": 209, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2023 edition of the MLS Cup Playoffs was contested by the top nine teams in each conference beginning on October 25 and culminating with the MLS Cup final on December 9. The top seven teams in the conference qualified for Round One, a best-of-three series, along with the winner of a wild card match between the eighth and ninth seeds. The remaining rounds were single-elimination matches.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "MLS Cup Playoffs", "metadata": {"word_count": 67, "char_count": 393, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Sounders entered the 2023 U.S. Open Cup in the third round as part of the lower tranche of MLS teams, as determined by their final position in the 2022 regular season. The third round's matchups were decided in a regionalized draw on April 6.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "U.S. Open Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 45, "char_count": 246, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2023 Leagues Cup, an expanded version of the inter-league competition between MLS and Liga MX hosted in the United States and Canada, began on July 21. All MLS matches were paused until the end of the tournament on August 19. The Sounders were drawn into group West 2 alongside Real Salt Lake and Liga MX's Monterrey; the schedule for the tournament was announced on March 9, 2023. MLS teams played a minimum of two matches in the tournament, of which they hosted at least one.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "Leagues Cup", "metadata": {"word_count": 86, "char_count": 481, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "For the 2023 season, the Sounders were permitted a maximum of 30 signed players on the first team, of which 10 roster positions were designated for supplemental and reserve players. A base salary cap of $5.21 million applied to the non-supplemental players with exceptions for certain categories, including the club's three designated players—Nicolás Lodeiro, Raúl Ruidíaz, and Albert Rusnák—who each counted for a reduced amount. Seattle's player wages at the end of the season totaled approximately $19.2 million, ranking seventh among MLS teams. The Sounders were allocated eight international slots that could be filled by players from outside the United States who did not have a green card. By the end of preseason, the team had three remaining open slots and two occupied slots; the other three were sold to other teams.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "Players", "metadata": {"word_count": 132, "char_count": 827, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As of August 15, 2023\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Squad includes all players who had first team contracts or appearances during the 2023 season across all competitions. Ages listed for each player is calculated from February 26, 2023, the first matchday of the MLS regular season.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "Roster", "metadata": {"word_count": 61, "char_count": 381, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As of May 10, 2023\nPlayers called up to the first team from Tacoma Defiance for matches outside the regular season and playoffs, such as the U.S. Open Cup and Leagues Cup, are listed here.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "Other players", "metadata": {"word_count": 35, "char_count": 188, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A total of 27 players made at least one appearance for the Sounders during the 2023 season across all competitions. Midfielder Nicolás Lodeiro and defender Yeimar Gómez Andrade appeared in the most matches (40); Stefan Frei made the most appearances as goalkeeper, at 38 matches. Jordan Morris was the team's leading goalscorer in 2023 with 14 goals, while captain Nicolás Lodeiro had the most assists at 11 in the regular season and playoffs.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "Appearances and goals", "metadata": {"word_count": 73, "char_count": 443, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The MLS season has two transfer windows during which teams could register new players from outside of the league and those who required an International Transfer Certificate. The primary window was scheduled from January 31 to April 24; it was followed by a secondary window from July 5 to August 2 and a roster freeze date of September 15. Between the transfer windows, teams are allowed to sign free agents or other U.S.-based players, including those traded between MLS teams for other players, general allocation money, or various league slots.\nFor transfers in, dates listed are when Seattle Sounders FC officially signed the players to the roster. Transactions where only the rights to the players are acquired are not listed. For transfers out, dates listed are when Seattle Sounders FC officially removed the players from its roster, not when they signed with another club. If a player later signed with another club, his new club will be noted, but the date listed here remains the one when he was officially removed from the Seattle Sounders FC roster.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "Transfers", "metadata": {"word_count": 177, "char_count": 1062, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Draft picks were not automatically signed to the team roster. Only those who are signed to a contract were listed as transfers in. Only trades involving draft picks and executed after the start of the 2023 MLS SuperDraft are listed in the notes.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "Draft picks", "metadata": {"word_count": 43, "char_count": 245, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Two Sounders players were finalists for MLS's year-end individual awards: Yeimar Gómez Andrade for Defender of the Year and João Paulo for Comeback Player of the Year for his recovery from a 2022 anterior cruciate ligament injury. Stefan Frei, who had the most shutouts in the 2023 regular season, was not nominated for Goalkeeper of the Year. No Sounders players won league awards or were named to the MLS Best XI. Frei was named the Sounders' most valuable player and humanitarian of the year in the team's annual awards, which were announced in December 2023.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "Player awards", "metadata": {"word_count": 95, "char_count": 562, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Sounders finished the season with the best defense in MLS but one of the worst scoring records, blamed on an inability to finish goalscoring chances. The team is expected to make several major offseason transactions to replace players who have left or had their contracts expire. Among the departures was captain Nicolás Lodeiro, who became a free agent and signed with Orlando City SC during the offseason. The 2024 season marks the club's 50th anniversary and includes the use of a new crest and the opening of the Sounders FC Center at Longacres, a new training facility in Renton, Washington.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Seattle Sounders FC season", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Seattle_Sounders_FC_season", "article_id": 72072453, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 101, "char_count": 600, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 18 December 2023, a series of mass protests began in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, after the parliamentary and Belgrade City Assembly elections on 17 December. The protests were organised by the opposition Serbia Against Violence (SPN) coalition, the Students Against Violence (later Struggle) youth organisation, and the ProGlas initiative.\nAccording to monitoring and non-governmental organisations, such as CeSID, CRTA, and the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, the election day was marked with electoral fraud, with irregularities such as vote buying, ballot-box stuffing, Bulgarian train, and group voting occurring. The ruling Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) denied all the allegations. In Belgrade, the election also resulted in a hung parliament, considering that no side had a majority to form a government. During the protests, the organisers called for the annulment of the results. Seven representatives of the SPN were also on hunger strike during the protests, with Marinika Tepić being the longest one, totaling 13 days. On 24 December, a riot broke out after an unsuccessful attempt by opposition councillors to enter the building of the City Assembly of Belgrade.\nThe protests lasted until 30 December; at that point, all seven representatives of the SPN ended their hunger strike. Two minor protests were also held in January 2024. The protests received criticism from the government and Russia, either comparing the protests to Euromaidan or alleging that Western powers supported the protests. After the protests, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the 17 December elections, calling for an international investigation due to the fraud, while the City Assembly of Belgrade failed to constitute and a new election was organised for 2 June 2024. The opposition lost, while the ruling SNS regained its majority in the body.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Serbian election protests", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Serbian_election_protests", "article_id": 75640361, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 288, "char_count": 1878, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "In May 2023, a school shooting happened in the Vračar municipality of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, followed by a mass murder in the villages of Dubona, Mladenovac and Malo Orašje, Smederevo. Mass protests, named Serbia Against Violence, began shortly after the shootings. Organisers demanded the resignation of government ministers, halting and cancelling the broadcast of reality programs and shows that promote violence on television with a national frequency, banning print media whose content promotes violence, publishes fake news, and violates the Journalistic Code, and confiscating the national frequency of Pink and Happy television channels. These protests lasted until November 2023.\nOpposition parties organising the protests formed the Serbia Against Violence (SPN) coalition for the parliamentary, Vojvodina provincial, and Belgrade City Assembly elections, which were scheduled for 17 December 2023. According to reports of those who monitored the elections, including CeSID, CRTA, and Kreni-Promeni organisations, the elections on 17 December were marked by electoral fraud. Domestic and international observers reported irregularities such as vote buying and ballot-box stuffing. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) stated that the electoral campaign was characterised by \"harsh rhetoric, bias in the media, pressure on public sector employees, and misuse of public resources\". The Belgrade City Assembly election did not have a winner due to Branimir Nestorović's We – Voice from the People organisation unexpectedly gaining representation in the body; neither the government and the opposition won a majority.\nThe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) concluded that SNS had a \"systematic advantage that created unfair conditions in the elections\" (imala sistematsku prednost koja je stvorila nepravedne uslove na izborima) and that Aleksandar Vučić, the president of Serbia, heavily dominated the election campaign, despite not being a candidate in it. Stefan Schennach, the chief of the delegation of Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe that monitored the elections, said that \"the elections were not fair\" (to nisu bili fer izbori) and that \"the victory in Belgrade was stolen from the opposition\" (da je pobeda u Beogradu ukradena opoziciji). Vučić and SNS denied all allegations of electoral fraud. Ana Brnabić, the prime minister of Serbia, accused the opposition and CRTA of \"destabilising the country and the constitutional order of the Republic of Serbia\" (destabilizuju zemlju i uruše ustavni poredak Republike Srbije).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Serbian election protests", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Serbian_election_protests", "article_id": 75640361, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 381, "char_count": 2614, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The first protest was organised by SPN outside of the building of the Republic Electoral Commission (RIK) on 18 December. At the protest, SPN announced that they would reject the Belgrade City Assembly election results, citing irregularities that took place during the election. They also demanded the annulment of the election results and the \"cleaning\" (čišćenje) and updating of the voter list. Marinika Tepić and Miroslav Aleksić, the main representatives of SPN, announced that they would go on a hunger strike until their demands were accepted; Aleksić, however, later announced that he would go on a \"strict fast\" (strogom postu) instead of a hunger strike. Tepić continued her hunger strike inside the RIK building. The protest had incidents; a group of demonstrators that gathered at the protest threw eggs, tomatoes, and toilet papers at the RIK building. Miladin Kovačević, the director of the Republic Bureau of Statistics, was also physically attacked by a demonstrator. The police heavily guarded the building during the protest.\nProtests continued to be organised by SPN outside the RIK building; they were also joined by the Students Against Violence organisation, which renamed itself Struggle (Borba) amidst the protests. The second protest was attended by former rector of the University of Belgrade Ivanka Popović, judge Miodrag Majić, and actors Svetlana Bojković and Dragan Bjelogrlić, all of whom initiated the ProGlas activist group during the 2023 election campaign, to boost the turnout of the elections. At the third protest, held on 20 December, SPN expanded their demands by calling for the annulment of all elections held on 17 December. Members of the National Assembly of Serbia Jelena Milošević and Danijela Grujić began a hunger strike at the protest on 21 December. At the same protest, SPN representatives called for the European Union to not accept the results and conduct an international investigation. Besides the protest in Belgrade, there was also a protest in Niš on 22 December. Janko Veselinović and Željko Veselinović also began a hunger strike on 22 December. At the protest a day later, Branko Miljuš and Dušan Nikezić, who were elected to the National Assembly in the 2023 election on behalf of SPN, also began a hunger strike.\nAccording to the Archive of Public Gatherings, which is presided over by journalist Aleksandar Gubaš, the protest on 24 December was attended by approximately 7,100 demonstrators; Vučić claimed that only 2,490 demonstrators were present at the protest. The protest was announced by Aleksić two days prior due to the deadline for the annulment of the election results. The protest began again in front of the RIK building, where Tepić, Aleksić, Srđan Milivojević, and Aleksandar Jovanović Ćuta gave their speeches. Aleksić called for the demonstrators to circle the building of the City Assembly of Belgrade while Vladimir Obradović, a member of the Temporary Council of Belgrade, and other councillors would enter the building to give a speech from a balcony inside the building. However, the building was under armed guard by the police and gendarmery, which did not allow Obradović, Aleksić, and Milivojević to peacefully enter the building.\nA group of demonstrators set off a riot at the protest, and they tried to enter the building violently. In response to the attempt to enter the building of the City Assembly of Belgrade, Vučić issued an urgent statement, describing it as an attempt to overthrow the government. Police brutality was seen later in the protest; the police and gendarmery attacked demonstrators and used tear gas, pepper spray, and batons. Out of opposition representatives, Ćuta was hit with tear gas, while Radomir Lazović and Željko Vagić, the president of the Grocka Party of Freedom and Justice (SSP) board, were attacked by the gendarmery. Aleksandar Šapić, the president of the Temporary Council of Belgrade and former mayor of Belgrade, gave a press conference inside the City Assembly building once the protest ended, where he condemned the riot.\nDragan Đilas, the president of SSP, claimed that the rioters were sent by a group of convicted criminal Đorđe Prelić; Đilas also alleged that Šapić had connections to Prelić, though Šapić denied this. The head of the Police Administration, Ivica Ivković, accused SPN of being behind the riot. Ivković reported that 38 demonstrators were arrested, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs informed that 7 police officers were injured. The Lawyers' Committee for Human Rights alleged that the police disproportionately threatened the demonstrators. The Higher Court in Belgrade later reported that 7 of the arrested pled guilty to violently entering the building of the City Assembly of Belgrade. One of the arrested received a 6-month prison suspended sentence in January 2024.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Serbian election protests", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Serbian_election_protests", "article_id": 75640361, "section": "First week", "metadata": {"word_count": 766, "char_count": 4829, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Roadblocks organised by the Struggle organisation were held in front of the building of the Ministry of Public Administration and Local Self-Government (MDULS) and later in Kneza Miloša Street on 25 December. This protest received support from 345 professors and associates from the University of Belgrade and University of Novi Sad, and the Network of Academic Solidarity and Engagement organisation. While protesting in Knez Miloša Street, a group of demonstrators played football and volleyball on the road, while some also danced kolo. Another protest organised by SPN was held later the same day, in front of the building of RIK. Tepić was unable to attend the protest due to her worsening health situation, caused by the hunger strike. Demonstrators marched towards the Belgrade Police Department during the protest, where they demanded the release of arrested demonstrators. Opposition politicians were not allowed to enter the building. Late in the protest, N1 journalist Mladen Savatović was physically attacked by an unknown man. The attacker, later identified as a man who had previously demolished a car during the protest, was later arrested.\nA day later, SPN organised another protest, this time marching towards the building of the Higher Court in Belgrade. Željko Veselinović ended his hunger strike on 27 December and a day later Grujić and Janko Veselinović did the same, all due to their doctor's advice. Struggle organised another protest in front of the MDULS building on 27 December, demanding that the voter list should made public. The demonstrators later marched through Knez Mihailova Street and to the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Belgrade. Later that day, SPN organised another protest in front of RIK, then marched towards the building of the Radio Television of Serbia (RTS). This protest was repeated a day later by SPN.\nStruggle organised a 24-hour blockade of Kneza Miloša Street, beginning on 29 December. No incidents were reported during the blockade. On 30 December, ProGlas organised another protest, this time at the Terazija Fountain, in front of the Hotel Moskva. Alongside the Serbian media, The Independent, a British online newspaper, broadcast the protest on its website. The protest was also attended by demonstrators from the Struggle organisation. At the protest, Tepić demanded the annulment of the election results, after which she was driven away to a hospital for treatment, ending her hunger strike. On the same day, Milošević and Miljuš also ended their hunger strike. According to the Archive of Public Gatherings, about 17,000 demonstrators were present at its height at the 30 December protest.\nDespite SPN announcing that the protests would continue regularly after Orthodox Christmas (7 January), SPN only organised two protests since then, on 16 and 26 January.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Serbian election protests", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Serbian_election_protests", "article_id": 75640361, "section": "Second week", "metadata": {"word_count": 446, "char_count": 2835, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Vladimir Dimitrijević, the president of RIK, said that RIK and the Belgrade City Election Commission do not have the right to annul the Belgrade City Assembly elections and that they could instead only annul the results at certain voting stations. MDULS also said that the voter list is up-to-date and rejected the claim that \"phantom voters\" (fantomski glasači) exist. Despite the criticism from the opposition, RTS also claimed that they were covering the protests in their normal fashion.\nCommenting on Tepić's hunger strike, Vučić said that \"she is free to stop her hunger strike and get back to her duties\" (slobodno mogu da prestanu i da se vrate svojim obavezama). During the 24 December protest, Ivica Dačić, the deputy prime minister and president of the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS), condemned the riots outside the City Assembly of Belgrade. Šapić said that the election protests \"are the beginning of a civil war\" (uvod u građanski rat) and compared them to Euromaidan. Brnabić also compared the protests to Euromaidan. The government denied that police brutality took place.\nVučić commented on 27 December that he does not fear the opposition, the protests, or the \"fabricated and agreed-upon reports of election observers, which claim that there were massive irregularities\" (izmišljenih i dogovorenih izveštaja posmatrača izbora, koji tvrde da su postojale ogromne nepravilnosti). He also said that \"[the government] will not let them steal the will of the people\" (nećemo im dati da ukradu narodnu volju). He later alleged that the protests hurt the tourism sector.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Serbian election protests", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Serbian_election_protests", "article_id": 75640361, "section": "Government", "metadata": {"word_count": 252, "char_count": 1584, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Besides SPN, opposition parties and coalitions such as the National Democratic Alternative (NADA), People's Party, Social Democratic Party, and Dveri rejected the 2023 election results. Miloš Jovanović, one of the representatives of the NADA coalition, expressed his support for holding new elections and said that citizens have a right to resist and organise peaceful protests.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Serbian election protests", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Serbian_election_protests", "article_id": 75640361, "section": "Opposition", "metadata": {"word_count": 55, "char_count": 378, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The protests were strongly criticised by Russia. Dmitry Peskov, the press secretary of Vladimir Putin, accused foreign powers of staging the protests in Belgrade, while Maria Zakharova, the spokesperson of the ministry of foreign affairs of Russia, accused \"the West of setting a fire to the already tense enough political situation in Serbia\" (Zapad pokušava da potpali već dovoljno napetu političku situaciju u Srbiji). Brnabić thanked the Russian Federal Security Service for providing information to the government of Serbia. After Vučić's meeting with Russian ambassador Alexander Bocan Harchenko on 25 December, Bocan Harchenko said that Vučić informed him that \"the incitement to riots came from the West\" (zapad stoji iza jučerašnjih nereda). Sergey Lavrov, the Russian minister of foreign affairs, also claimed that \"the West tried to organise an illegal change of government\" (Zapad pokušao da organizuje nelegalno preuzimanje vlasti). The New York Times journalist Andrew Higgins saw the involvement of Russia as an attempt to bring Serbia closer to Russia.\nThe European Union condemned the violence that took place during the protest on 24 December and called for the government to investigate the irregularities that took place during the elections. Matthew Miller, the spokesperson for the United States Department of State, also called on Serbia to investigate the irregularities. Responding to Russia's allegations, Christopher R. Hill, the United States Ambassador to Serbia, said that \"no one is inciting a revolution\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Serbian election protests", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Serbian_election_protests", "article_id": 75640361, "section": "Foreign reactions", "metadata": {"word_count": 231, "char_count": 1537, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Following the protests, the European Parliament held a session on 17 January, during which the 17 December elections in Serbia were discussed. Didier Reynders, the European Commissioner for Justice, condemned the violence that took place during the protests and said that he expects the government of Serbia to implement the recommendations for electoral conditions. Andreas Schieder, who took part in the monitoring mission on 17 December, confirmed that irregularities took place. The European Parliament adopted the resolution regarding the irregularities during the 17 December elections, with 461 in favour, 53 against, and 43 absent. The resolution called for an international investigation of the results, for the European Commission to follow the reports of the Court of Auditors and to immediately start an audit of the funds provided to the Government of Serbia. The resolution also stated that if the government of Serbia didnot accept key reforms to electoral conditions, European Union funding for Serbia should be suspended.\nODIHR published its report on the 17 December elections in February 2024, calling for inter-party dialogues between the government and the opposition in order to improve legislative changes before the next election. ODIHR concluded that various irregularities took place, such as vote buying, the Bulgarian train, and group voting.\nIn Belgrade, the first attempt to constitute the City Assembly occurred on 19 February. But it failed because the quorum was not met, as the councillors from the SNS electoral list were not present. The second attempt occurred on 1 March; the quorum was not met again. The third, final, and unsuccessful attempt occurred on 3 March. As the City Assembly did not get constituted, a new election had to be called. Brnabić, who became the president of the National Assembly after the 2023 parliamentary election, called the elections to be held on 2 June. In this election, SNS and SPS took part on a historical joint list, while the SPN remained divided; SSP, Serbia Centre, and Together boycotted the elections, while the rest of the SPN parties took part under the We Choose Belgrade (BB) banner. The elections were a loss for the opposition; SNS regained its majority back in the City Assembly and BB only won 14 seats. While the popular vote of the SPN coalition in the 2023 election was 325,000, BB only secured 89,000 votes in the 2024 election. On the other hand, Kreni-Promeni, which took part in the election for the first time, managed to win more votes and seats than BB. Šapić was re-elected mayor on 24 June.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 Serbian election protests", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Serbian_election_protests", "article_id": 75640361, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 420, "char_count": 2590, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2023 UK Championship (officially the 2023 MrQ UK Championship) was a professional snooker tournament that took place from 25 November to 3 December 2023 at the York Barbican in York, England. The 47th edition of the UK Championship, first held in 1977, it was the eighth ranking event of the 2023–24 snooker season, following the International Championship and preceding the Snooker Shoot Out. It was also the season's first Triple Crown event, preceding the Masters and the World Championship. Organised by the World Snooker Tour and sponsored by online casino MrQ, the event was broadcast by the BBC domestically, by Discovery+ and Eurosport in Europe, and by other broadcasters worldwide. The winner received £250,000 from a total prize fund of £1,205,000.\nThe event featured the top 16 players in the world rankings along with 16 qualifiers who came through a 128-player four-round qualifying tournament held from 18 to 23 November at the Morningside Arena in Leicester. Mark Allen was the defending champion, having defeated Ding Junhui 10‍–‍7 in the final of the 2022 event, but he lost 5‍–‍6 to Ding in the first round. After becoming the first player to win 100 matches in the history of the UK Championship when he defeated Zhou Yuelong in the quarter-finals, Ronnie O'Sullivan progressed to the final, where he defeated Ding 10‍–‍7 to win a record-extending eighth UK Championship, his 22nd Triple Crown title and 40th ranking title. Aged 47 years and 363 days, he became the oldest winner in the tournament's history, surpassing Doug Mountjoy, who had been 46 years and 172 days old when he won the title at the 1988 event. O'Sullivan also holds the record as the tournament's youngest winner—set 30 years earlier at the 1993 event—which gives him the distinction of simultaneously being the youngest and oldest UK Champion. \nThe main stage of the tournament produced a total of 63 century breaks, with a further 80 centuries made during qualifying. The highest was a maximum break by Xu Si in his second-round qualifying match against Ma Hailong. Judd Trump made his 950th century break in professional competition and recorded his 1,000th professional victory during the event. Ding and Mark Williams scored a record total of 195 points in frame eight of their quarter-final match, breaking the previous professional record of 192 points set by Peter Lines and Dominic Dale during the 2012 Wuxi Classic qualifiers.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 UK Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UK_Championship", "article_id": 75191748, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 398, "char_count": 2431, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The 2023 UK Championship was a professional snooker tournament that took place from 25 November to 3 December at the York Barbican in York, England. Organised by the World Snooker Tour, it was the eighth ranking event of the 2023–24 snooker season, following the International Championship and preceding the Snooker Shoot Out, and the first Triple Crown title. It was the 47th edition of the UK Championship, which was first held in 1977 as the United Kingdom Professional Snooker Championship. For the tournament's first seven years, only United Kingdom residents or passport holders were eligible to compete. At the 1984 event, the UK Championship became a ranking tournament open to players of any nationality. \nThe event used a format adopted for the 2022 edition, which is similar to the format of the World Championship. The top 16 players in the snooker world rankings were seeded through to the round of 32. An additional 128 players—comprising professionals ranked outside the top 16, leading amateur players from the Q Tour and other amateur events, and top-performing junior players from the UK—competed in a four-round qualifying tournament from 18 to 23 November at the Morningside Arena in Leicester, with higher ranked players given byes to the later rounds. The 16 successful qualifiers advanced to the round of 32, where they were drawn at random against the top 16 seeds.\nAll matches were played as the best of 11 frames up to the final, which was the best of 19 frames. The defending champion was Northern Irish player Mark Allen, who won his first UK Championship title in 2022, defeating China's Ding Junhui 10‍–‍7 in the final.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 UK Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UK_Championship", "article_id": 75191748, "section": "Format", "metadata": {"word_count": 273, "char_count": 1649, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The qualifying matches were broadcast by Discovery+ and Eurosport in Europe (including the UK and Ireland); Migu, Youku, and Huya in China; and Matchroom.live in all other territories. Round 4 of qualifying, called \"Judgement Day\", was also streamed on World Snooker Tour's YouTube and Facebook pages.\nThe main stages of the event were broadcast by the BBC in the UK; Discovery+ and Eurosport in Europe (including the UK and Ireland); CCTV-5, Migu, Youku, and Huya in Mainland China; DAZN in the US and Brazil; Now TV in Hong Kong; Astro SuperSport in Malaysia and Brunei; TrueVisions in Thailand; Sportcast in Taiwan; Premier Sports Network in the Philippines; Fastsports in Pakistan; and Matchroom.live in all other territories.\nThe last session of the final attracted a peak viewership of 2.6 million on the BBC, an increase of 59 percent over the previous year. The cumulative British audience for the tournament—on BBC and UK Eurosport combined—was 14.3 million, an increase of 35 percent over the previous year. Every session broadcast on the BBC achieved viewership figures that were either equivalent to or greater than the 2022 event.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 UK Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UK_Championship", "article_id": 75191748, "section": "Broadcasters and viewership", "metadata": {"word_count": 184, "char_count": 1143, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The event featured a total prize fund of £1,205,000, with the winner receiving £250,000. The tournament was sponsored by online casino MrQ. The breakdown of prize money for the event is shown below:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 UK Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UK_Championship", "article_id": 75191748, "section": "Prize fund", "metadata": {"word_count": 33, "char_count": 198, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Qualifying took place from 18 to 23 November at the Morningside Arena in Leicester. In the first round, former women's world champion Mink Nutcharut eliminated 96th seed Adam Duffy 6‍–‍3, but was defeated by 65th seed Michael White in a deciding frame in the second round. Xu Si defeated Ma Hailong 6‍–‍1 in the second round, making his first career maximum break in the second frame. Six top-32 seeds were defeated in the third round. The 19th seed Ryan Day was eliminated 2‍–‍6 by 78th seed Lukas Kleckers. The 20th seed Gary Wilson lost 3‍–‍6 to 77th seed Zak Surety. The 22nd seed Chris Wakelin was beaten 4‍–‍6 by 75th seed Ken Doherty. The 23rd seed Stuart Bingham was eliminated 2‍–‍6 by 74th seed David Lilley. The 31st seed Jimmy Robertson lost 5‍–‍6 to amateur player Craig Steadman. The 32nd seed Si Jiahui was beaten 5‍–‍6 by Michael White. Steadman had the best run of all the amateur and unseeded players in qualifying, reaching the fourth round before losing 2‍–‍6 to 34th seed Pang Junxu.\nFour more top 32 players lost in the fourth and final qualifying round. The 25th seed Ricky Walden lost 3‍–‍6 to 40th seed Thepchaiya Un-Nooh. The 27th seed Stephen Maguire was beaten 3‍–‍6 by 38th seed Joe O'Connor. David Gilbert, the 28th seed, was defeated 5‍–‍6 by 60th seed Jamie Clarke. The 62nd seed Mark Joyce progressed with a 6‍–‍4 victory over the 30th seed Joe Perry. Three-time winner Ding Junhui, runner-up in the previous year's event, qualified for the main stage by defeating Daniel Wells 6‍–‍4 and Robbie Williams 6‍–‍3.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 UK Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UK_Championship", "article_id": 75191748, "section": "Qualifying", "metadata": {"word_count": 266, "char_count": 1543, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The first round was played from 25 to 28 November. On the first day, Ding Junhui faced defending champion Mark Allen, a repeat of the previous year's final. The score was tied at 2‍–‍2 at the mid-session interval, after which Allen made breaks of 106 and 60 to lead 4‍–‍2. Ding won three consecutive frames before Allen took the tenth frame with a 70 break to take the match to a decider. Allen led 37‍–‍0 before missing a red ball, and Ding made a break of 102 to win the match 6‍–‍5. Commenting on his ill health leading up to the match, Ding said afterwards that he had seen the doctor and taken some tablets. \"I felt a bit better before the match. I was thinking I might have to give him a walkover,\" Ding commented. Mark Williams defeated Fan Zhengyi 6‍–‍4. Jamie Clarke trailed 1‍–‍5 against Kyren Wilson, but won the match with five consecutive frames, including a century break of 104 in the last frame. Noppon Saengkham also led Tom Ford 5‍–‍1, having made breaks of 126, 100, and 127. However, Ford won the next five frames for a 6‍–‍5 victory, making a break of 130 in the eighth frame.\nOn 26 November, the reigning world champion Luca Brecel defeated Yuan Sijun 6‍–‍4. Zhang Anda missed the 13th red while attempting a maximum break in the second frame of his match against Elliot Slessor. The match went to a deciding frame, which Zhang won for a 6‍–‍5 victory. The evening session was delayed by an hour after a small fire at the venue led to the building being evacuated. Shaun Murphy played Hossein Vafaei in their second professional meeting, following the 2023 Shoot Out. The scores were tied at 2‍–‍2 at the mid-session interval, after which Vafaei made breaks of 100 and 71 to lead 5‍–‍3. Murphy won the ninth frame, but Vafaei made a break of 67 in the tenth for a 6‍–‍4 victory. Matthew Selt made century breaks of 111 and 102 to lead Ali Carter 3‍–‍2, and went on to win the match 6‍–‍3.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 UK Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UK_Championship", "article_id": 75191748, "section": "First round", "metadata": {"word_count": 349, "char_count": 1910, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 27 November, Judd Trump defeated Pang Junxu 6‍–‍1 in their first professional meeting, making breaks of 114 and 124 in the first and fourth frames. After the match Trump said he was playing well: \"I feel like I'm a player that is either amazing or terrible and I feel if I can get through the first two rounds then nothing is stopping me. It is quite rare for me to lose in a semi or quarter-final.\" Ben Woollaston made a break of 100 in the first frame against Barry Hawkins and went on to lead 3‍–‍1. However, Hawkins won five of the next six frames to win the match 6‍–‍4. Mark Selby advanced with a 6‍–‍0 whitewash over Mark Joyce. Jack Lisowski made an 86 break in the first frame and won the second frame on a re-spotted black for a 2‍–‍0 lead over Jamie Jones. However, Jones tied the scores at 4‍–‍4 and then won the last two frames for a 6‍–‍4 victory.\nOn 28 November, seven-time winner Ronnie O'Sullivan lost the first two frames against Anthony McGill, but then won six frames in a row for a 6‍–‍2 victory. John Higgins defeated Joe O'Connor 6‍–‍3, making a 122 break in the eighth frame. Zhou Yuelong made breaks of 80 and 134 to lead Neil Robertson 2‍–‍1. Robertson tied the scores with a 135 clearance in the fourth frame, but Zhou took four consecutive frames with breaks of 67, 99, 136, and 74 for a 6‍–‍2 victory. The defeat ended Robertson's winning streak, in which he had won at least one professional tournament every calendar year since 2006. Thepchaiya Un-Nooh made breaks of 93, 127, and 85 for a 3‍–‍1 lead over Robert Milkins. Milkins attempted a maximum break in the fifth frame, but missed the last red. Milkins made further breaks of 99 and 121 and won the match in a deciding frame.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 UK Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UK_Championship", "article_id": 75191748, "section": "First round", "metadata": {"word_count": 316, "char_count": 1715, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The second round was played on 29 and 30 November. In the afternoon session on 29 November, Trump whitewashed Jones 6‍–‍0, making a break of 100 in the first frame, the 950th century of his professional career. Ding made back-to-back centuries to lead Ford 2‍–‍0, but Ford responded with breaks of 118 and 96 to tie the scores at 2‍–‍2 at the mid-session interval. Ding took three of the last four frames, ending with a 106 century, to win 6‍–‍3.\nIn the evening session, Williams played Clarke in a rematch of their first-round meeting at the previous year's event. Clarke won the first two frames, making a 128 break in the second frame, but Williams won the next five frames to lead 5‍–‍2, including centuries of 138 and 107 in the third and seventh frames. Clarke won frames eight and nine, before Williams took the tenth frame with a break of 100 to win 6‍–‍4. Selby led Hawkins 3‍–‍1 at the mid-session interval, having made century breaks of 142 and 101 in the first and fourth frames. Although Hawkins took frame five with a 133 century, Selby went on to lead 5‍–‍3. Hawkins made breaks of 84 and 88 in the next two frames to tie the scores at 5‍–‍5. In the deciding frame, which lasted almost an hour, Hawkins snookered himself on the last blue ball, allowing Selby to clinch the match 6‍–‍5.\nIn the afternoon session on 30 November, O'Sullivan lost the first two frames against Milkins but won four frames in a row to lead 4‍–‍2, making a break of 142 in the fifth frame. Milkins tied the score at 5‍–‍5 with a 120 century, but O'Sullivan won the deciding frame for a 6‍–‍5 victory. Displeased with his form, O'Sullivan commented: \"I had to dig my way out of it somehow... There was no flow, I was mis-timing shots, I was butchering balls.\" Zhou established a 4‍–‍1 lead over three-time champion Higgins, who won frames six and seven to reduce Zhou's lead to 4‍–‍3. Zhou won the eighth frame to lead 5‍–‍3. During the ninth, Higgins was distracted by lights in the TV studio and left the arena mid-match after complaining to referee Tatiana Woollaston. Play resumed after a delay, and Zhou captured the frame and match by 6‍–‍3.\nIn the evening session, Vafaei made three century breaks of 132, 133, and 121 to defeat Selt 6‍–‍1. Brecel and Zhang were tied at 2‍–‍2 and 4‍–‍4, but Zhang made breaks of 124 and 68 to clinch a 6‍–‍4 victory.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 UK Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UK_Championship", "article_id": 75191748, "section": "Second round", "metadata": {"word_count": 422, "char_count": 2347, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The quarter-finals were played on 1 December. O'Sullivan made a break of 125 in the first frame against Zhou, and went on to lead 4‍–‍1. Zhou won four frames in a row for a 5‍–‍4 lead, but O'Sullivan took frame ten to force a decider, which he won with a 122 break. The victory made O'Sullivan the first player to win 100 matches in the history of the UK Championship.\nZhang made a 97 break in the first frame against Vafaei, but Vafaei made century breaks of 120 and 100 to tie the scores at 2‍–‍2. Vafaei took a 5‍–‍4 lead with a 106 break in the ninth frame, and won the match 6‍–‍4. Following the win, he said he didn't know what had given him the confidence to win, commenting: \"I'm so happy that I'm still in the tournament.\"\nTrump started his match against Selby with a break of 100, his 50th century break of the season, and won all four frames before the mid-session interval to lead 4‍–‍0. Selby won three of the next four frames, but Trump won the ninth to secure a 6‍–‍3 victory. The victory marked Trump's 1,000th career match win. Having already won three consecutive events during the season, he said: \"It has already been a brilliant season, but until you prove yourself in these really big events then you can easily get forgotten about. You want to be delivering on the big stage as much as possible.\"\nDing lost the first two frames against Williams, but made breaks of 95 and 127 to level the scores at 2‍–‍2 at the mid-session interval. Frame eight set a new professional record for the most total points scored in a single frame. After both players accumulated numerous foul points in a protracted safety battle, Williams won the frame 101‍–‍94, for a total of 195 points. The previous record had been 192, set by Peter Lines and Dominic Dale during their qualifying match in the 2012 Wuxi Classic. Williams also won frame nine for a 5‍–‍4 lead, but Ding made breaks of 85 and 105 to clinch the match 6‍–‍5.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 UK Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UK_Championship", "article_id": 75191748, "section": "Quarter-finals", "metadata": {"word_count": 353, "char_count": 1928, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The semi-finals were played on 2 December. In the afternoon session, seven-time champion O'Sullivan played Vafaei, who was contesting his first Triple Crown semi-final. Breaks of 113 and 54 gave O'Sullivan the first two frames, but Vafaei made a 112 break in the third frame and also won the fourth to level at 2‍–‍2 going into the mid-session interval. O'Sullivan won the next four frames to take the match to 6‍–‍2, securing a place in his ninth UK Championship final. Vafaei said after his defeat: \"In front of my hero I don't have that heart like I have with other people. I felt completely different. It was a good run and it was only one man that could stop me, Ronnie O'Sullivan.\"\nIn the evening session, three-time winner Ding faced the 2011 winner Trump. The scores were tied at 2‍–‍2 at the mid-session interval, after which Trump took the fifth frame with a break of 124, and Ding levelled the scores again at 3‍–‍3. Century breaks of 110 from Ding and 105 from Trump tied the scores for a third time at 4‍–‍4. Trump missed a pot on a red in frame nine, allowing Ding to clear with a break of 88. In frame ten, a safety mistake by Ding allowed Trump to pot a red to the middle pocket, but he was unable to capitalise on his advantage and lost the frame. Ding secured a 6‍–‍4 victory with an 84 break, reaching his fifth UK Championship final. He commented: \"I have the feeling here [in York] that I can play well. It started in 2005 [UK Championship]. I'm happy to see myself get back into form like this. Normally I don't fight like this in a tough match.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 UK Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UK_Championship", "article_id": 75191748, "section": "Semi-finals", "metadata": {"word_count": 289, "char_count": 1568, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Officiated by referee Rob Spencer, the final was played as the best of 19 frames over two sessions on 3 December between O'Sullivan and Ding. O'Sullivan was competing in his ninth UK Championship final, having previously won seven of eight finals; Ding was contesting his fifth UK final, having previously won three of four. O'Sullivan won the first three frames with breaks of 71, 71 and 91, before Ding made an 89 break to take the fourth frame. O'Sullivan won the next frame for a 4‍–‍1 lead, but Ding then won three frames in a row, making a break of 114 in the seventh, to end the afternoon session level at 4‍–‍4. \nIn the evening session, O'Sullivan made breaks of 84, 87 and 79, to move into a 7‍–‍5 lead, but Ding tied the scores again at 7‍–‍7, making a century break in frame 14. O'Sullivan then won three consecutive frames with breaks of 100, 74 and 129, to secure a 10‍–‍7 victory for a record-extending eighth UK title. It was O'Sullivan's 40th ranking win and 22nd Triple Crown title. Aged 47 years and 363 days, he became the oldest winner of the UK Championship, breaking the record set by Doug Mountjoy, who was 46 years and 172 days old when he won the 1988 event. He simultaneously remains the tournament's youngest winner, having first won the title 30 years previously at the 1993 UK Championship, aged 17 years and 358 days. O'Sullivan retained the world number one position after the event, while Ding re-entered the top 16 in the world rankings and qualified for the 2024 Masters. After the match, O'Sullivan said: \"I always keep beating myself up because of the age thing. I keep thinking at some point you have to stop winning but I am doing all right and I will keep on going until the wheels fall off.\" Ding said: \"I know it was going to be very tough against Ronnie. I like myself playing like this. It is very cool.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 UK Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UK_Championship", "article_id": 75191748, "section": "Final", "metadata": {"word_count": 335, "char_count": 1847, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Top 16 players were seeded through to the main stage and drawn randomly against 16 qualifiers, shown below. Numbers in parentheses after the players' names denote their seedings, including the qualifying stage seedings for the qualifiers. Players in bold denote match winners. All matches were the best of 11 frames except the final, which was the best of 19 frames.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 UK Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UK_Championship", "article_id": 75191748, "section": "Main draw", "metadata": {"word_count": 60, "char_count": 366, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The draw for the qualifying stage of the tournament is shown below. Numbers in parentheses after the players' names denote the 112 seeded players, and players in bold denote match winners; an \"a\" indicates amateur players not on the main tour (i.e. without a world ranking), while a \"u\" denotes the player was unseeded. All matches were the best of 11 frames.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 UK Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UK_Championship", "article_id": 75191748, "section": "Qualifying draw", "metadata": {"word_count": 62, "char_count": 359, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A total of 63 century breaks were made in the main stage of the tournament.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 UK Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UK_Championship", "article_id": 75191748, "section": "Main stage centuries", "metadata": {"word_count": 15, "char_count": 75, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A total of 80 century breaks were made during the qualifying stage of the tournament.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2023 UK Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UK_Championship", "article_id": 75191748, "section": "Qualifying stage centuries", "metadata": {"word_count": 15, "char_count": 85, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup final was a Twenty20 International (T20I) cricket match played at Kensington Oval in Bridgetown, Barbados on 29 June 2024 to determine the winner of the 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. It was played between South Africa and India.\nIndia won the toss and electing to bat first, they registered a score of 176/7. In the second innings, South Africa managed to post a score of 169/8 thus India claimed the victory by 7 runs to win their second T20 World Cup title. Virat Kohli was named Player of the Match for scoring 76 runs off 59 balls. Following the victory, Kohli, Indian captain Rohit Sharma and Ravindra Jadeja announced their retirement from T20I cricket.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Men's T20 World Cup final", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup_final", "article_id": 75363209, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 122, "char_count": 692, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup was the ninth edition of the ICC Men's T20 World Cup, a biennial world cup for cricket in Twenty20 International (T20I) format, organized by the International Cricket Council (ICC). In November 2021 as part of the 2024-2031 ICC men's hosts cycle, the ICC announced that the 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup would be played in the United States and the West Indies.\nOn 22 September 2023, the ICC released the venues that would host matches across the tournament, with the Kensington Oval in Barbados named as the venue for the final. On 5 January 2024, the ICC announced the tournament's schedule, with the final scheduled on 29 June. This was the second T20 World Cup final played at the stadium, after the 2010 final.\nThis was South Africa's maiden T20 World Cup final, while it was India's third final, having been champions in 2007 and runners-up in 2014. Both teams qualified for the final unbeaten, with neither of them losing a group stage, Super 8 or semi-final. Before this match, India and South Africa had played each other six times in the ICC Men's T20 World Cup, with India recording four wins (2007, 2010, 2012 and 2014) and South Africa winning two (2009 and 2022).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Men's T20 World Cup final", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup_final", "article_id": 75363209, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 213, "char_count": 1209, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "South Africa began their T20 World Cup campaign with a victory over Sri Lanka at Nassau County International Cricket Stadium in New York, and went on to defeat Netherlands and Bangladesh at the same venue. After defeating Nepal at Arnos Vale, they finished the group stage as Group D winners. In the Super 8 stage, they defeated co-hosts United States at Sir Vivian Richards Stadium in North Sound, defending champions England at Daren Sammy Cricket Ground in Gros Islet, and former champions and co-hosts West Indies at North Sound, finishing as winners of Group 2.\nSouth Africa then defeated Afghanistan in the semi-final at the Brian Lara Cricket Academy in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago to earn their place at their maiden T20 World Cup final.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Men's T20 World Cup final", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup_final", "article_id": 75363209, "section": "South Africa", "metadata": {"word_count": 126, "char_count": 751, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "India began their T20 World Cup campaign with a victory over Ireland at Nassau County International Cricket Stadium, and went on to defeat Pakistan and co-hosts United States at the same venue. Their match with Canada was abandoned for heavy rainfall at the Central Broward Park in Florida, and India finished the group stage as winners of Group A. In the Super 8 stage, they defeated Afghanistan at Kensington Oval in Barbados, Bangladesh in North Sound, and Australia in Gros Islet, finishing as winners of Group 1.\nIndia then defeated defending champions England in the semi-final at the Providence Stadium in Guyana to earn their place at the T20 World Cup final for the third time.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Men's T20 World Cup final", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup_final", "article_id": 75363209, "section": "India", "metadata": {"word_count": 116, "char_count": 686, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 28 June 2024, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named New Zealand's Chris Gaffaney and England's Richard Illingworth as the on-field umpires, along with England's Richard Kettleborough as the third umpire, Australia's Rod Tucker as the reserve umpire, and West Indies' Richie Richardson as match referee.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Men's T20 World Cup final", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup_final", "article_id": 75363209, "section": "Match officials", "metadata": {"word_count": 46, "char_count": 313, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On-field umpires: Chris Gaffaney (NZ) and Richard Illingworth (Eng)\nTV umpire: Richard Kettleborough (Eng)\nReserve umpire: Rod Tucker (Aus)\nMatch referee: Richie Richardson (WI)", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Men's T20 World Cup final", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup_final", "article_id": 75363209, "section": "Match officials", "metadata": {"word_count": 24, "char_count": 177, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Both teams remained unchanged from their semi-final matches. India's captain Rohit Sharma won the toss and elected to bat first.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Men's T20 World Cup final", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup_final", "article_id": 75363209, "section": "Team and toss", "metadata": {"word_count": 20, "char_count": 128, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Virat Kohli, being out of form for the majority of the tournament, helped with a quick start to the Indian innings by scoring three boundaries in the first over from Marco Jansen. Then Rohit Sharma and Rishabh Pant were dismissed in the next over bowled by Keshav Maharaj. Soon Suryakumar Yadav was dismissed by Kagiso Rabada in the fourth over, leaving India at 34 runs for the loss of three wickets. Kohli and Axar Patel stabilized the innings and the partnership managed to score 72 runs until Patel was run out by wicket-keeper Quinton de Kock leaving India at 106 runs for the loss of fourth wicket. Shivam Dube joined Kohli in the middle and the duo managed to score 50 runs off 32 balls. While attempting a hit off Jansen, Kohli was caught by Rabada. In the last over bowled by Anrich Nortje, India scored nine runs for the loss of two wickets, finishing with a total of 176 runs for the loss of seven wickets. Kohli was the highest run-scorer for India with 76 runs off 59 balls while Keshav Maharaj and Nortje picked up two wickets each for South Africa.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Men's T20 World Cup final", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup_final", "article_id": 75363209, "section": "India innings", "metadata": {"word_count": 193, "char_count": 1063, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "South Africa had a slow start with the early dismissals of Reeza Hendricks and Aiden Markram leaving South Africa at 12 runs for the loss of two wickets. de Kock and Tristan Stubbs managed a partnership of 58 runs off 38 balls before Stubbs was dismissed by Patel. In the middle of the 13th over de Kock was dismissed by Arshdeep Singh leaving South Africa at 106 runs for the loss of four wickets. Heinrich Klaasen scored 52 runs from just 27 balls to help South Africa to go past 150 runs, including scoring 24 runs of a Patel over. With 26 needed from 24 balls, Klassen was dismissed by Hardik Pandya. Soon Jasprit Bumrah dismissed Marco Jansen in the 18th over and conceded only two runs. Arshdeep conceded only four runs in the next over, at the end of which South Africa required 16 from the last over. The last over was bowled by Pandya and on the first ball of the over David Miller was caught by Suryakumar Yadav. Rabada was dismissed on the fifth ball of the over and South Africa required nine runs of the last ball. Pandya conceded only a single and India won the match by 7 runs. Klaasen was the highest run-scorer for South Africa while Pandya picked up 3 wickets for India.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Men's T20 World Cup final", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup_final", "article_id": 75363209, "section": "South Africa innings", "metadata": {"word_count": 220, "char_count": 1188, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "This was India's second T20 World Cup victory after first win in 2007 and first win in a major ICC event in 11 years, with their previous win being the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy. India became the first Asian country to win two ICC Men's T20 World Cups (2007 and 2024). India also became the first team in T20 World Cup history to win the title undefeated throughout the tournament. Rohit Sharma became the third Indian captain to win a major ICC event after Kapil Dev in 1983 and MS Dhoni in 2007, 2011 and 2013.\nVirat Kohli was named Player of the Match for scoring 76 runs off 59 balls while Jasprit Bumrah was named Player of the Tournament for his all-round bowling performance throughout the tournament.\nIndia received $2.45 million and South Africa received $1.28 million in prize money from the ICC. Following India's victory, Rohit Sharma, Virat Kohli and Ravindra Jadeja announced their retirement from the T20I cricket. Rahul Dravid's tenure as India's head coach came to an end after this tournament.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Men's T20 World Cup final", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup_final", "article_id": 75363209, "section": "Post-match", "metadata": {"word_count": 175, "char_count": 1011, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Suryakumar Yadav's took the catch of David Miller in the final with his left foot close to the boundary cushion. Action replays suggested that it was a fair and clean catch, as confirmed by the video umpire. Subsequently, some netizens on social media made unverified speculation that his shoe might have flicked the boundary cushion, before a new video showing the catch from a different angle dispelled the doubts and confirmed the catch's validity. The catch was also widely likened to that of former Indian captain Kapil Dev in the 1983 Cricket World Cup final, where he took a running catch to dismiss West Indies' batsman Vivian Richards.\nSouth Africa faced criticism for choking in the closing phase of the match, as they were favoured to chase down the total comfortably at one stage. South Africa captain Aiden Markram admitted that the defeat was a tough pill to swallow and described it as a \"gut-wrenching and bittersweet ending to a great campaign\", but heaped praise on his teammates who had helped the team reach the final as one of only two unbeaten sides of the tournament.\nIndian President Droupadi Murmu and Prime Minister Narendra Modi congratulated team India on winning the tournament. The South African Government appreciated the South Africa team's efforts in a post on Twitter.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Men's T20 World Cup final", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup_final", "article_id": 75363209, "section": "Reaction", "metadata": {"word_count": 217, "char_count": 1302, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Major cities in India celebrated the win late into the night. Indian supporters in various overseas locations also celebrated the win by hoisting Indian flags and setting off firecrackers. Later, BCCI secretary Jay Shah announced a cash reward of ₹125 crore (US$15 million) for Team India for the win. The Indian team's departure from Barbados was delayed by over two days due to Hurricane Beryl, which caused a shutdown of air traffic from the island.\nOn 4 July 2024, the Indian team was greeted with a warm welcome by the fans as they landed in Delhi. The players and support staff met with the Indian Prime Minister Modi at his residence in 7, Lok Kalyan Marg, New Delhi. They then flew to Mumbai, taking a 2-kilometre open bus ride from Nariman Point to the Wankhede Stadium, for which an estimated 300,000 fans gathered at the Marine Drive. At the Wankhede Stadium, the team was felicitated by the BCCI and a cheque of ₹125 crore (US$15 million) was handed over by Jay Shah and BCCI President Roger Binny.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Men's T20 World Cup final", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup_final", "article_id": 75363209, "section": "Celebrations", "metadata": {"word_count": 177, "char_count": 1010, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The final match was broadcast live in India on Star Sports, free-to-air broadcaster DD Sports and free on OTT platform Disney+ Hotstar. In South Africa the match was broadcast live on SuperSport. The ICC named the following panel of commentators for the final: Harsha Bhogle, Ian Bishop, Carlos Brathwaite, Nasser Hussain, Dinesh Karthik, Kass Naidoo, Shaun Pollock, Ricky Ponting, Ravi Shastri, Ian Smith and Dale Steyn.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Men's T20 World Cup final", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup_final", "article_id": 75363209, "section": "Broadcasting", "metadata": {"word_count": 66, "char_count": 421, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A special election was held in the U.S. state of Minnesota on March 19, 2024, to elect a new representative for district 27B in the state's House of Representatives. The special election was caused by the resignation of Republican incumbent Kurt Daudt. The candidates in the general election were Bryan Lawrence and Brad Brown for the Republican and Democratic–Farmer–Labor parties, respectively. Lawrence defeated his primary opponent Rachel Davis by over 81 points, and Brown won his primary uncontested. In the general election, Lawrence won in a landslide with over 84.5% of the total vote.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Minnesota House of Representatives district 27B special election", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Minnesota_House_of_Representatives_district_27B_special_election", "article_id": 78149943, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 94, "char_count": 594, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "District 27B is located north of the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area and covers parts of the Anoka, Isanti, Mille Lacs, and Sherburne counties. On January 10, 2024, Kurt Daudt, the Republican representative for District 27B, announced his resignation from the Minnesota House of Representatives, effective February 11. He did not immediately provide a reason for his resignation. Two days after his resignation became effective, governor Tim Walz selected March 19 as the date of the special election to replace Daudt and February 29 as the date of the special primaries, if they were to be held.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Minnesota House of Representatives district 27B special election", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Minnesota_House_of_Representatives_district_27B_special_election", "article_id": 78149943, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 95, "char_count": 592, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On February 8, 2024, farmer and businessman Bryan Lawrence announced his campaign for the District 27B seat, claiming that the \"trifecta\" of Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party control in the state government \"has led to a trifecta of assaults on our central Minnesota way of life\". Lawrence previously served on the Baldwin Township board, including as its chair, and had ran for the House before in 1996. Mechanical adjuster and former caregiver Rachel Davis was also a candidate for the Republican primary, campaigning on a smaller government that follows the Constitution of the United States. She had previously ran against Daudt in a primary challenge in 2022. On February 10, Lawrence received the endorsement of the Minnesota Republican Party. Davis was not present at the endorsement convention after a screening committee for the Republicans revealed that, since 2022, she was on probation for driving under the influence. Davis decided to continue her campaign after failing to receive the endorsement from the Minnesota Republican Party. In the primary election, Lawrence defeated Davis in a landslide, receiving nearly 91% of the vote.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Minnesota House of Representatives district 27B special election", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Minnesota_House_of_Representatives_district_27B_special_election", "article_id": 78149943, "section": "Republican Party", "metadata": {"word_count": 178, "char_count": 1152, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Brad Brown, a small business owner and retired diesel mechanic, was the only candidate in the Democratic primary and won unopposed. He had previously challenged Daudt in the 2018, 2020, and 2022 elections.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Minnesota House of Representatives district 27B special election", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Minnesota_House_of_Representatives_district_27B_special_election", "article_id": 78149943, "section": "Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party", "metadata": {"word_count": 33, "char_count": 205, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Throughout the election, Lawrence campaigned on anti-abortion policies, controlling Minnesota's budget, and protecting gun ownership. In a landslide victory, Lawrence won with over 84% of the total vote. Brown congratulated Lawrence, stating that he hoped Lawrence \"has continuity and does a good job in the House\". Lawrence was sworn in on April 2, 2024, and the DFL retained their majority in the House, having 70 seats compared to the 64 seats controlled by the Republicans. He was elected to a full term in the House in the 2024 election.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Minnesota House of Representatives district 27B special election", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Minnesota_House_of_Representatives_district_27B_special_election", "article_id": 78149943, "section": "General election", "metadata": {"word_count": 89, "char_count": 542, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2024 Rose Bowl (officially known as the College Football Playoff Semifinal at the 2024 Rose Bowl Game presented by Prudential for sponsorship reasons) was a college football bowl game played on January 1, 2024, at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, United States. The game was the 110th annual playing of the Rose Bowl, one of the semifinals of the 2023–24 College Football Playoff (CFP), concluding the 2023 FBS football season. The game featured two of the four teams chosen by the selection committee to participate in the playoff: the fourth-ranked Alabama Crimson Tide of the Southeastern Conference and the first-ranked Michigan Wolverines of the Big Ten Conference. The winner qualified for the 2024 College Football Playoff National Championship against the winner of the other semifinal, hosted at the Sugar Bowl.\nMichigan entered with an undefeated 13–0 record, while Alabama entered with at 12–1. Both teams were champions of their respective conferences: Michigan defeated Iowa in the Big Ten Championship, and Alabama defeated then-No. 1 Georgia in the SEC Championship. It was the sixth meeting between Michigan and Alabama and the fifth to occur in the postseason, and Alabama led the overall series 3–2 entering the game. Additionally, the teams entered as the two college football programs with the most all-time wins. Michigan made their twenty-first Rose Bowl appearance, while Alabama appeared for the eighth time.\nThe game's scoring began on Alabama's third offensive possession when running back Jase McClellan scored on a 34-yard touchdown rush. The Wolverines tied the game on their next drive on an 8-yard touchdown pass from quarterback J. J. McCarthy to running back Blake Corum. A McCarthy touchdown pass to wide receiver Tyler Morris for 38 yards gave Michigan their first lead with less than four minutes remaining in the first half, and the Wolverines maintained this advantage into halftime. Neither team scored in the third quarter, but Alabama retook the lead thirty seconds into the fourth on a 3-yard rush by McClellan. An Alabama field goal with less than five minutes to play extended their lead to seven points, though a Michigan touchdown by Roman Wilson with ninety-four seconds remaining tied the game and ultimately sent it to overtime. Michigan had possession first in the overtime period and scored a touchdown in two plays. On Alabama's possession, they were ultimately stopped short on fourth and goal from the 3-yard line, giving Michigan a 27–20 victory and a berth in the national championship game.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Rose Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Rose_Bowl", "article_id": 74139326, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 410, "char_count": 2557, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The Rose Bowl was first played in January 1902, making it the oldest college football bowl game. It was then known as the Tournament East–West Football Game, reflecting its place as an event during the Tournament of Roses Parade. In the first playing, held at Tournament Park in Pasadena, Michigan defeated Stanford, 49–0. The Rose Bowl Stadium was built in 1922 and hosted its first Rose Bowl Game in 1923, which saw USC defeat Penn State. The Rose Bowl was included as part of the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) upon its installation in 1998 and hosted the BCS National Championship Game on four occasions: in 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2014. After the establishment of the College Football Playoff (CFP) beginning with the 2014 season, it hosted CFP semifinal games in 2015 and 2018 prior to the 2024 contest. Additionally, the 2021 Rose Bowl was a CFP semifinal but was played at AT&T Stadium due to COVID-19 restrictions.\nPrior to the game, Cliff Montgomery, Kirk Herbstreit, and Lincoln Kennedy were inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame. Former congresswoman Gabby Giffords was the Rose Parade grand marshal.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Rose Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Rose_Bowl", "article_id": 74139326, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 187, "char_count": 1113, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The four teams competing in the Playoff were chosen by the CFP selection committee, whose final rankings were released on December 3, 2023. The committee selected No. 1 Michigan of the Big Ten Conference, No. 2 Washington of the Pac-12 Conference, No. 3 Texas of the Big 12 Conference, and No. 4 Alabama of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Each team was the champion of its respective conference. Michigan and Washington entered the playoff with undefeated 13–0 records while Texas and Alabama entered 12–1.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Rose Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Rose_Bowl", "article_id": 74139326, "section": "College Football Playoff", "metadata": {"word_count": 83, "char_count": 509, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The game featured Big Ten champions Michigan and SEC champions Alabama. This was the sixth meeting between the two teams, and Alabama entered with a 3–2 lead in the overall series. Their most recent meeting was in the 2020 Citrus Bowl, in which Alabama defeated Michigan 35–16. Four of the teams' other meetings took place in the postseason, the first being a Michigan victory in the 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl. The teams entered the game as the two college football programs with the most all-time wins, with Michigan at 1,002 wins and Alabama at 965.\nThis was Michigan's 21st appearance in the Rose Bowl—they were 8–12 in prior editions. They lost their previous three Rose Bowl appearances, in 2004, 2005, and 2007. Their last Rose Bowl win came in 1998, when they defeated Washington State 21–16 to win the national championship. Alabama, meanwhile, made their eighth Rose Bowl appearance, with a 5–1–1 record in previous games. Their last appearance came in 2021 in a win over Notre Dame, and the Tide's last national championship was won the next game over Ohio State.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Rose Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Rose_Bowl", "article_id": 74139326, "section": "Teams", "metadata": {"word_count": 183, "char_count": 1070, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Michigan finished the regular season with a perfect 12–0 record, having concluded their Big Ten schedule with a rivalry win over Ohio State, 30–24. As Ohio State also entered the game undefeated, the Big Ten Conference East Division championship was on the line, and Michigan's win and subsequent division title earned them a berth to the 2023 Big Ten Football Championship Game against the West Division champion Iowa. They defeated Iowa in a 26–0 shutout to claim their third consecutive conference championship; the Associated Press said that Iowa \"never had a chance\" in the game and remarked that Michigan was likely to claim the No. 1 seed in the playoff, which they ultimately did. The Iowa win gave Michigan a 13–0 record entering the Rose Bowl.\nThe game was played during an ongoing investigation into allegations of sign-stealing by Michigan Wolverines staff members. The scandal was a major headline for the team throughout the season; it centered around an allegation and subsequent investigations by the NCAA and Big Ten as to whether Michigan violated an NCAA bylaw regarding the scouting of future opponents. Connor Stalions, a Michigan football staffer, was cited by allegations as having attended more than 35 games to scout future opponents. Head coach Jim Harbaugh, who denied knowledge of the scouting, was suspended by the Big Ten for the team's last three regular season games against Penn State, Maryland, and Ohio State. He had previously served a suspension for the team's first three games of the season, against East Carolina, UNLV, and Bowling Green, as the result of a self-imposed sanction regarding recruiting violations.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Rose Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Rose_Bowl", "article_id": 74139326, "section": "Michigan", "metadata": {"word_count": 267, "char_count": 1652, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Alabama went 11–1 in the regular season, with their only loss coming to Texas on September 9 by a score of 34–24. They finished the season with a defeat of Auburn in the annual Iron Bowl rivalry game; this win came by way of a 31-yard touchdown pass on 4th & Goal. Their 8–0 conference record gave them the SEC West Division championship and a berth in the 2023 SEC Championship Game, where they faced No. 1 Georgia. In the game, Alabama defeated the two-time defending national champions, 27–24, ending their 29-game winning streak.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Rose Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Rose_Bowl", "article_id": 74139326, "section": "Alabama", "metadata": {"word_count": 94, "char_count": 533, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The game's officiating crew, representing the Big 12 Conference, was led by referee Michael Vandervelde. The game, which took place on January 1, 2024, was scheduled to begin at 2:00 p.m. local PST, though its actual start time was 2:11 p.m. Michigan entered as slim favorites to win the game, and the point spread was set at 1.5 points with an over–under of 44.5 points. The game was broadcast on ESPN, with play-by-play commentary from Chris Fowler, analysis from Kirk Herbstreit, and sideline reporting from Holly Rowe and Laura Rutledge. The ESPN Radio broadcast featured Joe Tessitore on play-by-play, with analysis from Dusty Dvoracek and sideline reporting from Quint Kessenich. ESPN also offered Field Pass with the Pat McAfee Show on ESPN2 and Command Center on ESPNU, as well as a Spanish-language ESPN Deportes broadcast with commentary from Eduardo Varela and Pablo Viruega. The Michigan Sports Network radio feed featured commentary from Doug Karsch, Jon Jansen, and Jason Avant, and the Crimson Tide Sports Network broadcast featured Chris Stewart, Tyler Watts, and Roger Hoover.\nThe pregame coin toss was won by Alabama, who deferred their choice to the second half, thereby giving Michigan possession of the ball to begin the game.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Rose Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Rose_Bowl", "article_id": 74139326, "section": "Game summary", "metadata": {"word_count": 201, "char_count": 1247, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The game began with Alabama placekicker Will Reichard's opening kickoff, which landed in the end zone and therefore resulted in a touchback, giving Michigan possession of the ball on the Alabama 25-yard line. On the game's first play, Michigan quarterback J. J. McCarthy threw a pass which was initially ruled on the field to have been intercepted by Alabama safety Caleb Downs. The play went to replay review, where it was determined that Downs was out-of-bounds when he caught the ball, meaning the result of the play was an incomplete pass. The next two plays netted two yards for the Wolverines, whose drive ended with a three-and-out and a punt by Tommy Doman on the next play. Alabama's first drive ended similarly, with two quarterback sacks in three plays by the Michigan defense contributing to an Alabama three-and-out and punt. James Burnip's kick was muffed by Semaj Morgan and recovered for Alabama by Quandarrius Robinson at the Michigan 44-yard line, giving Alabama possession again. On this drive, Alabama scored on their fourth play when running back Jase McClellan rushed for a 34-yard touchdown, and Reichard's extra point was successful, giving Alabama a 7–0 lead. Michigan tied the game on their second drive, which included gains of 21 and 19 yards by Blake Corum and Kalel Mullings, respectively, and ended with an 8-yard touchdown pass from McCarthy to Corum. The Wolverines regained possession of the ball following an Alabama three-and-out and advanced the ball to their own 31-yard line before the end of the first quarter.\nThe second quarter began with a Michigan 3rd & 9 which the Wolverines were unable to convert. The game's next three drives—two for Alabama and one for Michigan—all resulted in three-and-outs after net gains of no more than four yards. After the last of these punts was downed at the Michigan 17-yard line, the Wolverines gained possession of the ball and were able to gain three first downs in five plays to reach midfield. After two plays with no yardage gained, McCarthy passed to Tyler Morris for a 38-yard touchdown, giving Michigan their first lead of the game. The ensuing extra point attempt was unsuccessful, keeping Michigan's lead to six points. Doman's kickoff that followed was returned by Kendrick Law to the Alabama 16-yard line, giving the Crimson Tide the ball with 3:44 remaining in the first half. The Tide reached Michigan territory in three plays and shortly after faced 3rd & 3 at the Michigan 25-yard line with 28 seconds left. On that play, Alabama quarterback Jalen Milroe was sacked for a loss of 7 yards. On the ensuing fourth down, Reichard made a 50-yard field goal to pull the Crimson Tide within three points. The final play of the second quarter was a quarterback kneel by Michigan and the Wolverines entered halftime with a 13–10 lead.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Rose Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Rose_Bowl", "article_id": 74139326, "section": "First half", "metadata": {"word_count": 473, "char_count": 2818, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Alabama had possession of the ball first in the second half and started their drive on their own 14-yard line following a kickoff return by Law. Their first six plays saw them gain three first downs and reach the Michigan 47-yard line, but a fumble by Milroe on the snap set them back thirteen yards and they punted several plays later. Michigan converted 3rd & 9 on their following drive with a 12-yard pass from McCarthy to Cornelius Johnson, though they gained only eight yards on their next three plays and punted on fourth down. The teams then traded three-and-outs and Alabama began their third drive of the quarter with under four minutes remaining and the ball on their own 45-yard line. They entered Michigan territory with a Milroe rush on their first play and were in the red zone after five plays. A Milroe rush for no gain at the Michigan 16-yard line concluded the third quarter with the score still 13–10 in favor of the Wolverines.\nMilroe began the fourth quarter with an 18-yard rush, which was immediately followed by a 3-yard touchdown rush by McClellan, giving Alabama the lead. Michigan went three-and-out again afterwards, though the Crimson Tide's next drive was cut short by a fumble on its second play, recovered by Michigan's Josh Wallace. McCarthy passed to Roman Wilson for a 20-yard gain on the Wolverines' first play, though they did not gain another first down and attempted a 49-yard field goal on fourth down, which was unsuccessful after Turner missed it to the left. Alabama, taking possession at their own 31-yard line, extended their lead as the result of a nine-play drive which saw several first downs gained on rushing plays. It ended with a 52-yard Reichard field goal, leaving just over five minutes on the clock. Michigan began their next drive following a touchback and gained eight yards in three plays, leaving them with 4th & 2 on their own 33-yard line. On the play, McCarthy passed to Corum for a gain of 27 yards, giving Michigan a first down at the 50-yard line. The Wolverines reached the red zone after consecutive gains of 16 and 29 yards immediately afterwards, and a McCarthy-to-Wilson touchdown pass two plays later brought Michigan within one point. The extra point by Turner was good, tying the game at 20 points apiece with 94 seconds left in regulation. Alabama ended their next drive with a punt, though the kick was muffed at the Michigan 6-yard line by Jake Thaw; he ultimately recovered the ball at the 1-yard line. Michigan took a knee to run the remaining seconds off of the clock and send the game to overtime.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Rose Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Rose_Bowl", "article_id": 74139326, "section": "Second half", "metadata": {"word_count": 448, "char_count": 2578, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Another coin toss was performed before the start of the overtime period, which was won by Alabama. They opted to play on defense first, giving Michigan the first overtime possession.\nThe Wolverines opened overtime with an 8-yard rush by Blake Corum, which was immediately followed by a 17-yard Corum touchdown rush and a successful extra point attempt by James Turner. Alabama began their overtime possession with a 15-yard rush by Milroe on the second play, though they soon faced 3rd & Goal on the 14-yard line following rushes for no gain and a 5-yard loss by McClellan. On third down, Milroe passed to Jermaine Burton for an 11-yard gain, setting up 4th & Goal on the 3-yard line. Alabama ran a quarterback keeper with Milroe, which failed when he was stopped for a 1-yard gain by Josiah Stewart, ending the game and giving Michigan a 27–20 victory.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Rose Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Rose_Bowl", "article_id": 74139326, "section": "Overtime", "metadata": {"word_count": 147, "char_count": 853, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The win improved Michigan's record to 14–0 and gave them a berth to the 2024 College Football Playoff National Championship, where they faced Sugar Bowl champions Washington. They would eventually defeat Washington 34–13. Alabama's record fell to 12–2 and the Tide's season concluded upon the loss. Michigan quarterback J. J. McCarthy and defensive tackle Mason Graham were named the game's most valuable players.\nThe ESPN broadcast of the game drew 27.2 million viewers, the highest viewing audience for any CFP semifinal since the 2015 Sugar Bowl, during the CFP's first year. It ranked in the top ten audiences for cable telecasts all-time and was the highest for any sporting event, apart from the National Football League, since 2018. The peak audience of 32.8 million viewers was the most for any CFP semifinal game. The game was the most-viewed Rose Bowl since 2015, also a CFP semifinal, which had 28.2 million viewers.\nThe game was the second in Rose Bowl history to reach overtime. The first was the 2018 edition, when Georgia defeated Oklahoma in double-overtime; that game was also a CFP semifinal.\nThis game was the last for Nick Saban as the Alabama head coach, as he retired on January 10, 2024, after seventeen years in the position.\nThe game marked the 70th consecutive Rose Bowl played in Pasadena to be attended by San Francisco-based sports columnist Art Spander.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Rose Bowl", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Rose_Bowl", "article_id": 74139326, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 229, "char_count": 1383, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The 2024 Tour Championship (officially the 2024 Johnstone's Paint Tour Championship) was a professional snooker tournament that took place from 1 to 7 April 2024 at the Manchester Central in Manchester, England. The 16th and penultimate ranking event of the 2023‍–‍24 season, it preceded the World Championship. It was the last of three events in the Players Series, following the World Grand Prix and the Players Championship. Organised by the World Snooker Tour and sponsored by Johnstone's Paint, the event was broadcast by ITV Sport domestically and by other broadcasters worldwide. The winner received £150,000 from a total prize fund of £500,000.\nThe event featured the top 12 players on the one‑year ranking list as it stood after the World Open. This represented an increase over previous editions of the tournament, which had featured eight competitors. Shaun Murphy had won the 2023 event where he defeated Kyren Wilson 10‍–‍7 in the final, but he failed to qualify for the 2024 edition.\nMark Williams defeated the world number two Judd Trump and world number three Mark Allen in the quarter‑final and semi‑final, and then world number one, Ronnie O'Sullivan, 10‍–‍5 in the final to win his first Tour Championship title, the 26th ranking title of his career, and the second of the season since he won the 2023 British Open. Aged 49, Williams became the second oldest ranking event winner after Ray Reardon. Along with O'Sullivan (48) it was the highest combined age for any two finalists of a ranking event.\nThe tournament produced 27 century breaks. Williams, O'Sullivan, and Allen each compiled six century breaks, with Allen making the tournament highest break of 142 in the quarter‑finals.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Tour Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tour_Championship", "article_id": 75850618, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 277, "char_count": 1704, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The 2024 Tour Championship took place from 1 to 7 April 2024 at the Manchester Central in Manchester, England. The 2024 edition of the Tour Championship had a modified format from previous editions. The top twelve players on the one‑year ranking list as it stood after the World Open participated in the event, whereas previous editions had featured eight competitors. The four highest‑ranked seeded players were given byes through to the quarter‑finals, while the remaining eight competed in the first round for the other four quarter‑final places.\nAll matches were played as the best of 19 frames, over two sessions. Instead of both sessions of each match being played in a single day in previous editions, two of the four first round matches and two of the four quarter‑finals were played over two days. English player Shaun Murphy won the previous year's event, defeating compatriot Kyren Wilson 10‍–‍7 in the final. However, Murphy was ranked 22nd on the one‑year list after the World Open, and did not qualify for the tournament. Reigning World Snooker Championship winner Luca Brecel also didn't qualify.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Tour Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tour_Championship", "article_id": 75850618, "section": "Format", "metadata": {"word_count": 181, "char_count": 1111, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The event was broadcast in the United Kingdom by ITV4 and ITV3; Liaoning TV, Migu, and Huya in mainland China; DAZN in the United States, Brazil, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, and Spain; Nova Sport in Czech Republic and Slovakia; Viaplay and Go3 Sport in Poland, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden, Iceland, Netherlands, and Norway; Now TV in Hong Kong; Astro SuperSport in Malaysia and Brunei; True Sports in Thailand; Sportcast in Taiwan; Premier Sports Network in the Philippines; Fastsports in Pakistan; and Matchroom.live in all other territories.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Tour Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tour_Championship", "article_id": 75850618, "section": "Broadcasters", "metadata": {"word_count": 89, "char_count": 592, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The breakdown of prize money for the event is shown below:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Tour Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tour_Championship", "article_id": 75850618, "section": "Prize fund", "metadata": {"word_count": 11, "char_count": 58, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Unlike other events where the defending champion is seeded first, the reigning World Champion second, and the rest based on the world rankings, the qualification and seedings in the Players Series tournaments are determined by the one‑year ranking list. The below list shows the top 12 players with the most ranking points acquired during the 2023‍–‍24 season, as of after the World Open who qualified for the event.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Tour Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tour_Championship", "article_id": 75850618, "section": "Seeding list", "metadata": {"word_count": 68, "char_count": 416, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The first-round matches were played on 1 and 2 April. World number three and the 2020 runner-up Mark Allen and John Higgins, runner-up in 2022, contested the opening match of the first round. Previously in the 2023‍–‍24 season, Allen had defeated Higgins 6‍–‍2 in the semi-final of the 2023 Champion of Champions and 6‍–‍5 in the first round of the 2024 Masters. But Higgins claimed victory twice in February, winning 5‍–‍2 both times at the 2024 German Masters and the 2024 Welsh Open. Allen took the first frame with a 69 break, but Higgins won four frames in a row, making breaks of 85, 75, 55, and 66 to lead 4‍–‍1. Allen responded with a century break of 123, and won two more frames to even the match at 4‍–‍4 at the end of the session. The first four frames in the second session were shared, with Allen winning the 11th frame on the last black ball, and the scores were level at 6‍–‍6 at the mid-session interval. Allen pulled ahead with a 102 break in frame 13, and went on to take the 14th frame after a safety battle on the last pink ball. Higgins made a break of 86 to trail 7‍–‍8, but Allen won the 16th frame with a 93 break to recover a two frame advantage. Higgins only made a break of 20 early in frame 17, and made an error on a safety shot, allowing Allen to produce a 100 break to claim a 10‍–‍7 victory. Allen commented: \"I'm very proud to have matched him [Higgins] in the safety department and scored better as the match went on.\" He attributed the win to working with psychologist Paul Gaffney, saying: \"It has focussed my mind on just playing the next shot and the next frame as well as I can. My decision-making is more measured. Sometimes it's better to be patient and wait for a better chance.\" Higgins praised Allen's performance, while criticising his own: \"I missed two or three unforgivable balls tonight. My long game was non-existent, and at this level it's not good enough against the best players.\" He hinted towards retiring, adding: \"I just need to dust myself down a couple of weeks before the [World Championship], try to get some good practice in and go there and give it a final go maybe.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Tour Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tour_Championship", "article_id": 75850618, "section": "First round", "metadata": {"word_count": 391, "char_count": 2131, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Tour Championship debutant Gary Wilson faced Mark Selby. They were tied at 2‍–‍2 before the mid-session interval, with Selby making a break of 85 in frame three, and Wilson breaks of 95 and 98 in the second and fourth frames. Wilson pulled ahead to 5‍–‍2 with breaks of 78 and 101, and Selby made a 71 break to trail by two frames at the end of the first session. Play resumed the next day, and Wilson maintained the two-frame advantage at 8‍–‍6 after both players shared the first six frames. Wilson had a chance to win frame 15, but missed the brown ball on two occasions, allowing Selby to secure the frame on the last black and reduce his deficit to one frame. Wilson won the closely contested 16th frame, also on the last black. Selby responded with a 90 break to trail 8‍–‍9, but he missed a red on a break of 30 in the 18th frame, and Wilson capitalised on the error with a clearance of 105 to win the match 10‍–‍8. Wilson commented: \"It wasn't a great game, we both missed easy chances. I kept making it difficult for myself and handing him [Selby] chances to get back into the game. But thankfully I made a good break in the last frame to get over the line.\" The former world number one Selby called his performance \"pathetic from start to finish\" and \"probably one of the worst games I've played as a professional. If I carry on playing like that I won't be enjoying it and [I'll be] choosing a different career, for sure.\" He also hinted towards possible retirement, adding: \"I'll give the World Championships a go but if I carry on like that I won't carry on, 100%. When it gets to the point I'm not enjoying it, it doesn't matter where I am in the rankings, I'll be hanging my cue up. I can't enjoy performances like that.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Tour Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tour_Championship", "article_id": 75850618, "section": "First round", "metadata": {"word_count": 324, "char_count": 1736, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Mark Williams played another Tour Championship debutant, Tom Ford. Williams took on a 3‍–‍0 lead before Ford made a 114 break to trail 1‍–‍3 at the mid-session interval. Williams extended his lead with a 76 break, but Ford closed in to 3‍–‍4 with breaks of 73 and 136. The last frame of the session went to Williams, who made a 86 break to lead 5‍–‍3. When play resumed the next day, Williams won three of the four frames before the interval to lead 8‍–‍4, making breaks of 112 and 88 in frames nine and 12, and won the 11th frame on a re-spotted black. Ford responded by taking the next three frames, including two century breaks of 138 and 133 in frames 13 and 15. He also had chances in the next frame, but Williams won it on a re-spotted black, the second of the match, to lead 9‍–‍7. However, breaks of 90 and 63 from Ford levelled the match at 9‍–‍9, forcing a deciding frame. Ford had the first chance in the decider, but missed a pot on a red at 54‍–‍0 ahead, and Williams secured the frame with a break of 66 to win 10‍–‍9 on the last pink. Williams called the match-winning break in the deciding frame \"one of the best clearances I've ever made.\" He added: \"Tom [Ford] was by far the better player, he made four centuries and didn't win, he must have thought he had me. But I'm used to be being up against it. It shows where my game is at if I can play poorly but still win.\"\nBarry Hawkins opened the match against Ali Carter by taking the first frame with a 84 break. Carter responded with breaks of 80, 51, and 83 to lead 3‍–‍1 at the mid-session interval, with Hawkins scoring only two points in those three frames. Carter moved ahead to 6‍–‍1, helped by a total clearance of 135 in the fifth frame and a 94 break in the sixth. He missed a pot on a pink in the eighth frame, but Hawkins was unable to take the opportunity, and Carter narrowly won the frame to end the session with a 7‍–‍1 lead. In the second session, Hawkins won three of the four frames before the mid-session interval to trail 4‍–‍8, and narrowed the gap further with a 118 break in the 13th frame. He scored 60 points in frame 14 before missing a pot on the black, leaving it in the jaws of the pocket, and Carter took the frame to get within one frame of victory at 9‍–‍5. However, Hawkins won three frames in a row, including the 17th frame on a re-spotted black after needing foul points from two snookers, to trail 8‍–‍9. A fluked red in the 18th frame helped Carter secure the frame and match 10‍–‍8. He commented: \"At 7‍–‍1 sometimes you feel you have it all to lose. Barry [Hawkins] came back at me really well and it got a bit sticky in the end. But that makes it a better win. If I had won 10‍–‍1 it would have felt like a bit of a non-event.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Tour Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tour_Championship", "article_id": 75850618, "section": "First round", "metadata": {"word_count": 525, "char_count": 2735, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The quarter-finals were played on 3 and 4 April. World number one Ronnie O'Sullivan, the 2019 champion and runner-up in 2021, played Carter in the first quarter-final. Their three meetings previously in the season all ended in victory for O'Sullivan, including 6‍–‍3 at the 2023 Shanghai Masters, 6‍–‍4 at the 2023 International Championship, and 10‍–‍7 in the final of the 2024 Masters, where O'Sullivan claimed his record-extending eighth Masters title. O'Sullivan made breaks of 77, 87, and 54 as he led 4‍–‍0 at the mid-session interval. He moved ahead to 7‍–‍0 with breaks of 51, 81, and 92. Carter made a total clearance of 141 in the eighth frame to win his first frame of the match, trailing 1‍–‍7 at the end of the first session. Carter won another frame with a 70 break after play resumed, narrowing his deficit to 2‍–‍7. However, breaks of 62, 54, and 67 saw O'Sullivan secure the match 10‍–‍2. O'Sullivan, who had withdrawn from the Welsh Open in February citing mental health reasons, commented on the difficulties he had faced that prompted him to work with Steve Peters, his psychiatrist, saying: \"It's been a hard year, drove myself pretty much insane really. It's just got to me. I had to go back to basics and get my head right. [I had to] deal with it because doing it the other way round isn't working. Just getting my head around it is the only option I have left. I've driven myself mad for the last two years and not enjoyed any of it.\"\nThe second quarter-final was played between championship debutants Zhang Anda and Wilson. Despite making a 85 break in the third frame, Zhang was trailing 1‍–‍3 at the mid-session interval. But he won three frames in a row, making breaks of 93 and 74, to lead 4‍–‍3. The last frame of the first session went to Wilson, levelling the match at 4‍–‍4. Zhang took the opening frame of the second session on the following day, but Wilson won three consecutive frames to lead 7‍–‍5. Zhang took the next two frames, and was trailing 9‍–‍61 in the 15th frame, but capitalised on Wilson's missed red to lead 8‍–‍7, doubling the last red as he won the 15th frame with a clearance of 55. Wilson responded with breaks of 94 and 85 to recover his lead at 9‍–‍8. Zhang had the first chance in the 18th frame, but only scored 34 before missing a red, and Wilson made a break of 50 before running out of position. Wilson secured the frame after a safety battle, winning the match 10‍–‍8. Despite the win, Wilson, who won both the Scottish Open and Welsh Open earlier in the season, was unsatisfied with his performance, saying: \"I showed grit and determination and tried my best, those are the only positives I can take. Even in the tournaments I won this season, there were spells where my game was in the bin.\" He added: \"This is a game of very small margins. But I know I have to improve because those kind of performances are not good enough.\"\nDing Junhui faced Allen in the third quarter-final. Ding had defeated Allen 10‍–‍5 in the quarter-final of the previous year's championship, as well as winning 6‍–‍5 at the first round of the 2023 UK Championship earlier in the season. Allen made a break of 100 in the opening frame, but Ding took the next three to lead 3‍–‍1 at the mid-session interval. The players shared the next four frames to end the session with a 5‍–‍3 lead for Ding. Play resumed the next day, and Ding took the ninth frame with a 70 break to extend his lead to 6‍–‍3. However, Allen won four frames in a row for a 7‍–‍6 advantage, making a total clearance of 142 in the tenth frame. Ding recovered his lead with breaks of 82 and 67 in frames 14 and 15, and acquired the snookers he needed in frame 16, but missed the final pink. Allen potted both pink and black to force a re-spotted black, which he potted after Ding's safety error to win the frame, drawing level at 8‍–‍8. Allen went on to win frames 17 and 18 with breaks of 56 and 127 to claim a 10‍–‍8 victory. Allen commented: \"The 16th frame was huge because at 8‍–‍8 I felt relaxed and my game was in the right shape. Getting a bit of gym work in before [the World Championship in] Sheffield will help me get ready. The longer the matches go on, the more I come into my own. I came here to work on a few things technically, and tonight even at 8‍–‍8 I stuck with what I have been working on. Now I am in the semis I want to go on and win it.\"\nThe fourth quarter-final was contested between world number two and the top seed Judd Trump and Williams. The opening frame went to Williams as Trump went in-off on the last pink, and Williams made a 85 break to lead 2‍–‍0. The third frame also came down to the last pink, with Williams trailing by 15 points, but he won the frame after Trump conceded foul points by failing to make contact with the pink. Trump won frame four to trail 1‍–‍3 at the mid-session interval, and Williams recovered his three-frame lead by taking the fifth frame on the colours. Trump claimed the next two frames, making a break of 81 in the sixth frame. The eighth frame went to Williams, who made a 71 break to lead 5‍–‍3 at the end of the session. Williams moved ahead to 7‍–‍3 after play resumed, winning both frames 9 and 10 on the colours. Trump capitalised on Williams' miss on a red in the 11th frame to narrow the gap to 7‍–‍4, but Williams won three frames in a row to secure the match 10‍–‍4. Trump's loss meant that he was unable to supplant O'Sullivan's world number one spot, and O'Sullivan would enter the World Championship as the second seed, with the reigning World Champion Luca Brecel seeded first. Williams, who was defeated by Trump 17‍–‍16 in the semi-final of the 2022 World Championship and 10‍–‍8 at the 2023 Masters final, said: \"It's about time I beat Judd [Trump] because I have lost a few close matches against him. To beat the player of the season so far 10‍–‍4, I can't ask for any more than that, even though he didn't play well. My game is as good as it could be given where I am in my career. This is a nice stepping stone ahead of [the World Championship at] the Crucible.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Tour Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tour_Championship", "article_id": 75850618, "section": "Quarter-finals", "metadata": {"word_count": 1115, "char_count": 6057, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "O'Sullivan played Wilson in the first semi-final on 5 April. O'Sullivan was contesting his 92nd career ranking semi-final, and Wilson his tenth. O'Sullivan had previously defeated Wilson 5‍–‍1 in the quarter-final of the World Grand Prix earlier in the season. Wilson won the first two frames, but O'Sullivan made a break of 102 in the third frame and won the fourth to draw level at the mid-session interval. He went on to take a 3‍–‍2 lead with a break of 110 in frame five. In the sixth frame, Wilson was trailing 40‍–‍57 when he potted a red which was touching the pink. The referee Paul Collier called foul on Wilson, believing that the cue ball had contacted the pink first. Wilson accepted the decision after a brief discussion, but slow motion replay later showed that the cue ball had actually hit the red first, and was not a foul shot. The frame went to O'Sullivan, who then led 4‍–‍2. Wilson produced breaks of 83 and 84 to end the session with the scores level at 4‍–‍4. Wilson took the opening frame of the second session, but O'Sullivan capitalised on Wilson's multiple errors to win three frames in a row and lead 7‍–‍5. Breaks of 82 and 96 from Wilson evened the scores again to 7‍–‍7. However, O'Sullivan made breaks of 97 and 129 to win three consecutive frames in only 33 minutes, and capture a 10‍–‍7 victory to reach his 64th career ranking final. O'Sullivan praised his opponent after the match, saying: \"I really rate Gary [Wilson]. We have become good friends. He's an honest bloke, the way he is in interviews, he's the same in real life. He's a great lad and it's great to see him winning tournaments. He loves the game so much and gets frustrated by it sometimes, a bit like me. But he's learning now that you can't always play well, you need the patience to give yourself a chance.\" He also revealed that he's been suffering from \"the yips\" and has tried to change his mindset: \"That's not a nice place to be, so I've got nothing left to do other than to try to get myself mentally out of it and hopefully my game will start to flow again, maybe.\"\nWilliams and Allen contested the second semi-final on 6 April. In February, Allen had defeated Williams 6‍–‍3 in the first round of the Players Championship. Williams made breaks of 57, 99, and 105 as he won all four frames before the mid-session interval to lead 4‍–‍0. He attempted a maximum break in frame five, but missed the last red to end the break at 112. Allen had a chance to win the sixth frame despite trailing 0‍–‍66, but missed potting the final blue and lost the frame. Williams went on to take the next two frames to capture all eight frames of the first session. When play resumed, Williams compiled a break of 140 to get one frame within victory at 9‍–‍0. However, Allen won the tenth frame with a 65 break to avoid a whitewash defeat, and took the 11th frame with a break of 53 to trail 2‍–‍9. As Williams began to make errors, Allen capitalised on the opportunities to win three more frames, making breaks of 79, 56, and 69, to narrow his deficit to 5‍–‍9. Williams got the first chance in the 15th frame by potting a long red, and went on to take the frame with a 75 break to secure the match 10‍–‍5 and reach the 41st ranking final of his career. Williams said: \"I was a bit worried at 9‍–‍5. I had a couple of chances to win 9‍–‍1 or 9‍–‍2. Mark [Allen] played really well after that. If it had gone 9‍–‍6 then I was really under it. But the break I made in the last frame was as good as any I made in the match, it's nice to know I've still got that bottle.\" Commenting on the final against O'Sullivan, Williams added: \"I know I haven't played Ronnie [O'Sullivan] in a final for a long time but that's because he keeps beating me before the final! I'm just going to enjoy it. How many more times is this going to happen? I couldn't pick a better player to play in a final. I'm going to attack and try my best.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Tour Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tour_Championship", "article_id": 75850618, "section": "Semi-finals", "metadata": {"word_count": 727, "char_count": 3911, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The final was played on 7 April between O'Sullivan and Williams, both part of the \"Class of '92\". The two had met numerous times over their careers, with O'Sullivan prevailing in most of the encounters. However, the two had not met in a ranking event final since the 2000 China Open, where O'Sullivan claimed a 9‍–‍3 victory. The match was officiated by Olivier Marteel with assistance by Lyu Xilin. Aged a combined 97 years old, it was the highest combined age of any ranking event final.\nWilliams took on a 2‍–‍1 lead, making breaks of 66 and 91 in the first and third frames. Despite missing four consecutive pots, Williams won frame four with two breaks of 66 and 67 to lead 3‍–‍1 at the mid-session interval. O'Sullivan responded with back-to-back century breaks of 102 and 127 to draw level at 3‍–‍3, and won frame seven with a break of 59. Williams potted an opening long red to create the first chance in the eighth frame, but missed the next black, and O'Sullivan took the frame with a 121 break to lead 5‍–‍3 at the end of the first session, winning all four frames after the interval in only 37 minutes. After play resumed, Williams won the opening frame as he potted the last red with a swerve shot and cleared the colours. A 104 break from Williams in the tenth frame evened the scores at 5‍–‍5. O'Sullivan was unable to capitalise on Williams' missed pot to win the next frame, and Williams made a break of 54 to lead 6‍–‍5. The next three frames all went to Williams, who compiled 99, 112, and 78 breaks to move 9‍–‍5 ahead. Both players missed several pots in frame 15, but Williams doubled the last red to leave O'Sullivan needing snookers, who conceded the frame after Williams potted the yellow. As he captured all seven frames in the second session, Williams secured a 10‍–‍5 victory to win his first Tour Championship title, his 26th career ranking title, and the second of the season since he won the 2023 British Open in October.\nWilliams commented: \"I never thought I'd be winning tournaments at 49. The World Championships are around the corner. He's [O'Sullivan's] the man to beat, but you never know.\" He added: \"I'm a better all-round player than I've ever been, considering I don't practise that much. I'm over the moon. I beat Judd Trump, Mark Allen and Ronnie O'Sullivan. The three best players in the world. I haven't done it the easy way. I've won quite well.\" O'Sullivan described Williams as \"probably the most talented snooker player I've ever seen\", saying: \"He's been the most consistent player for the last five years. He seems so strong. I tried, I gave it everything to stay in the match, but he's so consistent and so strong. You might get the better of him in one session, but if you don't keep playing top-level snooker, he'll eat you alive. I thought I did well to get five frames.\"\nThe final was watched by a peak audience of 874,000 from a total of 3.35 million viewers throughout the tournament.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Tour Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tour_Championship", "article_id": 75850618, "section": "Final", "metadata": {"word_count": 524, "char_count": 2943, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Numbers in parentheses after the players' names denote the players' seedings, and players in bold denote match winners. All matches were played as the best of 19 frames over two sessions.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Tour Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tour_Championship", "article_id": 75850618, "section": "Tournament draw", "metadata": {"word_count": 31, "char_count": 187, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Match details from World Snooker Tour: first round, quarter-finals, semi-finals, and final.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Tour Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tour_Championship", "article_id": 75850618, "section": "Tournament draw", "metadata": {"word_count": 12, "char_count": 91, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A total of 27 century breaks were made in the tournament.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 Tour Championship", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Tour_Championship", "article_id": 75850618, "section": "Century breaks", "metadata": {"word_count": 11, "char_count": 57, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The women's 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships was held over two rounds at the Commonwealth Arena in Glasgow, United Kingdom, on 3 March 2024. It was the seventeenth time this relay was contested at the World Athletics Indoor Championships. There was no entry standard for the qualification. Nine national teams competed in the event.\nThe two heats of round 1 were held on 3 March in the morning, where the first two teams in each heat and the next two fastest teams qualified for the final. National records were set by the teams of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (3:26.40 minutes), Belgium (3:28.07 min), Ireland (3:28.92 min), and Portugal (3:31.93 min).\nThe final was held on 3 March in the evening. The team of the Netherlands won the gold medal in a national record of 3:25.07 min, followed by the team of the United States who won silver in 3:25.34 min, and then the team of Great Britain and Northern Ireland who won bronze in another new national record of 3:26.36 min. The team of Belgium also set a new national record of 3:28.05 min in the final.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_World_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay", "article_id": 76243184, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 195, "char_count": 1097, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The women's 4 × 400 metres relay was contested sixteen times at the World Athletics Indoor Championships before 2024. The 2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships were held at the 200-metre indoor track in the Commonwealth Arena in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.\nBefore the Championships, the world record was 3:23.37 min, set by the Russian relay team in 2006; the championship record was 3:23.85 min, set by the American relay team in 2018; and the world leading performance was 3:25.59 min, set by the relay team of the Arkansas Razorbacks on 27 January 2024.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_World_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay", "article_id": 76243184, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 93, "char_count": 567, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "There was no entry standard for qualification for the women's 4 × 400 metres relay, every nation could enter a team with up to eight athletes of 16 years or older.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_World_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay", "article_id": 76243184, "section": "Qualification", "metadata": {"word_count": 31, "char_count": 163, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Nine teams competed in the two heats of the first round, starting at 11:10 (UTC) in the morning. The first two teams in each heat (Q) and the next two fastest teams (q) advanced to the final. In the first heat, the team of Belgium set a national record (NR) of 3:28.07 min and the team of Ireland set a national record (NR) of 3:28.45 min. In the second heat, the team of Great Britain and Northern Ireland set a national record (NR) of 3:26.40 min, which was the fastest time in round 1, and the team of Portugal set a national record (NR) of 3:31.93 min, which was the slowest time in this round.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_World_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay", "article_id": 76243184, "section": "Round 1", "metadata": {"word_count": 115, "char_count": 598, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Six teams competed in the final, starting at 20:32 (UTC) in the evening. In the opening leg, individual 400 metres silver medalist Lieke Klaver of the Netherlands created a seven-metre lead and was the first to pass the baton, followed by Lanae-Tava Thomas of Jamaica and then Laviai Nielsen of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Quanera Hayes of the United States handed over in fifth position. In the second leg, Cathelijn Peeters of the Netherlands was able to remain in first position, followed by Andrenette Knight of Jamaica still in second position and then Talitha Diggs of the United States who advanced to the third position; Lina Nielsen of Great Britain and Northern Ireland passed the baton in fourth position. In the third leg, Lisanne de Witte of the Netherlands continued the leading position, while Charokee Young of Jamaica did not finish (DNF) after losing hold of the baton; Bailey Lear of the United States handed over second and Ama Pipi of Great Britain and Northern Ireland third. In the anchor leg, individual 400 metres gold medalist Femke Bol of the Netherlands, individual 400 metres bronze medalist Alexis Holmes of the United States, and Jessie Knight of Great Britain and Northern Ireland finished in the order they started.\nThe team of the Netherlands won the gold medal in a world leading time (WL) and national record (NR) of 3:25.07 min. It was the first time a Dutch women's team won this title. The team of the United States won silver in 3:25.34 min and the team of Great Britain and Northern Ireland won bronze in a national record (NR) of 3:26.36 min. Outside the medals, the team of Belgium set a national record (NR) of 3:28.05 min. Klaver had the fastest split time of 50.26 s.\nJason Henderson wrote for Athletics Weekly: \"After setting a world record in the individual women's 400m, Femke Bol was always going to be difficult to beat in the final leg of the 4x400m. When she was given the baton in the lead, though, it looked a formality.\" Reporting for World Athletics, Simon Turnbull thought that \"Bol was playing it safe\" in order to avoid a repeat of her fall during the mixed relay at the 2023 World Championships where she also raced against Holmes. The final was Bol's last contest of these championships, where she ran five 400-metre races in three days, setting one world record and winning two gold medals. Afterwards she said in an interview: \"I feel so tired. But the championships are like this. These girls give me so much energy to run and especially if they give me the baton on the first place. It is such a great team, you cannot let them down. If I was alone on the track, I would probably not have enough power but I just did it for these girls.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_World_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay", "article_id": 76243184, "section": "Final", "metadata": {"word_count": 477, "char_count": 2711, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The mixed 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2024 World Athletics Relays took place in three rounds at the Thomas Robinson Stadium in Nassau, The Bahamas, on 4 and 5 May 2024. It was the fourth time that this mixed-sex relay was contested at the World Athletics Relays. The event was also an Olympic qualification: fourteen teams qualified for the mixed 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France.\nOn 4 May, thirty national teams competed in round 1, where eight teams qualified for the finals and the Summer Olympics, and the rest advanced to a repechage round on 5 May, where another six teams qualified for the Summer Olympics. In round 1, the team of the Netherlands set a championship record of 3:12.16 minutes, which was improved by the team of the United States to 3:11.52 minutes shortly after, and the team of Ireland set a national record of 3:12.50 minutes. In the repechage round, national records were set by the teams of The Bahamas, Switzerland, and Canada in of 3:12.81 minutes, 3:14.12 minutes, and 3:14.66 minutes respectively.\nOn 5 May, seven teams competed in the final, which was won by the team of the United States in a championship record of 3:10.73 minutes, followed by the teams of the Netherlands in 3:11.45 minutes and Ireland in a national record of 3:11.53 minutes. Outside the medals, the team of Nigeria set an African record of 3:12.87 minutes.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 World Athletics Relays – Mixed 4 × 400 metres relay", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_World_Athletics_Relays_%E2%80%93_Mixed_4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay", "article_id": 76824107, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 244, "char_count": 1393, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "At the World Athletics Relays, the mixed 4 × 400 metres relay was introduced at the 2017 edition in Nassau, The Bahamas, and had been contested three times before 2024. The 2024 edition was held on the 400-metres track of the Thomas Robinson Stadium in Nassau. For these mixed-sex races, each of the four team members was to run one lap in the mandated running order man–woman–man–woman.\nAt the start of the 2024 edition, the world record was 3:08.80 min set by the team of the United States in 2023, the championship record was 3:14.42 min set by the Bahamian team in 2017, and the world leading time was 3:13.26 min set by the Ghanaian team on 19 March 2024. The Italian team was the defending champion after winning this event in 2021.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 World Athletics Relays – Mixed 4 × 400 metres relay", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_World_Athletics_Relays_%E2%80%93_Mixed_4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay", "article_id": 76824107, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 133, "char_count": 738, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 4 May 2024, round 1 was held in four heats, starting at 19:05 (UTC−4). The first two relay teams of each heat qualified for the final (Q) and simultaneously qualified for the mixed 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France (*OQ). The other teams advanced into a repechage round, where they got another chance for Olympic qualification.\nIn the first heat, the Dutch and the Dominican team qualified for the final and the Olympics, and the Dutch set a new championship record of 3:12.16 min. In the second heat, the American and the Nigerian team qualified for the final and the Olympics, where the Americans broke the championship record again in a time of 3:11.52 min; the Bahraini team did not finish (DNF), because their third runner didn't complete his lap. In the third heat, the Irish and the Belgian team qualified for the final and the Olympics, where the Irish set a new national record (NR) of 3:12.50 min. In the fourth heat, the Polish and French team qualified for the final and the Olympics; the Mexican team was disqualified (DQ) for a fault at recovering a dropped baton (TR24.6).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 World Athletics Relays – Mixed 4 × 400 metres relay", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_World_Athletics_Relays_%E2%80%93_Mixed_4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay", "article_id": 76824107, "section": "Round 1", "metadata": {"word_count": 198, "char_count": 1122, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 5 May 2024, the three heats of the repechage round for the Olympic qualification were held, starting at 19:05 (UTC−4). Six relay teams, the first two teams of each heat, qualified for the mixed 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2024 Paris Olympics (*OQ).\nIn the first heat, the Bahamanian and the Jamaican team qualified for the Olympics, where the Bahamanians set a national record (NR) of 3:12.81 min; the Brazilian team did not start (DNS). In the second heat, the German and the Swiss team qualified for the Olympics, where the Swiss set a national record of 3:14.12 min; the Canadian team set a national record of 3:14.66 min and the Czech and the Indian team did not start. In the third heat, the British and the Ukrainian team were the last two teams to qualify for the Olympics.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 World Athletics Relays – Mixed 4 × 400 metres relay", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_World_Athletics_Relays_%E2%80%93_Mixed_4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay", "article_id": 76824107, "section": "Repechage round", "metadata": {"word_count": 142, "char_count": 783, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 5 May 2024, the final was held, starting at 21:40 (UTC−4). Eight teams had qualified, but only seven competed in the final race, because the Polish team did not start (DNS).\nDuring the opening leg, Matthew Boling of the United States took the lead and was the first to hand over the baton, followed by Isayah Boers of the Netherlands, Florent Mabille of Belgium, and Cillin Greene of Ireland. During the second leg, Lynna Irby-Jackson of the United States was able to keep the Americans in the lead, while Rhasidat Adeleke of Ireland moved up from fourth to second position, Lieke Klaver of the Netherlands moved down from second to third, and Imke Vervaet of Belgium dropped to sixth position. During the third leg, the running order of the first three teams remained unchanged: Willington Wright of the United States was first to hand over the baton, Thomas Barr of Ireland second, and Isaya Klein Ikkink of the Netherlands third. During the anchor leg, Kendall Ellis of United States was able to keep her team in the lead, while Femke Bol of the Netherlands switched positions with Sharlene Mawdsley of Ireland.\nThe race was won by the American team in a new championship record (CR) of 3:10.73 min, followed by the Dutch team in 3:11.45 min and the Irish team in 3:11.53 min, which was a new national record (NR). First-leg runner Boling had the fastest male split time of 45.11 s and second-leg runner Adeleke had the fastest female split time of 48.45 s, which was \"sensational\" as the fastest female split at the World Athletics Relays ever, according to Jon Mulkeen in a report for World Athletics. Outside the medals in fourth place, the Nigerian team set a new African area record (AR) of 3:12.87 min. The Belgian team was disqualified (DQ) for a fault at recovering a dropped baton (TR24.6).\nTeams of the United States also won the men's and women's 4 × 100 m relay and the women's 4 × 400 m relay at this tournament. The men's 4 × 400 m relay was not won by the Americans, who had been disqualified in round 1, but by the team of Botswana.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2024 World Athletics Relays – Mixed 4 × 400 metres relay", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_World_Athletics_Relays_%E2%80%93_Mixed_4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay", "article_id": 76824107, "section": "Final", "metadata": {"word_count": 367, "char_count": 2054, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The women's 400 metres at the 2025 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on the 200-metres track of Omnisport in Apeldoorn, Netherlands, on 7 and 8 March 2025. It was the 38th time the event was contested at the European Athletics Indoor Championships. Athletes could qualify by achieving the entry standard or by their World Athletics Ranking in the event.\nTwenty-eight athletes from fifteen nations competed in the first round during the morning session on 7 March. Mette Baas of Finland set a Finnish record of 52.25 seconds. Amber Anning of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Nikoleta Jíchová of the Czech Republic, and Tetiana Melnyk of Ukraine were disqualified for lane infringement. Twelve athletes from nine nations competed in the semi-finals during the evening session on 7 March.\nSix athletes from six different nations competed in the final during the evening session on 8 March. The race was won by Lieke Klaver of the Netherlands in 50.38 seconds, followed by Henriette Jæger of Norway in 50.45 seconds and Paula Sevilla of Spain in 50.99 seconds equalling the Spanish record.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2025 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 78410673, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 179, "char_count": 1103, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The women's 400 metres was contested 37 times before 2025, at every previous edition of the European Athletics Indoor Championships (1970–2023). The 2025 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held in Omnisport Apeldoorn in Apeldoorn, Netherlands. The removable 200-metres track received a new top layer for these championships in September 2024.\nFemke Bol of the Netherlands was the world and European record holder with a time of 49.17 s set in 2024. Bol is also the 2021 and 2023 champion in this event. She did not defend these titles in 2025 as she did not compete in individual events during the 2025 indoor season, only in relays. The championship record of 49.59 s was set by Jarmila Kratochvílová of Czechoslovakia in 1982.\nOn 1 March 2025, Aaliyah Butler of the United States set her world leading performance of 49.78 s. On 16 February 2025, Henriette Jæger of Norway set her European leading performance of 50.44 s, preceded by the next-fastest Europeans Amber Anning of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 50.57 s on 14 February 2025 and Lieke Klaver of the Netherlands in 50.76 s on 13 February 2025.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2025 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 78410673, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 188, "char_count": 1121, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "For the women's 400 metres, the qualification period was from 25 February 2024 until 23 February 2025. Athletes could qualify by achieving the entry standards of 52.10 s indoors or 50.70 s outdoor or by virtue of their World Athletics Ranking for the event. There was a target number of thirty athletes with a maximum of four athletes per nation that could be entered, of whom three athletes per nation could eventually participate. On 27 February 2025, a final entry list with thirty-four athletes was published.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2025 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 78410673, "section": "Qualification", "metadata": {"word_count": 86, "char_count": 513, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Round 1 was held on 7 March, starting at 11:55 (UTC+1) in the morning. Twenty-eight athletes from fifteen nations competed in five heats (preliminary rounds). The first two athletes in each heat (Q) and the next two fastest athletes overall (q) qualified for the semi-finals. In the first heat, Mette Baas of Finland set a national record (NR) of 52.25 s and Amber Anning of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was disqualified (DQ) for violating the technical rule for lane infringement (TR17.2.3), which occurs when a runner steps over the line of the assigned lane once or steps on the line of the assigned lane multiple times. In the third and fourth heat, Tetiana Melnyk of Ukraine and Nikoleta Jíchová of the Czech Republic were also disqualified for lane infringement.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2025 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 78410673, "section": "Round 1", "metadata": {"word_count": 130, "char_count": 774, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The semi-finals were held on 7 March, the same day as round 1, starting at 19:58 (UTC+1) in the evening. Twelve athletes from nine nations competed in two heats. The first three athletes in each heat (Q) qualified for the semi-finals. Lieke Klaver of the Netherlands, Paula Sevilla of Spain, Henriette Jæger of Norway, and Lurdes Gloria Manuel of the Czech Republic were faster than in the first round, whilst the other eight athletes were all slower.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2025 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 78410673, "section": "Semi-finals", "metadata": {"word_count": 77, "char_count": 451, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The final was held on 8 March, starting at 21:50 (UTC+1) in the evening. Six athletes of six different nations competed in this race. Lieke Klaver of the Netherlands was in the lead after 200 metres, running this first lap in 23.4 s, and she stayed ahead of the other competitors in the last 200 metres. Klaver won the race in a European leading time (EL) of 50.38 s, claiming her first individual title at an international championship. Henriette Jæger of Norway finished in second place in 50.45 s and Paula Sevilla of Spain in third place in 50.99 s, which equalled the Spanish national record (=NR). All athletes were faster in the final than they were in the semi-finals.\nIn an interview after the race, Klaver said: \"I found it so exciting. It's just healthy tension, but of a higher level. I'm so proud, I just did it. This is peaking at the right time, this is what I train for.\" Regarding her absent compatriot Femke Bol, she said: \"I did think about her during the race. Like: pretend Femke is running in front of you. Then I have to keep going.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "2025 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_400_metres", "article_id": 78410673, "section": "Final", "metadata": {"word_count": 193, "char_count": 1056, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The English author J. R. R. Tolkien has often been supposed to have spoken of wishing to create \"a mythology for England\". It seems he never used the actual phrase, but various commentators have found his biographer Humphrey Carpenter's phrase appropriate as a description of much of his approach in creating Middle-earth, and the legendarium behind The Silmarillion. \nHis desire to create a national mythology echoed similar attempts in countries across Europe, especially Elias Lönnrot's creation of the Kalevala in Finland, which Tolkien read, mainly in English, and admired. That in turn inspired him to study the Finnish language, which he found beautiful. He imitated some of its features in one of his constructed languages, which became the Elvish language Quenya. He studied Welsh, too, and it led to another Elvish language, Sindarin. He realized that he needed some speakers of those languages, leading him to create tales of elves divided into different groups. Meanwhile, his study of Old English led him to read Crist I, which mentioned a character named Earendel, described as the brightest. This attractive but puzzling description led Tolkien to write the 1914 \"Voyage of Earendel the Evening Star\": it became the first component of his mythology.\nTolkien attempted to reconstruct an English mythology, leading up to how the brothers Hengest and Horsa led the Jutes to Britain and founded England. He made a story that fitted together well, though he knew it was probably not what had happened. Without an actual mythology, he looked to Norse and other mythologies, and gathered hints from Old English and other medieval manuscripts. Beowulf gave him ents, elves, and orcs; Sir Gawain and the Green Knight lent the woodwoses.\nThe resulting legendarium, formed in the First World War and reshaped in the interwar period, reflected the state of twentieth century England, as the empire faded, wars threatened, and the country was filled with factions and dissenting voices. The result, Verlyn Flieger comments, is nearer to the vision of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four than escapist fantasy. Dimitra Fimi, on the other hand, comments that the setting is the whole of Northwestern Europe, not just England, and with its incorporation of the \"Celtic\", it could be described more inclusively as a \"Mythology for Britain\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "A mythology for England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_mythology_for_England", "article_id": 76912839, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 373, "char_count": 2339, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "J. R. R. Tolkien was an English author and philologist of ancient Germanic languages, specialising in Old English; he spent much of his career as a professor at the University of Oxford. He is best known for his novels about his invented Middle-earth, The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, and for the posthumously published The Silmarillion which provides a more mythical narrative about earlier ages. A devout Roman Catholic, he described The Lord of the Rings as \"a fundamentally religious and Catholic work\", rich in Christian symbolism.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "A mythology for England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_mythology_for_England", "article_id": 76912839, "section": "Author", "metadata": {"word_count": 89, "char_count": 541, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In his 1977 biography of Tolkien, Humphrey Carpenter wrote:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "A mythology for England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_mythology_for_England", "article_id": 76912839, "section": "A \"resounding phrase\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 9, "char_count": 59, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "[Tolkien] read a paper on the Kalevala to a college society ... about the importance of the type of mythology found in the Finnish poems. 'These mythological ballads', he said, are ... [what] the literature of Europe has ... been steadily cutting ... for many centuries. ... 'I would that we had more of it left – something of the same sort that belonged to the English. \nCarpenter commented that this idea was exciting, adding that Tolkien might have been contemplating the construction of just such a \"mythology for England\". Catherine Butler has called this a \"resounding phrase\".\nThe Tolkien scholar Jane Chance's 1979 book Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England' analysed the idea that Tolkien's Middle-earth writings were intended to form such a mythology. She cited one of Tolkien's letters, sent late in 1951:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "A mythology for England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_mythology_for_England", "article_id": 76912839, "section": "A \"resounding phrase\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 135, "char_count": 818, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "I had a mind to make a body of more or less connected legend, ranging from the large and cosmogonic, to the level of romantic fairy-story – the larger founded on the lesser in contact with the earth, the lesser drawing splendour from the vast backcloths – which I could dedicate simply to: to England; to my country. ... I would draw some of the great tales in fullness, and leave many only placed in the scheme, and sketched. The cycles should be linked to a majestic whole, and yet leave scope for other minds and hands, wielding paint and music and drama.\nIn a letter to The Observer about his 1937 book The Hobbit, Tolkien stated that the tale \"derived from (previously digested) epic, mythology, and fairy-story\", and one other source: the unpublished \"'Silmarillion', a history of the Elves, to which frequent allusion is made.\" Chance commented that if indeed he was wanting to make a mythology for England, publishing books like that was an ideal way to make use of the medieval English literature such as Beowulf, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad, that he was writing on in his scholarly life.\nThe concept was reinforced by Shippey's 1982 The Road to Middle-earth: How J.R.R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology. He too quotes Tolkien's letter. \nIn his 2004 chapter \"A Mythology for Anglo-Saxon England\", Michael Drout demonstrates that Tolkien never used the actual phrase \"a mythology for England\", even though commentators nonetheless have found it appropriate as a description of much of his approach in creating Middle-earth. Drout comments that scholars broadly agree that Tolkien \"succeeded in this project\" to bring such a mythology into being. The mythology's initial purpose was to provide a home for his invented languages, but Tolkien discovered as he worked on it that he wanted to make a properly English epic, spanning England's geography, language, and mythology.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "A mythology for England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_mythology_for_England", "article_id": 76912839, "section": "A \"resounding phrase\"", "metadata": {"word_count": 320, "char_count": 1919, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The folklorist and Tolkien scholar Dimitra Fimi writes that the desire to create a national mythology was not unique to Tolkien. Attempts, sometimes fraudulent, with varying degrees of success, had been made in Denmark, Finland, Germany, Scotland, and Wales in the 18th and 19th centuries. Maria Sachiko Cecire concurs, pointing out that the Brothers Grimm in Germany are the best known, but giving also the instance of Elias Lönnrot who travelled Finland collecting poems sung by the people, and then compiled the poems into a coherent narrative, the Kalevala. Cecire comments that the narrative, and the way that Lönnrot had compiled it, was certainly a major influence on Tolkien. He read and admired the Kalevala, mainly in translation, and was equally struck with what he felt was the beauty of the Finnish language. Many years later, Tolkien wrote: \"It was like discovering a complete wine-cellar filled with bottles of an amazing wine of a kind and flavour never tasted before. It quite intoxicated me.\" He made use of some of the features of Finnish in his Elvish language, Quenya.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "A mythology for England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_mythology_for_England", "article_id": 76912839, "section": "Likely influences", "metadata": {"word_count": 179, "char_count": 1089, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Tolkien began work on his mythology while still a student at Oxford University, from 1911. His interest in the Elder and Prose Eddas led him to the Kalevala in 1912. His interest in the languages used to write the mythologies caused him to study Finnish, which he studied from a grammar book, and Welsh; he found both languages beautiful. The pleasure he took in these languages triggered his construction of artificial languages, including what became the two main Elvish languages in his legendarium, Quenya and Sindarin. Tolkien stated that the tale of Kullervo in particular got him started on his legendarium: \"the germ of my attempt to write legends of my own to fit my private languages was the tragic tale of the hapless Kullervo in the Finnish Kalevala\". In a separate thread, his reading in 1914 of the Old English manuscript Crist I led to Earendel and the first element of his legendarium, \"The Voyage of Earendel, the Evening Star\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "A mythology for England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_mythology_for_England", "article_id": 76912839, "section": "Origins", "metadata": {"word_count": 161, "char_count": 945, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Tolkien recognised that any actual English mythology had been extinguished. He presumed, by analogy with Norse mythology and the clues that remain, that one had existed until Anglo-Saxon times. Tolkien decided to reconstruct such a mythology, accompanied to some extent by an imagined prehistory or pseudohistory of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes before they migrated to England. Drout analyses in detail and then summarises the imagined prehistory:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "A mythology for England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_mythology_for_England", "article_id": 76912839, "section": "A reconstructed prehistory", "metadata": {"word_count": 67, "char_count": 448, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The original settlers of Anglo-Saxon England were the sons and descendants of Ælfwine, the Elf-friend who had sailed across the sea to the Holy Isle of the Elves. The prehistory of the descendants of Ælfwine was Tolkien's invented mythology of Arda, but it also included the story of Beowulf, a depiction of the exploits of some others of their ancestors. The early history of Anglo-Saxon England was generated when the half-brothers of Heorrenda, Hengest and Horsa, led the migration of the Jutes from the continent to England. Heorrenda himself composed Beowulf and compiled the legends of Arda in the Golden Book of Heorrenda. Hengest is a character in Beowulf and in Finnsburg. The hero of Beowulf is a Geat, which equals a Goth, one of the continental ancestors of the Anglo-Saxons... It all fits nicely together even though it is probably not true (and Tolkien knew this).\nThe scholar of literature Nicholas Birns argues that Tolkien's work on the Finn and Hengest story combines aspects of his conjectural research into English origins and mythological arguments made in his legendarium. He chose to take the key word eotenas to mean \"Jutes\", not \"monsters\", allowing him to explore making Hengest into a kind of national hero of England.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "A mythology for England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_mythology_for_England", "article_id": 76912839, "section": "A reconstructed prehistory", "metadata": {"word_count": 206, "char_count": 1245, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Given that hardly anything was left of English mythology, Tolkien looked to Norse and other mythologies for clues as to what might have been there. He found hints in Beowulf, which he greatly admired, and other Old English sources, which gave him his ettens (as in the Ettenmoors) and ents, his elves, and his orcs; his \"warg\" is a cross between Old Norse vargr and Old English wearh. He took his woses or wood-woses (the Drúedain) from the seeming plural wodwos in the Middle English Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, line 721; that comes in turn from Old English wudu-wasa, a singular noun. Shippey comments that:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "A mythology for England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_mythology_for_England", "article_id": 76912839, "section": "Old English heroes, races, and monsters", "metadata": {"word_count": 107, "char_count": 614, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As for creating a \"Mythology for England\", one certain fact is that the Old English notions of Elves, Orcs, Ents, Ettens and Woses have through Tolkien been re-released into the popular imagination to join the much more familiar Dwarves ..., Trolls, ... and the wholly-invented Hobbits. \nThe linguist and Tolkien scholar Carl Hostetter comments that all the same,", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "A mythology for England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_mythology_for_England", "article_id": 76912839, "section": "Old English heroes, races, and monsters", "metadata": {"word_count": 58, "char_count": 363, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "even Beowulf fails to meet Tolkien's criteria for a truly English epic, for though it was composed in Old English, and makes a new and characteristically English use of Germanic mythological elements, nevertheless no part of it is set in England; and so though the poem moves beneath northern skies, those skies are nevertheless not English.\nHostetter notes that Eärendil, the mariner who ends up steering his ship across the heavens, shining as a star, was the first element of English mythology that Tolkien took into his own mythology. He was inspired by the Earendel passage in the Old English poem Crist I lines 104–108 which begins \"Eala Earendel, engla beorhtast\", \"O rising light, brightest of angels\". Tolkien expended considerable effort on his Old English character Ælfwine, whom he employed as a framing device in his The Book of Lost Tales; he used a character of the same name in his abandoned time travel novel The Lost Road.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "A mythology for England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_mythology_for_England", "article_id": 76912839, "section": "Old English heroes, races, and monsters", "metadata": {"word_count": 158, "char_count": 940, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Verlyn Flieger writes that \"the Silmarillion legendarium\" is both a monument to his imagination and as close as anyone has come \"to a mythology that might be called English\". She cites Tolkien's words in The Monsters and the Critics that it is \"by a learned man writing of old times, who looking back on the heroism and sorrow feels in them something permanent and something symbolical\". He was speaking about Beowulf; she applies his words to his own writings, that his mythology was meant to provide", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "A mythology for England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_mythology_for_England", "article_id": 76912839, "section": "A reflection of twentieth century England", "metadata": {"word_count": 86, "char_count": 501, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "the illusion of surveying a past, pagan but noble and fraught with deep significance—a past that itself had depth and reached backward into a dark antiquity of sorrow\".\nFlieger comments that \"Tolkien's great mythological song\" was conceived as the First World War was changing England for ever; that it grew and took shape in a second era between the wars; and that in the form of The Lord of the Rings found an audience in yet a third era, the Cold War. She writes:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "A mythology for England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_mythology_for_England", "article_id": 76912839, "section": "A reflection of twentieth century England", "metadata": {"word_count": 84, "char_count": 466, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "If Tolkien's legendarium as we have it now is a mythology for England, it is a song about great power and promise in the throes of decline, racked by dissensions, split by factions, perpetually threatened by war, and perpetually at war with itself.\nIn her view, this is nearer to the vision of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four than to the \"furry-footed escapist fantasy that detractors of The Lord of the Rings have characterized that work as being\". She states that the main function of a mythology is \"to mirror a culture to itself\". She follows this up by asking what the worldview encapsulated in this mythology might be. She notes that Middle-earth is influenced by existing mythologies; and that Tolkien stated that The Lord of the Rings was fundamentally Catholic. All the same, she writes, his mythos is fundamentally unlike Christianity, being \"far darker\"; the world is saved not by a god's sacrifice but by Eärendil and by Frodo, in a world where \"enterprise and creativity [have] gone disastrously wrong\". If this is a mythology for England, she concludes, it is a caution not to try to hold on to anything, as it cannot offer salvation; Frodo was unable to let go of the One Ring, and Fëanor could not do so the Silmarils. A shell-shocked England, like a battle-traumatised Frodo, did not know how to let go of empire in a changed world; the advice is, she writes, sound, but as hard for nations to take as for individuals.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "A mythology for England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_mythology_for_England", "article_id": 76912839, "section": "A reflection of twentieth century England", "metadata": {"word_count": 250, "char_count": 1440, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Scholars including Fimi have questioned the applicability of the phrase \"a mythology for England\" to Tolkien's work. She notes that while some of Tolkien's legendarium writings envisaged a frame story about travel backwards in time from modern England, as in the unfinished The Notion Club Papers, The Silmarillion became the ancient history of a region in the north of Europe, far less precisely located. In Fimi's view, Tolkien's enthusiasm for English nationalism had faded by the 1950s. She notes, among other things, that he ended up incorporating the \"Celtic\" into the legendarium, rather than opposing Englishness with Welshness or Irishness, so he constructed more of a \"mythology for Britain\" than one purely for England. Further, in her view, Tolkien became increasingly interested in the spiritual aspect of his mythology, such as what happened to the souls of Elves after their deaths: and this \"competed for precedence in Tolkien's mind\" with the mythology's nationalistic aspect.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "A mythology for England", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_mythology_for_England", "article_id": 76912839, "section": "A mythology for Britain, or Europe", "metadata": {"word_count": 154, "char_count": 993, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In Liberia, abortion is only legal in cases of rape, fetal impairment, or risk to the mother's physical or mental health or life, up to the 24th week of pregnancy. About 32% of women have had abortions, which Liberians call \"spoiling the belly\". Unsafe abortions are common and account for 15% of maternal deaths in the country. Self-induced abortions are common. Medical abortion is legally restricted. Post-abortion care is available from public and private facilities.\nLiberia's abortion law is from 1976. The Legislature of Liberia introduced a bill to legalize abortion in 2020. The legislature began debating the revision in 2022 after it was introduced by Senator Augustine Chea. Pro-abortion advocacy groups have said it will reduce the high rate of unsafe abortions. Religious leaders have opposed it, saying it violates fetal rights. As of 2024, the bill is being debated.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Liberia", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Liberia", "article_id": 77337345, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 141, "char_count": 882, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Section 16.1 of the penal code of Liberia criminalizes abortion without a legal defense, and Section 16.3 sets the gestational limit at 24 weeks of pregnancy. A 1976 law permits abortion in the cases of rape, incest, risk to the physical or mental health of the mother, or risk to the life of the mother or the fetus. Police and judiciary investigations are required in the case of rape or incest, and medical exemptions require written agreement from two physicians. The law defines that pregnancy begins after complete implantation and specifically does not apply to actions taken to prevent pregnancy.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Liberia", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Liberia", "article_id": 77337345, "section": "Legislation", "metadata": {"word_count": 100, "char_count": 604, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In July 1976, an amendment to the penal code received presidential approval, which included Section 16.3 on abortion. Liberia legalized the abortion pill mifepristone before 1996.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Liberia", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Liberia", "article_id": 77337345, "section": "History", "metadata": {"word_count": 26, "char_count": 179, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In February 2020, a revision to the Public Health Bill addressing abortion was introduced to the Legislature of Liberia. The proposal would amend Section 16.3 to legalize abortion for socioeconomic reasons. It would lower the limit for legal abortions to the fourteenth week of pregnancy. Deputy Health Minister Varfee Tulay said the limit would emphasize that the law intends to avoid maternal deaths rather than promote widespread abortions. If passed, the law will be one of the most liberal in Africa, where a vast majority of women live in places with restrictive laws.\nOn 13 June 2022, a joint committee began debating the bill. The debate was introduced by Augustine Chea of Sinoe County, who was chair of the Senate Health Committee and a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee. Speaking to the Women's Legislative Caucus as a proxy for President Pro Tempore Albert Tugbe Chie, Chea said his goal was to stop abortion being a criminal offense. The House of Representatives passed the law. The proposal addressed sex education and family planning, as well as other major health issues, despite a public perception that there was a standalone bill about abortion. A special session convened on 22 August 2023 and adjourned on 5 September after anti-abortion groups called for the legislature to reject the bill. As of February 2024, the Senate is reviewing the law. The Coalition for Democratic Change opposes the proposal. The party's Secretary General, Jefferson Tamba Koijee, argued that the bill would threaten population growth.\nAdvocates for legalizing abortion have cited high rates of illegal abortions in Liberia and the risk of complications. An anonymous group of senators told the Liberian Observer, \"Don't you think it's finally time for a change? Yes. Having an illegal abortion may cause more deaths because it is done in backyard clinics and sometimes we throw our babies in dumpsites because most women can't even afford a daily meal or provide a good home for the children.\" The Community Health Initiative, an advocacy group campaigning for the law, worked with the national government to form coalitions and led workshops with journalists to report on the topic. The national not-for-profit organization Sister AID Liberia held media dialogues to discuss prevention of unsafe abortions. Vice President Jewel Howard Taylor voiced support for the law in an interview with state broadcaster ELBC-FM.\nMany religious and traditional leaders believe abortion is against Christian teachings and local traditions. Opponents have argued that prioritizing abortion rights ignored the rights of the unborn child. Bishop Kortu K. Brown, former president of the Liberian Council of Churches, has been a vocal protestor. His organization, the Campaign to Stop Abortion in Liberia, urges citizens to write to their representatives opposing the bill. Members of Liberia's Religious Council criticized the Swedish Embassy and other organizations that funded activism supporting legal abortion. Swedish ambassador Urban Sjöström defended the country's support for legal abortion, and the embassy denied allegations of bribing lawmakers. A Republican member of the United States House of Representatives, Chris Smith, called for Liberian legislators to reject the bill and for the US Congress to investigate whether Joe Biden's administration had illegally advocated for legal abortion in Liberia.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Liberia", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Liberia", "article_id": 77337345, "section": "Proposed amendment (2022)", "metadata": {"word_count": 528, "char_count": 3406, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "According to a report by the Ministry of Health, 38,779 abortions occurred in Liberia in 2021, equalling 30.7 per 1,000 women (of reproductive age), or 229 per 1000 live births. The country's abortion rate increased from 28 per 1,000 women in 1990–1994 to 42 per 1,000 women in 2015–2019. In the latter period, 49% of pregnancies were unintended and 40% of unintended pregnancies resulted in abortion. As of 2015, the only representative survey of abortion in Liberia is the 2007 Demographic and Health Survey, in which 6% of women, speaking face-to-face, reported having had abortions. Anecdotal evidence and statistical analysis indicate that 32% of women have had abortions as of 2013.\nIn Liberia, abortion is referred to as \"spoiling the belly\" or \"taking the belly\". Backstreet abortions are commonly available. Some providers are nurses who use speculums and syringes, some use knives or sharp bones, and others use remedies such as herbs, ground avocado, or chalk. A 2013 study of six counties of Liberia found that over 10% of women had undergone unsafe abortions. Many young women have performed self-induced abortions by vaginally inserting cassava, chalks, or an herb mixture known as \"rocket-propelled grenade\". This sometimes results in fatal sepsis. Some have drunk water mixed with ground glass or an herb known as \"Christmas leaf\". The most common demographics recorded to have unsafe abortions are young women, students, and people who have previously been pregnant. Risks include sepsis, which accounts for 15% of maternal deaths in Liberia, and haemorrhage. Septic abortions are a common cause of tetanus.\nLiberia has no government-supported training for abortion providers. Medical abortion is provided by private organizations that import registered abortion pills, but distribution is legally restricted. Public and private facilities such as Planned Parenthood offer post-abortion care. Some unsafe abortions result in severe pain or the need to remove the uterus. Liberia's standard treatment guidelines include misoprostol for post-abortion care and haemorrhage treatment. Most cases of unsafe abortion requiring surgery are referred to the John F. Kennedy Maternity Center in Monrovia, the only tertiary medical facility in the country. The center's exploratory laparotomy surgeries have a fatality rate of 22.4%, as of 2022. Delays in treatment contribute to the fatality rate, caused by cost of travel, fear of legal or social ramifications of abortion, or time taken by primary care.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Liberia", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Liberia", "article_id": 77337345, "section": "Prevalence", "metadata": {"word_count": 386, "char_count": 2512, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In Senegal, abortion is illegal unless the life of the mother is in danger. Senegal is one of the only countries whose criminal code completely bans abortion. An exception requires a medical certificate and the approval of three doctors. Illegal abortion is punishable by fines and prison. Nearly all abortions in the country are unsafe. Post-abortion care is widely available.\nAbortion was banned in the colonial era. In 1967, an exception was made in the case of threat to life. After concerns about unsafe abortion as a public health crisis in the 1990s, Senegal ratified the International Conference on Population and Development and the Maputo Protocol. In 2005, the National Assembly declared that women have a right to post-abortion care. Efforts for this law to legalize abortion in the cases of rape or incest failed. In 2013, a group of NGOs called the Task Force formed with the goal of aligning Senegal's abortion law with the Maputo Protocol. The National Assembly considered a bill in 2024 that would guarantee legal access to medical abortion. International organizations have called for abortion law reform. Domestically, religious families and organizations influence widespread opposition to abortion due to Islamic beliefs.\nMany women perform self-induced abortions. Abortion pills are available through the black market. Some medical professionals provide or advertise illegal abortions. Post-abortion care (PAC) has been available since the 1990s, for which Senegal is known as the \"PAC pioneer of West Africa\". The Ministry of Health promotes the use of manual vacuum aspiration or misoprostol for PAC. Curettage remains common, despite not being recommended, as MVA is often difficult to access. PAC providers sometimes report clients to legal authorities, but most maintain patient confidentiality by implicitly labeling abortions as miscarriages. Senegal has a high rate of infanticide, which is often attributed to the lack of legal abortion. In the 2010s and 2020s, many infant corpses have been discovered in landfills and other places. Women charged with infanticide comprise over one-third of all arrested women.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Senegal", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal", "article_id": 77379169, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 330, "char_count": 2142, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The criminal code of Senegal completely bans abortion. The code of medical ethics allows abortion when it is necessary to save a woman's life. A medical exception requires the approval of three doctors and a medical certificate costing 10,000 CFA francs. Giving advice about accessing abortion is a criminal offense. The United Nations Population Fund considers Senegal to have one of the strictest abortion laws in Africa. As of 2017, it is one of twenty abortion laws that completely bans abortion.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Senegal", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal", "article_id": 77379169, "section": "Legislation", "metadata": {"word_count": 81, "char_count": 500, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The public largely supports the ban on abortion due to social norms, religious beliefs, and the traditional large family structure. The government is secular yet influenced by powerful religious families. Legislators face pressure from religious leaders to hide support for abortion and fear losing political support. A 2020 survey by L'Association des Juristes Sénégalaises (transl. Association of Senegalese Women Lawyers, AJS) found that 58% of people in the country opposed medical abortion. Most said that it would be acceptable if the woman's health was threatened, but did not agree that it was acceptable in the case of rape.\nThe prominent Islamic NGO Jamra campaigns against abortion reform. Its spokesman, Mame Mactar Guèye, has said pro-abortion activists are controlled by Western donors against African values. Jamra and its allies have argued that Senegal has always supported abortion only if it threatens life, but feminists shift the discussion toward legalization. A collective of 48 Islamic organizations called \"Non à l’avortement\" (transl. No to abortion) opposes pro-abortion advertising. Though some Islamic scholars in Senegal say abortion does not violate Islamic law, few of the prominent Islamic groups oppose anti-abortion movements. Health workers have pushed for access to birth control, which is allowed in Islamic law.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Senegal", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal", "article_id": 77379169, "section": "Public debate", "metadata": {"word_count": 202, "char_count": 1350, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Abortion was illegalized in the French period. In 1967, an exception was added allowing abortion if the life of the mother is in danger. In the 1990s, studies on the prevalence of unsafe abortions led to the public health community viewing abortion as a public health problem. Senegal ratified the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD). In 2004, Senegal was one of the first ratifiers of the Maputo Protocol, which provides a right to abortion in the cases of rape, incest, or danger to the health of the mother or fetus. In 2014, the government formed a group of activists, lawyers, doctors, and MPs to align the penal code with this policy. The International Federation for Human Rights, with three other groups, drafted a proposal for a law that would align with the treaty. The AJS and the advocacy group J-GEN have advocated to align Senegal's abortion law with the treaty.\nIn 2005, the National Assembly passed a reproductive health bill entitling all women to family planning and obstetric care services, including post-abortion care. AJS and Ministry of Health (MOH) officials wanted the law to provide for abortion in the cases of rape or incest. This failed after some members of the National Assembly said they would withdraw support of the law if it included these provisions.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Senegal", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal", "article_id": 77379169, "section": "History", "metadata": {"word_count": 219, "char_count": 1317, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Organizations such as AJS and the Dakar-based Open Society Initiative for West Africa have worked to educate judges and politicians. Siggil Jigeen, a network of 18 women's rights groups, began discussions of legalizing abortion in July 2010, led by Fatou Kiné Camara of the University of Dakar and the AJS. Since 2008, the AJS has run a free drop-in center in Dakar that provides advice and trauma counseling and trains paralegals to help provide justice. On International Women's Day 2011, L’Association des Médecins Femmes (transl. Association of Women Physicians) gave a presentation urging abortion law reform.\nA report written in November 2014 by the NGOs International Federation for Human Rights, African Meeting for the Defense of Human Rights, and Senegalese League of Human Rights called for legislation on safe abortion. Multiple United Nations bodies have advised that Senegal decriminalize abortion: Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in July 2015 and the Committee on the Rights of the Child in March 2016. In 2019, the United Nations Human Rights Committee urged Senegal to legalize abortion as well as homosexuality.\nDuring the presidency of Macky Sall, some supporters of abortion had hoped he would support legalization of abortion, while others were skeptical. In 2015, Sall said he may eventually support legalizing abortion in the cases of rape and incest. In January 2017, the League of Senegalese Ulama declared a fatwa against politicians supporting legalization. In 2020, only 20 of the 165 members of parliament supported it. Pro-abortion activists then paused activities for a few months.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Senegal", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal", "article_id": 77379169, "section": "History", "metadata": {"word_count": 258, "char_count": 1654, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 6 November 2013, the Task Force, which included eighteen organizations, published a petition to uphold the protocol. They argued that illegal abortion amplified inequality between women who could afford abortions from gynecologists and those who could not. AJS is part of this task force. Camara, as president of AJS, led a campaign to legalize medical abortion unconditionally up to twelve weeks of pregnancy.\nMoustapha Diakhaté, head of the United in Hope party, voiced support for a law allowing medication abortion, saying it would decrease arrests and deaths. He worked with AJS to speak with politicians and civil society groups. The Task Force conducted a study on women incarcerated for abortion in 2022. In February 2023, the Task Force and Planned Parenthood led a discussion urging the president to bring the law in line with the Maputo Protocol. In Parliament, Diakhaté and Sokhna Ba supported their goal to decrease abortion-related incarceration.\nOn 2 February 2024, the National Assembly met to discuss medical abortion reform. The director of the advocacy committee for access to medical abortion in the cases of rape and incest, Aissatou Ndiaye, spoke about the importance of such a provision. Mame Guèye Diop, president of the National Assembly's Health Commission, said it was a \"great occasion to review the legal outlines of reproductive health in Senegal, particularly medical abortion.\" J-GEN voiced its support for the advocacy.\nThe Task Force ran a campaign to gain the support of religious authorities but received strong opposition. It responded to religious backlash in a 2021 press release maintaining that it was \"not about legalizing abortion\" but that its goal was to save lives. The Caliph of the Tijaniyyah of Tivaouane, Serigne Babacar Sy, told the Minister of Interior he opposed the medication abortion reform. The League of Imams issued a statement opposing the law. Jamra was a major opponent. The Task Force spoke to Senegal's major religious families and gained support from many of them.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Senegal", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal", "article_id": 77379169, "section": "Proposed medication abortion law (2024)", "metadata": {"word_count": 323, "char_count": 2032, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 2015–2019, there were 57,900 abortions in Senegal. Since 1990–1994, the unintended pregnancy had gone down 34%, and the share of unintended pregnancies resulting in abortion went from 17% to 25%. The abortion rate is 17 per 1,000 women, as of 2012. Dakar has the highest rate in the country, at 21 per 1,000 women. As of 2022, unsafe abortions are the fifth-leading cause of maternal mortality and comprise 50% of urgent maternity care. As of 2012, 5.5 per 1000 women of reproductive age experience abortion complications.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Senegal", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal", "article_id": 77379169, "section": "Prevalence", "metadata": {"word_count": 87, "char_count": 525, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Nearly all abortions in Senegal are unsafe. As of 2012, 38% by are performed by untrained providers (including traditional healers), 21% are self-induced, 20% are by nurses or midwives, 17% are by doctors, and 4% are from pharmacies. The most common methods are drinking corrosives, drinking herbal mixtures, and surgical procedures. Though abortions by trained health professionals are safer than those that are not, they must work secretly, which increases risk. Complications are present in 22% of abortions performed by doctors and 35% of those by nurses and midwives. Gynecologists risk their careers to provide abortions. The Ministries of Health and Social Action have noted the commercialization of illegal abortions through online advertising. In 2022, a Facebook page advertised abortions for 27,000 francs.\nSelf-induced abortions are punishable by a fine of 50,000 to 1,000,000 francs and a prison sentence of six months to two years. Some women induce abortions with plants such as mbanté-maré, chemicals such as methylene blue, bleach, or wire. Some women punch themselves in the stomach or throw themselves off of stairs. Self-induced abortions have become more common since the internet has enabled women to find information about it. A pharmaceutical black market in Dakar's city center, Keur Serigne Bi, is a popular place to buy abortion pills. Customers can buy pills within minutes. The pills cost between 10,000 and 25,000 francs, and some are fake. Some women receive pills from pharmacies that do not work.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Senegal", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal", "article_id": 77379169, "section": "Methods", "metadata": {"word_count": 239, "char_count": 1529, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Abortion is stigmatized as the society values women's fertility. Women who seek abortions experience harassment and violence. Abortion is widely seen as a women's issue that is not a high priority. Its association with women's sexuality contributes to another taboo. Authors such as Mariama Bâ and Ken Bugul have written against the abortion stigma.\nAbout 25% of married women have an unmet need for birth control. As of the 2010s, the average woman gives birth to one or two children more than desired. Birth control is uncommon as the topic is taboo, some husbands do not allow their wives to use it, and people have misconceptions about negative health effects. Many women are unaware of family planning in Senegal, especially in rural areas. Marie Stopes International (MSI) provides family planning services through mobile clinics, education sessions, and individual discussions. After the Mexico City policy was reinstated in January 2017, MSI and the UNFPA had U.S. funding cut off. Some women seek menstrual extraction as a way to prevent unwanted pregnancies that would require clandestine abortions. Many providers disapprove of the method for its similarity to abortion.\nSixty percent of illegal abortions are done on young women. Some who are unmarried or who were raped feel they have no other solution. Extramarital pregnancy and being raped are viewed as shameful and have caused families to disown their daughters. It is often difficult for rape victims to get abortions. According to the Family Child Guidance Center, 30% of people aged 7 to 14 who are sexually abused get pregnant, which often causes complications. The law does not classify incest as rape and does not allow victims of incest to abort their pregnancies. Abortions result in complications for 73% of poor rural women, 69% of poor urban women, 48% of nonpoor rural women, and 35% of nonpoor urban women, as of 2012. Poor women are less likely to be treated for complications.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Senegal", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal", "article_id": 77379169, "section": "Societal factors", "metadata": {"word_count": 319, "char_count": 1959, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The National Agency of Statistics and Demography of Senegal estimated that, in 2012, 25% of trials in felony court were of mothers charged with abortion–related crimes. In March 2011, a 14-year-old rape victim who got an abortion was arrested from the hospital. Camara called for the invocation of the Maputo Protocol. In 2014, a ten-year-old girl who had gotten pregnant from being raped by a neighbor was unable to get a legal abortion. Her mother, supported by AJS, brought the case to the state prosecutor, and the rapist was put in police custody. The girl gave birth to twins in February 2014.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Senegal", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal", "article_id": 77379169, "section": "Cases", "metadata": {"word_count": 102, "char_count": 599, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Most women who have abortions experience complications, but 42% of these do not receive care. Complications are more common among rural and poor women. Health centers, district hospitals, and regional hospitals provide most of the country's post-abortion care (PAC). As of 2012, 856 facilities provide PAC. Most private providers are in Dakar Region. Only 4% of PAC providers are private.\nThe MOH has recommended that manual vacuum aspiration, surgical aspiration, and misoprostol be available at every level of healthcare facilities. Surgical treatments are only available at tertiary and district hospitals. All levels of providers offer digital treatments and post-abortion family planning. Surgical procedures use MVA or, uncommonly, electric vacuum aspiration. Medical treatments typically involve administering 200 μg doses of misoprostol at the provider's discretion, up to two hours. Ultrasound is required to confirm the outcome of misoprostol treatment. MOH guidelines offer both surgical and medical treatments for pregnancies under 12 weeks, with surgical treatments prioritized for those under 9 weeks. Women can receive contraceptive pills, condoms, or hormonal implants immediately, as well as intrauterine devices after the procedure is confirmed complete. In Dakar, most clients are satisfied with the PAC they receive and experience short waiting times. Nearly half say the procedure is extremely painful, and only one-third receive pain relief. Private pharmacies are the main supplier of medications such as misoprostol. As of 2017, public health providers get it from pharmacies, despite the government's 2014 invitation to tender for misoprostol. Pharmacists in Dakar have low knowledge of misoprostol and its use. Few stock it because it is unavailable, or they do not want to stock an abortifacient drug.\nMVA is less available at lower-level health facilities. These facilities must refer patients to higher facilities if the procedure is needed. Some health officials limit the use of MVA method, which may be used to induce abortion. Some PAC providers instead use methods such as digital curettage or dilation and curettage (D&C), which are condemned by the WHO. Relatively few use D&C. Digital evacuation is common among health workers who are not trained in MVA, face high caseloads, lack access to MVA supplies, or view the method as easier.\nProviders and health officials view MVA as an integral part of PAC that can be used at lower levels of the health system by nurses. However, the MOH's supply system is centralized in Dakar, which limits implementation. Several NGOs work with the MOH to support PAC. Many receive funding from USAID, which does not allow providing abortion services besides PAC, according to policies such as the Helms Amendment and the Mexico City policy. Some NGO workers have argued that PAC \"isn't enough\". Health authorities view PAC as a way to combat the unsafe abortion rate without facing political opposition to abortion.\nHealth workers are not required to tell legal authorities about cases of illegal abortions. The medical code of ethics and the 2005 reproductive health law protect patient privacy. However, some report cases to authorities to avoid being accomplices or believe it is required. Most women treated for complications of illegal abortions do not receive police attention. Health workers perform an interrogation that determine the patient's medical history and the chances they induced an abortion. Many are suspicious of women who arrive alone or at night or who are unmarried. Most PAC cases are either labeled as cases of miscarriage, or are left unspecified and treated as presumptive miscarriages. Some health workers choose to label abortions as induced only if the patient says so, to maintain professional ethics. Others deliberately label abortions as miscarriages to avoid legal investigations.\nIn Dakar, as of 2021, the average out-of-pocket cost of PAC is 51,427 francs (US$93.84). The cost is 66,020 francs ($120.47) in hospitals and 35,880 francs ($65.47) in health centers. Many clients are charged multiple payments. Most do not face waiting periods. The high cost leads to lower use of services, especially among poorer people. As of 2016, the average cost per patient for health facilities in Senegal is 15,814 francs ($26.68). Direct costs of staff and supplies comprise 64% of this cost. Direct costs are higher for severe complications. The remaining costs consist of constructing, equipping, and administrating a facility, which are higher for private facilities. That year, the estimated total cost to the health system of PAC was 275.6 million francs ($464,928).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Senegal", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal", "article_id": 77379169, "section": "Post-abortion care", "metadata": {"word_count": 720, "char_count": 4668, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Before Senegal's health system introduced PAC, the most common methods of uterine evacuation were D&C and digital curettage. Senegal, along with Burkina Faso, was one of the first countries in the region to decentralize post-abortion care from urban tertiary care centers to rural hospitals. It is known as a success story and the \"PAC pioneer of West Africa\". In the late 1990s, after the ratification of the ICPD, USAID supported the MOH in introducing PAC. It was part of the Ministry's strategy to reduce maternal mortality, which became government policy in the 1980s. PAC was introduced in 1997. The Ministry funded research into decentralizing PAC, which demonstrated effective use of MVA, followed by the use of medications to treat complications.\nThe MOH introduced MVA to more hospitals in a 2000–2002 collaboration with EngenderHealth and a 2003–2006 collaboration with Management Sciences for Health. The MOH developed an MVA distribution scheme independent of the Pharmacie Nationale d’Approvisionnement (transl. National Supply Pharmacy). The MVA training was limited to theoretical training for doctors and midwives at district and regional hospitals. Most public reproductive health facilities had been trained by 2006.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Senegal", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal", "article_id": 77379169, "section": "History", "metadata": {"word_count": 186, "char_count": 1235, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Some women who cannot get abortions commit infanticide. Some drown their babies in septic tanks or wells, strangle them, or starve them. The company that runs Dakar's Mbeubeuss Landfill discovered 39 infant corpses there in 2021. In February 2017, newborn corpses were found in the parking lot of Dakar's Léopold Sédar Senghor Stadium and at the market in Pikine. Media reports contribute to widespread awareness of infanticide. Rumors and suspicions of infanticide are common. The public condemns infanticide but largely understands its motivations.\nAccording to a WHO report, infanticide comprise 38% of cases of detained women. The AJS found in 2015 that 19% of detained women were charged with infanticide, and 3% with abortion. In 2020, 43 women were prosecuted for either offense. In April 2022, 16 of the 83 inmates at Liberté-VI prison were charged with infanticide. In March 2018, 40% of the 58 women in the prison in Thiès were charged with infanticide. The typical jail sentence for infanticide is five years. It is the second-leading cause of imprisonment for women in Senegal.\nAbortion rights groups such as the AJS and the MOH attribute infanticide to the lack of birth control and legal abortion. Some attribute it to religious, rather than legal, opposition to abortion. Infanticides are motivated by situations of rape, incest, forced marriages, poverty, adultery, and social hostility. Authorities say absent husbands are a factor. Women whose husbands leave the country often have extramarital relations that lead to unwanted pregnancies. Infanticide is more common in rural areas that are dense or have low literacy. In Dakar, as of 2006, the most likely women to be arrested for abortion or infanticide are below 25, have little education, are in polygamous marriages, are from poor peri-urban areas, or have experienced trauma. Few women in rural Senegal are aware of the country's few orphanages.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Abortion in Senegal", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal", "article_id": 77379169, "section": "Infanticide", "metadata": {"word_count": 305, "char_count": 1919, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Actinote zikani is a species of butterfly belonging to the family Nymphalidae that is endemic to Brazil. Its habitat is the Brazilian Atlantic forest at an altitude of approximately 1,000 metres (3,280 ft), located in the Serra do Mar. Considered extinct after 1981, the species was rediscovered in 1991 in the state of São Paulo, in the southeast of the country.\nThe species is classified as critically endangered on the national red list of Brazil by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation. It is one of two butterflies on the list of the 100 Most Endangered Species in the World published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Zoological Society of London in September 2012, the other being Parides burchellanus.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Actinote zikani", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinote_zikani", "article_id": 77747875, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 125, "char_count": 764, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Between 1941 and 1942, the naturalist Romualdo Ferreira d'Almeida collected around ten specimens of a species of the genus Actinote at a forested area near Salesópolis in São Paulo and mistakenly attributed them to Actinote morio. According to the remarks of the naturalist J.F. Zikan, d'Almeida corrected his error and described the new species, Actinote zikani, whose characteristics he defined in 1951 (d'Almeida, 1951) based on the specimens he collected and a male reported by Roberto Spitz from Alto da Serra de Santos.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Actinote zikani", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinote_zikani", "article_id": 77747875, "section": "Taxonomy", "metadata": {"word_count": 83, "char_count": 525, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Actinote zikani has iridescent black and opaque wings, similar to Actinote morio. The dorsal and post-medial forewings both have faint yellow markings, and the hindwings have dirty orange markings. The butterfly has a wide clasper, and the clasper grows smaller towards the apex and takes on a triangular shape. One of the characteristics that distinguishes Actinote zikani from Actinote morio are the lighter wing colors that A. zikani typically has, in contrast to the darker wings that A. morio specimens usually exhibit.\nMales have a mean forewing length of 33 millimetres (1.3 in), smaller than females which measure 37 millimetres (1.5 in). The mean dry weight of males is 0.41 g, and for females the mean dry weight is 0.74 g. Adults from zikani are usually larger than other species of the Actinote genus.\nActinote zikani eggs are usually yellowish in color when they are first laid, and will change to a red hue after approximately 2 hours have passed. After 16–17 weeks have elapsed since the eggs have been laid, they develop weak horizontal rib markings.\nWhen a specimen is in its early instar phase of development, it develops a smooth, brown head and is pale in color. Later during this phase, specimens take on a yellowish shape, and near the end of this developmental phase are blackish in color, including on the appendages. Pupae are a yellow-green hue after molting, and after several hours change to be more whitish in color.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Actinote zikani", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinote_zikani", "article_id": 77747875, "section": "Description", "metadata": {"word_count": 243, "char_count": 1445, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The activity of A. zikani varies and depends in particular on weather conditions. It begins at sunrise each morning, as the sun illuminates the tops of the forest trees. The butterfly begins by flapping its wings to warm them in the sun before flying away. Flight activity seems to decrease as soon as the sun is veiled.\nMales fly more than 2 metres (6.6 ft) above the ground along the road where they were observed, or even above the canopy in the forest. They attack any flying insect located less than a meter from them before rising very quickly or performing a long straight flight of more than 100 metres (330 ft). The small males have been observed attacking other lepidopteran species as large as Morpho hercules.\nThe host plant of the caterpillar would be one of the sixteen species of Asteraceae discovered during surveys carried out in the Serra do Mar, in particular climbing lianas of the genus Mikania, notably Mikania obsoleta.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Actinote zikani", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinote_zikani", "article_id": 77747875, "section": "Flight behavior", "metadata": {"word_count": 163, "char_count": 942, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Mating in A. zikani occurs without any known display of courtship. The seeking male follows a female, and after flying 2 to 5 metres (6.5 to 16.5 ft) in a line about 2 metres (6.6 ft) above ground they make a controlled spiralling flight to the ground, following which the male grasps the female's abdomen with his valvae, forcing copulation on the ground, which may last more than 30 minutes.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Actinote zikani", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinote_zikani", "article_id": 77747875, "section": "Mating", "metadata": {"word_count": 70, "char_count": 393, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During observations on the species, it was observed that A. zikani is male-dominated, with a sex ratio of 1.7 males for every female specimen being documented in November 1993.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Actinote zikani", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinote_zikani", "article_id": 77747875, "section": "Sex ratio", "metadata": {"word_count": 29, "char_count": 176, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The habitat in which the species was rediscovered in 1991 consists of the Brazilian Atlantic forest. The plant environment is mainly made up of bamboos and species of the genus Tibouchina. The stem and trunk of most of the plants are covered with epiphytic mosses and ferns and sixteen species of the Asteraceae family recorded nearby could be, for some of them, the host plants of the Actinote zikani larva.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Actinote zikani", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinote_zikani", "article_id": 77747875, "section": "Habitat", "metadata": {"word_count": 70, "char_count": 408, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Actinote zikani is known only in Brazil. The only known distribution area concerns a region of the state of São Paulo, between the towns of Salesópolis and Paranapiacaba around Alto da Serra de Santos, Paranapiacaba and Estação Biológica de Boracéia. The species is also mentioned more anciently in the south of the State of Minas Gerais by its describer, Almeida and a male specimen of the genus Actinote with whitish circular ornamentation was observed in Penedo in the State of Rio de Janeiro in the low hills of the Serra do Itatiaia, but without certainty as to its belonging to the species.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Actinote zikani", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinote_zikani", "article_id": 77747875, "section": "Distribution", "metadata": {"word_count": 102, "char_count": 596, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "While the species was described in 1951 on the basis of a small number of specimens discovered ten years earlier, field research carried out between 1985 and 1990 to identify new specimens in the typical habitat in April–May and November–December turned out to be a failure. The only evidence of existence of the species is said to be a male specimen observed by Keith Brown in 1981 at the roadside of a rainforest at 1,000 metres (3,280 ft) above sea level between Tapiraí and Sorocaba in the south of the state. Therefore, considered extinct, the species was observed again on March 16, 1991 at the summit of the Serra do Mar 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of the city of Santos in São Paulo during a routine visit carried out by Ronaldo Bastos Francini and André Victor Lucci Freitas.\nThe species was described again in an article published by Francini, Freitas and Brown in the Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society in 2005. The specimens were discovered in the municipality of Santo André (State of São Paulo) near the town of Paranapiacaba along a 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) southwest/northeast-oriented concrete block paved road that follows the mountain range between two telecommunications towers on the peaks of Serra do Mar at 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) above sea level.\nMore than 160 hours of observation were carried out until 2004 near Paranapiacaba and specimens were collected for morphological studies then marked using a small circle of waterproof paper then released. This marking method has also been used successfully, notably on Actinote pellenea and Actinote mamita.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Actinote zikani", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinote_zikani", "article_id": 77747875, "section": "Disappearance and rediscovery", "metadata": {"word_count": 262, "char_count": 1585, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "As early as 1981 and given the rarity of the species, Brown proposed adding A. zikani to the list of species threatened with extinction in Brazil. The species is declared critically endangered by the Secretariat of the Environment in 1998 and the Ministry of the Environment of Brazil in 2003. A. zikani was included by the IUCN in the 100 Most Endangered Species in the World report, and is one of two butterfly species on the list.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Actinote zikani", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinote_zikani", "article_id": 77747875, "section": "Protection", "metadata": {"word_count": 77, "char_count": 433, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Action at Nineveh was a cavalry action that occurred on November 12, 1864, during the American Civil War. A Union cavalry division led by Brigadier General William H. Powell defeated a Confederate cavalry brigade commanded by Brigadier General John McCausland. The fight took place in Nineveh, Virginia, near the road from Newtown to Front Royal, which is known as the Front Royal Pike. Nineveh is located in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley south of Winchester and north of the Shenandoah River in Warren County.\nPowell's 1st Brigade was sent south on the Front Royal Pike to search for Confederate cavalry. Commanded by Colonel William B. Tibbits, the brigade encountered a portion of Confederate Major General Lunsford L. Lomax's cavalry commanded by McCausland. The Confederates slowly pushed the 1st Brigade back, but Tibbits sent a messenger to notify Powell of the situation. Repelling the attackers twice, Confederate leadership believed they had driven the Union cavalry away. Powell, riding with his 2nd Brigade, brought it to the front while the 1st Brigade moved to the rear. The 2nd Brigade charged, resulting in a short clash that ended with the Confederates being chased for 8 miles (12.9 km). Powell captured all of McCausland's artillery (two guns), the ammunition train, numerous small arms, and took over 150 prisoners.\nTwo men received the Medal of Honor for their undertakings in this action. Private James F. Adams from Company D of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry received his award for the capture of the state flag of the 14th Virginia Cavalry. Sergeant Levi Shoemaker from Company A of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry received his award for the capture of the flag of the 22nd Virginia Cavalry.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Action at Nineveh", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Nineveh", "article_id": 72553715, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 280, "char_count": 1716, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "On October 19, 1864, a Union army defeated a Confederate army in the Battle of Cedar Creek in the American Civil War. The battle took place in the Shenandoah Valley of Northern Virginia, near Cedar Creek, Middletown, and the Valley Pike. The Confederate Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Jubal Early, appeared to be victorious early in the battle. During the afternoon, Major General Philip Sheridan rallied his troops for a victory, and Union cavalry played an important role in both saving the army during the morning and the counterattack in the afternoon. Following the battle, Early's army reorganized further south at New Market, while Sheridan's army stayed on site until it moved north to Kernstown on November 9.\nAt New Market, Early received reports from his scouts concerning Sheridan's November 9 movement. While Sheridan's purpose was to have a shorter line of supply and better winter quarters, Early believed that Sheridan could be detaching some of his troops to eastern Virginia. Early moved his army north from New Market to Middletown. Sheridan became aware of Early's movement before noon on November 12, and countered with his cavalry. On Sheridan's right (west), the Union cavalry divisions commanded by Brigadier General Wesley Merritt and Brigadier General George Armstrong Custer were sent south where they would oppose cavalry commanded by Major General Thomas L. Rosser. On Sheridan's left (east), Brigadier General William H. Powell was sent with his division south on the Front Royal Pike. His cavalry expected to oppose cavalry commanded by Major General Lunsford L. Lomax.\nRosser's cavalry was driven back and required assistance from Lomax. While a portion of Lomax's division left to provide the assistance, McCausland's brigade remained at Cedarville on the Front Royal Pike. McCausland's position enabled his cavalry to protect Early's troops at Middletown from having their Valley Pike escape route cut off if the Union cavalry was able to circle behind. Between Cedarville and Newtown on the Front Royal Pike was the small community known as Nineveh. Located in Warren County, Nineveh is one of the county's oldest communities. Earlier in the 19th century it had been known as Stoney Point.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Action at Nineveh", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Nineveh", "article_id": 72553715, "section": "Prelude", "metadata": {"word_count": 355, "char_count": 2231, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Brigadier General William H. Powell called his division Second Cavalry Division, Department of West Virginia, and on November 12 it consisted of two brigades.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Action at Nineveh", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Nineveh", "article_id": 72553715, "section": "Union", "metadata": {"word_count": 24, "char_count": 158, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "1st Brigade was commanded by Colonel William Badger Tibbits of the 21st New York Cavalry Regiment. It consisted of three cavalry regiments: the 8th Ohio, 14th Pennsylvania, and the 21st New York cavalries.\n2nd Brigade was commanded by Colonel Henry Capehart of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry Regiment. For the day's action, it consisted of three cavalry regiments: the 1st West Virginia, 3rd West Virginia, and 1st New York. The three regiments were commanded in this action by Major Harvey Farabee, Lieutenant Colonel John Lowry McGee, and Colonel Alonzo W. Adams, respectively. A fourth cavalry regiment, the 2nd West Virginia, was stationed in Martinsburg at the time and absent for the action. Capehart and the 1st West Virginia Cavalry had already fought in numerous battles in Virginia and West Virginia. They had been armed with Spencer repeating rifles since 1863. The 1st New York Cavalry was also very experienced, and by the end of the war it had participated in nearly 230 battles and skirmishes. It was also known as the \"Lincoln Cavalry\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Action at Nineveh", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Nineveh", "article_id": 72553715, "section": "Union", "metadata": {"word_count": 173, "char_count": 1051, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Brigadier General John McCausland commanded the Confederate brigade in the action at Nineveh on November 12. He submitted a \"brief report of the engagement\" on November 13, and did not list the units under his command. The units listed below are based on Union Brigadier General William H. Powell's November 17 report. A year earlier, some of these units had been involved in the Battle of Droop Mountain, where the Confederate Army had been nearly surrounded—and fled the battleground in defeat as a second Union force threatened to cut off its escape route.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Action at Nineveh", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Nineveh", "article_id": 72553715, "section": "Confederate", "metadata": {"word_count": 93, "char_count": 559, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "14th Virginia Cavalry Regiment - This regiment was listed as part of McCausland's Brigade (which was commanded by John McCausland) during the previous month at the October 19 Battle of Cedar Creek. It fought in the Battle of Droop Mountain.\n16th Virginia Cavalry Regiment - This regiment was listed as part of McCausland's Brigade during the previous month at Cedar Creek. In addition to Cedar Creek, it had experience fighting in the Battle of Gettysburg. This regiment did not directly participate in the Battle of Droop Mountain, but it was part of the rear guard as the Confederate Army fled.\n17th Virginia Cavalry Regiment - This regiment was listed as part of McCausland's Brigade during the previous month at Cedar Creek. In addition to Cedar Creek, it had experience fighting in the Battle of Gettysburg.\n21st Virginia Cavalry Regiment - This regiment is listed as being part of Bradley T. Johnson's Brigade in the previous month's Battle of Cedar Creek.\n22nd Virginia Cavalry Regiment - This regiment is listed as being part of Bradley T. Johnson's Brigade in the previous month's Battle of Cedar Creek.\n62nd Virginia Mounted Infantry Regiment - This regiment is listed as part of Imboden's Brigade for the previous month's Battle of Cedar Creek.\nLurty's Battery - This artillery battery had two guns (artillery pieces). It is listed in the order of battle for the previous month's Battle of Cedar Creek, and also fought in the Battle of Droop Mountain.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Action at Nineveh", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Nineveh", "article_id": 72553715, "section": "Confederate", "metadata": {"word_count": 244, "char_count": 1462, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Descriptions of the action at Nineveh differ somewhat on the cause of the victory. One point of view revolves around leadership and direct participation by the division commander, another blames negligence by Confederate leadership, and a third credits the size of the Union force. All points of view agree on the end result.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Action at Nineveh", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Nineveh", "article_id": 72553715, "section": "Fight", "metadata": {"word_count": 53, "char_count": 325, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The morning of November 12 began with Powell's division resting near Winchester. Colonel Tibbits and his 1st Brigade began a probe south on the road to Front Royal. Near the small community of Nineveh, they began fighting with a Confederate brigade commanded by Brigadier General McCausland. The fighting did not go well for Tibbits' soldiers, and they began falling back. According to a letter written by Colonel Capehart, McCausland was using a \"heavy line of dismounted skirmishers\". An orderly was sent north to notify Powell of the situation.\nHearing the news, Powell immediately gathered his remaining available cavalry, which consisted of three regiments from Capehart's 2nd Brigade. They moved south on the Front Royal Pike at a trot. After about eight miles (13 km), they met Tibbits' brigade falling back in a hard fight. Powell formed the Second Brigade in battle formation, with the 3rd West Virginia Cavalry riding on the left, the 1st New York in the middle, and the 1st West Virginia on the right. The 1st Brigade passed to the rear in intervals, and then the 2nd Brigade moved to the front. McCausland's soldiers were posted on high ground with two well-posted artillery pieces.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Action at Nineveh", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Nineveh", "article_id": 72553715, "section": "1st Brigade", "metadata": {"word_count": 197, "char_count": 1194, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Powell was said to be on the field and guiding the battle formation. He instructed the two West Virginia regiments to move around the Confederates as if in a flanking maneuver, while the 1st New York maintained the front line. The New Yorkers charged and overran the Confederates, who either surrendered or retreated. At the same time, the two West Virginia regiments on the flanks moved toward the center.\nColonel Adams of the 1st New York was personally involved in apprehending the first of the two artillery pieces captured. Three companies from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry captured the other gun. The two artillery pieces captured were said to be 12-pounder howitzers.\nThe Confederates were chased south across both branches of the Shenandoah River and through the town of Front Royal—a distance of about eight miles (13 km) that was covered by the faster horses in 40 minutes. The chase was led by Colonel Adams of the 1st New York and a lieutenant from Capehart's staff. Those with slower horses picked up prisoners and abandoned Confederate property. Union Major General Alfred T.A. Torbert reported that the Confederates were pursued two miles (3.2 km) south of Front Royal.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Action at Nineveh", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Nineveh", "article_id": 72553715, "section": "2nd Brigade attacks", "metadata": {"word_count": 197, "char_count": 1185, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The journal of Confederate Captain Jedediah Hotchkiss' describes the Action at Nineveh as happening \"late in the p.m.\" at Cedarville. It concluded that after repulsing two attacks, McCausland believed he had driven the Union cavalry away. McCausland's brigade paused to eat, and was caught unprepared by a third attack. McCausland was driven through Front Royal, and lost two pieces of artillery.\nTwo Union soldiers had experiences that agree with Hotchkiss. A soldier from Company E of the 1st New York Cavalry, which was positioned on the left end of the middle regiment, wrote about his company's reconnaissance mission before the 2nd Brigade attacked. He said that the Confederate soldiers \"looked at us in astonishment, and did not fire one shot\". On the Union right, a soldier from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry noted that McCausland's fighters were dismounted and stood without a skirmish line—something the Union soldiers thought \"was strange\".\nAt least one historian agrees that McCausland was caught unprepared as his soldiers relaxed, ate, and fed their horses. Robert K. Krick wrote that McCausland's soldiers ignored \"the basic disciplinary and security measures necessary in disputed country\". Lieutenant General Early punished some of the soldiers \"for misbehavior before the enemy on Nov. 12th 1864\" by publishing their names, having them forfeit their horses, and transferring them from the cavalry to the infantry.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Action at Nineveh", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Nineveh", "article_id": 72553715, "section": "Hotchkiss and Early", "metadata": {"word_count": 222, "char_count": 1432, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "McCausland's report agrees that two Union attacks were repulsed, and claims Powell's division was driven back two miles (3.2 km) until it was reinforced by a \"command supposed to be a division\". He said the Union force charged and broke his lines, and mentions the loss of two lieutenant colonels. He reported that his retreat ended at Front Royal, and the fight lasted from noon until 3:30 pm. His report also said that the \"men and officers behaved with great gallantry\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Action at Nineveh", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Nineveh", "article_id": 72553715, "section": "John McCausland", "metadata": {"word_count": 81, "char_count": 473, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The November 12 confrontation at Nineveh has been classified as an action in Frederick H. Dyer's A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion. Two men from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry were awarded the Medal of Honor for actions in the fight. Private James F. Adams, from Company D, received his medal for \"Capture of State flag of 14th Virginia Cavalry (C.S.A.)\". The other medal winner was Sergeant Levi Shoemaker from Company A. His citation is \"Capture of flag of 22d Virginia Cavalry (C.S.A.)\". The performance of Capehart's 2nd Brigade did not go unnoticed. General Sheridan was soon calling it \"the fighting brigade\". Later in 1865, the nickname became \"Capehart's Fighting Brigade\".\nUnion casualties for the Nineveh action, plus actions fought by other cavalry divisions on the same day closer to Newtown, totaled to 184 killed, wounded or captured/missing. Powell's November 17 report listed his casualties (a subset of the 184) as two killed and 15 wounded.\nPowell's November 17 report said Confederate casualties were 20 killed, 35 wounded, and 161 captured. In addition to the two artillery pieces, two caissons, two wagons, and one ambulance were captured. Fleeing Confederate soldiers also left numerous small arms behind. McCausland's November 13 report said 10 soldiers were killed, 60 were wounded, and 100 captured—but also said that he \"cannot state exactly the number of men killed, wounded, and missing, and the above may be considered as the nearest approximation that can now be made.\"\nA newspaper account, and Major General Torbert in his November 12 report, said McCausland was slightly wounded. Other Confederate casualties included Lieutenant Colonel John A. Gibson of the 14th Virginia Cavalry, who was wounded at Nineveh and left behind in Cedarville. That regiment's Major Benjamin Franklin Eakle was also wounded and captured on that day at Cedarville. The 22nd Virginia Cavalry's Lieutenant Colonel J. T. Radford was mortally wounded. A newspaper report claimed that Colonel Milton J. Ferguson of the 16th Virginia Cavalry leaped from his horse and ran into a woods to escape capture—losing his mount and equipment.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Action at Nineveh", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Nineveh", "article_id": 72553715, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 342, "char_count": 2144, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Adélaïde-Hautval Hospital (French: Hôpital Adélaïde-Hautval) was a public hospital in Villiers-le-Bel, in the Val-d'Oise department of France. Operated by the Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), it opened in 1965 under the name Hôpital Charles-Richet and specialised in elder care. The hospital formed part of the Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Nord Val de Seine group and offered 285 beds across acute care, rehabilitation, long-term care, and EHPAD services before its closure in 2019.\nOriginally named after the Nobel Prize-winning physiologist Charles Richet, the hospital was renamed in 2015 following public controversy over Richet's support for eugenics and racist theories. After an internal review, AP-HP concluded that Richet's published views were incompatible with the values of the public healthcare system. The hospital was subsequently renamed in honour of Dr Adélaïde Hautval, a French physician recognised for her resistance during the Nazi occupation and her defence of Jewish patients at Auschwitz.\nThe hospital ceased all clinical services in 2017, but the site continued operating as a transitional EHPAD until late 2021, when it was closed due to infrastructure deficiencies and the high cost of renovation. In 2023, a new 7,300 m² multiservice gerontological platform was inaugurated on the same grounds by the non-profit operator ARPAVIE. The facility includes a 110-bed EHPAD, day centres, caregiver support services, and home care programmes. In parallel, parts of the former hospital site were sold to Grand Paris Aménagement and are being redeveloped into an eco-district with 370 housing units, scheduled for completion in 2028.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Adélaïde-Hautval Hospital", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde-Hautval_Hospital", "article_id": 79766579, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 248, "char_count": 1669, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The hospital was inaugurated in 1965 under the name Hôpital Charles-Richet. It was constructed as a pavilion-style facility, consisting of 15 buildings spread across 8.3 hectares of wooded land on Rue du Haut-du-Roy in Villiers-le-Bel. The buildings covered a total surface area of 37,570 square metres, were designed to feel more personal and less institutional for geriatric care. Its services included acute care, rehabilitation, long-term care, palliative medicine, and support for dependent elderly residents (known as Établissement d'hébergement pour personnes âgées dépendantes EHPAD).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Adélaïde-Hautval Hospital", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde-Hautval_Hospital", "article_id": 79766579, "section": "Establishment and early function", "metadata": {"word_count": 83, "char_count": 592, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In the early 2010s, public concern grew over the hospital's namesake, Charles Richet, a Nobel Prize-winning physiologist whose later works expressed support for eugenics and racist theories, notably in La Sélection humaine and L'Homme stupide. While his scientific contributions had once justified naming a hospital in his honour, a 2014 petition brought renewed attention to his published views.\nIn response, the AP-HP, the public hospital trust that operates hospitals across the Paris region, initiated an internal review of Richet's writings to assess whether these concerns were based on outdated readings of his work. In a public statement, the organisation concluded that the tone and content of the texts were incompatible with the values of the public healthcare system. Although Richet's scientific work had long been valued, the AP-HP noted the \"intolerable\" nature of his eugenic ideas and acknowledged that his writings may have contributed to harmful ideologies in the interwar period. The agency also cited the symbolic importance of aligning public institutions with ethical standards, particularly in light of France's republican and humanist values.\nFollowing the review, AP-HP Director General Martin Hirsch and the mayor of Villiers-le-Bel, Jean-Louis Marsac, jointly agreed to remove Richet's name. In early 2015, the hospital was renamed in honour of Adélaïde Hautval (1906–1988), a French physician known for her moral resistance under Nazi occupation. Imprisoned at Auschwitz for defending Jewish patients, Hautval was later recognised as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Adélaïde-Hautval Hospital", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde-Hautval_Hospital", "article_id": 79766579, "section": "Naming controversy and renaming", "metadata": {"word_count": 238, "char_count": 1605, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In May 2015, Hirsch announced a long-term transformation plan for the Adélaïde-Hautval Hospital, citing severe infrastructure deficiencies and the prohibitive €105 million cost of renovations. The plan included the progressive closure of the hospital, with all services to be transferred to nearby modern facilities, both within the AP-HP network and at regional partner hospitals. These included Beaujon, Bichat Claude-Bernard, Bretonneau, and Louis-Mourier (within the Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Nord Val de Seine group), as well as public hospitals in Gonesse, Aulnay-sous-Bois, and Eaubonne-Montmorency. \nThe transition began in 2016, with 285 beds progressively reassigned and medical services redeployed in coordination with the regional health agency (Agence régionale de santé ARS) for Île-de-France. By March 2017, the full redeployment was completed, and the site no longer served as a hospital. Parts of the former hospital buildings were then used as temporary shelter for migrants.\nThe premises continued to house an EHPAD with 184 residents, which remained in operation as part of a transitional arrangement. Originally intended to close in 2017, the closure was postponed multiple times first to 2019, then to 2021. That facility was eventually closed on 15 October 2021 to allow for the construction of a new geriatric care platform on the same site.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Adélaïde-Hautval Hospital", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde-Hautval_Hospital", "article_id": 79766579, "section": "Closure and redevelopment", "metadata": {"word_count": 203, "char_count": 1369, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 2023, the non‑profit group ARPAVIE inaugurated a significantly expanded multiservice gerontological platform on the former hospital site, now officially listed at 1–3 rue Hélène Bertaux. The 7,300 m² facility was developed by Icade for CDC Habitat, co-funded by the Banque des territoires, the French Government, the Val-d'Oise departmental council, and the Agence régionale de santé Île-de-France. Operated by ARPAVIE, the platform includes a 110-bed EHPAD, two Pôles d'activités de soins adaptés (daytime care units for cognitive disorders), a 20-place day centre, a 20-place temporary accommodation unit, a Plateforme d'accompagnement des aidants (caregiver support centre), and home-based services via a combined nursing and assistance service (SPASAD) and a 50-place in-home nursing service (SSIAD). Several staff from the former hospital were rehired as part of an agreement with AP-HP, maintaining institutional continuity.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Adélaïde-Hautval Hospital", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde-Hautval_Hospital", "article_id": 79766579, "section": "Successor facilities and multiservice platform", "metadata": {"word_count": 131, "char_count": 933, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In parallel with the construction of the new geriatric platform, parts of the former 8.2-hectare hospital site were transferred to Grand Paris Aménagement, a public urban planning and development agency, which announced plans to redevelop the surrounding land into an eco-district with approximately 370 housing units, a community garden while preserving architectural elements. Partial demolition was scheduled to begin by 2024.\nThe new neighbourhood, scheduled for completion by 2028, will include a mix of residential units, local services, green space, and improved public transport. Of the 370 planned homes, only 18 percent will be reserved for social housing, with the majority aimed at owner-occupiers as part of a wider strategy to diversify the area's demographic profile. The site will also be served by a high-capacity bus line linking Villiers-le-Bel to Villepinte and Roissy, with a planned central station to host shops and amenities.\nAlthough several outdated hospital structures are being demolished, others are slated for preservation and rehabilitation. The project places emphasis on low density and ecological integration, aiming to obtain eco-district certification. Feedback from residents during public consultation supported the overall plan, though concerns were raised regarding parking, traffic, and the nature of future commercial spaces. Environmental activists criticised the project as profit-driven arguing it prioritised real estate investment over community needs. Authorities nonetheless confirmed that the redevelopment would proceed.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Adélaïde-Hautval Hospital", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde-Hautval_Hospital", "article_id": 79766579, "section": "Redevelopment of original site", "metadata": {"word_count": 221, "char_count": 1571, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Afonso Henriques Theatre (or Dom Afonso Henriques Theatre; Portuguese: Teatro Dom Afonso Henriques), was the main entertainment center of Guimarães from 1853 until its replacement by the Jordão Theatre in the late 1930s.\nOver its 90-plus years, the Afonso Henriques Theatre was the central venue for entertainment in Guimarães, hosting a wide variety of performances that fulfilled the cultural needs of the city. It remained the focal point for the city's events, including festivities and important community gatherings, until its successor was constructed in 1937. Its performances and shows influenced the development of the surrounding area, mainly by partly aiding the construction of the Santos Passos Church.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afonso Henriques Theatre", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Henriques_Theatre", "article_id": 77329084, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 108, "char_count": 720, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The building's facade was symmetrical and featured three stories. The ground floor consisted of a series of rectangular doorways, seven in total, each with a simple stone frame. The central doorway was more prominent as it featured a double-stone frame with a curved top.\nOn the first floor, the central section had a square window surrounded by a strip of granite. Flanking this central section were three pairs of windows, each set within a granite frame. On top of them were small circular windows with a granite frame which connected with the square windows below.\nThe second floor mirrored the first in its window arrangement, with rectangular windows above each of the lower floors. The central section had a balcony with an iron railing, supported by corbels and accessed by a door with a decorative stone frame. The outermost windows on this floor also featured iron railings and granite balconies. The roof was paved with roof tiles and it was separated from the facade by a cornice with two stone urns at its extremities. The central part was shaped like a semi-circle and it had a stone coat of arms under it.\nIn its interior the theatre had two closed cabinets, 38 boxes in three levels, 176 audience seats and 60 gallery seats.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afonso Henriques Theatre", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Henriques_Theatre", "article_id": 77329084, "section": "Description", "metadata": {"word_count": 213, "char_count": 1240, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Before the construction of the theatre, the Count of Vila Pouca Theatre was located at the Campo da Feira. Shows and plays were performed regularly at this theatre to aid the construction efforts of the Santos Passos Church while under construction.\nThe Count of Vila Pouca Theatre was burnt down on the night of 18 January 1841, leaving Guimarães without a permanent theatre. Even during its active years, this theatre was never meant to serve the 7,000 people which lived in the city at the time and, since 1836, the progressive forces of Guimarães demanded the creation of a project to construct a theatre which could accommodate the city's needs.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afonso Henriques Theatre", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Henriques_Theatre", "article_id": 77329084, "section": "Predecessors", "metadata": {"word_count": 110, "char_count": 650, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1853, construction of a new theatre started at the Campo da Feira after 12 years without a permanent theatre in the city. During its construction on 5 July 1854, five people died after an accident involving the collapse of the scaffolding. On 31 May 1855, it was reported the construction of the theatre was being accelerated so its inauguration could occur on the night of the succession of King Pedro V.\nThis theatre was inaugurated with a masquerade ball on 12 August 1855, and was baptized with the name of Portugal's first king, Afonso Henriques, making official the name Theatro Dom Affonso Henriques, later modified due to various orthographic reforms.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afonso Henriques Theatre", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Henriques_Theatre", "article_id": 77329084, "section": "Construction and inauguration", "metadata": {"word_count": 111, "char_count": 662, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The theatre, similar to its predecessor, also contributed to the completion of the Santos Passos Church by donating funds received from plays and magic lantern slide shows. On 22 April 1863, the play \"O Veterano Mateus\", the song \"O Sebastianista\", and the comedy \"A Actriz\" were played exclusively to raise money for the construction of the church's bell towers. Many were in attendance and the city's music played outside the theatre.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afonso Henriques Theatre", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Henriques_Theatre", "article_id": 77329084, "section": "Active years", "metadata": {"word_count": 71, "char_count": 436, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The first 10 years of activity of the Afonso Henriques Theatre were very busy, with over 220 theatrical performances by national theatre companies. Compared with other two big cities at the time, Coimbra and Aveiro, Guimarães was the city, between these three, which welcomed the most professional theatre companies to its theatres. This was unexpected as both Coimbra and Aveiro had multiple theatrical locations, while Guimarães only had the Afonso Henriques Theatre.\nOn 26 February 1866, the Artistic Association of Guimarães was installed at the Afonso Henriques Theatre and remained there until their headquarters were transferred to the Gil Vicente Theatre a few decades later.\nPeriodic inspections were regularly conducted at the theatre, as documented in a logbook which recorded events from 2 August 1856 to 30 June 1875. This logbook revealed the theatre was frequently rented for a variety of events, including theatrical shows, masquerade balls, and both dramatic and comedic plays. It also revealed the number of events held decreased throughout the years.\nBy order of the administrative authority, the theatre was inspected on 11 April 1888, with nothing unusual to report. The theatre was the gathering place of the NFC and spectators of the Pregão, one of the festivities of the Nicolinas, once it was concluded. The Afonso Henriques Theatre was also the place where students gathered on 21 November 1895 to revive the Nicolinas festivities after decades of non-existence.\nIn Guimarães, the first permanent cinematographic screening room was opened in March 1909, on the premises of the theatre. Later, in January 1912, the company which owned the cinematic equipment and screening room at the Gil Vicente Theatre relocated to the theatre, evolving in 1914 to the \"Cinema High-Life\". In November 1919, businessman Luís do Souto transformed the old theatre into a fully operational cinema, named \"Vimaranes-Cine\", ignoring the already unfavorable conditions present at the time.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afonso Henriques Theatre", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Henriques_Theatre", "article_id": 77329084, "section": "Active years", "metadata": {"word_count": 309, "char_count": 1993, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 6 May 1933, the Diário do Governo published decree n°22:498. This decree, made by the Ministry of Internal Administration, granted authorization to the Câmara municipal of Guimarães to expropriate the Afonso Henrique Theatre, to extend the S. Dâmaso Street to the Campo da Feira. On 18 February 1936, the Câmara Municipal of Guimarães met in extraordinary session to create a solution to the lack of a proper theatre in the city. The original idea was to keep the theatre standing since the street approved in the 1933 decree was not built. No solution to the problem emerged from this meeting, and rumors soon began to circulate about the reconstruction of the old theatre being stuck. The decision to close the theatre was also in part to its deteriorating condition dating back to 1919, when it was described:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afonso Henriques Theatre", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Henriques_Theatre", "article_id": 77329084, "section": "Closure, demolition, and aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 138, "char_count": 815, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Guimarães has a theatre like all the lands of this world, a theatre named after Afonso Henriques.\nHowever, this one offers no guarantees against disaster. Apart from the fact that it has nothing, absolutely nothing, that should be required in a theatre, it currently has the serious inconvenience of not having a single wooden plank that hasn't shown signs of old age.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afonso Henriques Theatre", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Henriques_Theatre", "article_id": 77329084, "section": "Closure, demolition, and aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 62, "char_count": 368, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The whole place is rotten. One day it'll all fall down and poor of those who are having a party inside when that happens.\nThe theatre ceased activities and was closed in 1936, however, in September of the same year, it was temporarily repurposed to house families whose homes were going to be demolished on a project to restore the area in and around the Guimarães Castle and the Paço dos Duques, and could not afford to buy a new one. After many complaints the families were promised by the city council to be moved to a different location before the start of the Gualterianas of 1938.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afonso Henriques Theatre", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Henriques_Theatre", "article_id": 77329084, "section": "Closure, demolition, and aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 107, "char_count": 586, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 29 July 1938, it was announced at the O Comércio de Guimarães that the theatre had become a \"shameful inn\", and would be indefinitely closed after the relocation of said families. In August of the same year, after almost two years of serving as a shelter to these families, the theatre permanently closed, and plans to reconstruct it were abandoned as the construction of its announced successor, the Jordão Theatre, had already begun in February 1937.\nThe theatre was destroyed sometime between 1943 and 1949, with its last appearance in a photograph in 1943. By 1949, three houses had already been built on the site, which were later demolished in early 1961, alongside many other buildings, including the São Dâmaso Church, on a project to widen the São Dâmaso Boulevard. The location of the theatre is currently occupied by a street and garden.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afonso Henriques Theatre", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Henriques_Theatre", "article_id": 77329084, "section": "Closure, demolition, and aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 144, "char_count": 851, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Afraflacilla tarajalis is a species of jumping spider in the genus Afraflacilla that lives around the Mediterranean Sea, including Greece, Morocco, Portugal and Spain. The spider is externally similar to the related Afraflacilla fayda, Afraflacilla mushrif and Afraflacilla roberti. The female is particularly hard to identify, although the large copulatory openings on its the external part of its copulatory organs, or epigyne, and, internally, its relatively short and wide tube-like spermathecae help to distinguish it. It is a small spider, measuring between 4.08 and 6.03 mm (0.16 and 0.24 in) in length. The female is generally light grey, sometimes darker and brownish, and have brown or orange stripes and a blackish spot on the rear part of body, its opisthosoma. The male is darker, greyish or brownish, and also has a dark stripe running down its opisthosoma, which is otherwise brown, reddish-brown or reddish-orange. It is this pattern that helps the spider hide amongst Tamarix trees that it lives amongst and after which it is named.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afraflacilla tarajalis", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afraflacilla_tarajalis", "article_id": 79436692, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 166, "char_count": 1049, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Afraflacilla tarajalis is a species of jumping spider, a member of the family Salticidae, that was first described by Jesús Miñano and Rafael Tamajón in 2017. They allocated it to the genus Afraflacilla, first circumscribed by Lucien Betland and Jacques Millot in 1941. Subsequently absorbed into the genus Pseudicius based on the similarity between the genera by Jerzy Prószyński in 1990, the genus was reinstated by Marek Zabka in 1993. This was supported by Prószyński in 2017.\nThe genus had been made a member of the tribe Heliophaninae, which is ubiquitous across most continents of the world. Wayne Maddison renamed the monotypic tribe from Heliophaninae to Chrysillini in 2015. The tribe is a member of the clade Saltafresia within the subfamily Salticoida. In 2017, Prószyński allocated the genus to the Pseudiciines group of genera, which he named after the genus Pseudicius. They can be distinguished from other jumping spiders by their flattened and elongated body and characteristic colour patterns.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afraflacilla tarajalis", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afraflacilla_tarajalis", "article_id": 79436692, "section": "Taxonomy", "metadata": {"word_count": 159, "char_count": 1011, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Afraflacilla tarajalis is a small spider that shows little sexual dimorphism. The female has a total body length of between 4.19 and 4.61 mm (0.16 and 0.18 in), although when pregnant this can extend to 6.03 mm (0.24 in). The spiders are generally light grey, sometimes darker and brownish, although they often are marked with several brown or orange stripes and a blackish spot at the rear of the opisthosoma. his pattern gives the spider a cryptic appearance and helps it camouflage itself on the branches of Tamarix trees, after which it is named. The cephalothorax is generally dark brown. The carapace, the hard upper part of the cephalothorax, is covered in very short orange, reddish-brown and white hairs that form alternating light and dark stripes. The edges are orange with browner areas near the spider's eyes. There are eight or ten bristly tubercles below the eyes that are used for stridulation. There are two spines on the tibia of the front legs and the femur has the tubercles that form the other part of the stridulatory organs. The chelicerae are brown.\nThe top of the female's opisthosoma is covered in short brown, grey and reddish hairs that form light and dark stripes. To the rear of the abdomen, these are replaced by a narrow zigzag shape and two conjoined spots. The underside of the abdomen is covered in white hairs that have a green tinge. It has distinctive copulatory organs. The epigyne has large copulatory openings that lead to simple insemination ducts that follow a path of three successive loops and terminate in relatively short and wide kidney-shaped spermathecae. The branch for the scent gland is very short and straight, leading from the first loop behind the copulatory funnel. The ducts to the accessory glands are large, with thicker walls than in other species in the genus.\nThe male is similar in the size to the female, with a cephalothorax that is between 1.88 and 2.18 mm (0.07 and 0.09 in) long and 1.69 and 1.91 mm (0.07 and 0.08 in) wide and a total length between 4.08 and 4.42 mm (0.16 and 0.17 in). It is greyish or brownish, darker than the female, particularly in its cephalothorax and legs. There is a white line on the spider's face, that reaches to the clypeus and an orange marking near the eyes. The stridulatory organs are larger than the female. The chelicerae and labium are very dark brown, nearly black.\nThe male's opisthosoma is marked with a very dark stripe that runs down the middle that is bordered by white bands. Outside this are narrow bands of brown or reddish-brown hairs, the sides being reddish-orange. Its front legs are longer and darker than the others, and thicker than the equivalent on the female. The male's copulatory organs are distinctive. The pedipalps are light brown and covered in small white hairs. It has a darker cymbium. There is a spike called a retrolateral tibial process that projects from a broad base two-thirds of the way up the palpal bulb and terminates in a pointed tip. The bulb is an elliptical oval with a bulge near the bottom. The embolus is shorter than other members of the genus.\nThe species is similar to others in the genus, many of which have been previously allocated to the genus Pseudicius. It has a particularly similar morphology to Afraflacilla asorotica and Afraflacilla wadis, although this varies between specimen. Those female examples that are most similar also have simpler arrangements of their insemination ducts. The females are also similar to Afraflacilla fayda and Afraflacilla mushrif found on the Arabian Peninsula and Afraflacilla roberti found in equatorial Africa. The female can be distinguished by its widely separated copulatory openings funnel-shaped insemination ducts and the shape of the spermathecae. The male is identified by the size of its embolus.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afraflacilla tarajalis", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afraflacilla_tarajalis", "article_id": 79436692, "section": "Description", "metadata": {"word_count": 641, "char_count": 3803, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Afraflacilla spiders live mainly in Africa south of the Sahara although some species have been seen in Europe. Afraflacilla tarajalis lives in many countries around the Mediterranean Sea and has been observed in Greece, Morocco, Portugal and Spain. The holotype was found on the bank of the river Guadalquivir near Córdoba, Spain in 2000. Other examples were found nearby. Others have been seen in Almería, Ciudad Real, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga and Murcia. The first time the spider had been seen living in Morocco was in 2010, near Beni Ansar, and in Portugal was in 2014, near Alcoutim. The spider was also observed in Crete, near Faistos, in 2013.\nThe spider lives in a range of environments. It is commonly seen near rivers. It thrives in forests of Tamarix trees, the first specimen being found living on Tamarix gallica. This is recalled in the specific name. These trees are known in Spain as tarajales or tarayales. Others have been seen on a sandy ridge of a coastal lagoon. The spider lives in areas of human habitation. One specimen was found in Bobadilla railway station.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afraflacilla tarajalis", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afraflacilla_tarajalis", "article_id": 79436692, "section": "Distribution and habitat", "metadata": {"word_count": 184, "char_count": 1088, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Afraid\" is a song by the American musicians 2hollis and Nate Sib, released on January 30, 2025, by Interscope Records. Released while Sib was opening for 2hollis' Leg Two Tour, it was written by the duo as 2hollis handled its production. It is the first song 2hollis and Sib recorded together.\n\"Afraid\" is a glitchy song that blends emo vocals with elements of cloud rap, electropop, and EDM. Its sonic palette includes synthesizers, emo melodies, a fast tempo, a piano line during the chorus, and bass. Lyrically, the song delves into commentary on the duo's fears, troubles with navigating fame, among other topics. The song was well-received by music critics, several of whom deemed it one of the best songs of its release week. The song was released alongside a music video.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afraid (2hollis and Nate Sib song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afraid_(2hollis_and_Nate_Sib_song)", "article_id": 79582090, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 132, "char_count": 779, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "After the release of his third studio album, Boy, in June 2024, 2hollis signed with Interscope Records, who released his single \"Gold\" in October. 2hollis and Nate Sib premiered \"Afraid\" on Zane Lowe's show on the Apple Music 1 radio station; it was officially released by Interscope Records on January 30, 2025. Sib served as the opening act for 2hollis' Leg Two Tour while the song was released; the two debuted the song on the tour. Sib's song \"Take It Slow\" preceded \"Afraid\" on January 17. 2hollis and Sib both wrote the song; 2hollis handled the song's production and mixing, while Mike Tucci mastered it. The song was released alongside a music video, which depicts the duo performing in an abandoned warehouse and mall. It is the first song that 2hollis and Sib have recorded together.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afraid (2hollis and Nate Sib song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afraid_(2hollis_and_Nate_Sib_song)", "article_id": 79582090, "section": "Background and release", "metadata": {"word_count": 136, "char_count": 793, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Afraid\" is 2 minutes and 58 seconds long. It is a glitchy song that blends emo vocals with elements of cloud rap, electropop, and EDM. The track's production consists of skittering and glitchy synthesizers, emo melodies, a fast tempo, and a piano line during its chorus. Davy Reed of The Face compared the song to the duo the Hellp and described its drum pattern as \"simple\" and \"danceable\". Paolo Ragusa from Consequence said the track has a \"restless energy\", as well as \"accessible flavorings and [a] rousing groove\". Lyrically, the duo open up about their fears, the challenges of navigating fame, among other topics. Underneath their crooning exists pulsating bass. Elaina Bernstein for Hypebeast described their vocals as \"atmospheric\" and its production as \"internet-era\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afraid (2hollis and Nate Sib song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afraid_(2hollis_and_Nate_Sib_song)", "article_id": 79582090, "section": "Composition", "metadata": {"word_count": 124, "char_count": 780, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Afraid\" was ranked among the best songs of its release week by Consequence, The Face, Uproxx, and Hypebeast. Ragusa felt the song's variety of elements showcased that 2hollis and Sib are \"firmly in their own lane\" and that the duo's chemistry is showcased on the song. Reed said \"you might just hear it in a strobe-lit arena one day\". Bernstein called it a \"classic 2hollis cut\". For Triple J, Courtney Fry wrote that the song \"subverts […] expectations of genres\" and \"will make you want to drop everything and send it\". Derrick Rossignol for Uproxx said the song \"is as glitchy as it is catchy\". For HotNewHipHop, Cole Blake reported that the song received positive reception from fans under its music video on YouTube.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afraid (2hollis and Nate Sib song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afraid_(2hollis_and_Nate_Sib_song)", "article_id": 79582090, "section": "Critical reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 124, "char_count": 722, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "2hollis – songwriter, producer, mixing, vocals, bass, synthesizer, guitar, percussion drums\nNate Sib – songwriter, vocals\nMike Tucci – mastering", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Afraid (2hollis and Nate Sib song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afraid_(2hollis_and_Nate_Sib_song)", "article_id": 79582090, "section": "Personnel", "metadata": {"word_count": 20, "char_count": 144, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Africa, Op. 89, is a fantasia for piano and orchestra by Camille Saint-Saëns. Composed in 1891 during a stay in Egypt, this concertante piece is marked by its mosaic-like structure and interplay of various themes, blending African musical elements with European compositional techniques.\nWritten during a period of personal grief following his mother's death, Saint-Saëns dedicated Africa to the pianist Marie-Aimée Roger-Miclos, to whom he had pledged a new composition. The work is held in a single movement and calls for outstanding technical virtuosity, agility, and a certain lightness of touch from the soloist, also reflecting Saint-Saëns's own formidable pianistic skill.\nThe premiere on 25 October 1891 was met with great acclaim, and subsequent performances took place around the globe, Saint-Saëns even considering it a signature work.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Africa (Saint-Saëns)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)", "article_id": 73913937, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 127, "char_count": 846, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Following the loss of his mother in 1888, a devastated Camille Saint-Saëns contemplated suicide. Saint-Saëns had made a commitment to compose a new piece for pianist Marie-Aimée Roger-Miclos, and in a letter dated 20 September 1889 confessed to her to being struck by grief following his mother's death and unable to write a composition of any importance.\nBattling his severe depression, Saint-Saëns sought solace in his favorite retreats, Egypt and Algeria. It was during this time that he found inspiration for Africa, a fantasia which draws heavily from North African influences. Saint-Saëns began the composition in March 1891 while he was in Cairo and completed it within a month, though continuing working on the orchestration in Algiers in June. The score was first published in Paris by his longtime publisher Auguste Durand: in October 1891, an arrangement for two pianos was the first to be published, orchestral parts were prepared in November, the piano solo version was completed in December, and the orchestral score appeared in February 1892. In a letter to Durand, Saint-Saëns described the work as a derivative of the Suite algérienne, Op. 60, and expressed his hope that it might overshadow his Rhapsodie d'Auvergne, Op. 73, as it was \"more developed\".\nDespite Saint-Saëns's apprehensions about the piece's performance challenges, Roger-Miclos enthusiastically took on the work, expressing her confidence in her ability to master it. The premiere was held on 25 October 1891 at the Concerts du Châtelet in Paris, performed by Roger-Miclos and conducted by Édouard Colonne. Subsequent performances took place throughout Europe and in the United States, often with Saint-Saëns himself at the piano.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Africa (Saint-Saëns)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)", "article_id": 73913937, "section": "History", "metadata": {"word_count": 268, "char_count": 1714, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Africa features various African musical elements that are incorporated into a European compositional framework. Parts of the piece are written in what is likely the nawâthar mode, a musical scale frequently used in Egyptian music:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Africa (Saint-Saëns)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)", "article_id": 73913937, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 35, "char_count": 230, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "According to musicologist Jann Pasler, the work can be divided into four parts and contains several distinct themes, which he tags as \"A\" through \"I.\" The themes display a range of moods and textures and create the mosaic-like structure of a fantasia. They vary from aggressive (E and G), which are to be played marcato and fortissimo, to more folk-like and dance-like themes (H and I) that evoke a contrast with the more assertive themes. The succession of themes also recalls Arabic Nuba, a North African multi-movement music form. The piano and orchestra often alternate their articulation of the theme or its fragments, creating a varied sonic landscape.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Africa (Saint-Saëns)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)", "article_id": 73913937, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 108, "char_count": 658, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Africa begins with an interpretation of a tune heard by Saint-Saëns in Biskra (Theme A), a gateway settlement to the Sahara Desert. The theme, which is based on the musical traditions of the Chaoui people, begins with the oboe repeatedly emphasizing E, and then evolves into syncopated rhythmic patterns that play on the offbeats, creating a sense of instability.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Africa (Saint-Saëns)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)", "article_id": 73913937, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 59, "char_count": 363, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "After developing into a lengthy piano cadenza ad libitum, Saint-Saëns modulates to a different key and creates Western counterpoint between the piano and other instruments. He then introduces Theme B (Andante espressivo) in E♭ major, characterized by its folk-like tonal melody. It is performed slower and is more lyrical, offering a stark contrast in tempo, mood and character compared to the rest of the piece. The simplicity of the harmonic progression (I–I7–I, I–III–I, and III–III7-I) suggests that Saint-Saëns sought to emphasize its compatibility with Western music.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Africa (Saint-Saëns)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)", "article_id": 73913937, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 86, "char_count": 573, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Rhythmic ostinati are also introduced to portray African rhythms in the composition. In the Meno allegretto section, a rhythmic motif (Theme C) presents a structure over which Saint-Saëns expresses himself freely with rapid octave descents and arpeggios.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Africa (Saint-Saëns)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)", "article_id": 73913937, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 37, "char_count": 254, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Theme D is distinguished by its dance-like melody, the melismas of the oboe's high A, and the rhythmic ostinato on weak beats in the low register. These four themes give rise to a quasi-closed rondo structure (ABACDA) in the first part of the music.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Africa (Saint-Saëns)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)", "article_id": 73913937, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 44, "char_count": 249, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "With the second part of the piece, the focus shifts to the more aggressive themes E and G. These motifs are intended to be performed marcato and fortissimo, and particularly Theme E governs this section. Theme E utilizes the Arabic scale Maia (D♭, E♭, F, A♭, B♭, C) and oscillates around D♭, generating an assertive, aggressive atmosphere. However, this aggressiveness eventually dissipates as it modulates to G major and transforms into a variant, E', marked leggiero e tranquillo, before vanishing into chromatic arabesques and a long chromatic scale.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Africa (Saint-Saëns)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)", "article_id": 73913937, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 88, "char_count": 553, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Theme F is a complex motif primarily consisting of triplet sixteenth notes in G major, alluding to a \"swarm of drunken wasps\". Theme F also serves to prepare the assertive theme G.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Africa (Saint-Saëns)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)", "article_id": 73913937, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 32, "char_count": 180, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The third part forms a second rondo-like arch. With its binary, well-balanced rhythms, Theme G has a bombastic quality that makes it easy to remember. Like theme E, G becomes more lyrical later in G'. Theme A returns and is momentarily superimposed on themes E and G.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Africa (Saint-Saëns)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)", "article_id": 73913937, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 47, "char_count": 267, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The third part also introduces Themes H and I, which pass quickly but add a folk-like quality to the overall atmosphere. These motifs bring a sense of playfulness and tranquility amidst the aggressive musical elements. Theme H is developed almost as if by Bach, evoking a dance:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Africa (Saint-Saëns)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)", "article_id": 73913937, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 47, "char_count": 278, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Theme I is played only in the orchestra and turns in place within a fourth, with a bare tremoli accompaniment and a simple repeating rhythm in the low bass.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Africa (Saint-Saëns)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)", "article_id": 73913937, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 29, "char_count": 156, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In the final part, Saint-Saëns explores the virtuosic capabilities of the piano once more, accentuating light and nimble playing. The section opens with an Animato, characterized by rapid sixteenth notes played in oscillating octaves, high on the piano, and fortissimo. As this initial intensity subsides, the aggressive Theme G is reintroduced in the bass, delivered marcato. Themes A can then be heard beneath G, followed by Theme E in thick chords. This forceful progression of Themes A, E, and G is momentarily offset by a softer return of the lighter Theme F, played leggierissimo in thirds. The piece concludes with a rapid return of the aggressive motifs A, E, and G, followed by the lighter motif F, and finally ends with seven percussive G-major chords.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Africa (Saint-Saëns)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)", "article_id": 73913937, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 125, "char_count": 762, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Africa is scored for solo piano and an orchestra consisting of 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 cornets, 3 trombones, timpani, triangle, cymbals, and strings. Saint-Saëns also made arrangements of the piece for two pianos and for piano solo.\nThe piano part is highly virtuosic and demands technical brilliance and agility from the performer. The piece features rapid passages, intricate cross-rhythms, and extensive use of the entire range of the piano. Saint-Saëns, who was an exceptional pianist himself, clearly wrote the piece to show off the talents of the pianist. The varying timbres, textures, and tempi also demonstrate the piece's virtuosity; in correspondence, Saint-Saëns has also highlighted the \"lightness\" and \"suppleness\" required to play Africa.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Africa (Saint-Saëns)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)", "article_id": 73913937, "section": "Instrumentation", "metadata": {"word_count": 120, "char_count": 784, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Africa's premiere was a triumph for Saint-Saëns. A reviewer for the journal L'Art musical praised the composition for its \"exquisite finesse\", its \"captivating and stylish finish\", and its \"truly ingenious details in the orchestration\". Africa was performed around the world, including Cambridge (1893), London (1913), Rio de Janeiro (1903), and New York (1906). In much of his correspondence during this period, Saint-Saëns frequently expressed his satisfaction with the piece and its performances, proclaiming that Africa \"fits me like a glove, I play it effortlessly, without worry\". When Africa was played in April 1893 in Algeria, the audience called for an encore. Despite the piece's African influences, an Algerian critic nonetheless deemed it quintessentially French.\nIn 1901, a reviewer for the journal Le Ménestrel also praised Marie-Aimée Roger-Miclos, the dedicatee, for her performance of the work, highlighting \"her delicate and light hands\" in the finale, \"pianissimos of an exquisite velvety-softness,\" and \"elements kept in the shadows needed for preserving the quasi-dreamlike, even veiled character of certain Moorish songs.\"\nIn Germany, where Saint-Saëns had not been for many years, Africa was less well received, perhaps also due to political resentments. Following a performance in Berlin in October 1906, which also included the fifth piano concerto (The Egyptian), Ernst Eduard Taubert wrote in Die Musik: \"These African-Arabian motives, this geographical music, delivered especially in such large doses, really are of less interest to the public who attend these concerts.\" Likewise, the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung reported that Saint-Saëns performed his works \"in the most consummate manner imaginable under his masterful hands\" but that did not make them \"any more interesting.\"\nAlfred Cortot wrote of Africa: \"One might be tempted to see this piece as a less picturesque and less flavorful response to certain passages of the Egyptian Concerto, perhaps precisely because it leans toward a more active virtuosity. There's a similar attention to outward appearances in the choice of themes, which are oriental only in a derivative sense; a matching melodic contour that even extends to using a motif common to both pieces; and a similarity in the timbral relationships between the piano and the orchestra.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Africa (Saint-Saëns)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)", "article_id": 73913937, "section": "Legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 352, "char_count": 2339, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Africa is among the first compositions that were recorded featuring its composer as the soloist; a 78 rpm recording made on 26 June 1904, where Saint-Saëns improvises on the work's cadenza, gives an idea of his pianistic technique.\nRecordings of the work include:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Africa (Saint-Saëns)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)", "article_id": 73913937, "section": "Recordings", "metadata": {"word_count": 43, "char_count": 263, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"After Midnight\" is a song by the American singer and songwriter Chappell Roan from her debut studio album, The Rise and Fall of a Midwest Princess (2023). It became available as the album's third track on September 22, 2023, when it was released by Island and Amusement Records. Roan wrote \"After Midnight\" with Casey Smith and the song's producer, Dan Nigro. It is a pop, disco, neo-disco, dance, and funk track with lyrics about nightlife and Roan's experience with bisexuality.\nSome music critics praised \"After Midnight\" as catchy and for its sexually provocative lyrics, while others considered it unremarkable. Commercially, it reached number 22 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart in the United States, where it was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. Roan included the song in the set lists of her second concert tour, the Midwest Princess Tour (2023–2024), and Olivia Rodrigo's Guts World Tour in 2024. She performed it at several music festivals throughout 2024.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "After Midnight (Chappell Roan song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Midnight_(Chappell_Roan_song)", "article_id": 74920390, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 162, "char_count": 1002, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Chappell Roan left her hometown in Willard, Missouri, and moved to Los Angeles in 2018 to pursue a career as a singer; she met the producer Dan Nigro there and they started collaborating by the end of 2020. In 2023, he launched his Island Records imprint, Amusement Records, and signed her as the first artist on the label. Nigro produced every track on Roan's debut studio album, The Rise and Fall of a Midwest Princess; it was inspired by her life in both the Western United States and the Midwestern United States. \"After Midnight\" is the third track on the album, which was released on September 22, 2023. In the United States, the song reached number 22 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart dated August 24, 2024. \"After Midnight\" received gold certifications from the Recording Industry Association of America and the Australian Recording Industry Association. In March 2025, the Official Charts Company revealed that it was Roan's tenth-biggest song in the United Kingdom based on streams and digital downloads.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "After Midnight (Chappell Roan song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Midnight_(Chappell_Roan_song)", "article_id": 74920390, "section": "Background and release", "metadata": {"word_count": 170, "char_count": 1017, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Roan wrote \"After Midnight\" with Nigro and Casey Smith; the former two contributed background vocals. Nigro recorded the track at Amusement Studios in Los Angeles, assisted by Austen Healey. Serban Ghenea provided audio mixing, while Bryce Bordone worked as the mixing engineer. \"After Midnight\" was mastered by Randy Merrill at Sterling Sound Studios in Edgewater, New Jersey. Nigro additionally provided drum programming and played guitar, keyboards, percussion, and synthesizers. Musicians who played instruments include Sterling Laws (drums) and Jared Solomon (bass guitar).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "After Midnight (Chappell Roan song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Midnight_(Chappell_Roan_song)", "article_id": 74920390, "section": "Production and composition", "metadata": {"word_count": 82, "char_count": 578, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"After Midnight\" is 3 minutes and 24 seconds long. It is a sensual disco, neo-disco, dance, funk, and pop song, where Roan sings in the whistle register. The track incorporates subtle synths and gentle piano. Roan was inspired to write \"After Midnight\" after moving to Los Angeles at the age of eighteen and realizing that \"everything good happens after midnight\", which opposes her father's saying: \"Nothing good happens after midnight\". The song explores themes of sexuality, desire, nightlife, bar fights, and being a \"freak in the club\".\nThe lyrics explore Roan's experience with bisexuality; she sings in the refrain, \"I kinda wanna kiss your girlfriend if you don't mind\", before changing the lyrics later in the song to \"I kinda wanna kiss your boyfriend if you don't mind\". The first verse mentions her internalized shame regarding her sexuality during her adolescence (\"My mama said, 'Nothing good happens/ When it's late and you're dancing alone'/ She's in my head saying, 'It's not attractive/ Wearing that dress and red lipstick'\"). In the pre-chorus, she expresses her freedom and comfort with her sexuality, despite her family's thoughts on it (\"This is what I wanted/ This is what I like/ I've been a good, good girl for a long time/ But baby, I like flirting/ A lover by my side\").", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "After Midnight (Chappell Roan song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Midnight_(Chappell_Roan_song)", "article_id": 74920390, "section": "Production and composition", "metadata": {"word_count": 216, "char_count": 1297, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Music critics praised \"After Midnight\" for its memorable tune and sexually-charged lyrics. Adam Maidment of the Manchester Evening News described it as a \"chant-worthy anthem\", and Neil Z. Yeung from AllMusic praised the song as catchy for its funky production and heavy use of synthesizers. Eric Bennett of Paste considered it one of the tracks that emphasize Roan's brilliance while delivering sexually suggestive lyrics, and Elise Shafer of Variety similarly highlighted the sexually provocative lyrics. Screen Rant's Lacey Cohen praised \"After Midnight\" as \"catchy, with a steady drum beat and fun lyrics\", and listed it at number eleven in a ranking of The Rise and Fall of a Midwest Princess's fourteen tracks. In February 2025, Gigwise's Casey Monroe and Collider's Ryan Louis Mantilla both deemed it one of Roan's best songs. In a less enthusiastic review, Olivia Horn of Pitchfork considered \"After Midnight\" unremarkable, but appreciated Roan's whistle tones as \"lovely\". Hannah Dobrogosz from BuzzFeed dubbed it \"flirty, fun, energetic, freaky, and cheeky\", although she did not personally connect with the song; she placed it last in her ranking of the album's tracks.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "After Midnight (Chappell Roan song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Midnight_(Chappell_Roan_song)", "article_id": 74920390, "section": "Critical reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 183, "char_count": 1180, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Roan included \"After Midnight\" in the set list of her second headlining concert tour, the Midwest Princess Tour (2023–2024). She performed it as part of her set list for Olivia Rodrigo's Guts World Tour in 2024, where she served as an opening act. She additionally played the track at several music festivals throughout 2024, including Boston Calling, Bonnaroo, Lollapalooza, Osheaga, Outside Lands, and Austin City Limits.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "After Midnight (Chappell Roan song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Midnight_(Chappell_Roan_song)", "article_id": 74920390, "section": "Live performances", "metadata": {"word_count": 66, "char_count": 423, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Credits are adapted from the liner notes of The Rise and Fall of a Midwest Princess.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "After Midnight (Chappell Roan song)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Midnight_(Chappell_Roan_song)", "article_id": 74920390, "section": "Personnel", "metadata": {"word_count": 16, "char_count": 84, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "After the Rain: A Hopeful Christmas is a Christmas benefit concert television special by Filipino recording artist Regine Velasquez. It originally aired on December 13, 2009, in the Philippines on GMA Network. The charity event was organized by the GMA Kapuso Foundation to raise money, relief, and awareness in response to the loss of life and human suffering that resulted from Typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy). It was directed by Louie Ignacio and executive-produced by Wilma V. Galvante and Joseph Paolo Luciano. The special was performed to a live audience of more than 800 typhoon victims, who were also among the aid recipients.\nThe program was interspersed with various interviews that showcased stories of grief, heroism, and overcoming adversities following the natural disaster. These were accompanied by tribute numbers, which included popular holiday standards. After the Rain featured performances by guest musicians, including Pops Fernandez, Kuh Ledesma, Jaya, Kyla, Jay R, and La Diva. Various celebrities also appeared and made commentaries in the special.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "After the Rain (TV special)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Rain_(TV_special)", "article_id": 73207145, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 162, "char_count": 1065, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "In September 2009, Typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy) became the most devastating tropical cyclone to hit Manila. During the 2009 Pacific typhoon season, a state of calamity was declared by then-President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, encompassing most of Luzon. Ondoy caused widespread flash flooding and power interruptions in the nearby cities and provinces. It resulted in 464 fatalities and caused infrastructure and agriculture damage estimated at ₱11 billion. Approximately 244 evacuation centers sheltered 70,124 people who had become displaced.\nInitial plans for a Christmas benefit concert television special were announced by GMA Network on November 10, 2009, two months in the aftermath of Ondoy. Entitled After the Rain: A Hopeful Christmas, the two-hour musical documentary featured Regine Velasquez and aired on December 13, 2009; it was described as an \"homage to the Filipino spirit that has remained resilient despite the seemingly unending odds\". It featured performances to a live audience of more than 800 typhoon victims, who were treated to a dinner party before the event and later received aid packages. After the Rain was spliced with a series of interviews that showcased grief, heroism, and overcoming adversities after the typhoon struck. The singer collaborated with various musicians and special guests for the special. During a press conference for the program, Velasquez commented:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "After the Rain (TV special)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Rain_(TV_special)", "article_id": 73207145, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 210, "char_count": 1398, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The purpose of this concert is to uplift their spirit a little bit. It's very important. Because right now, some people may think, the typhoon is already over, [it's been] how many months ... they still [need help] ... I think one of the reasons why GMA did this is, we wanted them to feel a little bit happy, and make them forget whatever problems they are going through.\nGMA and its social program and outreach division, the GMA Kapuso Foundation, organized the production. Joseph Paolo Luciano served as executive producer, while Louie Ignacio directed it. Darling de Jesus was the supervising producer, with Paul Chia and MeAnn Regala as associate producers. Juel Balbon was in charge of floor production and Grace Toralde as head editor. Bang Arespacochaga was the program manager and Wilma V. Galvante was in charge of the executive production. Raul Mitra was chosen as the musical director. Guest performers included Pops Fernandez, Kuh Ledesma, Jaya, Kyla, Jay R, and La Diva. Various actors and other celebrities made commentaries, such as Dingdong Dantes, Richard Gutierrez, Marian Rivera, Mel Tiangco, and Mike Enriquez.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "After the Rain (TV special)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Rain_(TV_special)", "article_id": 73207145, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 185, "char_count": 1131, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The special featured three stories documented through a series of video presentations and interviews. The first, showcased a couple who carried on with their wedding plans amidst heavy rainfall and significant flooding. In the second feature, it focused on a father who lost his wife and kids as a result of drowning. The final story centers around the rescue of residents from an orphanage, the House of Refuge, which suffered heavy flooding due to levee breach.\nVelasquez performed eleven production numbers, which included a collection of classic Christmas songs. She opened the program with a medley of \"O Come, O Come, Emmanuel\" and \"Silent Night\" backed by the University of the Philippines Concert Chorus. The featured stories were spliced with accompanying musical numbers where Velasquez was joined by guest performers. These numbers included Mariah Carey's \"All I Want for Christmas Is You\", which was mashed with the Wonder Girls's \"Nobody\", the show tune \"Home\" from the 1974 Broadway musical The Wiz, and Twila Paris's \"The Warrior Is a Child\". She also sang the Filipino holiday standards \"Tuloy Na Tuloy Pa Rin Ang Pasko\" and \"Kumukutikutitap\". \"Natutulog Ba Ang Diyos?\" was performed with Eva Castillo and Kyla, while Tyler Collins's \"Thanks to You\" was a duet number with Jay R. Velasquez and La Diva did a rendition of Barry Manilow's \"I Made It Through the Rain\". The show closed with a performance of the gospel song \"Light of a Million Mornings\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "After the Rain (TV special)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Rain_(TV_special)", "article_id": 73207145, "section": "Synopsis", "metadata": {"word_count": 240, "char_count": 1467, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"O Come, O Come, Emmanuel\" / \"Silent Night\"\n\"All I Want for Christmas Is You\" / \"Nobody\"\n\"Home\"\n\"The Warrior Is a Child\"\n\"Tuloy Na Tuloy Pa Rin Ang Pasko\"\n\"Kumukutikutitap\"\n\"Natutulog Ba Ang Diyos?\"\n\"Thanks to You\"\n\"I Made It Through the Rain\"\n\"Light of a Million Mornings\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "After the Rain (TV special)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Rain_(TV_special)", "article_id": 73207145, "section": "Set list", "metadata": {"word_count": 49, "char_count": 273, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Credits adapted from the special itself.\nBand members", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "After the Rain (TV special)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Rain_(TV_special)", "article_id": 73207145, "section": "Personnel", "metadata": {"word_count": 8, "char_count": 53, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan respecting the District of Zanghezour was a peace agreement between the short-lived Armenian and Azerbaijani republics signed on 23 November 1919 in Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi) and brokered by Georgia. The peace treaty came as a result of an unsuccessful Azerbaijani military campaign to absorb the Armenian-controlled Zangezur region, with the aim of forming a link with the Azerbaijani-controlled Nakhichevan. Despite the peace agreement, Azerbaijan in March 1920 again moved its forces westward to attempt to capture Zangezur, however, was stopped due to an Armenian rebellion in Nagorno–Karabakh and the country's sovietisation in April.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan respecting the District of Zanghezour", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_between_Armenia_and_Azerbaijan_respecting_the_District_of_Zanghezour", "article_id": 72555300, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 99, "char_count": 687, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "In 1918, following the collapse of Russian authority in the South Caucasus (due to the events of the Russian Revolution) and after the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire (which occupied parts of the Russian Caucasus), the newly established Armenian and Azerbaijani republics engaged in a two-year war over their territorial ambitions. The disputed regions were principally Nakhchivan, Zangezur, and Nagorno-Karabakh.\nDuring the Ottoman army's invasion of the South Caucasus in 1918, Nakhchivan was occupied and its Armenian population expelled or massacred in an extension of the Armenian genocide. Following the Ottoman withdrawal from the region, the local Muslim-dominated Republic of Aras was established and existed until its capitulation to Armenian–British forces in May 1919; Nakhchivan was then incorporated into Armenia, which briefly allowed for the repatriation of expelled Armenians. After two months of Armenian governance, the region fell again to local control during the Muslim uprisings against Armenian rule in July 1919, not being regained by Armenia until July 1920. During the 1919 uprising in Nakhchivan, a further 10,000 Armenians were massacred and 45 of their villages were razed by local Muslims. Following the conclusion of the Turkish–Armenian War, Nakhchivan became a protectorate of Soviet Azerbaijan, namely, the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.\nZangezur was under the control of a local Armenian council in 1918 which successfully resisted Azerbaijani–Ottoman, and later Azerbaijani–British incursions until its incorporation into Armenia in 1919. In late 1919, Azerbaijan launched an attack on Zangezur, but failed to capture the region.\nNagorno-Karabakh, similarly to Zangezur, was self-governed by its Armenian population since the collapse of Russian authority, however, its key city of Shusha was occupied by Azerbaijani–Ottoman forces in late 1918. After the Ottoman withdrawal from the South Caucasus, the British under the command of General Thomson supplanted their forces in the region and in temporarily assigning Nagorno-Karabakh to Azerbaijan helped subjugate the local Armenian council to assent to Azerbaijani authority pending the result of the Paris Peace Conference.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan respecting the District of Zanghezour", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_between_Armenia_and_Azerbaijan_respecting_the_District_of_Zanghezour", "article_id": 72555300, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 323, "char_count": 2232, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "From 1918, Armenian partisan commanders Andranik Ozanian and Garegin Nzhdeh brought about a \"re-Armenianization\" of Zangezur through the expulsion of tens of thousands of Azerbaijanis, and destruction of tens of villages. These factors, coupled with the restrictions imposed by local Armenians on Muslim shepherds taking their flocks into Zangezur, served as the casus belli for Azerbaijan's campaign against Zangezur in late 1919.\nFollowing the British withdrawal from the South Caucasus, the Azerbaijani Army and Kurdish militias led by the brother of the Governor-General of Karabakh, Sultan bey Sultanov launched a campaign to capture Zangezur on the dawn of 4 November 1919, confident in their success after subjugating the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh and the Mughan Soviet Republic. Despite meeting success on all fronts and routing local forces, the Azerbaijanis suffered heavy casualties and retreated on 9 November.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan respecting the District of Zanghezour", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_between_Armenia_and_Azerbaijan_respecting_the_District_of_Zanghezour", "article_id": 72555300, "section": "Situation in Zangezur", "metadata": {"word_count": 136, "char_count": 926, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In Tiflis on 23 November 1919, prime minister Alexander Khatisian of Armenia and prime minister Nasib bey Yusifbeyli of Azerbaijan under combined British and American diplomatic pressure signed a peace treaty under the auspices of foreign minister Evgeni Gegechkori of Georgia and Colonel James Rhea of the United States. UCLA historian Richard G. Hovannisian describes the agreement as \"basically a declaration of intent\". The terms the two states agreed to were as follow:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan respecting the District of Zanghezour", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_between_Armenia_and_Azerbaijan_respecting_the_District_of_Zanghezour", "article_id": 72555300, "section": "Terms of the agreement", "metadata": {"word_count": 73, "char_count": 474, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "That the government of Armenia and Azerbaijan pledge themselves to stop the present hostilities and not resort to force of arms.\nThat the Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan agree to take effective measures for repairing and re-opening, for peaceful traffic, the roads leading into Zangezur.\nThat the Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan pledge themselves to settle all controversies, including boundaries, by means of peaceful agreements pending the decisions of the conference convened in the following paragraph. In case this is not possible, then to select a neutral party as arbiter, whose decisions, both governments agree to abide by, said neutral party for the present being col. James C. Rhea, U.S. Army.\nThat the Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan pledge themselves to immediately appoint an equal number of delegates to meet in conference in Baku on Wednesday, 26 November, and to sojourn to Tiflis on 4 December, where the meetings of the conference will discuss all questions which are the cause of dispute or friction between the two Governments and will have full authority to settle all such questions by agreement or arbitration.\nThat this agreement becomes effective on the date of signing and becomes permanent when ratified by the parliaments of the two governments, and the prime ministers of Armenia and Azerbaijan hereby bind their respective governments to faithfully support and carry out all the details of the above agreement, in evidence of which they place their respective signatures to this agreement, ...", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan respecting the District of Zanghezour", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_between_Armenia_and_Azerbaijan_respecting_the_District_of_Zanghezour", "article_id": 72555300, "section": "Terms of the agreement", "metadata": {"word_count": 243, "char_count": 1542, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "After signing the agreement, Azerbaijan withdrew its forces from Zangezur – despite the deescalation, Azerbaijan alleged that the Armenian army was plundering and destroying Muslim villages in the region through the use of artillery. From 11–12 March 1920, Azerbaijan dispatched ninety railway trucks of soldiers from Baku in preparation for another attack against Zangezur; according to Armenian military officials in the region, \"there was hard evidence in hand that Azerbaijan intended to move against Zangezur on March 25\".\nIn March 1920, days before the second attack was to occur, the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh rebelled against provisional Azerbaijani rule with Armenian support. The rebellion was unsuccessful and led to the destruction of the Armenian quarter of Shusha by Azerbaijani soldiers—by April, Armenian forces were in control of the countryside, though were eventually ousted from the region by the Red Army. In 1921, the region was set to become an autonomy within Soviet Azerbaijan.\nIn 1920, the region was invaded by units of the Red Army who sought to establish a link with the Turkish Nationalists after Sovietising Azerbaijan, however, were mostly repelled; effectively, this made the agreement moot as it eliminated Azerbaijan's independence. In early 1921, shortly after Armenia had been sovietised, an anti-Soviet revolt spread to Zangezur and remained active until July of that year when the rebels fled to neighbouring Iran after receiving assurances that the region \"would become a permanent part of Soviet Armenia.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan respecting the District of Zanghezour", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_between_Armenia_and_Azerbaijan_respecting_the_District_of_Zanghezour", "article_id": 72555300, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 236, "char_count": 1550, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Mufaḍḍal ibn ʿUmar al-Juʿfī (Arabic: أبو عبد ﷲ المفضل بن عمر الجعفي), died before 799, was an early Shi'i leader and the purported author of a number of religious and philosophical writings. A contemporary of the Imams Ja'far al-Sadiq (c. 700–765) and Musa al-Kazim (745–799), he belonged to those circles in Kufa whom later Twelver Shi'i authors would call ghulāt ('exaggerators') for their 'exaggerated' veneration of the Imams.\nAs a money-changer, al-Mufaddal wielded considerable financial and political power. He was likely also responsible for managing the financial affairs of the Imams in Medina. For a time he was a follower of the famous ghulāt leader Abu al-Khattab (died 755–6), who had claimed that the Imams were divine. Early Imami heresiographers and Nusayri sources regard al-Mufaddal as a staunch supporter of Abu al-Khattab's ideas who later spawned his own ghulāt movement (the Mufaḍḍaliyya). However, Twelver Shi'i sources instead report that after Ja'far al-Sadiq's repudiated Abu al-Khattab in 748, al-Mufaddal broke with Abu al-Khattab and became a trusted companion of Ja'far's son Musa al-Kazim.\nA number of writings—collectively known as the Mufaddal Tradition—have been attributed to al-Mufaddal, most of which are still extant. They were likely falsely attributed to al-Mufaddal by later 9th–11th-century authors. As one of the closest confidants of Ja'far al-Sadiq, al-Mufaddal was an attractive figure for authors of various Shi'i persuasions: by attributing their own ideas to him they could invest these ideas with the authority of the Imam. The writings attributed to al-Mufaddal are very different in nature and scope, but Ja'far al-Sadiq is the main speaker in most of them.\nA major part of the extant writings attributed to al-Mufaddal originated among the ghulāt, an early branch of Shi'i Islam. A recurring theme in these texts is the myth of the world's creation through the fall from grace of pre-existent \"shadows\" or human souls, whom God punished for their disobedience by concealing himself from them and by casting them down into the seven heavens. The Kitāb al-Haft wa-l-aẓilla (Book of the Seven and the Shadows, 8th to 11th centuries) develops the theme of seven primordial Adams who rule over the seven heavens and initiate the seven historical world cycles. The Kitāb al-Ṣirāṭ (Book of the Path, written c. 874–941) describes an initiatory \"path\" leading believers back through the seven heavens towards God. Those who grow in religious devotion and knowledge climb upwards on the chain of being, but others are reborn into human bodies, while unbelievers travel downwards and reincarnate into animal, vegetable, or mineral bodies. Those who reach the seventh heaven and attain the rank of Bāb (\"Gate\") enjoy a beatific vision of God and share the divine power to manifest themselves in the world of matter.\nAmong the extant non-ghulāt texts attributed to al-Mufaddal, most of which were preserved in the Twelver Shi'i tradition, two treatises stand out for their philosophical content. These are the Tawḥīd al-Mufaḍḍal (al-Mufaddal's Tawhid) and the Kitāb al-Ihlīlaja (Book of the Myrobalan Fruit), both of which feature Ja'far al-Sadiq presenting al-Mufaddal with a proof for the existence of God. The teleological argument used in the Tawḥīd al-Mufaḍḍal is inspired by Syriac Christian literature (especially commentaries on the Hexameron), and ultimately goes back to Hellenistic models such as pseudo-Aristotle's De mundo (3rd/2nd century BCE) and Stoic theology as recorded in Cicero's (106–43 BCE) De natura deorum. The dialectical style of the Kitāb al-Ihlīlaja is more typical of early Muslim speculative theology (kalām), and the work may originally have been authored by the 8th-century scribe Muhammad ibn Layth. Both works may be regarded as part of an attempt to rehabilitate al-Mufaddal as a reliable transmitter of hadiths in the Twelver Shi'i tradition.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi", "article_id": 71536498, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 613, "char_count": 3939, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Al-Mufaddal was a non-Arab mawlā (\"client\") of the Ju'fa, a tribe belonging to the South-Arabian Madhhij confederation. Apart from the fact that he was a money-changer based in Kufa (Iraq), very little is known about his life. He probably managed the financial affairs of the Shi'ite Imams Ja'far al-Sadiq (c. 700–765) and Musa al-Kazim (745–799), who resided in Medina (Arabia). Using his professional network, he actively raised funds for the Imams in Medina, thus also playing an important role as an intermediary between the Imams and the Shi'ite community. His date of death is unknown, but he died before Musa al-Kazim, who died in 799.\nAt some point during his life, al-Mufaddal's relations with Ja'far al-Sadiq soured because of his adherence to the teachings of the Kufan ghulāt leader Abu al-Khattab (died 755–6). Abu al-Khattab had been a designated spokesman of Ja'far, but in c. 748 he was excommunicated by the Imam for his 'extremist' or 'exaggerated' (ghulāt) ideas, particularly for having declared Ja'far to be divine. However, al-Mufaddal later recanted and cut of all contact with the Khaṭṭabiyya (the followers of Abu al-Khattab), leading to a reconciliation with Ja'far.\nThis episode was understood in widely different ways by later Shi'i authors. On the one hand, early Imami (i.e., proto-Twelver Shi'i) heresiographers report the existence of a ghulāt sect named after him, the Mufaḍḍaliyya, who would have declared Ja'far to be God and al-Mufaddal his prophet or Imam. It is not certain whether the Mufaḍḍaliyya really ever existed, and if they did, whether they really held the doctrines attributed to them by the heresiographers. Nevertheless, al-Mufaddal was also highly regarded by the members of other ghulāt sects such as the Mukhammisa, and several of the writings attributed to him contain ghulāt ideas. He was even accused in some hadith reports of having tried to contaminate Ja'far's eldest son Isma'il with the ideas of Abu al-Khattab. In addition, most works attributed to al-Mufaddal were preserved by the Nusayris, a ghulāt sect that survives to this day and that sometimes regarded al-Mufaddal as a Bāb (an official deputy of the Imam and a \"gateway\" to his secret knowledge).\nOn the other hand, later Twelver Shi'i sources often insist that al-Mufaddal never gave in to heresy, and they often emphasize that it was al-Mufaddal who was appointed by Ja'far to lead the Khaṭṭabiyya back to the right path. Some of the works attributed to al-Mufaddal, like the Kitab al-Ihlīlaja and the Tawḥīd al-Mufaḍḍal, explicitly refute those who would deny the exclusive oneness (tawḥīd) of God. These works may have been written in order to rehabilitate al-Mufaddal within the Twelver tradition and to prove his reliability as a hadith transmitter. But even among Twelver scholars there was dissension. For example, while al-Shaykh al-Mufid (c. 948–1022) praised al-Mufaddal as a learned person and a trustworthy companion of the Imams, al-Najashi (c. 982–1058) and Ibn al-Ghada'iri (fl. first half of the 11th century) denounced him as an unbelieving heretic.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi", "article_id": 71536498, "section": "Life", "metadata": {"word_count": 493, "char_count": 3088, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Kitāb al-Haft wa-l-aẓilla (Book of the Seven and the Shadows), also known as Kitāb al-Haft al-sharīf (Noble Book of the Seven) or simply as Kitāb al-Haft (Book of the Seven), 8th–11th centuries, is perhaps the most important work attributed to al-Mufaddal. It sets out in great detail the ghulāt myth of the pre-existent \"shadows\" (Arabic: aẓilla) whose fall from grace led to the creation of the material world. This theme of pre-existent shadows seems to have been typical of the 8th-century Kufan ghulāt: also appearing in other early ghulāt works such as the Umm al-kitāb, it may ultimately go back to Abd Allah ibn Harb (d. after 748).\nGreat emphasis is placed throughout the work on the need to keep the knowledge received from Ja'far al-Sadiq, who is referred to as mawlānā (\"our lord\"), from falling into the wrong hands. This secret knowledge is entrusted by Ja'far to al-Mufaddal, but is reserved only for true believers (muʾminūn). It involves notions such as the transmigration of souls (tanāsukh or metempsychosis) and the idea that seven Adams exist in the seven heavens, each one of them presiding over one of the seven historical world cycles. This latter idea may reflect an influence from Isma'ilism, where the appearance of each new prophet (Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad, Muhammad ibn Isma'il) is likewise thought to initiate a new world cycle.\nA central element of the Kitāb al-Haft wa-l-aẓilla is the creation myth involving pre-existent \"shadows\", which also occurs in many other ghulāt works with slightly different details. According to this myth, the first created beings were human souls who initially dwelt in the presence of God in the form of shadows. When the shadows disobeyed God, he created a veil (ḥijāb) in which he concealed himself as a punishment. Then God created the seven heavens as a dwelling place for the disobedient souls, according to their sin. In each of the heavens God also created bodies from his own light for the souls who arrived there, and from the souls' disobedience he created the Devil. Finally, from the offspring of the Devil God created the bodies of animals and various other sublunary entities (masūkhiyya).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi", "article_id": 71536498, "section": "Content", "metadata": {"word_count": 362, "char_count": 2190, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Kitāb al-Haft wa-l-aẓilla consists of at least eleven different textual layers which were added over time, each of them containing slightly different versions of ghulāt concepts and ideas. The earliest layers were written in 8th/9th-century Kufa, perhaps partly by al-Mufaddal himself, or by his close associates Yunus ibn Zabyan and Muhammad ibn Sinan (died 835). A possible indication for this is the fact that Muhammad ibn Sinan also wrote two works dealing with the theme of pre-existent shadows: the Kitāb al-Aẓilla (Book of the Shadows) and the Kitāb al-Anwār wa-ḥujub (Book of the Lights and the Veils). Shi'i bibliographical sources also list several other 8th/9th-century Kufan authors who wrote a Kitāb al-Aẓilla or Book of the Shadows. In total, at least three works closely related to al-Mufaddal's Kitāb al-Haft wa-l-aẓilla are extant, all likely dating to the 8th or 9th century:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi", "article_id": 71536498, "section": "Composition and legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 142, "char_count": 897, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Muhammad ibn Sinan's Kitāb al-Anwār wa-ḥujub (Book of the Lights and the Veils)\nan anonymous work called the Kitāb al-Ashbāh wa-l-aẓilla (Book of the Apparitions and the Shadows)\nanother anonymous work also called the Kitāb al-Aẓilla (Book of the Shadows).\nThough originating in the milieus of the early Kufan ghulāt, the Kitāb al-Haft wa-l-aẓilla was considerably expanded by members of a later ghulāt sect called the Nusayris (now called the Alawites), who were active in 10th-century Syria. The Nusayris were probably also responsible for the work's final 11th-century form. However, the Kitāb al-Haft wa-l-aẓilla was not preserved by the Nusayris, but by the Syrian Nizari Isma'ilis. Like the Umm al-kitāb, another ghulāt work that was transmitted by the Nizari Isma'ilis of Central Asia, it contains ideas which –despite being largely unrelated to Isma'ili doctrine– influenced various later Isma'ili authors starting from the 10th century.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi", "article_id": 71536498, "section": "Composition and legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 144, "char_count": 945, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Kitāb al-Ṣirāṭ (Book of the Path) is another purported dialogue between al-Mufaddal and Ja'far al-Sadiq, likely composed in the period between the Minor and the Major Occultation (874–941). This work deals with the concept of an initiatory \"path\" (Arabic: ṣirāṭ) leading the adept on a heavenly ascent towards God, with each of the seven heavens corresponding to one of seven degrees of spiritual perfection. It also contains references to typical ghulāt ideas like tajallin (the manifestation of God in human form), tanāsukh (metempsychosis or transmigration of the soul), maskh/raskh (metamorphosis or reincarnation into non-human forms), and the concept of creation through the fall from grace of pre-existent beings (as in the Kitāb al-Haft wa-l-aẓilla, see above).\nThe philosophical background of the work is given by the late antique concept of a great chain of being linking all things together in one great cosmic hierarchy. This hierarchical system extends from the upper world of spirit and light (populated by angels and other pure souls) to the lower world of matter and darkness (populated by humans, and below them animals, plants and minerals). Humanity is perceived as taking a middle position in this hierarchy, being located at the top of the world of darkness and at the bottom of the world of light. Those human beings who lack the proper religious knowledge and belief are reborn into other human bodies, which are likened to 'shirts' (qumṣān, sing. qamīṣ) that a soul can put on and off again. This is called tanāsukh or naskh. But grave sinners are reborn instead into animal bodies (maskh), and the worst offenders are reborn into the bodies of plants or minerals (raskh). On the other hand, those believers who perform good works and advance in knowledge also travel upwards on the ladder, putting on ever more pure and luminous 'shirts' or bodies, ultimately reaching the realm of the divine. This upwards path is represented as consisting of seven stages above that of humanity, each located in one of the seven heavens:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi", "article_id": 71536498, "section": "Kitāb al-Ṣirāṭ (Book of the Path)", "metadata": {"word_count": 335, "char_count": 2051, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "al-Mumtaḥā: the Tested, first heaven\nal-Mukhliṣ: the Devout, second heaven\nal-Mukhtaṣṣ: the Elect, third heaven\nal-Najīb: the Noble, fourth heaven\nal-Naqīb: the Chief, fifth heaven\nal-Yatīm: the Unique, sixth heaven\nal-Bāb: the Gate, seventh heaven\nAt every degree the initiate receives the chance to gain a new level of 'hidden' or 'occult' (bāṭin) knowledge. If the initiate succeeds at internalizing this knowledge, they may ascend to the next degree. If, however, they lose interest or start to doubt the knowledge already acquired, they may lose their pure and luminous \"shirt\", receiving instead a heavier and darker one, and descend down the scale of being again. Those who reach the seventh degree (that of Bāb or \"Gate\") are granted wondrous powers such as making themselves invisible, or seeing and hearing all things –including a beatific vision of God– without having to look or listen. Most notably, they are able to manifest themselves to ordinary beings in the world of matter (tajallin), by taking on the form of a human and appearing to anyone at will. This ability is shared between the \"Gates\" in the seventh heaven and God, who also manifests himself to the world by taking on a human form.\nThe theme of a heavenly ascent through seven degrees of spiritual perfection is also explored in other ghulāt works, including the anonymous Kitāb al-Marātib wa-l-daraj (Book of Degrees and Stages), as well as various works attributed to Muhammad ibn Sinan (died 835), Ibn Nusayr (died after 868), and others. In the 9th/10th-century works attributed to the Shi'i alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan, the seven degrees corresponding to the seven heavens (themselves related to the seven planets) are replaced with fifty-five degrees carrying similar names (including al-Muʾmin al-Mumtaḥā, al-Najīb, al-Naqīb, al-Yatīm, al-Bāb). These fifty-five degrees correspond to the fifty-five celestial spheres alluded to by Plato in his Timaeus and mentioned by Aristotle in his Metaphysics.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi", "article_id": 71536498, "section": "Kitāb al-Ṣirāṭ (Book of the Path)", "metadata": {"word_count": 313, "char_count": 1983, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "al-Risāla al-Mufaḍḍaliyya (Mufaddali Epistle) is a brief dialogue between al-Mufaddal and Ja'far al-Sadiq of unclear date and origin. It strongly resembles the Kitāb al-Haft wa-l-aẓilla and the Kitāb al-Ṣirāṭ in doctrine and terminology. Its main subject is the classical theological question of the relationship between the one transcendent God (al-maʿnā, lit. 'the meaning') on the one hand, and his many attributes (ṣiffāt) and names (asmāʾ) on the other.\nMā yakūn ʿinda ẓuhūr al-Mahdī (What Will Happen at the Appearance of the Mahdi) is a lengthy apocalyptic text about the state of the world during the end times, just before the return (rajʿa) of the Mahdi. Its earliest known version is preserved in a work by the Nusayri author al-Khasibi (died 969), but the text likely goes back to the 9th century and perhaps even to al-Mufaddal himself. Though mainly dealing with the actions that the Mahdi will undertake to render justice to the oppressed, the work also contains references to mainstream Shi'i ideas such as temporary marriage contracts (mutʿa), as well as to the ghulāt idea of world cycles. It has been argued that the conceptualization of rajʿa in this and similar 8th/9th-century ghulāt texts has influenced the 10th-century development of the Twelver Shi'i doctrine on the return of the twelfth and 'hidden' Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi.\nKitāb Mā iftaraḍa Allāh ʿalā al-jawāriḥ min al-īmān (Book on the Faith that God has Imposed on the Bodily Members), also known as the Kitāb al-Īmān wa-l-islām (Book of Faith and Submission) and perhaps identical to the Risālat al-Mayyāḥ (Epistle of the Swagger) mentioned by the Twelver Shi'i bibliographer al-Najashi (c. 982–1058), presents itself as a long letter from Ja'far al-Sadiq to al-Mufaddal. It was preserved by the Imami (i.e., proto-Twelver) scholar al-Saffar al-Qummi (died 903). Likely written as a reaction to the negative portrayals of the ghulāt by Imami heresiographers, it refutes the typical accusation of the ghulāt's purported licentiousness and sexual promiscuity. It also contains a reference to the obscure idea, likewise found in the Kitāb al-Haft wa-l-aẓilla but attributed here to Abu al-Khattab (died 755–6), that religious commandments and restrictions are 'men' (rijāl), and that to know these 'men' is to know religion.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi", "article_id": 71536498, "section": "Other ghulāt works", "metadata": {"word_count": 362, "char_count": 2304, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Two of the treatises attributed to al-Mufaddal, the Tawḥīd al-Mufaḍḍal and the Kitāb al-Ihlīlaja, differ from other treatises attributed to al-Mufaddal by the absence of any content that is specifically Shi'i in nature. Though both were preserved by the 17th-century Shi'i scholar Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi (died 1699), the only element connecting them to Shi'ism is their ascription to Ja'far al-Sadiq and al-Mufaddal. Their content appears to be influenced by Mu'tazilism, a rationalistic school of Islamic speculative theology (kalām). Often transmitted together in the manuscript tradition, they may be regarded as part of an attempt to rehabilitate al-Mufaddal among Twelver Shi'is, to whom al-Mufaddal was important as a narrator of numerous hadiths from the Imams Ja'far al-Sadiq and his son Musa al-Kazim. Both works were also known to other Twelver scholars such as al-Najashi (c. 982–1058), Ibn Shahrashub (died 1192), and Ibn Tawus (1193–1266).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi", "article_id": 71536498, "section": "Mu'tazili-influenced works", "metadata": {"word_count": 143, "char_count": 955, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Tawḥīd al-Mufaḍḍal (lit. 'Declaration by al-Mufaddal of the Oneness of God') sets out to prove the existence of God based on the argument from design (also called the teleological argument). The work consists of a series of lectures about the existence and oneness (tawḥīd) of God presented to al-Mufaddal by Ja'far al-Sadiq, who is answering a challenge made to him by the self-declared atheist Ibn Abi al-Awja'. In four \"sessions\" (majālis), Ja'far argues that the cosmic order and harmony which can be detected throughout nature necessitates the existence of a wise and providential creator. The Twelver Shi'i bibliographer al-Najashi (c. 982–1058) also refers to the work as the Kitāb Fakkir (lit. 'Book of Think'), a reference to the fact that Ja'far often begins his exhortations with the word fakkir (think!).\nThe Tawḥīd al-Mufaḍḍal is not an original work. Instead, it is a revised version of a work also attributed to the famous Mu'tazili litterateur al-Jahiz (died 868) under the title Kitāb al-Dalāʾil wa-l-iʿtibār ʿalā al-khalq wa-l-tadbīr (Book on the Proofs and Contemplation of Creation and Administration). The attribution of this work to al-Jahiz is probably spurious as well, although the original was likely written in the 9th century. Compared to pseudo-Jahiz's Kitāb al-Dalāʾil, the Tawḥīd al-Mufaḍḍal adds an introduction that sets up a frame story involving al-Mufaddal, Ibn Abi al-Awja', and Ja'far al-Sadiq, as well rhymed praises of God at the beginning of each chapter, and a brief concluding passage.\nScholars have espoused various views on the ultimate origins of this work. According to Melhem Chokr, the versions attributed to al-Mufaddal and to al-Jahiz are both based on an unknown earlier work, with the version attributed to al-Mufaddal being more faithful to the original. In Chokr's view, at some point the work must have been translated by a Syriac author into the Arabic from a Greek original, perhaps from an unknown Hermetic work. However, both Hans Daiber and Josef van Ess identify the original work on which pseudo-Jahiz's Kitāb al-Dalāʾil was based as the Kitāb al-Fikr wa-l-iʿtibār (Book of Thought and Contemplation), written by the 9th-century Nestorian Christian Jibril ibn Nuh ibn Abi Nuh al-Nasrani al-Anbari. However this may be, Jibril ibn Nuh's Kitāb al-Fikr wa-l-iʿtibār, the Tawḥīd al-Mufaḍḍal and pseudo-Jahiz's Kitāb al-Dalāʾil are only the three earliest among many extant versions of the work: adaptations were also made by the Nestorian Christian bishop Elijah of Nisibis (died 1056), by the Sunni mystic al-Ghazali (died 1111), and by the Andalusian Jewish philosopher Bahya ibn Paquda (died first half of 12th century).\nThe Tawḥīd al-Mufaḍḍal/Kitāb al-Dalāʾil contains many parallels with Syriac Christian literature, especially with the commentaries on the Hexameron (the six days of creation as described in Genesis) written by Jacob of Edessa (c. 640–708) and Moses bar Kepha (c. 813–903), as well as with Job of Edessa's encyclopedic work on natural philosophy called the Book of Treasures (c. 817). Its teleological proof of the existence of God—based upon a discussion of the four elements, minerals, plants, animals, meteorology, and the human being—was likely inspired by pseudo-Aristotle's De mundo (On the Universe, 3rd/2nd century BCE), a work also used by the Syriac authors mentioned above. In particular, the Tawḥīd al-Mufaḍḍal/Kitāb al-Dalāʾil contains the same emphasis on the idea that God, who already in pseudo-Aristotle's De mundo is called \"one\", can only be known through the wisdom permeating his creative works, while his own essence (kunh) remains hidden for all.\nThe idea that contemplating the works of nature leads to a knowledge of God is also found in the Quran. However, in the case of the Tawḥīd al-Mufaḍḍal/Kitāb al-Dalāʾil, the idea is set in a philosophical framework that clearly goes back on Hellenistic models. Apart from pseudo-Aristotle's De mundo (3rd/2nd century BCE), there are also many parallels with Cicero's (106–43 BCE) De natura deorum, especially with the Stoic views on teleology and divine providence outlined in Cicero's work. Some of the enemies cited in the work are Diagoras (5th century BCE) and Epicurus (341–270 BCE), both reviled since late antiquity for their alleged atheism, as well as Mani (c. 216–274 or 277 CE, the founding prophet of Manichaeism), a certain Dūsī, and all those who would deny the providence and purposefulness (ʿamd) of God.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi", "article_id": 71536498, "section": "Tawḥīd al-Mufaḍḍal (al-Mufaddal's Tawhid)", "metadata": {"word_count": 704, "char_count": 4475, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Kitāb al-Ihlīlaja (Book of the Myrobalan Fruit) is another work in which al-Mufaddal asks Ja'far al-Sadiq to present a proof of the existence and oneness of God in response to those who openly profess atheism. In comparison with the Tawḥīd al-Mufaḍḍal, the frame story here is less well integrated into the main text, which despite being written in the form of an epistle does not directly address al-Mufaddal's concerns about the appearance of people who would publicly deny the existence of God. In the epistle itself, the author (presumed to be Ja'far al-Sadiq) recounts his meeting with an Indian physician, who contended that the world is eternal and therefore does not need a creator. Taking the myrobalan fruit (perhaps the black myrobalan or Terminalia reticulata, a plant used in Ayurveda) that the Indian physician was grinding as a starting point for contemplation, the author of the epistle succeeds in convincing the physician of the existence of God. The dialectical style of the debate is typical of early Muslim speculative theology (kalām). Sciences like astrology and medicine are presented as originating from divine revelation. Melhem Chokr has proposed the 8th-century scribe (kātib) and speculative theologian Muhammad ibn Layth as the original author of the Kitāb al-Ihlīlaja, based on similarities with other works attributed to Ibn Layth, and on the attribution to him in Ibn al-Nadim's (c. 932 – c. 995 or 998) Fihrist of a work called Kitāb al-Ihlīlaja fī al-iʿtibār (Book of the Myrobalan Fruit on Contemplation).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi", "article_id": 71536498, "section": "Kitāb al-Ihlīlaja (Book of the Myrobalan Fruit)", "metadata": {"word_count": 248, "char_count": 1545, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Some other works attributed to, or transmitted by, al-Mufaddal are still extant:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi", "article_id": 71536498, "section": "Other works", "metadata": {"word_count": 12, "char_count": 80, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Waṣiyyat al-Mufaḍḍal (Testament of al-Mufaddal) is a short text purporting to be al-Mufaddal's testament to the Shi'is of Kufa. The testament itself only contains a rather generic exhortation to piety and proper religious conduct, but it is followed by a paragraph in which Ja'far al-Sadiq reproaches the Kufan Shi'is for their hostility towards al-Mufaddal, exonerating his disciple from all blame. The text may very well be authentic, though it may also have been attributed to al-Mufaddal by later authors seeking to rehabilitate him.\nThe Duʿāʾ samāt, also called the Duʿāʾ Shabbūr, is a prayer (duʿāʾ) attributed to Ja'far al-Sadiq, supposedly transmitted from Ja'far by al-Mufaddal and later by Muhammad ibn Uthman al-Amri (died 917 or 918), the second deputy of the Hidden Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi during the Minor Occultation (874–941). It is a revised version of an originally Talmudic invocation that was used by Jews to cast off robbers and thieves. It was apparently in use among Muslims during the time of Muhammad ibn Uthman al-Amri, who approved of this practice but said that he had a \"fuller\" version handed down from the Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq. This version is nearly identical to the version preserved in the Talmud, only adding the names of the prophet Muhammad and some of his family members.\nThe Riwāyat al-ruzz wa-mā fīhi min al-faḍl is treatise attributed to al-Mufaddal on the virtue of rice.\nal-Ḥikam al-Jaʿfariyya (Ja'farian Aphorisms) is a collection of moral aphorisms (ḥikam) attributed to Ja'far al-Sadiq and transmitted by al-Mufaddal.\nThere are also some works attributed to, or transmitted by, al-Mufaddal that are mentioned in other sources but are now lost:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi", "article_id": 71536498, "section": "Other works", "metadata": {"word_count": 270, "char_count": 1692, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Kitāb ʿIlal al-Sharāʾiʿ (Book of the Causes of Religious Laws)\nKitāb Yawm wa-layla (Book of Day and Night)\nKitāb (Book), a notebook containing hadiths purportedly recorded by al-Mufaddal", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi", "article_id": 71536498, "section": "Other works", "metadata": {"word_count": 28, "char_count": 186, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Albania was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 with the song \"Duje\" performed by Albina and Familja Kelmendi. Its entry was selected through a dedicated televoting process during the national selection competition Festivali i Këngës organised by Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH) in December 2022. Up until point, the nation had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 18 times since its debut in 2004.\nAssigned to the second semi-final on 11 May 2023, Albania placed 9th with a total of 83 points and qualified for the final. At the conclusion of the final on 13 May, the nation placed 22nd with a total of 76 points. This was the 11th occasion that Albania qualified for the final out of the 19 times it had participated in Eurovision.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023", "article_id": 72134975, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 127, "char_count": 754, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The Eurovision Song Contest is broadcast in Albania by the national broadcaster, Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH), which also organises Festivali i Këngës as the national selection contest for Eurovision. Prior to the 2023 contest, the nation had participated in the contest 18 times since its first entry in 2004. It achieved its highest placement in the in 2012, securing the fifth place with the song \"Suus\" performed by Rona Nishliu. The second-highest finish was seventh place in 2004, with the song \"The Image of You\" by Anjeza Shahini. Albania had previously failed to qualify for the final on nine occasions, most recently in 2022. On 3 June 2022, RTSH announced the nation's participation in the 2023 contest and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) confirmed its intent to participate on 20 October. Once again, the nation announced the use of Festivali i Këngës to help select its entry.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023", "article_id": 72134975, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 147, "char_count": 900, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The representative for Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 was chosen during the 61st edition of Festivali i Këngës. The festival was organised by the national broadcaster RTSH in December 2022 and was hosted by Albanian presenter Arbana Osmani. The event was held at the Palace of Congresses in Tirana, Albania and consisted of three semi-finals on the respective dates of 19, 20 and 21 December and a final round on 22 December 2022. Following an application process, 26 participants were selected by RTSH to compete.\nThe selection process underwent a significant transformation, shifting from an exclusive jury voting to a system involving both public and jury voting. While the jury retained the authority to choose the top three, the overall winner no longer received an automatic Eurovision invitation. Instead, the Albanian representative was selected through a dedicated televoting process.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023", "article_id": 72134975, "section": "Festivali i Këngës", "metadata": {"word_count": 141, "char_count": 906, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The final of Festivali i Këngës was held on 22 December 2022. Despite Elsa Lila's win in the jury vote with \"Evita\", Albina and Familja Kelmendi with the song \"Duje\" won the public vote and were chosen as Albanian representatives for the Eurovision Song Contest 2023.\nKey:\n Winner\n Second place\n Third place", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023", "article_id": 72134975, "section": "Final", "metadata": {"word_count": 52, "char_count": 307, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 10 March 2023, a revamped version of \"Duje\" was released alongside the premiere of a music video on the official YouTube channel of the Eurovision Song Contest. Changes to the song pertained to its orchestration, while the bulk of the song remained the same as had been previously performed. Ahead of the contest, Albina and Familja Kelmendi conducted promotional activities in April 2023. This included appearing as one of 14 contest participants on 1 April at the Polish Eurovision Party in Warsaw, followed on 8 April by an appearance as one of 18 contest participants at the fifth annual Israel Calling event in Tel Aviv. The next weekend saw the group at the Eurovision in Concert series in Amsterdam, Netherlands on 15 April.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023", "article_id": 72134975, "section": "Preparation and promotion", "metadata": {"word_count": 124, "char_count": 734, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Eurovision Song Contest 2023 was hosted at the Liverpool Arena in Liverpool, United Kingdom; it comprised two semi-finals held on 9 and 11 May, respectively, and a final on 13 May 2023. According to the Eurovision regulations, all participating countries, except for the host nation and the \"Big Five\" of France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom, were required to qualify from one of the two semi-finals to participate in the final. The top 10 countries from each semi-final proceeded to the final.\nPrior to the allocation draw, the EBU categorised the participating countries into six pots based on previous voting patterns to minimise the chance of neighborly voting. On 31 January 2023, the allocation draw at St George's Hall in Liverpool determined each nation's semi-final and which half of the semi-final they would compete in. Therein, Albania was scheduled for the second half of the second semi-final. Following the release of all entries, the producers of the contest on 22 March arranged the semi-final running order to avoid grouping similar songs; Albania was given 14th in the running order, following Austria and preceding Lithuania.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023", "article_id": 72134975, "section": "At Eurovision", "metadata": {"word_count": 187, "char_count": 1166, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Albania's participation in the 2023 contest encompassed a series of rehearsals, beginning with the first rehearsal on 2 May and following by the second rehearsal on 5 May. Furthermore, the dress rehearsals for the second semi-final occurred on 8 and 9 May that provided a comprehensive preview of their stage performance in preparation for the live broadcast. The Albanian performance was directed by Swedish artistic director Sacha Jean-Baptiste, who had previously directed the staging for Albania in the 2021 contest. The stage presentation showcased a dark color scheme, integrating black and red reminiscent of the Albanian flag on LED screens. Dynamic elements, including flames and pyrotechnics, were also incorporated into the staging. The introductory postcards for the contest comprised three distinct international locations selected to convey a connecting theme. Filmed at the Arboretum Sofiyivka in Uman, Ukraine, Sefton Park in Liverpool, UK, and Grand Park of Tirana, Albania, the postcard with Albina and Familja Kelmendi showed a family sharing a traditional Albanian meal in the Grand Park.\nSoon after securing a place in the final following its ninth-place finish in the semi-final, a winners' press conference convened for the 10 qualifying nations. During this event, the qualifying artists participated in a draw to determine their placement in the final. The draw followed the order of appearance in the semi-final running order, with Albania being drawn to perform in the first half. Subsequently, the show's producers established the running order for the final, assigning Albania the 10th position, succeeding Sweden and preceding Italy. In the final, Albania placed 22nd of the 26 finalists.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023", "article_id": 72134975, "section": "Performances", "metadata": {"word_count": 262, "char_count": 1718, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The voting system during the shows of the contest encompassed the allocation of points by countries on a scale of 1–8, 10 and 12, with one set of points determined by their professional jury and another from televoting. However, in the semi-final, the results relied exclusively on the televoting, aligning with the format between 2004 and 2007. The jury of each nation comprised five music industry professionals, all of whom held citizenship in the respective country they represented. These jurors assessed each entry based on criteria such as vocal capacity, stage performance, and song composition and originality, as well as the overall impression left by the act. For the voting portion of the final, Andri Xhahu served as the Albanian spokesperson announcing the country's jury voting results.\nIn the 2023 contest, Albania participated in the second semi-final and finished in 9th position with a total of 83 points. This was the 11th time that Albania had qualified for the final, out of the 19 times it had participated in Eurovision. Slovenia and the Rest of the World each awarded 12 points to the nation, followed by Greece with 10 points and Belgium and Romania with 8 points each. In the final, Albania finished in the 22nd position with a total of 76 points. Switzerland's televoting granted 12 points to the nation, while Azerbaijan's jury and Germany's televoting both awarded 8 points. Albania's televoting granted 12 points to Australia in the second semi-final; in the final, the nation's jury awarded 12 points to Sweden and its televoting 12 points to Italy. Below is a breakdown that provides a detailed overview of the points awarded to Albania in both the second semi-final and final of the 2023 contest, along with the corresponding allocations by Albania on both occasions. Furthermore, it includes a breakdown of the jury voting and televoting conducted during the two live shows.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023", "article_id": 72134975, "section": "Voting", "metadata": {"word_count": 313, "char_count": 1909, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The following members comprised the Albanian jury:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023", "article_id": 72134975, "section": "Detailed voting results", "metadata": {"word_count": 7, "char_count": 50, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Sonila Djepaxhia\nJosif Gjipali\nSokol Marsi\nEneda Tarifa\nHaig Zacharian", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023", "article_id": 72134975, "section": "Detailed voting results", "metadata": {"word_count": 10, "char_count": 70, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Albatross class of steam gunboats comprised two ships: SMS Albatross and Nautilus. They were ordered by the North German Federal Navy, but by the time they had entered service in the early 1870s, the German lands had unified into the German Empire, and so they commissioned into Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) in the early 1870s. The ships were ordered as part of a construction program intended to begin replacing the old Jäger-class gunboats that had been built a decade earlier. Unlike the older ships, Albatross and Nautilus were intended to serve abroad to protect German economic interests overseas. The ships were armed with a battery of four guns, and had a top speed of 10 to 10.5 knots (18.5 to 19.4 km/h; 11.5 to 12.1 mph).\nThe two ships spent the majority of their careers overseas, including a cruise to South America in the early 1870s for Albatross. Both ships patrolled the coast of Spain during the Third Carlist War in 1874–1875 to protect German nationals in the country. The two ships were sent to the Pacific Ocean in the latter half of the decade to defend German economic interests in China and the South Pacific. They each made another lengthy cruise in the Pacific for much of the 1880s, and were involved in German colonial activities in the South Pacific. After returning home in 1888, both vessels were converted into survey ships and used in home waters. Nautilus was eventually sold for scrap in 1905, and Albatross became a coal barge that year, before being wrecked in a storm in 1906.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Albatross-class gunboat", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatross-class_gunboat", "article_id": 78045715, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 263, "char_count": 1525, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "In the late 1850s and early 1860s, the Prussian Navy had embarked on a construction program that included the fifteen Jäger-class gunboats and eight Camäleon-class gunboats. By 1869, the navy realized that the earliest vessels, starting with the badly rotted Crocodill, would need to be replaced. Design work started for the new class, which were intended for overseas cruising, instead of coastal defense as the earlier vessels had been. One of the primary missions for the new ships was as pirate hunters in Chinese waters. Piracy was a major problem in the region, particularly as Prussian commercial interests expanded in the market in China in the 1860s.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Albatross-class gunboat", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatross-class_gunboat", "article_id": 78045715, "section": "Design", "metadata": {"word_count": 107, "char_count": 659, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The ships of the Albatross class were 51.21 meters (168 ft) long at the waterline and 56.95 m (186 ft 10 in) long overall. They had a beam of 8.32 m (27 ft 4 in) and a draft of 3.62 m (11 ft 11 in) forward, which increased slightly to 3.75 m (12.3 ft) aft. They displaced 713 metric tons (702 long tons) normally and 786 t (774 long tons) at full load. Their hulls were wood-built using carvel construction, and they had a transom stern. They were copper sheathed to protect the wood from marine biofouling on extended cruises abroad.\nThe ships' crew consisted of 5 officers and 98 enlisted men. They carried four small boats of unrecorded type. The ships lost significant speed in a head sea, but were otherwise quite seaworthy. Steering was controlled via a single rudder; they steered well, but their maneuverability was moderate. They also operated well under sail.\nThey were powered by a pair of horizontal, single-cylinder marine steam engines that drove one 2-bladed screw propeller, which could be retracted while the ships cruised under sail. Steam was provided by two coal-fired fire-tube boilers, which were vented through a single funnel located amidships. The machinery was divided between a single engine room and a boiler room. The propulsion system was rated to give them a top speed of 10.9 knots (20.2 km/h; 12.5 mph) at 601 metric horsepower (593 ihp), but neither vessel reached those figures in service. Albatross was slightly faster of the pair, making 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h; 12.1 mph) from 491 PS (484 ihp), compared to Nautilus, which only managed 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) from 496 PS (489 ihp). As built, they were equipped with a three-masted barque rig with a total sail area of 710 m2 (7,600 sq ft). Later in their careers, this was reduced to a schooner rig with a total area of 415 to 471 m2 (4,470 to 5,070 sq ft).\nThe ships were armed with a battery of two 15 cm (5.9 in) K L/22 built-up guns and two 12 cm (4.7 in) K L/23 built-up guns. The 15 cm guns were supplied with a total of 140 shells, and they had a maximum range of 4,600 m (15,100 ft). The 12 cm guns could engage targets out to 5,500 m (18,000 ft), and they were supplied with 180 shells. Both vessels later had three 37 mm (1.5 in) Hotchkiss revolver cannon added before eventually being disarmed.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Albatross-class gunboat", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatross-class_gunboat", "article_id": 78045715, "section": "Characteristics", "metadata": {"word_count": 414, "char_count": 2295, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Albatross and Nautilus spent the majority of their careers overseas, beginning with a deployment for Albatross to South America from 1872 to 1874. After a brief period of time in home waters in 1874, Albatross sailed to join Nautilus off the coast of Spain to protect German nationals there during the Third Carlist War, patrolling the coast there into 1875. Nautilus's captain was involved in settling a dispute between the Carlists and a German merchant ship captain whose vessel was attacked by Carlist forces. During their time off Spain, the ships occasionally traded fire with Carlist forces, but otherwise were not heavily engaged. Nautilus thereafter sailed to the Pacific for a tour from 1876 to 1878 that saw the ship operate primarily off the coast of China. From 1877 to 1880, Albatross was sent to cruise in the Pacific Ocean, but on the way, she was temporarily diverted to protect Germans in the Ottoman Empire. After she arrived in the Pacific, she patrolled Chinese waters as well as the South Pacific.\nA second deployment to the Pacific for Nautilus followed from 1879 to 1881, and during this cruise the ship patrolled the South Pacific. After an overhaul in Germany in the early 1880s, Albatross spent the years from 1882 to 1888 overseas, beginning with a tour of South America that included an observation of the 1882 transit of Venus. She then moved back to the South Pacific; in 1886, she was involved in a dispute with Spain over control of the Caroline Islands and in 1887, she took the exiled Samoan king Malietoa Laupepa to the German colony of Kamerun in Central Africa. Nautilus's third and final tour in the Pacific began in 1883 and concluded in 1888; in 1885, she was involved in establishing a protectorate in the Marshall Islands. Nautilus was transferred to African waters in 1887 before returning home late the following year.\nAfter returning to Germany in 1888, both vessels were used as a survey ship in home waters, Albatross in the North Sea and Nautilus in the Baltic Sea. Nautilus was struck from the naval register on 14 December 1896 and thereafter reduced to a coal storage hulk based in Kiel. Albatross was similarly struck on 9 January 1899 and after the navy blocked a potential sale to a South American navy, the ship eventually became a coal barge. Nautilus was sold to ship breakers in 1905 and dismantled in Swinemünde. Albatross was grounded and destroyed by a storm in March 1906.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Albatross-class gunboat", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albatross-class_gunboat", "article_id": 78045715, "section": "Service history", "metadata": {"word_count": 417, "char_count": 2435, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"The Alchemy\" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift from her eleventh studio album, The Tortured Poets Department (2024). Swift wrote and produced the track with Jack Antonoff. A pop rock and electropop track with R&B influences, \"The Alchemy\" is a love song about a burgeoning romance where two people cannot resist their chemistry. The lyrics use extensive football imagery to depict a sense of triumph.\nIn reviews of The Tortured Poets Department, critics considered \"The Alchemy\" the only song with a happy ending on the standard album. Some reviews deemed the football imagery and metaphors in the lyrics weak, but some others praised the production elements. \"The Alchemy\" peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Global 200 and reached the top 25 in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. It received a gold certification in Australia. Swift performed the track live twice on the Eras Tour in 2024.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Alchemy", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alchemy", "article_id": 76010996, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 153, "char_count": 936, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Swift started working on The Tortured Poets Department immediately after she submitted her tenth studio album, Midnights, to Republic Records for release in 2022. She continued working on it in secrecy throughout the US leg of the Eras Tour in 2023. The album's conception took place when Swift's personal life continued to be a widely covered topic in the press. She described The Tortured Poets Department as her \"lifeline\" album which she \"really needed\" to make. Republic Records released it on April 19, 2024; \"The Alchemy\" is 15th on the track list.\nSwift performed \"The Alchemy\" live twice on the Eras Tour in 2024. On May 12, Swift performed an acoustic guitar version of \"The Alchemy\", in a mashup with her track \"Treacherous\" (2012), at the fourth Paris show. On August 15, she sang a piano version, this time in a mashup with her track \"King of My Heart\" (2017), at the fourth London show. Swift released the Paris performance as part of a limited-time digital variant of The Tortured Poets Department on May 23, 2024.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Alchemy", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alchemy", "article_id": 76010996, "section": "Background and release", "metadata": {"word_count": 176, "char_count": 1029, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"The Alchemy\" is an electropop and pop rock song with R&B influences in its instrumentation, composed of echoing drums and layered vocals. Will Hodgkinson of The Times wrote that it has a dreamy and romantic production that evokes the styles of the American singer-songwriter Stevie Nicks, while Annie Zaleski described the sound as hazy.\nThe lyrics use extensive football imagery to describe the burgeoning days of a new romantic relationship. Swift's character tells her new lover that she is willing to be all in (\"So when I touch down/ Call the amateurs and cut 'em from the team\") and admits that she does not have another choice (\"Honestly, who are we to fight the alchemy?\"). She also makes sarcastic remark as how her ex-lovers are removed from the team lineup. In the bridge, Swift's character describes a scene of triumph: her love interest, despite being in an underdog team, wins the football championship (\"Shirts off, and your friends lift you up, over their heads\"). At the end, he runs towards his \"trophy\", a metaphor for herself; \"Where's the trophy? He just comes, running over to me.\"\nCritics consider \"The Alchemy\" the only happy love song on an album primarily dealing with heartbreak. The literary critic Stephanie Burt identified \"The Alchemy\" as the only three tracks on The Tortured Poets Department: The Anthology that are not about failed romance; the other two are \"So High School\" (about a happy kind of love) and \"Robin\" (about co-producer Aaron Dessner's son). Time's Shannon Carlin wrote that the track's placement near the end of the standard album shows that Swift's character is willing to \"fight again with this new one-of-a-kind guy\" after detailing ex-lovers on the preceding tracks (\"These blokes warm the benches/ We've been on a winning streak\"). Lauren Huff of Entertainment Weekly agreed, saying that \"The Alchemy\", placed after \"songs about heartache so bad that Swift compares it to 'cardiac arrest' in her epilogue\", signaled a \"good kind\" of \"madness\". Vogue Australia's Nina Miyashita thought that the lyrics appear to draw a parallel between the chemicals released by the brain when playing a sport and those released when one is in love.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Alchemy", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alchemy", "article_id": 76010996, "section": "Music and lyrics", "metadata": {"word_count": 360, "char_count": 2188, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Criticisms of the song mostly took issue with its lyrics. Some critics, such as The Atlantic's Spencer Kornharber, Slate's Carl Wilson, and Beats Per Minute's John Wohlmacher, considered the football imagery in the lyrics weak, \"terrible\", and \"tossed-off\". The Daily Telegraph's Neil McCormick said the track contains \"cheesy sports puns\". Writing for the Financial Times, Ludovic Hunter-Tilney said that the song was one of the \"repetitive\" tracks and opined that the title was used incorrectly. Lindsay Zoladz of The New York Times described the song as \"weightless\". Burt was somewhat more positive, deeming the football metaphors \"flirtatious\" and the overall message to contain \"fun, hope, and patience\".\nReviews that were somewhat more positive focused on the production. Sputnikmusic's Hugh G. Paddles argued that \"The Alchemy\" is an \"otherwise effervescent and personally charged\" track but criticized the \"faux-narcotic slurred delivery\" mentioning a drug reference near the ending lines. Wohlmacher praised the sound as \"[laid] back and elegant\" and said that the \"mood of the composition\" makes up for the lyrics. Hodgkinson gave the song a five-star rating, praising how it is \"epic but intimate, like the final scene in a blockbuster\". Ranking all 31 tracks on The Tortured Poets Department: The Anthology, Jason Lipshutz of Billboard placed \"The Alchemy\" at 21, calling it a \"glittering love song\". Alex Hopper of American Songwriter described the track as \"sauntering, sexy\".\nFollowing its release, \"The Alchemy\" debuted and peaked at number 13 on the US Billboard Hot 100, where the song and tracks from the album made Swift the first artist to occupy the top 14 of the chart. In Australia, it opened at its peak of number 18 on the ARIA Singles Chart and made her the artist with the most top-50 entries in a single week with 29. Elsewhere, \"The Alchemy\" reached number 19 on the Billboard Global 200 and charted within the countries of New Zealand (19), Canada (21), Portugal (41), Switzerland (46), Sweden (65), and France (157). It also peaked at number 23 on the United Kingdom's Audio Streaming Chart and number 39 on Greece's International Top 100 Digital Singles.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Alchemy", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alchemy", "article_id": 76010996, "section": "Reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 350, "char_count": 2188, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Adapted from the liner notes of The Tortured Poets Department", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Alchemy", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alchemy", "article_id": 76010996, "section": "Personnel", "metadata": {"word_count": 10, "char_count": 61, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Taylor Swift – vocals, songwriter, producer\nJack Antonoff – producer, songwriter, drums, programming, percussion, synthesizer, electric guitar, background vocals, cello\nSerban Ghenea – mixing\nBryce Bordone – mix engineer\nLaura Sisk – recording, vocal engineer\nOli Jacobs – recording\nJon Sher – assistant recording engineer\nJack Manning – assistant recording engineer\nChristopher Rowe – vocal engineer\nSean Hutchinson – recording, drums\nRandy Merrill – mastering", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The Alchemy", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alchemy", "article_id": 76010996, "section": "Personnel", "metadata": {"word_count": 65, "char_count": 461, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Rear-Admiral Alexander Wilson (12 January 1760 – June 1834) was a Royal Navy officer most notable for his rise to flag rank from his position as a common seaman. Wilson joined the navy in 1777 and soon after became coxswain to Alexander Hood. By 1778 Wilson had been made a midshipman, fighting at the Battle of Ushant and Battle of Cape Henry. Wilson was promoted to lieutenant in 1787 and, continuing to serve with Hood, fought at the Glorious First of June and Battle of Groix before being promoted to commander.\nAfter a brief command of HMS Kingfisher Wilson was promoted to post-captain on 2 September 1795. He temporarily commanded HMS Flora in 1798, and in 1801 joined the troopship HMS Trusty. Trusty then participated in the Battle of Abukir. Returning home from the Egypt Campaign in 1802 in command of HMS Alexandria, Wilson's ship was laid up. He went on to command the Wexford Sea Fencibles through the Napoleonic Wars, but never again went to sea. He was made a superannuated rear-admiral in 1814.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Alexander Wilson (Royal Navy officer)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wilson_(Royal_Navy_officer)", "article_id": 71606832, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 175, "char_count": 1011, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Alexander Wilson was born on 12 January 1760. As a child he aspired to become a sailor, and in an attempt to halt this his family sent him to serve on a West Indiaman commanded by his uncle. Wilson was not swayed by this experience, and joined the Royal Navy in 1777. Wilson was sent to serve on the 74-gun ship of the line HMS Robust, which was one of the ships activated to serve in the Channel Fleet at the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. The commander of Robust, Captain Alexander Hood, was impressed by Wilson's seamanship and appointed him to serve as his coxswain.\nWilson was rewarded for his good conduct as coxswain, and by the middle of 1778 had been promoted to midshipman. He fought in Robust at the Battle of Ushant on 27 July of that year, in which the ship had five men killed and seventeen wounded. Hood afterwards left the ship, but Wilson stayed on under the new captain, Captain Phillips Cosby. On 1 May 1779 Robust sailed in a squadron under the command of Rear-Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot to join the North American Station.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Alexander Wilson (Royal Navy officer)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wilson_(Royal_Navy_officer)", "article_id": 71606832, "section": "American Revolutionary War", "metadata": {"word_count": 191, "char_count": 1055, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Arbuthnot's squadron served off Chesapeake Bay, and on 16 March 1781 fought the Battle of Cape Henry there. Robust led the British line into the opposing French fleet, with Wilson serving as the signals midshipman during the battle. The ship received the most damage among the British fleet because of her prominent position, but the descent of some fog made the battle an indecisive encounter. Wilson received a severe wound to the right arm during the fighting, being one of twenty-three men wounded alongside a further fifteen killed.\nRobust was heavily damaged structurally at Cape Henry, and had to go into New York for repairs, with her crew thus missing the Battle of the Chesapeake on 5 September. The ship returned to sea, still in a poor state, in October, forming part of the fleet that made an aborted attempt to save Lieutenant-General Lord Cornwallis' army at the Siege of Yorktown. Robust was afterwards ordered to sail to England for further repairs, but was judged unfit to survive the crossing in her current state. The ship instead went to Antigua where repairs were completed, and Wilson finally returned home in the ship in the summer of 1782. Robust was then paid off.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Alexander Wilson (Royal Navy officer)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wilson_(Royal_Navy_officer)", "article_id": 71606832, "section": "American Revolutionary War", "metadata": {"word_count": 202, "char_count": 1190, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "After the American Revolutionary War came to a close, Wilson continued in the Royal Navy. He served in this period on board the 74-gun ship of the line HMS Triumph followed by the 98-gun ship of the line HMS Barfleur, the latter of which was the flagship of Vice-Admiral Lord Hood, the Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth. Wilson was promoted to lieutenant on 24 September 1787, at which point he went on half pay. After around eighteen months of this Wilson was appointed to the 16-gun sloop HMS Nautilus. He served as Nautilus's first lieutenant for three years on the Newfoundland Station.\nWilson had a successful term in post on Nautlius, and was noticed by Captain Edward Pellew. When Pellew was given command of the 36-gun frigate HMS Nymphe, he requested that Wilson become his first lieutenant. Wilson declined the appointment because he wanted to instead wait until his old captain Hood, now a vice-admiral, received a command which he could join.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Alexander Wilson (Royal Navy officer)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wilson_(Royal_Navy_officer)", "article_id": 71606832, "section": "Peace", "metadata": {"word_count": 159, "char_count": 951, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "At the start of the French Revolutionary War in 1793, Hood was given the 100-gun ship of the line HMS Royal George as his flagship in the English Channel, and Wilson was appointed to the ship. Royal George subsequently fought at the Glorious First of June in 1794, at which battle Wilson was wounded. The British fleet afterwards returned to their base at Spithead, where Wilson was appointed as Royal George's first lieutenant. In this position he fought at the Battle of Groix on 23 June 1795. In the aftermath of the battle Wilson was selected to take command of one of the French ships captured, the 74-gun ship of the line Alexandre, for her return to port. He was promoted to commander on 29 June, and for a period continued in temporary command of the newly recommissioned HMS Alexander.\nIn August Wilson was given his first true command, the 16-gun sloop HMS Kingfisher, tasked with taking dispatches to Vice-Admiral Thomas Pringle in the North Sea. Wilson returned from this voyage and was promoted to post-captain on 2 September. He was given command of the 28-gun frigate HMS Boreas, which was in ordinary at Sheerness Dockyard, before going on a period of half pay. In around May 1798 he was appointed temporary captain of the 36-gun frigate HMS Flora, which was serving in the Mediterranean Sea. Captain Robert Gambier Middleton returned to take command of Flora again soon afterwards. In early 1800 Wilson was sent to join the 50-gun fourth-rate HMS Trusty, which was armed en flute as a troopship. In Trusty Wilson joined a squadron of three ships of the line, two frigates, and a bomb vessel, which sailed to Cork to join Admiral Lord Keith's fleet.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Alexander Wilson (Royal Navy officer)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wilson_(Royal_Navy_officer)", "article_id": 71606832, "section": "French Revolutionary War", "metadata": {"word_count": 288, "char_count": 1665, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The fleet subsequently sailed to the Mediterranean, arriving off Cadiz in October. Sent to support the British response to the French campaign in Egypt and Syria, they reached Alexandria on 1 March 1801. Having embarked a portion of Major-General George Ludlow's Guards Brigade, Trusty participated in the landings at the Battle of Abukir on 8 March. Subsequent to this, Keith began to sail off the Egyptian coast with his ships of the line. Wilson was left in Aboukir Bay with upwards of fifty vessels under his command. He also had control over the transport ships working to supply and assist the army ashore, and was in command of the port as a whole. As the campaign found success Wilson was one of many officers awarded the Turkish gold medal. Keith wrote that Wilson was \"indefatigable in his duties of the port\".\nSome time after this Wilson was translated from Trusty into the command of the 38-gun frigate HMS Alexandria, which had been the French frigate Régénérée until captured on 2 September. Wilson returned to England in Alexandria, arriving at Sheerness in early 1802. The ship was then officially commissioned into the Royal Navy, but was never fitted for service and was instead laid up at Chatham Dockyard. Alexandria was broken up in April 1804 and Wilson was left on half pay. This was his last active sea service in the Royal Navy.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Alexander Wilson (Royal Navy officer)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wilson_(Royal_Navy_officer)", "article_id": 71606832, "section": "French Revolutionary War", "metadata": {"word_count": 232, "char_count": 1353, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Wilson stayed on half pay until 1805 when he was chosen to replace Captain Josias Rowley as commander of the Wexford Sea Fencibles. He continued to apply for the command of another ship throughout this period, but was unsuccessful. As such Wilson spent the entirety of the rest of the Napoleonic Wars with the Sea Fencibles, only relinquishing his position when the unit was paid off towards the end of the conflict. On 18 July 1814 he was promoted to become a superannuated rear-admiral, in effect being promoted into retirement. This also meant he could not receive further promotion through the flag ranks.\nWilson was highly disappointed to be put in this position; embittered, he believed that it had occurred because he did not have enough powerful support behind his career. His unusual rise from common seaman to commissioned officer has been compared by naval historian N. A. M. Rodger to the careers of Captain John Quilliam, Rear-Admiral John Pasco, and Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Troubridge, all of whom had similarly humble beginnings. In retirement Wilson lived at Birchgrove, Wexford; he died there in June 1834. While little is recorded of Wilson's personal life, his son James Henry Richard Wilson also joined the Royal Navy. He became a lieutenant in 1825, and commanded the Putney Heath semaphore station.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Alexander Wilson (Royal Navy officer)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wilson_(Royal_Navy_officer)", "article_id": 71606832, "section": "Napoleonic Wars and retirement", "metadata": {"word_count": 217, "char_count": 1320, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Algemeyne Entsiklopedye (Yiddish: אלגעמיינע ענציקלאפעדיע, lit. 'General Encyclopedia') is a Yiddish-language encyclopedia published in twelve volumes from 1934 to 1966. It is divided into two subseries: five volumes of the Normale series, covering general knowledge, and six volumes of the Yidn series (initially planned as a single supplementary volume) covering Jewish history and culture through a series of essays. Additionally, a small sample volume was released in 1932. The encyclopedia's early volumes emphasize leftist history and politics, although the project shifted in tone in response to Nazi persecution, and became increasingly focused on covering Jewish culture and history. After the destruction of Jewish communities throughout Europe – the encyclopedia's main audience – in the Holocaust, it transformed from a general-purpose resource into an effort to commemorate what was lost.\nAfter decades of proposals and failed attempts to compile a Yiddish general encyclopedia, the Vilna-based Jewish cultural organization YIVO formed the Dubnov Fund in 1930, which organized and fundraised for the encyclopedia. A large group of Jewish scholars contributed to the project, often part-time alongside other jobs. Raphael Abramovitch, a socialist politician, served as the project's chief editor for most of its history. Its editors fled to Paris after the rise of the Nazi Regime in 1933, delaying the release of the first volume until 1934. There, they published four volumes of the Normale series and two of Yidn. The outbreak of World War II again forced the editors to flee, and the project regrouped in New York City. Financed by the Claims Conference, work on the encyclopedia continued into the 1960s; the final volume, Yidn Zayen, was released three years after Abramovitch's death. Two additional volumes (one of each series) were planned, but never finished. In the years following the war, a four-volume English-language encyclopedia titled Jewish People: Past and Present was compiled, largely based on the early volumes of the Yidn series.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Algemeyne Entsiklopedye", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeyne_Entsiklopedye", "article_id": 78733012, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 314, "char_count": 2068, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The probeheft, a 36-page soft-cover sample volume of the encyclopedia first released in 1932, contains 56 entries and around a dozen images. Ten of the entries were related to Jewish culture, including articles on Hirsh Lekert, Cantonists, and the Khazars. An entry on Jews simply directs readers to the forthcoming Yidn volume. Some articles are quite short – an entry on Easter Island is only two sentences long – while others span multiple pages, such as historian Simon Dubnow's two-page entry on Hasidism. A single color plate is included in the sample volume to illustrate the article on ceramics. Of its ten biographies, one brief article covers a woman, the Italian educator Maria Montessori. Its second edition cut three short entries and added some additional images and two longer articles. The new entries included an article on Hebrew writer Yosef Haim Brenner, likely made in response to criticism over the lack of material on Hebrew authors in the initial edition.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Algemeyne Entsiklopedye", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeyne_Entsiklopedye", "article_id": 78733012, "section": "Probeheft", "metadata": {"word_count": 160, "char_count": 979, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Volume One, published in Paris in late December 1934, contains around 1,100 entries, covering topics alphabetically from alef to Atlantic City. Its contents are similar to other general-purpose encyclopedias of the period, including coverage of technological innovations, the natural world, geography, and a large number of biographies. Topics related to the political left are often written by socialist authors; one of the longest entries in the volume is an article on agrarian socialism by Menshevik Petr Garvi. The preface to the volume includes a statement of purpose for the encyclopedia as a whole. Noting that many Yiddish speakers lacked formal education, the editors declared that the encyclopedia needed to serve as an educational tool in its own right.\nRelative to the first volume, the 1935 Volume Two (covering from Atlantic Ocean to interference alphabetically in Yiddish) contains relatively few entries on Jewish topics, while those that do exist (such as an entry on the Wandering Jew by poet David Einhorn) are quite short. The last quarter of the volume contains almost a hundred international labor movements and socialist internationals, together presenting a very detailed picture of labor history. Many of these articles were written by head editor Raphael Abramovitch, a former Menshevik leader. The first two volumes are strongly influenced by diaspora nationalism, rebuking both Zionism and the rising antisemitic movements across Europe. The following editions, released in environment where European Jews were in extreme danger, abandon diaspora nationalism as an ideology.\nVolume Three (covering \"intra\" to antisemitism) was released in December 1936. It largely follows the previous two volumes in content, featuring a heavy emphasis on leftist history and politics (including lengthy entries on anarchism and anarchist movements). The final article, \"Antisemitism\", is larger than any previous entry in the encyclopedia, stretching fifty columns and five subsections covering the origins, ideology, evolution, and organization of antisemitism, as well as its opposition movement. Unlike other articles, it was written collaboratively. Abramovitch wrote its majority with support from writers Ben-Adir (Avrom Rozin) and Tcherikower. Volume Four (beginning with antiseptic) was released the following year. Like its predecessor, it ended with a lengthy essay, \"Erets-yisroel\" (\"Land of Israel\"), in collaboration between four authors. Although not overtly Zionist, the essay prioritizes information of Jewish activity in the region; the opening subsection on the demographics and economics of the region almost entirely excludes Arabs.\nThe fifth volume of the Normale series, released in 1944, finishes the last of the topics beginning with Aleph, and moves on to cover most topics under the second letter of the Yiddish alphabet, bet. It begins with an entry on the Roman Emperor Arcadius and ends with an entry on animals and living things. The last edition of the series in-between volumes of Yidn, it still features extensive coverage of Jewish topics, including many biographies of Jewish figures such as Ber Borochov and David Ben-Gurion. In comparison, the entries on general knowledge topics (such as Belgium and baseball) are relatively short. Although further volumes of the series were planned, they were never completed.\nMany articles within the encyclopedia have bibliographies, although this is inconsistent; some have none, drawing criticism from reviewers. The inclusion threshold for biographical articles is inconsistent throughout the work. While many obscure men are given biographies, only a small portion of the most notable women are featured in the encyclopedia.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Algemeyne Entsiklopedye", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeyne_Entsiklopedye", "article_id": 78733012, "section": "Normale series", "metadata": {"word_count": 554, "char_count": 3717, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Yidn subseries of the encyclopedia focused on Jewish life, culture, history, and religion. Yidn Alef, the first of these volumes, consists mainly of essays introducing various Jewish topics written by experts in the respective field. Essays within the volume include entries on Jewish anthropology, archaeology, colonization, cooperatives, demography, history (divided into separate ancient, medieval and modern entries), historiography, and statistics. Yidn Beys follows a similar format, but focuses mainly on Jewish religious and cultural matters, with articles such as a four-part essay on the history of Jewish art by art historian Rachel Wischnitzer. Compared to Alef and earlier volumes of the Normale series, Yidn Beys featured more contributors from outside of Europe, as well as from a greater ideological range.\nYidn Giml, initially thought as the last volume of the Yidn series, features essays on Jewish literature and publications, as well as Jewish ideological, labor, and political movements. The largest essay in the volume is a 100-column article by Shmuel Charney entitled \"Yiddish Literature from the Mid-eighteenth Century until 1942\". The volume also includes one of the last writings from Ben-Adir, \"Modern Social and National Currents among Jews\", who died shortly after the volume's publication.\nYidn Daled, the first volume composed after the war, follows the format of previous volumes of Yidn. Historian Barry Trachtenberg likened the volume to a Yizkor book—a memorial book on communities destroyed in the Holocaust—as many of the essays in the book focus on Jewish communities and life in Europe prior to the Holocaust. Essays detail Jewish communities in different European countries. The largest essay in the volume, Avrom Menes's 150-column \"The Eastern European Age in Jewish History\", is a broad overview of Jewish history in Eastern Europe since the medieval period, while the shortest, a history of the Jews in Luxembourg, is only four columns. Yidn Hey expands Daled's scope to Jewish communities in the Americas. Over three-quarters of the entries in the volume are focused on the United States, most of which were translated from Jewish People: Past and Present, likely including essays that were previously translated into English from Yiddish. Beside the United States coverage, Hey features three essays on Jews in Argentina, two essays on Jews in Canada, and three short essays on Jewish history and culture in Mexico, Brazil, and Cuba.\nYidn Vov and Yidn Zayen, the final two volumes of Yidn series (and of the encyclopedia as a whole), consist of a combined twenty-eight essays on topics related to the Holocaust. These essays, written by a variety of influential scholars (many of whom had not previously contributed to the encyclopedia), are generally organized by country, and give a history of the persecution of Jews before and during the war, life under occupation, and details on how Jews survived or engaged in armed resistance. While Vov is well-illustrated with photos and maps, Zayen lacks photos entirely, likely due to the financial difficulties of the project during the 1960s.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Algemeyne Entsiklopedye", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeyne_Entsiklopedye", "article_id": 78733012, "section": "Yidn series", "metadata": {"word_count": 489, "char_count": 3140, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "With the rise of national encyclopedias such as the Encyclopædia Britannica in the 18th and 19th centuries, some Jewish intellectuals and scholars proposed the creation of encyclopedias to cover the history and culture of the Jewish people. After several failed projects in the preceding decades, Isidore Singer's English-language Jewish Encyclopedia was the first Jewish encyclopedia, published in 1901–1906. The Russian Evreiskaia Entsiklopediia followed in 1908–1913 and the Hebrew Otzar Yisrael in 1906–1913. Ten volumes of an incomplete German-language Encyclopedia Judaica were published in 1928 to 1934 under the direction of philosopher Jakob Klatzkin, roughly concurrent to another German encyclopedia, the four-volume Jüdisches Lexikon (1927–1930). \nUnlike general or universal encyclopedias such as the Britannica, these encyclopedias were specialized on Jewish topics, and did not seek to cover general knowledge. Attempts to compile a Yiddish general encyclopedia had been made since 1904. That year, a group of scholars (previously associated with the Russian Yiddish daily newspaper Der Fraynd) attempted to compile a compact encyclopedia entitled Di Algemeyne Yidishe Entsiklopedye ('The General Jewish Encyclopedia'), which would contain both general knowledge and coverage of Jewish topics. Only one volume of this work was made, as it was discontinued after negative responses from critics. Four volumes of a Yiddish encyclopedia were compiled by editors Hillel Zeitlin and Shoyl Stupnitski beginning in 1917; this brought the encyclopedia about halfway through topics under aleph, the first letter of the Yiddish alphabet, before the project was discontinued. A similar attempt in the early 1920s by the South African Yiddish publisher David Goldblatt resulted in only one volume.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Algemeyne Entsiklopedye", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeyne_Entsiklopedye", "article_id": 78733012, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 259, "char_count": 1800, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In March 1930, the editor Nakhmen Meisel published a call for a \"great Yiddish encyclopedia\" in the literary weekly Literarishe Bleter, arguing that the success of the YIVO, a major Yiddish academic institute, could lay the groundwork for a general encyclopedia for Jewish audiences where previous attempts had failed. This resulted in the YIVO central committee launching the Dubnov Fund (Dubnov-fond) in Berlin later that year, seeking to organize and raise funds for the encyclopedia; they named the fund for Simon Dubnow, a historian who had served as an editor for both the Jewish Encyclopedia and the Evreiskaia Entsiklopediia. YIVO co-founder Elias Tcherikower was named the head of the encyclopedia working group, while Moshe Shalit outlined a detailed proposal for the encyclopedia. Politician Leon Bramson served as the chairman of the fund. \nA February 1931 meeting of various prominent Jewish intellectuals in Berlin (including Meisel, Dubnow, Tcherikower, and Shalit) convened to evaluate the plans for the encyclopedia. This group agreed that the encyclopedia would include ten volumes on general knowledge, with one additional volume reserved for Jewish topics. They predicted that the work would take six or seven years to finish, estimating a rate of two volumes per year. At the behest of Shalit, it was agreed that only Jewish writers would be allowed to contribute. While the YIVO would administrate the project in Vilna, the Dunbow Fund would manage day-to-day operations in the center of the Hebrew and Yiddish publishing industries, Berlin.\nThe former Menshevik and Bund organizer Raphael Abramovitch was named the chief organizer of the project. Political and organizational rifts emerged over its development. Editors, contributors, and critics debated the proportion of the encyclopedia to be focused on Jewish topics. Some suggested that 30% of the encyclopedia focus on these topics, while others (including YIVO co-founder Max Weinreich) supported only a single volume on Jewish topics out of eleven total. This dispute led YIVO to withdraw from the Dubnov Fund, although many YIVO staff continued to work on the encyclopedia.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Algemeyne Entsiklopedye", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeyne_Entsiklopedye", "article_id": 78733012, "section": "Organization", "metadata": {"word_count": 333, "char_count": 2155, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The probeheft was released and distributed to supporters of the project in 1932. It predicted the final project would consist of 5000 double-sided pages and 25 million characters, with 40,000 entries ranging from lengthy articles to short descriptions and translations. This was less than most general encyclopedias in other languages, which typically ranged from 160,000 to 200,000 entries. A slightly larger second edition of the probeheft, published in January 1933, contained edits to existing articles. Poet and encyclopedia contributor Daniel Charney celebrated the probeheft, writing in a New York literary magazine, \"If the forthcoming Yiddish encyclopedia will indeed have this elegant an appearance [...] we will really not have anything to be ashamed of in comparison to the other nations of the world.\"\nIn 1933, the rise of Adolf Hitler's regime in Germany forced the editors of the encyclopedia to flee the country. A core group of editors (including Abramovitch and Tcherikower) regrouped the Dubnov Fund in Paris, although some contributors had fled to other European countries. Although the organizers had enough material written for the first two volumes, financial difficulties delayed the release of the first volume to December 1934. To reduce the cost of printing runs, encyclopedia was reorganized into twenty smaller volumes — the Normale series — and a supplementary volume on Jewish topics entitled Yidn. The last volume of Normale was predicted to release in 1941.\nAlthough the fund predicted four volumes per year, only one was released every year from 1934 to 1937. Volume Two was released in 1935, Volume Three in 1936, and Volume Four in 1937. The Dubnov Fund experienced severe funding issues in 1936, impairing work. They were denied bank loans, and attempted to solicit donations from their contacts in United States. The fund considered printing Volume Three in Belgium, where printing costs were lower, but ultimately decided against this. In 1939, the Yidn alef supplementary volume was released, stated as an \"enlightening of the sum of Jewish problems that matter to the day-to-day Jewish man and which he can find in no other place\". The volume featured material covering Jewish organizations, statistics, and history. A second volume of the supplement was announced, which would cover cultural and religious topics. Trachtenberg described the encyclopedia as functioning as a \"make-work project\" for its editors and contributors. The poet Sholem Schwarzbard was employed for the encyclopedia, lending it greater prestige and credence among the Jewish left.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Algemeyne Entsiklopedye", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeyne_Entsiklopedye", "article_id": 78733012, "section": "Prewar publication", "metadata": {"word_count": 402, "char_count": 2596, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The outbreak of World War II again forced editors to flee in 1940, immediately after the second volume of the Yidn was published. Most copies, roughly a thousand, of the original run of this volume were lost — possibly due to a German U-boat attack on the ship carrying them — but a small number arrived in the United States and Canada and were reprinted. They bore a preface noting their publication amidst a \"fury of global war\". Many editors and contributors settled in New York City, with organizational and publishing work carried on by the Central Yiddish Culture Organization. The refugee editors had brought with them the manuscript for Yidn Giml, along with a small portion of the fund's administrative documents. However, most administrative and financial records were lost, as was the stockpile of around 12,000 books from previously published volumes of the encyclopedia. These were republished in New York.\nYidn Giml was published in 1942, followed by another installment of the Normale series in 1944. This would be the fifth and final such volume, released nine years after the previous Normale volume. The dwindling editorial corps (multiple editors, including Tcherikower, had died in New York) and the mass killing of the encyclopedia's readership forced an increasing turn away from general knowledge towards fully capturing Jewish culture, religion, and history for future generations. Many contributors still in Europe were killed during the Holocaust, including Dubnow and linguist Noach Pryłucki. The encyclopedia's intended audience, Yiddish communities in Eastern Europe, were destroyed. Surviving Yiddish speakers were distributed into diaspora communities around the world, and use of the language declined as these communities adopted the dominant language of their resident countries, reducing the demand for the encyclopedia in the decades after the war. \nDuring the late 1940s, focus shifted towards a four-volume English version of the encyclopedia entitled Jewish People: Past and Present, which had been initially conceived before the war. This version, although heavily based on the first three Yidn volumes, was not a direct translation. Its main editors included historian Salo W. Baron and Rabbi Mordechai Kaplan. The first postwar volume of the Yiddish edition was released in 1950. Financed by the Claims Conference, three more followed, released in 1957, 1964, and 1966. Abramowitz died in 1963, and administration of the project passed to Iser Goldberg. Two additional volumes — a sixth volume of the Normale series and a Yidn volume on Israel — were planned but never finished.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Algemeyne Entsiklopedye", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeyne_Entsiklopedye", "article_id": 78733012, "section": "Publication in America", "metadata": {"word_count": 409, "char_count": 2620, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Contributors to the encyclopedia worked part-time on the project and struggled to support themselves financially. In order to support themselves while they worked on the encyclopedia, many had additional jobs as teachers, journalists, or writers. Contributors spanned the political spectrum – generally communists or Zionists – although political participation was even wider for the Yidn volumes. Anarchist Alexander Berkman drafted an article on anarchism for the first volume of the encyclopedia; this was rejected by the editors as overly political.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Algemeyne Entsiklopedye", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeyne_Entsiklopedye", "article_id": 78733012, "section": "Contributors", "metadata": {"word_count": 80, "char_count": 553, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Critical reception to the Algemeyne Entsiklopedye in the Yiddish press began after the publication of its probeheft in 1932. Journalist Yeshayahu Klinov, reviewing the probeheft, noted the great potential for the project, writing that if completed, the encyclopedia would \"justify our entire Eastern European Jewish Diaspora in Berlin\" but questioned whether ten volumes would be enough to provide a proper overview of general knowledge. Klinov, a committed Zionist, criticized the encyclopedia's ideological direction, disapproving that the article on Zionist leader Max Nordau was written by the anti-Zionist socialist Ben-Adir. Press coverage of the first full volume was extremely positive and supportive, with many hailing the project as a landmark in the history of Yiddish literary culture.\nThe editorial staff of the encyclopedia had grown increasingly sympathetic towards Zionism over the course of its production; however, they still faced criticism from Zionist academics. Historian Bernard Dov Weinryb criticized the Yidn editions' focus on the culture of the diaspora over the growing Jewish community in Palestine, calling on the editors to recognize that most readers would be \"more or less sympathetic toward Hebrew and Zionism or, in any case, not opposed to the movement\". \nHistorian Koppel Pinson praised the Yidn volumes while critiquing the last volume of the Normale series for what he described as poor editorial policy, writing that the encyclopedia's selection of historical figures for biographical articles appeared arbitrary and inconsistent. Pinson noted that biographies of historical figures such as Henry Ward Beecher and Dieterich Buxtehude was absent, as well as coverage of Jewish figures such as Marcus Elieser Bloch. Historian Nachman Blumental criticized a variety of historical inaccuracies and errors regarding Jewish ghettos in the final Yidn volume, as well as hedging and other informalities.\nThe encyclopedia has received limited academic attention. In 2022, Barry Trachtenberg published a history of the Algemeyne Entsiklopedye entitled The Holocaust and the Exile of Yiddish.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Algemeyne Entsiklopedye", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeyne_Entsiklopedye", "article_id": 78733012, "section": "Reception and legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 312, "char_count": 2121, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Ali-Qoli Khan Qajar (c. 1756–1824; Persian: علی‌قلی‌خان قاجار) was a son of Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar (d. 1759) and half-brother of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar (r. 1789–1797), the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran. Unlike Agha Mohammad Khan's full brothers, Ali-Qoli Khan served loyally from the outset and supported, for around twenty years (with brief intervals), Agha Mohammad Khan's conquest for control over all of Iran. Following Agha Mohammad Khan's assassination in 1797, he unsuccessfully tried to claim himself as his brother's rightful successor. Ali-Qoli Khan was eventually blinded and exiled by his nephew Baba Khan, who would ascend the Iranian throne as Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1797–1834).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ali-Qoli Khan Qajar", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Qoli_Khan_Qajar", "article_id": 71549981, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 109, "char_count": 705, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Ali-Qoli Khan Qajar was born c. 1756 in Astarabad (present-day Gorgan). According to the later court historian Mohammad-Taqi \"Lesan ol-Molk\" Sepehr, he was Mohammad Hasan Khan's ninth and last son, a rank possibly inherited because his mother was of non-Qajar origin, rather than being connected to his actual age. After the defeat and death of his father in 1759, Ali-Qoli Khan was brought to Qazvin as a captive of Karim Khan of the Zand dynasty. Ali-Qoli Khan was then moved to the Zand capital of Shiraz where he was raised, together with his brothers, under the surveillance of the Zand rulers. Following Karim Khan's death in 1779, confusion erupted which enabled Ali-Qoli Khan to accompany his eldest brother Agha Mohammad Khan to Astarabad. This event marked the beginning for Ali-Qoli Khan of what would become roughly twenty years of service (with brief intervals) under his eldest brother, taking part in Agha Mohammad Khan's endeavours to establish control over all of Iran. In contrast to Agha Mohammad Khan's full brothers, Ali-Qoli Khan was his steadfast associate from the start.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ali-Qoli Khan Qajar", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Qoli_Khan_Qajar", "article_id": 71549981, "section": "Early life", "metadata": {"word_count": 178, "char_count": 1095, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Ali-Qoli Khan rarely matched the military prowess of his older brothers and was never able to obtain an independent position in the Qajar tribe. He was reportedly nicknamed Agha Baji by Agha Mohammad Khan, a derogatory term meaning \"effeminate master\", which, as the modern historian Abbas Amanat explains, may refer to certain feminine traits in his behavior or his lack of cruelty. Nevertheless, Ali-Qoli Khan's support of Agha Mohammad Khan did help the latter in 1779–1782 during early conflicts with his brothers over power.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ali-Qoli Khan Qajar", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Qoli_Khan_Qajar", "article_id": 71549981, "section": "Early life", "metadata": {"word_count": 84, "char_count": 529, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1781, Ali-Qoli Khan and Agha Mohammad Khan were successful in ousting the Kurdish and Arab tribal chiefs of northern Khorasan out of the town of Semnan, in the historical region of Qumis. For his assistance in the conquest of this area, Ali-Qoli Khan was subsequently given Semnan as a fiefdom (soyurgal). Subsequently, Ali-Qoli Khan would play a pivotal role in subduing Khvar and Varamin, near Tehran, putting them under Agha Mohammad Khan's control. This region was the seat of the rival Develu clan of the Qajar tribe, whose loyalty and support were deemed essential for tribal unity. This factor may have added to Agha Mohammad Khan's decision to designate nearby Tehran as his capital several years later, in 1795.\nIn 1783, as a result of the continued struggle between the Zands and the Qajars, Ali-Qoli Khan decided to make a bid for power. Having abandoned Agha Mohammad Khan, he made peace with the Zand chiefs, which, as the modern historian Abbas Amanat explains, was perhaps intended to gain authority over central Iran. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar was forced to retreat to Astarabad. However, this retreat was short lived, for the reduction of Zand power allowed him to regain his former position. Ali-Qoli Khan repented before Agha Mohammad Khan, now engaging in the cycle of betrayal and reconciliation that characterized Agha Mohammad Khan's relationships with his other brothers. As Agha Mohammad Khan was able to tighten his position in the north of the country, Ali-Qoli Khan, carrying the banner of Agha Mohammad Khan yet again, was ordered to fight in a series of six campaigns which resulted in the elimination of the Zands and other minor states in southern Iran. Ali-Qoli Khan conquered the remainder of the Fayli Lors in the southwestern-most part of the country. Two years later, in 1787–1788, he partnered again with Agha Mohammad Khan during an unsuccessful campaign against Fars.\nReturning from Fars, Ali-Qoli Khan was appointed governor of Isfahan by Agha Mohammad Khan, replacing their brother Jafar-Qoli Khan Qajar, and was assigned 2,000 troops stationed in the city to command. With Agha Mohammad Khan on his way to Tehran, however, Jafar Khan Zand (r. 1785–1789) began preparing yet another invasion of Isfahan. Ali-Qoli Khan, learning of this plan, sent a force of Qaraguzlu tribesmen to hold Qumishah, but the advancing Zand army led by Jafar Khan Zand were superior in number and overwhelmed them. Ali-Qoli Khan then retreated to Kashan, leaving Isfahan open to Jafar Khan Zand. Not long after, however, together with his older brother, Ali-Qoli Khan returned and retook the city. In 1789–1790, Ali-Qoli Khan, during Agha Mohammad Khan's second Fars campaign, commanded a contingent of 7,000 soldiers and bested the Lor tribes that roamed in Kohgiluyeh. Much of his success in Kohgiluyeh was not necessarily due to his military tactics or prowess, but because the tribes were willing to repudiate their allegiance to the unstable Zands and submit themselves to the Qajars.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ali-Qoli Khan Qajar", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Qoli_Khan_Qajar", "article_id": 71549981, "section": "Campaigns", "metadata": {"word_count": 490, "char_count": 3011, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Ali-Qoli Khan took part in Agha Mohammad Khan's attack on Kerman in 1794 and was responsible for taking Shahr-e Babak and Sirjan. He was later ordered to assert control over Lar. Ali-Qoli Khan also took part in the campaigns in Azerbaijan and the Caucasus in 1795. During the latter campaign, he was first sent to Shirvan followed by Erivan (Erevan). Ali-Qoli Khan intended to replace Mostafa Khan-e Davalu with Mostafa Khan-e Talesh following the former's death as a result of a local uprising by the population of Shirvan. However, after taking tribute (kharaj), Ali-Qoli Khan left Mostafa Khan-e Talesh in his post and moved back to Tehran.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ali-Qoli Khan Qajar", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Qoli_Khan_Qajar", "article_id": 71549981, "section": "Campaigns", "metadata": {"word_count": 107, "char_count": 643, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1797, during Agha Mohammad Khan's final campaign in the Caucasus, Ali-Qoli Khan was ordered to hold Erivan. At this point, Ali-Qoli Khan had become the only surviving brother of Agha Mohammad Khan who had not been exiled or physically disabled. Following Agha Mohammad Khan's assassination in June 1797 in Shusha and the ensuing turmoil, Ali-Qoli Khan would proclaim himself the rightful successor to his older brother. According to the French naturalist Guillaume Antoine Olivier, who was travelling through Iran at the time, Ali-Qoli Khan had first proclaimed himself Shah in Mazandaran. Other sources, however, suggest that Ali-Qoli Khan left Erivan and marched down via Khoy, Tabriz and Maragheh towards Tehran, with the intention of seizing the newly established capital. The gates of the city had been closed by its governor (beglarbeg) Mirza Mohammad Khan Develu since 1795, however, and thus Ali-Qoli Khan was forced to encamp at a village some fifty kilometres west of Tehran, known as Alishah Avaz (now the city of Shahriar). His stay at the village was probably intended to recruit more troops in order to storm Tehran by force.\nSimultaneously, however, his young nephew, Baba Khan, soon to be Fath-Ali Shah (r. 1797–1834), the second shah of the Qajar dynasty, entered Tehran through the acquiescence of Mirza Mohammad Khan. On the advice of Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi, Baba Khan sent his brother Hosayn-Qoli Khan II to invite Ali-Qoli Khan to the palace in Tehran, under the feigned pretext of discussing succession. When Ali-Qoli Khan arrived, he was not allowed to enter the palace accompanied by his armed attendants. Ali-Qoli Khan was physically obliged to bow to Baba Khan and, cursing him all the while, was led to a room where he was blinded. Ali-Qoli Khan was then sent to Barforush (now Babol) in Mazandaran, where he remained until his death in 1824.\nAli-Qoli Khan based his claim to succession on his loyalty to Agha Mohammad Khan, having accompanied him throughout the conquest of Iran, and as the sole surviving son of Mohammad Hasan Khan. Based on these arguments, he considered it his right to ascend the throne. The claim, however, was void from the start because, in the contemporaneous Qajar system of power, concepts of kinship and \"purity\" of blood were major focal points in the transmission of right and dignity. As Ali-Qoli Khan had been born to a non-Qajar mother, he was ineligible for such right. In addition, under the earlier Qajars, a \"legitimate\" claim to the Iranian throne had to be imposed by military and political power—qualities that Ali-Qoli Khan did not possess. Furthermore, Baba Khan had long been prepared by Agha Mohammad Khan for succession.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ali-Qoli Khan Qajar", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Qoli_Khan_Qajar", "article_id": 71549981, "section": "Succession claim and downfall", "metadata": {"word_count": 442, "char_count": 2695, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "All Dogs Go to Heaven is the second extended play (EP) by the American musician Glaive. It was released on August 6, 2021, via Interscope Records. After recording his debut EP Cypress Grove (2020) in his North Carolina bedroom, Glaive garnered critical acclaim and travelled to Los Angeles to record All Dogs Go to Heaven in a studio during a two week period. The EP pulls from many genres, as Glaive was focused on making music that he liked and wanted to move away from his previous hyperpop sound.\nThe title of All Dogs Go to Heaven was taken from a book of the same name, which Glaive's mother gave him after the death of his family's dog. Production was handled by a variety of record producers, including Travis Barker, Jasper Harris, Nick Mira, and Whethan. It was promoted with three singles and a deluxe edition titled Old Dog, New Tricks; the deluxe was promoted with a North American tour. The EP received mixed reviews from critics; NME ranked it among the best EPs and mixtapes to release in 2021 and multiple publications included its lead single, \"I Wanna Slam My Head Against the Wall\", on their year-end lists.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "All Dogs Go to Heaven (EP)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Dogs_Go_to_Heaven_(EP)", "article_id": 78146525, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 199, "char_count": 1127, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Glaive released his debut extended play (EP), Cypress Grove, in November 2020. It gained him a global fanbase and received widespread critical acclaim; The Fader's Alex Robert Ross said it positioned Glaive as \"the most promising kid in pop music\" and called him \"a naturally gifted songwriter\". Though Glaive is categorized as a hyperpop artist, Cypress Grove pulls from multiple other genres. In August 2021, Glaive performed his first live show at Cole Bennett's Summer Smash festival.\nWhile Cypress Grove was recorded in his bedroom, Glaive travelled to Los Angeles to record his next EP, All Dogs Go to Heaven, in a studio across a two week period with Travis Barker and Nick Mira. After making around 20 songs during the recording period, he had to narrow it down to seven \"perfect\" ones. During recording sessions, Glaive was assertive in moving away from the hyperpop sound of his previous EP. The EP's title was taken from a book of the same name, which Glaive's mother gave him after the death of his family's dog. When Glaive had ideas, he would write them in the Notes app to turn them into songs later. He wanted to make music that he liked instead of trying to sound like another artist. Before traveling to Los Angeles, he made a few songs for the EP in his bedroom that did not make the final track list.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "All Dogs Go to Heaven (EP)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Dogs_Go_to_Heaven_(EP)", "article_id": 78146525, "section": "Background and recording", "metadata": {"word_count": 232, "char_count": 1320, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Though Glaive is a leading force in the hyperpop genre, NME's Ben Jolley wrote that All Dogs Go to Heaven \"extend[s] far beyond the hyperpop umbrella\". Maxamillion Polo of Ones to Watch said the EP contains \"fragments of Midwest emo, emo rap, alternative, Jersey bounce, PC Music, and pop-punk\". Ross called the EP \"hooky, but deft\" and said that it pulls from genres such as \"Midwest emo, arena pop, and SoundCloud rap\". Glaive described the production as a middle ground between trap and EDM and called the EP energetic. Unlike his earlier music, All Dogs Go to Heaven does not feature pitched-up vocals.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "All Dogs Go to Heaven (EP)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Dogs_Go_to_Heaven_(EP)", "article_id": 78146525, "section": "Overview", "metadata": {"word_count": 103, "char_count": 606, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The opening track of All Dogs Go to Heaven is \"1984\", a hyperpop song that also draws from rock, trap, and EDM. The track meanders and then moves to an intensified pace. It tells a bittersweet story with heartbroken lyrics over a trap-heavy chorus. Gray said that Glaive puts on a \"Post Malonian tremble-moan\", while Curtis Sun of Consequence described Glaive's delivery as \"quavering\". \"Detest Me\" is an upbeat pop song that consists of \"blown-out drums, snares and a dolphin-like flute\" that come together chaotically. The angst-ridden \"Poison\" contains a drawn-out enunciation of the word \"escape\" during its hook, and Jolley described it as \"a fusion of trap-meets-pop-punk\". The production of \"Stephany\" and \"Synopsis\" consist of \"sticky riffs and thrashing drums\" according to Jolley. Gray called the latter \"bumping\" and \"screeching\" and wrote that Glaive is at his most \"compelling and genuine\" on the track.\n\"I Wanna Slam My Head Against the Wall\", a song about declining serotonin levels and Glaive's crush that loves alcohol, contains frenetic and maximalist hyperpop production. Gray wrote that it is \"deceptively chipper\", while Sophie Leigh Walker of The Line of Best Fit said it is \"all sunshine and rainbows on the surface\" and conceals \"universal angst\". The New York Times's Jon Caramanica wrote that the track \"tilts between breathability and gasping,\" contains \"squirrelly production\", and called its lyrics \"sweetly sung agony\". Glaive said the inspiration behind the track was online school and quarantine. The penultimate track, \"Bastard\", begins with a guitar progression and transitions to a beat drop as xylophone notes support Glaive's \"raging post-breakup emotions\". The closing track, \"All Dogs Go to Heaven\", was described as \"a relatively slow-burning ballad\" by Derrick Rossignol of Uproxx. The deluxe edition of All Dogs Go to Heaven, titled Old Dog, New Tricks, also contains the tracks \"Lap #1\", \"Icarus\", \"JustLikeU4TheImage\", \"Walking Around with No Hands\", and \"Prick\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "All Dogs Go to Heaven (EP)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Dogs_Go_to_Heaven_(EP)", "article_id": 78146525, "section": "Songs", "metadata": {"word_count": 311, "char_count": 2007, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Glaive announced All Dogs Go to Heaven alongside the release of its lead single \"I Wanna Slam My Head Against the Wall\" and its music video on March 17. The second single, \"Detest Me\", was released on June 2, 2021, alongside a music video. On July 29, 2021, he released the third and final single, \"Bastard\". The EP was released on August 6, 2021, via Interscope Records. During August 2021, \"1984\" received a music video directed by Cole Bennett.\nA deluxe edition of All Dogs Go to Heaven, titled Old Dog, New Tricks, was released on January 27, 2022. It added five new songs to the EP, including the single \"Prick\". During February 2022, Glaive embarked on a North American tour with Aldn and Midwxst to support Old Dog, New Tricks. It was his first tour as a headliner.\nOn July 19, 2022, Glaive shared a GoFundMe for the dog featured on the EP's cover named Binkus. Binkus had the condition pulmonic stenosis and required $7,500 to treat the condition.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "All Dogs Go to Heaven (EP)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Dogs_Go_to_Heaven_(EP)", "article_id": 78146525, "section": "Promotion and release", "metadata": {"word_count": 170, "char_count": 955, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "According to Raphael Helfand of The Fader, All Dogs Go to Heaven received mixed reviews. In a perfect review for NME, Ben Jolley wrote that the EP \"is a huge step up\" for Glaive, showcases \"genuine depth to his songwriting\", and \"proves that his appeal will soon transcend the relatively niche hyperpop scene\". In a lukewarm review for Pitchfork, Julia Gray wrote that Glaive's natural talent is hidden under \"amorphous\" production and said the EP is \"polished, near spotless, and that's the problem\". NME included All Dogs Go to Heaven in their list of the best EPs and mixtapes of 2021 and named \"I Wanna Slam My Head Against the Wall\" as a key track.\nSeveral publications included \"I Wanna Slam My Head Against the Wall\" in their best songs of 2021 lists. The New York Times's Jon Caramanica considered it the best song of the year; he applauded it for being an \"evolutionary leap\" for Glaive and said it is \"more tense than a tug of war and more fun than a loop-the-loop\". The Los Angeles Times ranked it the year's 27th best song, while Slate included it in their unranked list. Similarly, The Fader considered \"Bastard\" the 47th best song of the year.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "All Dogs Go to Heaven (EP)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Dogs_Go_to_Heaven_(EP)", "article_id": 78146525, "section": "Critical reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 205, "char_count": 1157, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Glaive – recording (2, 4, 6, 8), engineering (3, 5, 7)\nPrash Mistry – mixing, mastering, engineering (1, 4, 5, 8)\nWhethan – recording (1), engineering (2, 3, 5, 6)\nKimj – recording (8), engineering (5, 6)\nJeff Hazin – recording (4, 8), engineering (3)\nCashheart – engineering (6)\nZac Greer – guitar, recording (8)\nKidicarus – engineering (6)\nD-Work – engineering (5)\nNick Mira – recording (1)\nGlasear – engineering (6)\nTravis Barker – drums, engineering (5)\nHaan – engineering (2)\nEric J Dubowsky – engineering (7)\nMatt Curtin – additional engineering (7)", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "All Dogs Go to Heaven (EP)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Dogs_Go_to_Heaven_(EP)", "article_id": 78146525, "section": "Personnel", "metadata": {"word_count": 94, "char_count": 555, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"All of the Girls You Loved Before\" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift and an outtake from her seventh studio album, Lover (2019). After its demo version was leaked online and went viral on TikTok, \"All of the Girls You Loved Before\" was surprise-released on March 17, 2023, ahead of Swift's sixth concert tour, the Eras Tour. Swift wrote and produced the song with Frank Dukes and Louis Bell. \nA synth-pop love song, \"All of the Girls You Loved Before\" has lyrics about a narrator's gratitude to the women in her boyfriend's life, including his former girlfriends, for shaping his experiences which led him to her. Music critics complimented the song for its affectionate lyrics and dreamy production. The track charted within the top 25 in several countries and peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Global 200. It received certifications in Australia and the United Kingdom.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "All of the Girls You Loved Before", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_of_the_Girls_You_Loved_Before", "article_id": 73306458, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 150, "char_count": 898, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Taylor Swift released her seventh studio album, Lover, on August 23, 2019. The album received positive critical reviews and was the global best-selling album by a solo artist of 2019. Swift planned to embark on a concert tour to support Lover in summer 2020 but canceled the plan due to the COVID-19 pandemic. During the lockdowns in 2020, she released the indie folk albums Folklore and Evermore. After that, she released two re-recorded albums, Fearless (Taylor's Version) and Red (Taylor's Version), in 2021, and another studio album, Midnights, in 2022.\nTo support Midnights and all of her discography up until that point, Swift embarked on her sixth headlining concert tour and her first in five years, the Eras Tour, on March 17, 2023. The day The Eras Tour kicked off in Glendale, AZ she released four songs: three re-recordings of previously-released songs (\"Eyes Open (Taylor's Version)\", \"Safe & Sound (Taylor's Version)\", and \"If This Was a Movie (Taylor's Version)\") and a previously-unreleased track (\"All of the Girls You Loved Before\"). \"All of the Girls You Loved Before\" is a song Swift had written and intended to include on Lover but did not make the final tracklist. Prior to the song's release, a demo titled \"All of the Girls\" was leaked online and went viral on TikTok in February 2023. \"All of the Girls You Loved Before\" was also included on The More Lover Chapter, a streaming-exclusive compilation that also includes select Lover tracks. On July 29, Swift performed the track as a \"surprise song\" at the Eras Tour show in Santa Clara, California. She sang it again in 2024 as part of a mashup with her song \"Crazier\" (2009) at the tour's Edinburgh stop on June 8.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "All of the Girls You Loved Before", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_of_the_Girls_You_Loved_Before", "article_id": 73306458, "section": "Background and release", "metadata": {"word_count": 287, "char_count": 1690, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"All of the Girls You Loved Before\" was written and produced by Swift, Frank Dukes, and Louis Bell. Dukes is credited under his birthname, Adam King Feeney, as writer. Musicians who played instruments on the track include Dukes (keyboard and guitar) and Matthew Tavares (guitar). Bell and Dukes programmed the song, which was mixed by Serban Ghenea and mastered by Randy Merrill.\n\"All of the Girls You Loved Before\" is a synth-pop song that incorporates a doo-wop progression and soft synths, which bring forth a soundscape that critics described as \"dreamy\" and \"ethereal\". The track is a love song and media publications interpreted it as a message to her then-boyfriend, English actor Joe Alwyn, although Swift did not confirm the inspiration. In the lyrics, a female narrator reflects on her past loves before meeting her current lover (\"Crying in the bathroom for some dude whose name I cannot remember now\"); some critics interpreted this lyric as a reference to the events described in Swift's song \"All Too Well (10 Minute Version)\". She discusses her romantic partner's past love life and expresses gratitude to his ex-girlfriends for making him the righteous man he is now. In the bridge, she appreciates his mother (\"Your mother brought you up loyal and kind\") and all the women in his life and promises to love him forever.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "All of the Girls You Loved Before", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_of_the_Girls_You_Loved_Before", "article_id": 73306458, "section": "Composition", "metadata": {"word_count": 222, "char_count": 1335, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In The New York Times, critic Jon Pareles described the track's lyrics as \"Swift at her most forgiving\". Jake Viswanath of Bustle opined that \"All of the Girls You Loved Before\" would have \"fit perfectly\" on Lover and lauded it as a \"spellbound yet self-assured\" love song. The Straits Times described it as a catchy tune that has all of the characteristics of a \"Swift bop\": a memorable, catchy melody and lyrical storytelling. The Independent's Annabel Nugent complimented the production as \"dreamy and ethereal pop gold\" and the lyrics as \"breezy\", and The Times' Will Hodgkinson picked the track as an example of \"what Taylor Swift does best: to feel things deeply, then present those feelings in a way that anyone, whatever their situation, can relate to\". Writing for the Philippine newspaper The Freeman, Januar Junior Aguja lauded the song as both refreshing and familiar, and he wrote that it could have been included as a bonus track on Lover.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "All of the Girls You Loved Before", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_of_the_Girls_You_Loved_Before", "article_id": 73306458, "section": "Critical reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 160, "char_count": 953, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"All of the Girls You Loved Before\" debuted at number 10 on the Billboard Global 200 and was Swift's 14th top-10 entry on the chart, a record among women. In the United States, the song opened at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100. It extended three of Swift's all-time records: the song marked the 189th Hot 100 entry of her career (the most among women), her 80th top-10 entry on the Digital Songs chart (the most for any act), and her first new Hot 100 entry in 2023 (Swift holds the longest streak on the Hot 100 as the first artist with an uninterrupted 18-year run on the chart, having charted a song every year since her debut with \"Tim McGraw\" in 2006). Despite not being released as a single, the song also entered Billboard's Pop Airplay chart, where it peaked at number 35 and charted for four weeks.\nElsewhere, \"All of the Girls You Loved Before\" debuted on the charts of several countries: it peaked within the top 25 in the Philippines (6), Ireland (9), the United Kingdom (11), Canada (12), New Zealand (13), Singapore (13), Australia (15), Malaysia (17), and Hungary (22). The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) gave the song a platinum certification, which denotes 70,000 units based on sales and streaming figures.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "All of the Girls You Loved Before", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_of_the_Girls_You_Loved_Before", "article_id": 73306458, "section": "Commercial performance", "metadata": {"word_count": 217, "char_count": 1246, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Taylor Swift – vocals, songwriter, producer\nLouis Bell – producer, songwriter, recording engineer, programming\nFrank Dukes – producer, songwriter, programming, keyboards, guitar\nMatthew Tavares – guitar\nSerban Ghenea – mixer\nBryce Bordone – mix engineer\nRandy Merrill – mastering", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "All of the Girls You Loved Before", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_of_the_Girls_You_Loved_Before", "article_id": 73306458, "section": "Personnel", "metadata": {"word_count": 39, "char_count": 279, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Charel Allen (born July 23, 1986) is an American former professional basketball guard and current assistant coach for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. She played high school basketball at Monessen High School, where she was a two-time Pennsylvania Class A Player of the Year and finished her high school career as the fifth-leading scorer in state history. She played college basketball for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish from 2004 to 2008 and was a two-time first-team All-Big East Conference honoree. She was the first player in team history to record college career totals of 1,500 points, 500 rebounds, 200 assists and 200 steals.\nAllen was selected by the Sacramento Monarchs of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) in the third round of the 2008 WNBA draft. She played in six regular season games and two playoff games for the Monarchs during the 2008 season. She later played professionally overseas in Turkey, Israel, and Bulgaria from 2008 to 2017. She was a five-time Bulgarian Cup champion. After her playing career, Allen has spent time as an assistant women's basketball coach for the Cal State Fullerton Titans and Notre Dame.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Charel Allen", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charel_Allen", "article_id": 78240709, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 188, "char_count": 1151, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Charel Allen was born on July 23, 1986, in Monessen, Pennsylvania. She played high school basketball at Monessen High School in Monessen, Pennsylvania. Her freshman year, she scored a Western Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic League (WPIAL) playoff record 39 points in the Class A title game. She recorded 26.1 points, 8.1 rebounds, 5.1 steals and 5.4 assists per game her senior year, helping the team to a 29–2 record and a Class A state championship. Allen also averaged 29.3 points per game in eight postseason games that season. Overall, she recorded 26.1 points, 10.5 rebounds, 6.4 steals and 5.0 assists per game in high school, being named Associated Press (AP) Pennsylvania Class A Player of the Year in 2003 and 2004, AP first-team all-state in 2002, 2003, and 2004, and Street & Smith's honorable mention All-American in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004. She finished her high school career as the fifth-leading scorer in state history with 3,110 points. The team had a 100–19 record during her four years at Monessen High. She was also an AAU 16-and-under All-American in 2003. In the class of 2004, she was rated the No. 27 overall prospect in the country by the Blue Star Index, a national recruiting service. The \"Charel Allen Character Scholarship\" was later created, which is given to a Monessen High senior of Allen's choosing.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Charel Allen", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charel_Allen", "article_id": 78240709, "section": "Early life", "metadata": {"word_count": 223, "char_count": 1343, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Allen played college basketball for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish from 2004 to 2008. She played in 33 games during her freshman season in 2004–05, averaging 7.7 points, 4.2\trebounds, 1.4 assists, and 1.2 steals per game, garnering Big East Conference All-Freshman recognition. She suffered a torn ACL in the 2005 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament second-round loss to Arizona State. Allen appeared in 30 games in 2005–06, averaging 8.5 points, 4.3 rebounds, 1.3 assists, and 1.4 steals per game. She played in 32 games during the 2006–07 season, averaging 17.0 points, 6.2 rebounds, 2.2 assists, and 2.0 steals per game, earning first-team All-Big East and Women’s Basketball Coaches Association (WBCA) honorable mention All-American honors. She led the team in points and rebounds that season. She appeared in 34 games her senior year in 2007–08, averaging 15.1 points, 5.6 rebounds, 2.5 assists, and 1.9 steals per game, garnering first-team All-Big East, AP honorable mention All-American, and WBCA honorable mention All-American recognition. She led the team in points per game for the second consecutive season. In the 2008 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament, Allen scored a career-high 35 points in a second-round overtime victory against the Oklahoma Sooners before losing in the Sweet Sixteen to the Tennessee Lady Volunteers.\nAllen was the first player in team history to record career totals of 1,500 points, 500 rebounds, 200 assists and 200 steals. She was also a team captain during her final two seasons at Notre Dame. She was a sociology and computer applications double major, and graduated with a bachelor's degree in 2008.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Charel Allen", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charel_Allen", "article_id": 78240709, "section": "College career", "metadata": {"word_count": 263, "char_count": 1663, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Allen was selected by the Sacramento Monarchs in the third round, with the 43rd overall pick, of the 2008 WNBA draft. She played in six games for the Monarchs in 2008, averaging 2.7 points and 1.0 rebounds per game. She also played three minutes total during two playoff games, committing one turnover and one foul. During the WNBA offseason, Allen played overseas for Ceyhan Belediye in Turkey during their 2008–09 season, averaging 8.8 points, 4.4 rebounds, 1.1 assists, and 1.0 steals per game. She was waived by the Monarchs on June 4, 2009, before the start of the 2009 WNBA season.\nAllen signed a training camp contract with the San Antonio Silver Stars of the WNBA on April 14, 2010. She was waived on May 13, 2010.\nAllen played overseas in the Bulgarian Women's Basketball Championship league from 2009 to 2017. She played for Dunav 8806 from the 2009–10 season to the 2011–12 season, winning the Bulgarian Cup in 2010, 2011, and 2012 while also winning the Bulgarian Women's Basketball Championship title in 2012. In 2010–11, she played in 33 games, averaging 15.5 points, 6.3 rebounds and 2.2 assists per game and was noted by BGbasket.com as the team's \"undisputed best player\". She also earned first-team all-league honors in 2011 and 2012, and all-import team honors in 2010 and 2011. Allen also helped the team win regular season titles in 2010 and 2012.\nShe then played for Elitzur Netanya in Israel in 2012–13 but left the team midseason, returning to Bulgaria to play for BC Levski from 2012–13 to 2013–14. In 2013–14, she averaged 18.1 points, 7.4 rebounds and 4.2 steals per game, finishing second in the league in scoring while earning first-team all-league and league Player of the Year honors. She was also an all-import team selection in 2013 and 2014, the Import Player of the Year in 2014, and the Guard of the Year in 2014.\nShe played for Neftokhimik Burgas in 2014–15 and won the Bulgarian Cup for the fourth time. The team also won the regular season title that year.\nShe played for Montana 2003 from 2015–16 to 2016–17. In 2016, Montana 2003 won both the league title and the Bulgarian Cup while Allen garnered first-team all-league and league Guard of the Year recognition. In 2017, she helped the team win the regular season title and earned first-team all-league honors for the second consecutive season.\nAllen encountered a significant language barrier during her time in Bulgaria. In 2011, she noted that she knew \"a few words\" and in 2014 she said that \"halftime speeches are usually all in Bulgarian. Coach (Stefan Mihaylov) trusts me, though. With my knowledge of the game, I know what he's saying and what we need to do. If not, he'll translate for me later and let me know what I needed to do.\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Charel Allen", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charel_Allen", "article_id": 78240709, "section": "Professional career", "metadata": {"word_count": 472, "char_count": 2733, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Allen started working as a skill development trainer in 2009. In 2011, she founded The Charel Allen Basketball Camp and Highlight Game in Pennsylvania. She was an assistant coach at Monessen Middle School during the 2013–14 season. While in Bulgaria, she was a player-coach in 2016 and 2017.\nAllen was an assistant coach for the Cal State Fullerton Titans women's basketball team from the 2017–18 season to the 2021–22 season. She was also the team's associate head coach during the final season. She assisted with recruiting during her time at Cal State Fullerton as well.\nIn July 2022, Allen returned to the Notre Dame Fighting Irish women's basketball team as an assistant coach.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Charel Allen", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charel_Allen", "article_id": 78240709, "section": "Coaching career", "metadata": {"word_count": 113, "char_count": 682, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The occupation of the eastern Adriatic by the Allies of World War I was a military mission that followed the First World War and lasted from November 1918 to September 1921. Naval assets and troops of the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Italy, France, and the United States were deployed to parts of the territory of former Austria-Hungary, especially the region of Dalmatia, the city of Rijeka, and coastal areas of the Kingdom of Montenegro. The occupation was intended to resolve the disposal of assets of the Austro-Hungarian Navy and the settlement of Italian territorial claims on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. Those claims, largely corresponding to the award made under the Treaty of London used to entice Italy to enter the war on the side of the Allies, conflicted with the territorial claims of the nascent Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed Yugoslavia) and its predecessor states, as well as the principle of self-determination outlined in the Fourteen Points of the US President Woodrow Wilson.\nThe Allies divided the eastern Adriatic coast into four zones of occupation. The Italian zone was determined to correspond to the Treaty of London award and centred on Zadar and Šibenik in northern Dalmatia. Central Dalmatia and the city of Split were assigned to the United States. Southern Dalmatia, between Dubrovnik and Kotor, and the coast of Montenegro, became a French zone of occupation. The British were assigned to the Kvarner Gulf in the northern Adriatic, centred on Rijeka. Italy claimed the city based on the Treaty of London and on the principle of self-determination. Littoral areas outside the four zones of occupation were controlled either by Italian forces in Istria or by the Army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (or the Royal Serbian Army before December 1918). All major ports had a military presence from all four allied nations.\nThe occupation was marked by Italian efforts to pursue territorial claims and conflicts with civilian populations and local authorities in some areas. Otherwise, the local population in Dalmatia generally welcomed the Allies. In ethnically mixed Rijeka, the reception reflected the ethnic composition. The British occupation of Rijeka was affected by the takeover of the city by Gabriele D'Annunzio in September 1919, shortly after Francesco Saverio Nitti replaced Vittorio Emanuele Orlando as the Italy's prime minister and the new government agreed with the British and French that Rijeka should be a city-state. To prevent the implementation of the agreement, D'Annunzio proclaimed the Italian Regency of Carnaro and the Allies retreated from the city. In the French zone, Italy and France came into conflict over Montenegro's future, as well as over support for opposing factions in the January 1919 Christmas Uprising in Montenegro.\nThe occupation was concluded following the transfer of the remaining Austro-Hungarian naval assets to Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and by the 1920 Treaty of Rapallo, which determined the border between the two countries. The treaty also established the Free State of Fiume in the Rijeka area, prompting D'Annunzio's removal from the city by the Regia Marina.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_the_eastern_Adriatic", "article_id": 78425991, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 515, "char_count": 3220, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "In 1915, the Kingdom of Italy entered the First World War on the side of the Entente following the signing of the Treaty of London, which promised Italy territorial gains at the expense of Austria-Hungary. The treaty was opposed by representatives of the South Slavs living in Austria-Hungary, who were organised as the Yugoslav Committee. Following the 3 November 1918 Armistice of Villa Giusti, the Austro-Hungarian surrender, and well ahead of the Paris Peace Conference, Italian troops moved to occupy parts of the eastern Adriatic shore that had been promised to Italy under the Treaty of London. To counter Italian demands, the internationally unrecognised State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, a proto-state that was carved from areas of Austria-Hungary populated by the South Slavs, authorised the Yugoslav Committee to represent it abroad. The short-lived state, which would soon seek union with the Kingdom of Serbia to establish the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, laid a competing claim to the eastern Adriatic coast and islands. This claim was supported with the deployment of the Royal Serbian Army to the area. Major powers did not recognise the new unified state before June 1919.\nThe Treaty of London's provisions were a major point of dispute between Italy and the remaining Entente powers at the Paris Peace Conference. The chief Italian representatives, Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando and foreign minister Sidney Sonnino demanded enforcement of the treaty arguing that possession of the promised territories was vital for Italian security, and called for the annexation of the city of Rijeka (Italian: Fiume) based on the principle of self-determination. Orlando was prepared to abandon claims in Dalmatia, except Zadar (Italian: Zara) and Šibenik (Italian: Sebenico), while insisting on annexing Rijeka. Sonnino held a view that was summarised as \"Pact of London plus Fiume\", portraying the claim as a matter of Italian national honour.\nThe British and French governments would not publicly endorse any claims exceeding those the treaty afforded, while privately believing Italy deserved little due to its reserved attitude towards Germany in the early stages of the war. Regarding Dalmatia, the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George supported a free-city status for Zadar and Šibenik only, while the French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau supported such a status for Zadar only. Clemenceau and Lloyd George were content for the President of the United States Woodrow Wilson to hold in check Italian ambitions in the Adriatic by advocating self-determination for the area under point nine of his Fourteen Points.\nWilson deemed the Treaty of London a symbol of the perfidy of European diplomacy and held it invalid by dint of the legal doctrine of clausula rebus sic stantibus – that the treaty was no longer applicable because there had been fundamental changes in the circumstances in which it was negotiated, namely the dissolution of Austria-Hungary.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_the_eastern_Adriatic", "article_id": 78425991, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 469, "char_count": 2996, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Naval Commission for the Adriatic was established based on the decision of the Allied Naval Council of the Supreme War Council on 5 November 1918. The commission, composed of admirals delegated by the four powers, was tasked with coordinating the Allied occupation forces. It was also intended to maintain order, normalise civilian life, manage maritime transport, oversee the distribution of the Austro-Hungarian fleet, and deal with other related issues that the Paris Peace Conference had permanently settled. The commission was first convened in Rijeka. Later, it moved to Venice and Rome. Initially, it was chaired by the Italian Rear Admiral Vittorio Molà. He was replaced by Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel based on a decision of the Allied Naval Council in Paris on the same day.\nThe commission agreed on zones of occupation of the eastern Adriatic shores. The occupation plan was never fully enforced; only Italy deployed a large force to the area. The assignment of the Italian zone was the result of a fait accompli. Italy interpreted the armistice terms as allowing them to establish the armistice line per the claims laid out in the Treaty of London. Italy had already established a firm foothold in the claimed area by the time the zones were defined in Venice on 16 November, in a meeting of the commission chaired by Revel. Other sources say the zones were defined on 26 November at a commission meeting in Rome. Italy would control northern parts of Dalmatia corresponding to the Dalmatian territory promised under the Treaty of London. The US would control the southern Dalmatian coast, and France would control the coasts of the southernmost part of Dalmatia, the Kingdom of Montenegro and the further south coast of the Principality of Albania. The United Kingdom was to control the Kvarner Gulf.\nThe former Austro-Hungarian realm of the Kingdom of Dalmatia encompassed the entire Italian and American zones of occupation and a portion of the French zone. In the territory of the Kingdom of Dalmatia as a whole, Croats comprised 80%, Serbs comprised 17%, and Italians comprised 3% of the population. According to the 1910 Austro-Hungarian census, all Dalmatian municipalities had a Slavic majority of 95% or more, except Kotor (Italian: Cattaro) and Zadar. In the former, the Slavic population accounted for 80% of the total, Italians for 1%, German speakers comprised 3% and foreign nationals accounted for more than 11% of the population. The city of Zadar had an Italian majority. Rijeka was ethnically mixed and both sides in the dispute claimed majority in Rijeka, but defined the city limits differently. Italians argued that the city consisted of the former Austro-Hungarian corpus separatum territory only, but the South Slavs argued that the suburb of Sušak should also be accounted for.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_the_eastern_Adriatic", "article_id": 78425991, "section": "Zones of occupation", "metadata": {"word_count": 459, "char_count": 2817, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In late October 1918, the governing organ of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, the Zagreb-based National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, appointed Rikard Lenac to take over the administration of Rijeka on behalf of the newly proclaimed state. The move was coordinated with the administratively separate suburb of Sušak. The takeover of authority occurred on 29 or 31 October, according to varying sources. Military authority in Rijeka and Sušak was assumed by Lieutenant Colonel Petar Teslić, who commanded eight battalions of the 79th Infantry Regiment of the former Austro-Hungarian Common Army normally based in Otočac, and pro-Yugoslav National Guard volunteers, largely consisting of high-school pupils. Leading ethnic Italians living in the city established the Italian National Council of Fiume (Italian: Consiglio Nazionale delli Italiani di Fiume) and declared the desire to incorporate the city into Italy. They dispatched a delegation to Revel in Venice to request aid. Lenac asked Zagreb to send additional troops as well. There were clashes between Italian and South Slavic communities in the city, each side claiming the city based on the self-determination principle. While Italy said there was an Italian majority in the city within the boundaries of the former Austro-Hungarian Corpus Separatum, the South Slavs said the entire city, including the suburb of Sušak, had a South Slavic majority.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_the_eastern_Adriatic", "article_id": 78425991, "section": "End of Austro-Hungarian rule", "metadata": {"word_count": 218, "char_count": 1424, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 2 November 1918, a group of United States Navy ships sailed into the Port of Rijeka. The next day, they were followed by a French and a British force. Colonel Sydney Capel Peck led the British mission to Rijeka. On the same day, a joint allied command was established in Rijeka, ostensibly to prevent further ethnic violence. On 3 November, the day the armistice was signed, Italian armed forces gained control of much of the nearby Istrian peninsula, including the cities of Trieste, Rovinj (Italian: Rovigno) and Pula (Italian: Pola). The Italian navy arrived in the Port of Rijeka on 4 November; the first group consisted of the battleship Emanuele Filiberto; and the destroyers Francesco Stocco, Vincenzo Giordano Orsini, and Giuseppe Sirtori. On 5 November, the French destroyers Touareg and Sakalave brought further reinforcements.\nA 700-strong battalion of the First Yugoslav Volunteer Division led by Lieutenant Colonel Vojin Maksimović arrived from Zagreb on 15 November. Two days later, 16,000 Italian troops led by General Enrico Asinari di San Marzano arrived. The battalion of the First Yugoslav Volunteer Division withdrew from the city, and Teslić's troops were quickly disarmed. Some sources say Maksimović's withdrawal from the city was negotiated and made in exchange for the promise San Marzano's troops would not enter Rijeka but would remain in nearby Opatija. Although neither Rijeka nor Sušak were awarded to Italy under the Treaty of London, Italian authorities justified the deployment by referring to provisions of the armistice allowing occupation of additional territories required for strategic purposes. By early 1919, there were approximately 20,000 Italian troops in Rijeka. The commission discussed the Italian military dominance in the British zone and recommended that the Paris Peace Conference ensure military parity with other allied forces. Italy objected to the recommendation, and the Paris Peace Conference did not act upon it.\nOn 6 July, the paramilitary Legione \"Fiumana\" loyal to Italy clashed with French Annam troops in the city, killing 13 people. This action prompted the establishment of an international commission to determine responsibility for the incident. The commission recommended disbanding Legione \"Fiumana\" and reducing the number of Italian troops in the area to a single battalion as quickly as possible, leaving law enforcement to the British and the US forces. Those recommendations were not implemented, but the 1st Regiment \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" was withdrawn from the city and moved to Ronchi dei Monfalcone near Trieste on 27 August 1919.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_the_eastern_Adriatic", "article_id": 78425991, "section": "Occupation of Rijeka", "metadata": {"word_count": 404, "char_count": 2613, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "At the Paris Peace Conference, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France rejected Italian claims under the Treaty of London and claims regarding Rijeka. In June 1919, the Italian Orlando-led government was replaced by one led by Francesco Saverio Nitti. The new prime minister wanted to settle diplomatic issues abroad before concentrating on domestic matters. The Italian foreign minister Tommaso Tittoni agreed with the British and French that Rijeka should be a free city under the League of Nations, and that the entirety of Dalmatia should belong to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.\nTo pre-empt an unfavourable settlement of the issue, the Italian nationalist and irredentist Gabriele D'Annunzio set out to Rijeka with approximately 200 veterans on the evening of 11 September. When the column reached Ronchi dei Monfalcone, the \"Granatieri di Sardegna\" joined it. The now-about 2,500-strong column proceeded towards Rijeka and arrived there the next day. In response to D'Annunzio's arrival, Italian and other allied troops withdrew from the city. D'Annunzio proclaimed the establishment of Italian Regency of Carnaro in the city the same day. His rule continued for fifteen months. In the period, the departure of the Croatian population hastened due to increased looting and violence directed against them in response to the death of the captain of the cruiser Puglia in a clash in Split in July 1920.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_the_eastern_Adriatic", "article_id": 78425991, "section": "D'Annunzio's rule", "metadata": {"word_count": 225, "char_count": 1427, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "According to the 1910 census, the city of Zadar was the only district of the Kingdom of Dalmatia that had an Italian majority. The Kingdom of Dalmatia was administered from Zadar where the Diet of Dalmatia and regional government had their seats. In 1910, Zadar had a population of 13,247 and an Italian majority of 70%.\nThe Italian National Council and the Yugoslav National Council were established by 28 October 1918, competing for control of Zadar. The Italian National Council was led by former mayor Luigi Ziliotto, while the Yugoslav National Council, established by Croats and Serbs, was headed by the Dalmatian vice-governor Josip Tončić-Sorinj. Austro-Hungarian authorities had already been removed from the city on 31 October. That day, the ad-hoc pro-Italian National Guard, led by Antonio Battara and Carlo de Hoeberth, informed disarmed troops in the city barracks that the Italian National Council had taken over the city government. Following the takeover of the barracks, Ziliotto, who had been removed from the position of mayor in 1916 when the central government of Austria-Hungary had dissolved the city council and replaced him with commissioner Mate Škarić, proceeded to the city hall accompanied by deposed council members and removed Škarić from office. In the afternoon, the two national councils agreed on a joint Provisional Committee consisting of Ziliotto, Juraj Biankini, Silvije Alfirević, and Giuseppe Cortelazzo. The Provisional Committee placed the Dalmatian governor Mario Attems under house arrest and requested that he leave Zadar, which he did that night. All Austro-Hungarian insignia were removed from the city streets, and the Italian, Croatian, and Serbian flags were raised at the City Guard building.\nOn 4 November 1918, three Regia Marina ships set sail from Venice to Zadar to enforce the Italian claim against the city, each carrying a platoon of the Arezzo Infantry Brigade. Two of the three ships collided en route and turned back, leaving the torpedo boat 55 AS to continue alone. It arrived in Zadar at 2:30 p.m. and 66 troops disembarked 15 minutes later, a few minutes before the armistice with Austria-Hungary was scheduled to come into effect. Upon arrival, the commanding officer of 55 AS, Felice de Boccard, declared he had arrived on the authority of the Entente and as an ally and in the name of the king of Italy. Both ethnic Italians and Croats welcomed him. The torpedo boat 68 PN and the destroyer Audace arrived at Zadar on 5 and 7 November, respectively. Various sources report that the Serbian and Croatian flags were removed from Zadar on 8 or 11 November. Biankini was placed under house arrest and then exiled from the city. In his speeches, Ziliotto incited hatered against non-Italian population of Zadar and declared he would destroy the city if it was not awarded to Italy by the Paris Peace Conference. There were rumours in the city that the Slavic population will be forcibly deported.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_the_eastern_Adriatic", "article_id": 78425991, "section": "Occupation of Zadar", "metadata": {"word_count": 482, "char_count": 2962, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 4 November, another group of Italian vessels departed from Brindisi and occupied the islands of Vis (Italian: Lissa), Korčula (Italian: Curzola), Mljet (Italian: Melada), and Lastovo (Italian: Lagosta). By the end of 1918, Italian troops occupied the Dalmatian coast between and including Zadar and Šibenik, and the hinterland extending to Knin (Italian: Tenin) and Drniš (Italian: Dernis). They also occupied the islands of Hvar (Italian: Lesina) and Pag (Italian: Pago). On 19 November, General Armando Diaz appointed Vice Admiral Enrico Millo the governor of the newly established Governorate of Dalmatia. The appointment was made possible by an Italian government decree of the same day. The government relied on its wartime powers and authorised the governor to issue legislative decrees. The governorate's seat was in Šibenik until January 1919, when it was moved to Zadar. The entire zone came under Italian control on 20 February 1919. The islands of Rab (Italian: Arbe) and Cres (Italian: Cherso) further north also came under Italian occupation.\nForces under Millo's control initially consisted of the Savona Infantry Brigade, several hundred Carabinieri and customs guards, and two battalions of marines. Millo requested reinforcements and received elements of the 24th Infantry Division \"Pinerolo\". Hoping to receive aircraft under his command, Millo ordered construction of an airbase near Zemunik Donji. The reinforcements brought the number of Italian troops deployed in the Italian zone and elsewhere along the eastern Adriatic coast to 29,000 by July 1919. Still, later in the year, the force was reduced to about 15,000, and 12,000 in mid-1920. Millo's requests for reinforcements were motivated by the possibility of a conflict with the army of the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, or the hostile population. The reduction of the number of troops was caused by the Italian government's decision to reduce military expenses. The local non-Italian population often expressed dissatisfaction with the Italian army presence, and several minor clashes occurred in 1919. Aiming to repeat his takeover of Rijeka, on 14 November 1919, D'Annunzio led an expedition to Zadar whereupon Millo took D'Annunzio's troops under his command, promising not to abandon Dalmatia.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_the_eastern_Adriatic", "article_id": 78425991, "section": "The first governorate of Dalmatia", "metadata": {"word_count": 350, "char_count": 2305, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "There were frequent deportations of the non-Italian population by the Italian forces. Millo suppressed national liberties, and authorities in the Italian zone systematically harassed non-Italians with methods including physical assaults and confiscation of ration cards. Non-Italian magistrates, physicians, teachers, and priests were particularly targeted to replace them with ethnic Italians. To reduce the potential for travel to the zone, the occupation authorities made false reports of smallpox outbreaks. Most of the deported persons and those fleeing ethnic persecution went to the American zone. Such practices by Italian authorities largely ceased after Nitti replaced Orlando as Prime Minister in June 1919.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_the_eastern_Adriatic", "article_id": 78425991, "section": "The first governorate of Dalmatia", "metadata": {"word_count": 100, "char_count": 718, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The American zone of occupation extended between the Italian and French zones; it lay between Cape Planka and the island of Šipan (Italian: Giuppana) north-west of Dubrovnik (Italian: Ragusa). The US presence was confined mainly to the city of Split (Italian: Spalato), while the armed forces of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes controlled the rest of the coast in the zone. Italy successfully lobbied for British support for the potential Italian occupation of Split. Revel formally requested inter-allied occupation of Split on 14 November, a few days before the city was included in the American zone.\nAustro-Hungarian government bodies had already been removed from the city in late October, and the National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs appointed the provincial government of Dalmatia in Split. The provincial government consisted of Ivo Krstelj, Josip Smodlaka, and Vjekoslav Škarica; and deputies Prvislav Grisogono, Uroš Desnica, and Jerko Machiedo. In early 1919, General Miloš Vasić arrived in Split as the appointed delegate of the Government of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes to the provincial government of Dalmatia. Before the arrival of the allied navies, public safety in Split, which was affected by shortages of food and coal, had been entrusted to 200 pro-Yugoslav National Guard volunteers organised into three companies. Because the US forces in Dalmatia were tasked with promoting Wilson's policy of self-determination, the US Navy protected and assisted the provincial government.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_the_eastern_Adriatic", "article_id": 78425991, "section": "Provincial government", "metadata": {"word_count": 235, "char_count": 1532, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 9 November, the first French vessels arrived in Split. The destroyers Touareg and Sakalave sailed into the Port of Split for a day and were followed by the seaplane carrier Foudre. The population welcomed the French ships. At the same time, proponents of the Italian annexation of Dalmatia hoisted Italian flags in the port, which led to civil unrest and conflict between the city's pro-Italian minority and its anti-Italian majority, and a gathered crowd forcefully removed the flags. An Italian torpedo boat sailed to the town, but it had to anchor in the port because nobody would receive its mooring lines.\nThe Austro-Hungarian battleships Radetzky and Zrínyi sailed from Pula, and reached Split on 12 November to await surrender to Rear Admiral William H. G. Bullard. Bullard instructed Lieutenant Commander Edward Hazlett to go to Split with 200 troops and take control of the battleships. Sixteen US submarine chasers arrived in Split to accept the surrender, following which all but three proceeded to Šibenik. The two battleships hoisted US flags on 20 November. On the same day, a detachment of the Royal Serbian Army arrived by boat via Metković. The troops, led by Major Stojan Trnokopović, were accommodated in Gripe Fortress. By early 1919, the regular Army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes garrisoned the coastal settlements of Split, Trogir (Italian: Traù), and Omiš with a battalion in each, and one company was stationed in the inland town of Sinj.\nNumerous allied ships made port calls in Split. By January 1919, those included Foudre, and the French destroyers Bambara, Arabe, Hova, Sénégalais, and Janissaire, and the Arabis-class sloop Altair. In the same period, calls to the Port of Split were made by the Italian ships Carlo Mirabello, Alessandro Poerio, and Puglia, as well as US Navy's USS Israel. On 15 December, HMS Sheldrake was the first Royal Navy ship to arrive. By January 1919, it was followed by HMS Lowestoft and HMS Veronica. In February 1919, USS Olympia arrived in Split with Rear Admiral Philip Andrews aboard. USS Olympia took the role of the lead ship of the US forces, with USS Pittsburgh filling in when Olympia was not in port. Andrews took over the command of the US Naval Forces in the Eastern Mediterranean from Rear Admiral Albert Parker Niblack on 26 March. Following Andrews's arrival, the US Navy rented a Katalinić family residential building in the port as office premises, and another house as a residence for Andrews and his wife. US Navy officers also opened a YMCA in the present-day building of the Split Archaeological Museum. British sailors occasionally played football matches against Hajduk Football Club. The United States financed the repair of roads, telegraph lines, storage facilities, buildings, and sports grounds used by the US Navy.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_the_eastern_Adriatic", "article_id": 78425991, "section": "Arrival of the Allies in Split", "metadata": {"word_count": 463, "char_count": 2821, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The civil unrest persisted during the Allied occupation. Friction arose during the distribution of food and travel documents from Puglia because only the non-Italian population encountered real or perceived difficulties. There were occasional conflicts between Italian sailors, specifically the crew of Puglia, and the city's non-Italian population. Typical provocations involved hoisting of the flag of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in the port with assembled citizens saluting the flag while shouting insults to Italy. In response, Italian sailors and officers would often engage in verbal conflicts with the citizens. This prompted Niblack to declare a ban on public gatherings, singing of patriotic songs and flag-waving.\nOn 24 February 1919, a conference was convened in Split to examine allegations of persecution of the city's Italian minority presented in the Italian press. Bullard and Niblack attended the conference on behalf of the United States; Admiral Umberto Cagni and Rear Admiral Ugo Rombo on behalf of Italy; Rear Admiral Jean Ratyé on behalf of France; and Admiral Edward Buxton Kiddle representing the UK; and representatives of the city government were also present. At the conference, Rombo proposed landing a large Italian force to quell the civil unrest, but Niblack, who held the Italian navy and propaganda responsible, opposed the idea. The conference agreed on inter-allied patrols to ensure order in Split. The inter-allied patrols initially consisted of one officer, one petty officer and three enlisted men drawn from each allied navy, one soldier from the armed forces of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and one city police officer. Later, the patrols were reduced in strength by two-thirds as the situation gradually calmed. In addition to the allied patrols, the local police, consisting of 65 officers supplemented by the National Guard militia, maintained order in the city. Initially, the National Guard were unreliable and even participated in looting, but they became an effective police auxiliary force by early 1919.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_the_eastern_Adriatic", "article_id": 78425991, "section": "Civil unrest", "metadata": {"word_count": 319, "char_count": 2080, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "D'Annunzio's takeover of Rijeka inspired a group of Italian officers to attempt the same in Trogir. On 23 September 1919, Count Nino Fanfogna led 200 Italian soldiers into the town. After a brief skirmish, the attackers disarmed the town garrison maintained by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The government in Belgrade sent a protest to the Paris Peace Conference, while the provincial government of Dalmatia and Vasić complained to Andrews. He sent USS Olympia and USS Cowell under Captain David French Boyd, Jr. to Trogir.\nUpon arrival, 100 US sailors and officers landed and took positions between Fanfogna and the troops defending Trogir. Boyd demanded Fanfogna's troops leave the town, giving them a two-hour ultimatum. They complied with Boyd's demand, withdrawing to Zadar. Andrews blamed both sides for the conflict, claiming the Italian force, inspired by D'Annunzio, wanted war, as did Lieutenant Colonel Milan Plesničar of the Army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes stationed in Split.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_the_eastern_Adriatic", "article_id": 78425991, "section": "Conflict in Trogir", "metadata": {"word_count": 161, "char_count": 1019, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On 10 November, the French, British, and Italian navies sailed into the Austro-Hungarian Navy base in Kotor and Rear Admiral Louis Caubet of France took command of the city in the name of the Allies. The following day, three US Navy submarine chasers also arrived. By 15 November, Italy had deployed two battalions of soldiers to the area. Local authorities protested against the landing of Italian troops, declaring their intention to resist such a move if Italy were to deploy troops alone ashore. In turn, the Allies asked the Italians not to proceed with the landing, but the request was declined. Italy deployed the 137th Infantry Regiment \"Barletta\", which was led by Major General Demetrio Carbone, to Kotor and the 1st Infantry Regiment \"San Giusto\" to Bar. Italy also garrisoned the town of Ulcinj. To preserve the appearance of joint landing and prevent a clash, the Allies assigned some sailors to disembark with the Italian soldiers. To avoid the landing appearing to be an exclusively Italian occupation, Caube asked the landing forces to proceed in small, unobtrusive groups, but instead, the Italians held a ceremony with a prominent display of Italian flags and the playing of the Italian national anthem.\nOn 18 November, Italian transports brought in a further 3,000 troops and a battalion of the United States Army. The American battalion belonged to the 332nd Infantry Regiment, which had been attached to the Italian army since its defeat in the 1917 Battle of Caporetto. This had been intended to enhance the Italians' defensive capabilities and boost morale. The regiment remained under Italian command following the armistice, and its 2nd Battalion was sent to Kotor. US sources concluded that the Italian landings in the Bay of Kotor were designed to saturate the area with Italian troops, thereby gaining a politically dominant position in the region. The declared purpose of allied deployments to the Bay of Kotor was to secure the Austro-Hungarian naval base in Kotor.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_the_eastern_Adriatic", "article_id": 78425991, "section": "Landings in Kotor", "metadata": {"word_count": 325, "char_count": 1995, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Italy supported Montenegrin independence, viewing the prospective unified South Slavic state as a threat to its interests in the Balkans and the Adriatic. Italy exploited the Montenegrin question to extract concessions from Serbia. Carbone deployed a force to capture the nearby Montenegrin capital Cetinje on 23 November. His action was designed in line with Italian government policy of supporting Montenegrin independence in the immediate aftermath of the war and following contested elections for the Podgorica Assembly needed to decide on unification with Serbia. To capture Cetinje, he used two companies of the 332nd Infantry Regiment and two smaller Italian units. While en route, local officials approached Major Scanlon, the commanding officer of the two US companies, and explained the political situation to him. In response, Scanlon turned the US troops back to Kotor, leaving the Italians to proceed towards Cetinje. Upon reaching the Montenegrin border, the Italian troops clashed with a Serbian unit blocking the route and were forced to turn back. Carbone planned another attempt to capture Cetinje but was dissuaded following a heated discussion of the issue between Ratyé and Revel in Rome on 26–29 November. The French favoured Serbian (subsequently Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) control of Montenegro, and facilitated the deployment of 3,000 pro-Serbian Montenegrin troops in the area. The French-trained and supported troops included about 400 to be deployed in Kotor and 500 in Dubrovnik. A day after the proclamation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on 2 December, Sonnino ordered the withdrawal of all Italian forces from Kotor. The order was later modified to allow some of the troops to remain.\nOn 3 January 1919, pro-independence Greens, a faction in the Montenegrin Christmas Uprising, approached Brigadier General Paul Venel, who had replaced Caubet as the French commanding officer in the zone, requesting the Allies to occupy Cetinje and deny it to the forces of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Venel declined, prompting the Italian command in Montenegro to criticise the French for their bias. On 5 January, Venel sent French and American troops, and troops belonging to the newly proclaimed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes to Cetinje, taking control of the city two days later. At the same time, he intervened in an Italian effort to regain control of the village of Njeguši from the Greens. Carbone personally led Italian and US troops. Venel ordered the Italians to stop their advance, while the US troops were allowed to proceed to the objective. Although he was acting on instructions from the commander of the Allied Army of the Orient General Louis Franchet d'Espèrey, Venel was relieved of command in February 1919 after further protests by the Italians and the Montenegrin government in exile. Venel was replaced by General Mathias Tahon.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_the_eastern_Adriatic", "article_id": 78425991, "section": "Advance to Cetinje", "metadata": {"word_count": 460, "char_count": 2914, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The US troops left Montenegro in early 1919, while the French and the Italians limited their occupation to coastal areas of Bar and Ulcinj, the town of Virpazar on the shore of Lake Skadar, and Kotor at the southernmost tip of Dalmatia at the time, on the orders of d'Espèrey in April 1919. The remainder of Montenegro was left for the Army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes to occupy. French troops left Bar and Virpazar in March 1920, while the Italian troops remained there until the middle of 1920. A portion of the Austro-Hungarian fleet stationed in Kotor was handed over to the Navy of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The transfer was settled by the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye providing for the transfer eight 250t-class torpedo boats, four older Kaiman-class torpedo boats as well as a number of auxiliary and obsolete vessels.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_the_eastern_Adriatic", "article_id": 78425991, "section": "Handover of the Austro-Hungarian ships", "metadata": {"word_count": 147, "char_count": 862, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In June 1920, Nitti's government was replaced by a cabinet led by Giovanni Giolitti, who sought to focus more on domestic issues and resolve foreign policy matters promptly. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes sought to gain unobstructed access to Adriatic ports for commercial purposes. It hoped for US assistance until Warren G. Harding and the Republican Party won the 1920 US presidential election. On 12 November, delegations of the two countries met in Rapallo and concluded a treaty on mutual borders. Italy received Istria, while the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes received Dalmatia, excluding Zadar and several smaller islands. It was decided that Rijeka and its immediate surroundings would become the Free State of Fiume.\nIn response to the signing of the Treaty of Rapallo, the Italian Regency of Carnaro proclaimed a state of war. Still, the Italian Navy drove D'Annunzio from Rijeka in an intervention known as Bloody Christmas. Military rule persisted in the Italian zone until the end of December 1920, when a special civilian commissioner was appointed in Zadar, the seat of the Province of Zara, in the aftermath of the treaty. All allied troops left the French zone in December when the French left Kotor. The Treaty of Rapallo, along with the death of Nicholas I of Montenegro a few months later, marked the end of Italian support for Montenegrin resistance against the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.\nOn 7 November, the US Navy towed Radetzky and Zrínyi to Šibenik and handed the ships to the Regia Marina. Although this completed the naval aspect of the US mission to the region, the United States Department of State requested that the navy remain in Split until Italian vessels withdrew from the city and Italian troops withdrew from the Italian zone of occupation. The Adriatic Committee convened for the final time on 31 January 1921 to wind down its operations. On 26 April, Andrews left Split aboard USS Olympia. The US mission was concluded on 29 September 1921 as USS Reuben James, which was commanded by Rufus F. Zogbaum, Jr. as the senior officer in the Adriatic, sailed out of Split.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_the_eastern_Adriatic", "article_id": 78425991, "section": "Aftermath", "metadata": {"word_count": 357, "char_count": 2136, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "AlphaBounce is an action game developed by Motion Twin and published by Mad Monkey Studio for the Nintendo DSi's DSiWare service in April 2010. Similar to the video games Breakout and Arkanoid, the player uses a paddle to knock a ball into blocks to clear them from a playing field. They control one of three characters, progressing through levels across a map in order to escape a mining colony. The title has more than 25 million procedurally generated levels. It is an adaptation of a free-to-play browser game of the same name, offering unlimited play that was not available in the original version.\nThe game has received generally positive reviews and was praised as an exemplary clone of Breakout and Arkanoid as well as for its value in the Nintendo DSi store. Multiple publications have considered AlphaBounce among the best DSiWare games. Criticism focused on long load times, confusing power-ups, and occasionally tedious gameplay.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "AlphaBounce", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaBounce", "article_id": 72647336, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 154, "char_count": 941, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "AlphaBounce is an action game where the player uses a paddle to bounce a ball into blocks until they are destroyed. The gameplay is similar to Breakout and Arkanoid. The game has three difficulty levels, with each difficulty represented by a different character. In the game's story, the characters are prisoners on a deep space mining colony who are trying to escape by breaking through the blocks across multiple levels. The first two characters are available for selection from the beginning, while the third must be unlocked. This single-player game uses the Nintendo DSi's touchscreen to control a paddle that manipulates a ball around the play field. AlphaBounce features more than 40 types of blocks, which interact differently with the ball.\nThe action takes place across the Nintendo DSi's two vertically aligned screens. During play, items will sometimes appear that either help or hinder the player when collected. There are more than two dozen such items with unique effects, such as clearing parts of the map or adding additional balls. There are also obstacles, like enemies that shoot lasers to damage the paddle and cause the player to lose the level. Once the play field has only a few blocks remaining, a weapon may be activated to clear them. Losing all balls will cause the player to lose the level. Once a level is cleared, any locked levels adjacent to it on the map become available to play. On this map, the player is only able to move one space per turn and can find upgrades to either their paddle or ball. The player can also replay previous levels. The game features 25 million procedurally generated levels.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "AlphaBounce", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaBounce", "article_id": 72647336, "section": "Gameplay", "metadata": {"word_count": 277, "char_count": 1636, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "AlphaBounce was originally designed as a free-to-play browser game by developer Motion Twin in 2007. Only three levels could be played in a day, allowing players to play more by spending real money. The company eventually took the game offline and archived the source files on GitHub. Another version was later developed by Motion Twin and published by Mad Monkey Studio. In 2010, it was released on the Nintendo DSi's DSiWare download service on April 9 in Europe and April 12 in North America.. The DSiWare version does not have the per-day limitations of the browser game.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "AlphaBounce", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaBounce", "article_id": 72647336, "section": "Development and release", "metadata": {"word_count": 97, "char_count": 575, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "AlphaBounce has received generally favorable reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. It is considered one of the best DSiWare games by Nintendo World Report writer Neal Ronaghan, GamesRadar+ writer Andrew Hayward, IGN staff, and Nintendo Power staff, with Ronaghan hoping to see it re-released on the Wii U's Virtual Console.\nCritics such as IGN writer Daemon Hatfield and NintendoLife writer Marcel van Duyn considered AlphaBounce a fresh take on the Arkanoid and Breakout formula, with van Duyn calling it the best Arkanoid clone ever made. The A.V. Club staff called the game a \"pleasant surprise\". They praised its unexpected concept while expressing a desire to see it on the iPhone, lamenting that it is restricted to the obscure DSiWare store. Ronaghan felt the game distinguished itself from Arkanoid by adding role-playing elements, comparing it favorably to Puzzle Quest: Challenge of the Warlords, a novel match-3 game that combined role-playing elements. Hayward felt that AlphaBounce was a more unique Breakout clone than other games on the Nintendo DS, praising the title for the breadth of its content. Nintendo Power writer Phil Theobald found the game similarly deep, appreciating how much it expanded on the Arkanoid formula.\nHatfield praised the game’s extensive content for its low price, writing that repeat play with multiple characters and the ease of re-trying a failed level are enjoyable. Страна игр writer Alexey Nikitin felt that its price was generous, believing that it could be sold as a full-priced Nintendo DS game. Joker writer Navi also compared it to Puzzle Quest. The writer appreciated that the DSi version of the game dropped the free-to-play elements of the browser version, while noting that some content felt like filler.\nM! Games staff criticized AlphaBounce, noting that the gameplay became too chaotic and hard to follow when several power-ups dropped at once. Pocket Gamer’s Mike Rose felt that the concept was interesting but criticized the power-ups as hard to distinguish. Furthermore, he condemned details such as the fragile ship and long load times. Gamekult writer Boulapoire also praised the game's concept but had difficulty with the game's confusing power-ups and long load times. Eurogamer’s Kristan Reed praised the game’s inventive ideas and bold scope but felt its sheer number of levels made progression tedious and demanded more patience than it was worth.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "AlphaBounce", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaBounce", "article_id": 72647336, "section": "Reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 384, "char_count": 2442, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Amat-Mamu was a Babylonian nadītu priestess in Sippar from the 18th century BC who was the subject of legal proceedings involving her inheritance. Amat-Mamu was chosen as the heir of fellow nadītu Belessunu, who bequeathed Amat-Mamu her land and slaves. In exchange, Amat-Mamu was to provide for Belessunu until her death. The estate was claimed by two of Belessunu's cousins, but the mayor ruled in favor of Belessunu and Amat-Mamu. Amat-Mamu then lost the deeds when they were kept in her uncle's home, requiring her to have them reconstituted in a new tablet. This tablet was preserved, and its description of Amat-Mamu's inheritance provides insight into Babylonian inheritance practices.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Amat-Mamu (daughter of Sin-ilum)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat-Mamu_(daughter_of_Sin-ilum)", "article_id": 77065826, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 109, "char_count": 692, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Amat-Mamu was a nadītu, a priestess to the god Shamash. She was the daughter of Sin-ilum (also transcribed as Sîn-ilum or Sin-ili). Sin-ilum was the son of Sin-tajjār, who in turn was the son of Akšāja. Amat-Mamu had a cousin, an aunt, and a great aunt who were all nadītus as well. Nadītus were sometimes allowed to choose their own heirs, including potential heirs outside of their own families. Such an option was allowed to the nadītu Belessunu, daughter of Mannium, as part of the terms of her own adoption as the heir of her aunt Naramtum, and Belessunu adopted Amat-Mamu as her heir.\nAmat-Mamu inherited four fields totaling forty-six acres: a five-acre field and a twenty-acre field in the Pzur-Ilaba district, a nine-acre field in the Akbarum district, and a twelve-acre field in the Pahuşu district. She also inherited two plots of land: one and one-third sar of partially developed land in the cloister and six sar of undeveloped land of Sippar-rabum. Amat-Mamu inherited three slaves from Belessunu: Ana-pani-Šamaš-nadi, Sin-mašmaš, and Sin-mašmaš's brother. Also inherited were a house, two copper pots, and two axes. Amat-Mamu was given the deeds, or \"mother tablets\", entitling her to Belessunu's property.\nPer the terms of the agreement, Amat-Mamu was required to pay Belessunu's debts and provide for her while she lived. The debt totaled two-thirds mina, six shekels of silver. To provide for Belessunu, Amat-Mamu was required to provide Belessunu with six gurs of grain, twelve minas of wool, twenty-four liters of oil, six feasts, twenty liters of flour, and two pieces of meat each year. The agreement specified that this agreement was only with Amat-Mamu, and no other person could lay claim to Belessunu's estate by providing for her.\nTwo years after the agreement was made, two of Belessunu's cousins and fellow nadītus—Amat-Šamaš and Nīši-īnīšu—laid claim to the fields. The mayor of Sippar, Zimri-Erah, ruled that the inheritance was rightfully Belessunu's. The cousins were penalized for making a false claim over property, and they were forced to give Amat-Mamu a tablet that relinquished their claims. Professor Rivkah Harris speculated that Belessunu passed over her cousins in favor of Amat-Mamu because Amat-Mamu was a member of a wealthy family and therefore better able to support Belessunu during her life.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Amat-Mamu (daughter of Sin-ilum)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat-Mamu_(daughter_of_Sin-ilum)", "article_id": 77065826, "section": "Family and inheritance", "metadata": {"word_count": 376, "char_count": 2341, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The cuneiform tablets confirming Amat-Mamu's inheritance were stored in the home of her uncle, Ikun-pī-Sîn. They were kept separate from the family archive so as not to suggest that the inheritance was part of the family estate. It is unknown why they were kept in her uncle's house, though such storage arrangements with family members were not uncommon.\nWhen they were lost, her father Sîn-ilî had a deposition taken from the uncle admitting to their loss. Amat-Mamu was forced to go to the court so the judges could authorize the creation of new tablets. The tablets that Belessunu received as a girl during her own adoption were not reconstituted, for her and her witnesses to that contract had already died. The court also ruled that should the previous tablets be found, they were still the sole property of Amat-Mamu.\nThe sequence of events describing both the legal dispute and the tablets' loss was documented on the reconstituted tablet. The reconstitution meant that some details were lost and inconsistencies were introduced, primarily in the description of the fields. The tablet is dated to the 14th year of Samsu-iluna's rule, placing its creation in 1736 BC. It has been preserved and is designated by archeologists as CT 47.63. Amat-Mamu's story is listed on the tablet alongside that of Belessunu, including Belessunu's dedication as a nadītu and her adoption by her aunt. The tablet is used in the modern era as a reference to understand Babylonian property and inheritance law.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Amat-Mamu (daughter of Sin-ilum)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat-Mamu_(daughter_of_Sin-ilum)", "article_id": 77065826, "section": "Reconstitution of the tablets", "metadata": {"word_count": 247, "char_count": 1497, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Ameerega munduruku is a species of poison dart frog in the family Dentrobatidae. It was described in 2017 by the herpetologist Matheus Neves and his colleagues, and is named after the Munduruku, an ethnic group native to Brazil. A medium-sized frog for its genus, it has a snout–vent length of 24.9–27.3 mm (0.98–1.07 in) for adult males and 20.4–28.6 mm (0.80–1.13 in) for adult females. It has black uppersides, with a cream stripe from the snout to the groin, white undersides with worm-like black markings, and brown uppersides to the limbs. There are orange spots on the armpit and lower leg and an orange stripe from the groin to the thigh. Both sexes are similar but can be told apart by the presence of vocal slits in males.\nThe species is endemic to Brazil, where it is known from two localities in the states of Pará and Mato Grosso. It inhabits Mato Grosso tropical dry forests and Madeira–Tapajós moist forests at elevations of around 200 m (660 ft), where it shelters in rocky outcrops near water in open areas of forest. It breeds during the wet season, with tadpoles having been recorded in November.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ameerega munduruku", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerega_munduruku", "article_id": 73749417, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 194, "char_count": 1115, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Ameerega munduruku was described by the herpetologist Matheus Neves and his colleagues in 2017 on the basis of an adult male specimen collected from Pará, Brazil, in 2016. It is named after the Munduruku, an ethnic group living in the Brazilian states of Pará and Mato Grosso.\nThe frog is one of 29 species currently recognised within Ameerega, a genus of poison dart frogs native to South America. Before the description of the species, populations of A. munduruku were considered to represent A. picta, although subsequent studies have found that these two species are not closely related. Within its genus, A. munduruku is most closely related (sister) to A. braccata. The clade (group of organisms descending from a common ancestor) formed by these two species is sister to one formed by A. flavopicta and A. berohoka. These four species are sister to another clade formed by A. boehmi and a currently undescribed species from Mato Grosso, and these six species together are sister to A. boliviana. The following cladogram shows relationships within this clade based on a phylogeny by a 2020 study:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ameerega munduruku", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerega_munduruku", "article_id": 73749417, "section": "Taxonomy and systematics", "metadata": {"word_count": 182, "char_count": 1102, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A. munduruku is a medium-sized frog for its genus, with a snout–vent length of 24.87–27.33 mm (0.979–1.076 in) for adult males and 20.42–28.59 mm (0.804–1.126 in) for adult females. The back is mostly black, with a cream stripe along the edge of the upperside and over the eye, from the snout to the groin. Another cream stripe runs from the tip of the snout along the lower lips to the forelimbs. The undersides of the body and limbs are white, with worm-like black markings, and the chin is white with black spots. The uppersides of the limbs are brown with some black markings on the hands. Two orange spots are present: one on the armpit and another hidden one on the lower leg. An orange stripe runs from the groin to the upperside of the thigh. The iris is metallic grey. Both sexes look broadly similar, but can be distinguished by the presence of vocal slits (slits on the side of the tongue joining the mouth to the vocal sac) in males. When preserved in 70% ethanol, the orange markings on the underside and the cream stripe on the upperside are duller in colour and the iris is grey. The skin of the upperside is mostly granulated, except on the head and forelimbs; the skin of the underside is smooth. The hands and feet lack webbing, and there are no protrusions on the tarsus.\nThe species can be identified as a member of its genus by its aposematic colouration, a bright spot near the calf, a light stripe along the upperside, no pale line along the sides, the absence of webbing, and the presence of palatine teeth. It can be told apart from other species in its genus by a combination of its medium size; a snout that is short when seen from above and projecting when seen from the side; a black upperside; a white underside with black markings; the presence of the orange spots and stripe; only the lower portion of the ring of the tympanum (external ear) being visible and the fold above the tympanum being absent; and small hands with well-developed discs on the fingers.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ameerega munduruku", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerega_munduruku", "article_id": 73749417, "section": "Description", "metadata": {"word_count": 359, "char_count": 1991, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The advertisement call consists of single notes 0.113–0.116 s long, delivered on average 0.136 s apart. The single-note nature of the call, as opposed to pulsed vocalizations, distinguishes this species from A. berohoka, A. braccata, A. flavopicta, and A. boehmei, and the length of the notes differentiates it from A. braccata, A. hahneli, and A. picta, all of which have shorter calls. The calls are mainly delivered at a frequency of 3,445.3–3,617.6 Hz, helping tell the frog apart from A. altamazonica, A. berohoka, A. boehmei, A. braccata, and A. picta.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ameerega munduruku", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerega_munduruku", "article_id": 73749417, "section": "Vocalizations", "metadata": {"word_count": 90, "char_count": 558, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The species is endemic to Brazil, where it is known from Jacareacanga Municipality in Pará and Paranaíta Municipality in Mato Grosso. A. munduruku has been recorded from Mato Grosso tropical dry forests and Madeira–Tapajós moist forests within the Amazon, sheltering in rocky outcrops near water in open areas in forest at elevations of around 200 m (660 ft). They have also been observed inside forests, living on fallen trunks and rocks and in leaf litter. Frogs known to co-occur with A. munduruku include Ceratophrys cornuta, Lithodytes lineatus, Allobates tapajos, Proceratophrys korekore, and species in the genus Adenomera. A male carrying nine tadpoles on its back has been observed in November, during the wet season.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ameerega munduruku", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerega_munduruku", "article_id": 73749417, "section": "Distribution and ecology", "metadata": {"word_count": 114, "char_count": 726, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The IUCN classifies this frog as least concern of exctinction, but it does face some threat. This is principally habitat loss associated with deforestation in favor of agriculture and livestock cultivation. The construction of hydroelectric dams may also pose some threat to this species.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Ameerega munduruku", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerega_munduruku", "article_id": 73749417, "section": "Threats", "metadata": {"word_count": 44, "char_count": 288, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"The American Dream Is Killing Me\" is a song by American rock band Green Day from their fourteenth studio album, Saviors (2024). The opening track of the album, the song was originally written by the band during the sessions of their previous studio album as a protest song against the first presidency of Donald Trump. The song was later recorded with encouragement from producer Rob Cavallo, with lyrics tweaked to reflect the \"anxiety of being an American\".\nAfter three weeks of the band posting zombie-themed teasers to their social media, the song was premiered on October 19, 2023, during a secret show in Las Vegas, and released for digital download and streaming on October 24 as the album's first single. The accompanying music video for the song, directed by Brendan Walter and Ryan Baxley, features the band playing to a crowd of zombies amidst a zombie apocalypse. \"The American Dream Is Killing Me\" received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised its catchiness but criticized its \"vague\" lyrics. The song topped the US Rock Airplay and Canada Rock charts, and was nominated for Best Rock Performance at the 67th Annual Grammy Awards.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The American Dream Is Killing Me", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Dream_Is_Killing_Me", "article_id": 75135031, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 193, "char_count": 1167, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "\"The American Dream Is Killing Me\" was initially written during the sessions for Father of All Motherfuckers (2020), Green Day's thirteenth studio album. However, the song was ultimately shelved, as the band deemed the song as \"low-hanging fruit\" for the \"terrible politics and terrible division\" within the United States, and wished to avoid political themes on the album altogether.\nSaviors, the band's fourteenth studio album, was later conceived when Billie Joe Armstrong reconnected with producer Rob Cavallo, who had previously worked with the band on their albums Dookie (1994) and American Idiot (2004). Towards the end of the recording process for Saviors, the band showed Cavallo \"The American Dream Is Killing Me\" when he asked whether the band had any other material. Upon receiving Cavallo's approval, Armstrong did a \"deep dive on the lyrics\" and \"tweaked a few things here and there\" with the song. \"The American Dream Is Killing Me\" was one of the final tracks recorded for Saviors.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The American Dream Is Killing Me", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Dream_Is_Killing_Me", "article_id": 75135031, "section": "Background and recording", "metadata": {"word_count": 160, "char_count": 998, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"The American Dream Is Killing Me\" is an \"anthemic\" pop-punk song, which has been stylistically compared to the band's 2004 studio album American Idiot and their 2009 album 21st Century Breakdown. Brady Gerber of Vulture called the song \"Clash-worthy\", while Marko Djurdjić of Exclaim! stylistically compared the song to those by Thin Lizzy. \"The American Dream Is Killing Me\" begins with a \"jig-like electric guitar riff\", before the rest of the band joins in and the song takes on a \"classic bouncy Green Day beat\". The chorus of the song features a \"big shout-along\" of the song's title. The song's bridge contains a \"string-infused\" chamber pop interlude reminiscent of the Beatles, where Armstrong sings \"People on the street / Unemployed and obsolete / Did you ever learn to read the ransom note?\" before the song returns to its original style.\nAccording to Armstrong, the lyrics of \"The American Dream Is Killing Me\" touch on political polarization and homelessness in the United States, the role of \"the algorithm\", disillusionment with the American Dream, and the \"anxiety of being an American\". Dirnt clarified that the song was originally written in protest to the presidency of Donald Trump; however, he added that the song is \"a wider statement than Trump\" and that it reflects Armstrong's upbringing. The New York Times' Jon Pareles further noted that the song's lyrics \"deride\" conspiracy theories, opponents to immigration, and the exploitation of real estate, while The Guardian's Phil Mongredien observed a sense of \"weary resignation\" in the song's lyrics. The song's lyrics have been compared to those of the band's prior protest song \"American Idiot\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The American Dream Is Killing Me", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Dream_Is_Killing_Me", "article_id": 75135031, "section": "Composition and lyrics", "metadata": {"word_count": 268, "char_count": 1672, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "On October 1, 2023, the band released a 33-second video to their social media pages in reference to their 2005 single \"Wake Me Up When September Ends\", containing a calendar with the date October 24 circled. The band simultaneously released the teaser on a new website titled \"The American Dream Is Killing Me\", which allowed users to \"register for a wake-up call\" and receive email updates regarding Saviors. The band continued promoting the single release on their social media by posting various \"eerie, zombie-filled clips\" throughout the month. The song was first released on October 21 and 22 during the When We Were Young festival, on 7-inch vinyl featuring \"Look Ma, No Brains!\" on the B-side. On October 24, 2023, \"The American Dream Is Killing Me\" was made available for digital download and streaming, released as the first single off Saviors.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The American Dream Is Killing Me", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Dream_Is_Killing_Me", "article_id": 75135031, "section": "Promotion and release", "metadata": {"word_count": 141, "char_count": 854, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "An accompanying music video for \"The American Dream Is Killing Me\", directed by Brendan Walter and Ryan Baxley, was uploaded to Green Day's YouTube channel on October 24, 2023. The music video features the zombified band playing the song to a \"crowd of punk rock zombies\" amidst a zombie apocalypse; towards the end, a group of zombie hunters begin to fight against the crowd. The black-and-white music video was recorded in Los Angeles. Inspired by film noir and Night of the Living Dead, it was intended to serve as both entertainment and social commentary for life in the United States.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The American Dream Is Killing Me", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Dream_Is_Killing_Me", "article_id": 75135031, "section": "Music video", "metadata": {"word_count": 100, "char_count": 589, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"The American Dream Is Killing Me\" received generally positive reviews from music critics, with Tom Breihan of Stereogum declaring it the \"best new Green Day single in many years\" upon its release. The song's composition has been praised for its energy and catchiness. A.D. Amorosi of Variety called the song a \"spunky gallop\", praising the song's bridge as \"sweet\" and \"swiftly rendered\". Marko Djurdjić of Exclaim! similarly highlighted the song's bridge, calling it an earworm. Ludovic Hunter-Tilney of the Financial Times called the song a \"spry return to the power-trio days of American Idiot\", while Helen Brown of The Independent observed that \"the energy of a trio who met in their mid-teens seems undimmed now they're in their fifties\". However, Brown criticized how \"relentless\" noises in the song \"sludges out the sound too thickly\", while Mark Richardson of The Wall Street Journal noted how the chorus \"walks the line between catchy and irritating\".\nThe lyrics of \"The American Dream Is Killing Me\" received mixed reviews, with critics praising the song's \"vivid\" political commentary while critiquing them as \"surface-level\". Emma Swann of DIY noted how the song epitomized Armstrong's \"unrivaled\" ability to \"incorporate biting social commentary within perfect, three-minute pop (punk) songs\", while Madison Walters of New Noise Magazine praised the song's \"visceral\" lyrics. Richardson observed how, despite the song not having \"particularly insightful lyrics\", it was \"probably not meant to be\" in lieu of being cathartic. Despite complimenting the song as an \"effective opening\" to the album, Chris Conaton of PopMatters called the song's lyrics \"vague\", suggesting that they seemed \"specifically designed not to alienate\" listeners. Luke Winstanley of Clash similarly deemed the song a \"confident statement of intent\", however noted it \"lack[ed] real acidic bite\". In more critical reviews, Arielle Gordon of Pitchfork lambasted the song's lyrics as \"quaint and overly broad\", while Lauren Murphy of The Irish Times criticized the song's reliance on \"recycled tropes\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The American Dream Is Killing Me", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Dream_Is_Killing_Me", "article_id": 75135031, "section": "Critical reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 317, "char_count": 2087, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In its first week, \"The American Dream Is Killing Me\" garnered 1.1 million streams in the United States and sold 1,000 downloads. The song peaked at number one of Billboard's Rock Airplay chart on November 18, 2023, becoming the seventh song by the band to do so. The song also debuted and peaked at number 22 on the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart. Outside the United States, the song topped the Canada Rock chart and peaked at number 11 on the Japan Hot Overseas chart. The song also appeared on New Zealand's Hot Singles chart (29), the United Kingdom's Rock & Metal Singles chart (37), Germany's Download chart for singles (45), and the Finland's Radiosoittolista chart (81).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The American Dream Is Killing Me", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Dream_Is_Killing_Me", "article_id": 75135031, "section": "Commercial performance", "metadata": {"word_count": 118, "char_count": 682, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Green Day debuted \"The American Dream Is Killing Me\" during a surprise show at the Fremont Country Club in Las Vegas on October 19, 2023. The band then played the song during their appearance at the When We Were Young festival on October 21 and 22. On October 26, 2023, the band played \"The American Dream Is Killing Me\" as part of their Amazon Music Live setlist. The band played the song during their halftime show performance in the 110th Grey Cup on November 19, 2023. The band included \"The American Dream Is Killing Me\" in the setlist of their January 18, 2024 show at Irving Plaza as part of the Small Stages Series by Sirius XM. On April 3, 2024, the band played the song at the Fillmore during a charity concert for the United Nations Right Here, Right Now Global Climate Alliance. \"The American Dream Is Killing Me\" is included in the setlist of The Saviors Tour, the ongoing concert tour in support of Saviors that began on May 30, 2024.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "The American Dream Is Killing Me", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Dream_Is_Killing_Me", "article_id": 75135031, "section": "Live performances", "metadata": {"word_count": 173, "char_count": 948, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "American Samoa competed at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France, which were held from July 26 to August 11, 2024. The territory's participation in Paris marked its tenth appearance at the Summer Olympics since its debut in 1988. The athlete delegation of the country was composed of two people: Filomenaleonisa Iakopo in athletics and Micah Masei in swimming. Iakopo and Masei were the flagbearers for the territory at the opening ceremony while Iakopo solely held it at the closing ceremony. \nIakopo and Masei qualified after receiving universality slots in their events, which allows underrepresented nations to compete and for a National Olympic Committee (NOC) to send athletes despite not meeting the other qualification criteria. Masei competed in the men's 100 meter breaststroke but swam in a time not fast enough to progress into further rounds. Iakopo then competed in the women's 100 meters and also did not progress further after not finishing with a fast enough time, though she set a national record in the event. Thus, American Samoa has yet to win an Olympic medal.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "American Samoa at the 2024 Summer Olympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics", "article_id": 77332728, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 177, "char_count": 1086, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "The games were held from July 26 to August 11, 2024, in the city of Paris, France. This edition marked the territory's tenth appearance at the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. The nation had never won a medal at the Olympics, with its best performance coming from boxer Maselino Masoe placing joint fifth in the men's light middleweight event at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "American Samoa at the 2024 Summer Olympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics", "article_id": 77332728, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 76, "char_count": 441, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The American Samoan delegation was composed of nine people. They landed in Paris on July 14, 2024. The officials present at the games were chef de mission Joseph Ioane, American Samoa National Olympic Committee (ASNOC) president Ed Imo, and ASNOC general secretary Ethan Lake. Two athletes qualified for the games, swimmer Micah Masei, who was coached by Cassandra Bess Lund, and Filomenaleonisa Iakopo, who was coached by Priscilla Iakopo, who is also her mother. Imo's and Lake's wives were also part of the delegation.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "American Samoa at the 2024 Summer Olympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics", "article_id": 77332728, "section": "Delegation", "metadata": {"word_count": 84, "char_count": 521, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The American Samoan delegation came in 162nd out of the 205 National Olympic Committees in the 2024 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations within the opening ceremony. Iakopo and Masei held the flag for the delegation. They were also accompanied by Ioane, Lund, and Priscilla Iakopo. At the closing ceremony, Iakopo held the flag.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "American Samoa at the 2024 Summer Olympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics", "article_id": 77332728, "section": "Opening and closing ceremonies", "metadata": {"word_count": 53, "char_count": 325, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "American Samoa was eligible for a universality slot to send an athletics competitor to the games, which allows underrepresented nations to compete and for a National Olympic Committee (NOC) to send athletes despite not meeting the standard qualification criteria. The American Samoa Track & Field Association (ASTFA) selected sprinter Filomenaleonisa Iakopo, after she competed in numerous qualifying competitions and achieved times needed for selection by the ASTFA. Iakopo is originally from the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) though represented American Samoa as the CNMI does not have a recognized NOC. She was eligible to represent American Samoa as her father was born in the territory. She stated mixed feelings about her participation, but expressed it as an opportunity to represent Pacific Islanders on a \"global stage\".\nThe lead-up to the games saw Iakopo compete at the 2022 Oceania Athletics Championships, her debut international competition, followed by the 2022 Pacific Mini Games, 2023 Oceania Athletics Cup, 2023 Pacific Games, 2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships, and 2024 Oceania Athletics Championships. She also held the national records in the 100 and 200 meters. As the territory does not have a proper track, she stated that she trained on various surfaces such as sand, grass, and concrete. Before the games, Iakopo aimed to beat her personal best of 12.83 seconds and advance by placing in the top three of her preliminary heat.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "American Samoa at the 2024 Summer Olympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics", "article_id": 77332728, "section": "Qualification and lead-up to the games", "metadata": {"word_count": 230, "char_count": 1482, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The athletics events were held at the Stade de France. Making her Olympic debut, Iakopo competed in the preliminaries of the women's 100 meters on 2 August 2024 at 10:43 a.m., where she raced in the second heat and ran a time of 12.78 seconds for a new national record and personal best. She placed eighth out of the nine people in her heat and did not advance further. After competing, she became the first Chamorro person from the CMNI to compete at the Olympic Games. She stated that she was satisfied with her result, citing her personal best and national record-breaking time. The eventual winner of the event was Julien Alfred of Saint Lucia, who won in a time of 10.72 and earned Saint Lucia's first Olympic medal.\nTrack and road events", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "American Samoa at the 2024 Summer Olympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics", "article_id": 77332728, "section": "Event", "metadata": {"word_count": 133, "char_count": 743, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "American Samoa was eligible for a universality slot to send a swimmer to the games. The nation selected national record holder Micah Masei. Masei grew up in Oregon though represented American Samoa through his grandfather, Mataiaau Masei, who was born in the territory but moved to the mainland United States for work. Micah Masei also competed at the last Summer Games held in Tokyo, Japan, where he competed in the men's 100 meter breaststroke and placed first in his heat, though his time was not fast enough to progress to further rounds. After the games in Tokyo, he took a break from swimming for 18 months to pursue a master's degree in finance at the University of Hawai'i. He resumed the sport on February 2023, training in the ocean.\nThe lead-up to the games saw Masei compete at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships; 2023 Pacific Games, where he earned silver and bronze in the 100 and 50 meter breaststroke respectively; 2024 World Aquatics Championships; and 2024 Oceania Swimming Championships, where he earned silver in the 50 meter breaststroke and won gold in the 100 meter breaststroke with a new national record of 1:04.64. Prior to the games, he trained in a camp in Divonne-les-Bains for ten days, where he praised the camp's location and the athletes who trained there alongside him.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "American Samoa at the 2024 Summer Olympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics", "article_id": 77332728, "section": "Qualification and lead-up to the games", "metadata": {"word_count": 221, "char_count": 1306, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The swimming events were held at the Paris La Défense Arena. Masei competed in the heats of the men's 100 meter breaststroke on 27 July 2024 at 11:30 a.m. in the first heat. He finished with a time of 1:05.95 and placed third in his heat. He did not progress further and placed 34th out of the 36 competitors that competed. After he competed, he stated that his reason for competing is because of the support he receives from his family; his sister was in the stands of the arena during his competition. The eventual winner of the event was Nicolò Martinenghi of Italy who won in a time of 59.03 seconds.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "American Samoa at the 2024 Summer Olympics", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics", "article_id": 77332728, "section": "Event", "metadata": {"word_count": 112, "char_count": 604, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"American Teenager\" is a song by the American singer-songwriter and record producer Ethel Cain from her debut studio album, Preacher's Daughter (2022). It was released through her record label, Daughters of Cain, on April 21, 2022, as the third and final single from the album. Cain produced the song and wrote it with Steven Mark Colyer. \nInspired by photographs of her mother's time as a high school cheerleader, she wrote the song to criticize the unrealistic expectations of being a teenager in the United States. She was initially concerned that making pop music would undermine her non-pop songs, but later decided to not let this affect her. It is a heartland rock and pop song driven by synthesizers, guitar, and drums. A song about intergenerational trauma, its lyricism offers cultural commentary criticizing gun culture in the United States, unraveling the concept of the \"American Dream\", and expresses anti-war themes. Numerous reviewers compared the track's sound to other musicians, especially Taylor Swift and Bruce Springsteen; Cain has cited the latter as a longtime inspiration.\nUpon its release, \"American Teenager\" was positively received by music critics, several of whom deemed it a standout from Preacher's Daughter. Critics enjoyed the emotional contrast between the upbeat production and the melancholic lyrics, the song's lyrical complexity, emotional depth and imagery, the song's blend of genres, and Cain's ability to make an accessible track while maintaining a distinct sound. Several publications deemed it one of the best songs of 2022, and it also made select mid-decade lists. It also appeared in Rolling Stone's 2023 list of the most inspirational LGBTQ songs of all time and Billboard's 2024 list of the best LGBTQ anthems of all time. Former President of the United States Barack Obama named it one of his favorite songs of 2022, Swift included it in the pre-show playlist for the Eras Tour, and the American singer-songwriter Gracie Abrams recorded a cover version of the song in February 2024.\nCain directed and edited the music video for \"American Teenager\", which was filmed by Silken Weinberg in Cain's hometown of Perry, Florida. She wore her mother's cheerleading uniform to the city's high school football field to take after her. The video pays homage to the emo band American Football and contains footage of the September 11 attacks. Cain performed \"American Teenager\" live at several festivals and included it in the setlists of the Freezer Bride Tour in 2022, and the Blood Stained Blonde Tour in 2023.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "American Teenager", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Teenager", "article_id": 72604271, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 410, "char_count": 2554, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "After leaving her family's home in Florida when she was age 18, Ethel Cain began her gender transition process and began working on her debut album, Preacher's Daughter (2022). She had been working on the album's story throughout the majority of her life; its narrative revolves around an American girl that runs away from her home only to meet a violent end with a cannibal. She announced the album alongside the release of its lead single, \"Gibson Girl\", on March 17, 2022. It was followed by the second single, \"Strangers\", on April 7. \"American Teenager\" was released as the third and final single from the album on April 21, through her record label, Daughters of Cain. It was released alongside a visualizer, which depicts Cain sitting on a picnic table, drinking cans of Budweiser, and appearing tired on a sunny day. Alongside the release of the single, she also announced the Freezer Bride Tour and revealed its North American dates for July 2022.\nCain was inspired to write \"American Teenager\" after looking at old photographs of her mother's time as a cheerleader in high school. She wrote the song to criticize the unrealistic expectations of being a teenager in the United States. She stated that she was surrounded by \"visions of NASCAR, rock'n'roll, and being the one who would change everything\" when growing up. She also commented on how the people around her growing up made her believe that everything is achievable, though did not tell her that \"you need your neighbor more than your country needs you\". Commenting on making a song with a more mainstream sound than the rest of her discography, Cain stated she was \"scared that if [she] made pop music, [she] wouldn't be taken seriously for the non-pop songs\", but later felt as if she was \"getting to the point where [she] [does not] care\". Cain produced the song herself and wrote it with Steven Mark Colyer.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "American Teenager", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Teenager", "article_id": 72604271, "section": "Background and release", "metadata": {"word_count": 322, "char_count": 1880, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"American Teenager\" is 4 minutes and 18 seconds long. It is a heartland rock and pop song with elements of country rock and folk music. It has also been described as an ambient pop, indie folk, pop rock, and arena rock track by select music publications. It is driven by synthesizers, guitar, and drums with a hook reminiscent of rock music from the 1980s. Cain's vocals, and the track itself, contain considerable amounts of reverb. Its guitar riff is a sample of the song \"Don't Stop Believin'\" (1981) by the American rock band Journey. \"American Teenager\" is the most upbeat song on Preacher's Daughter and was seen as its most commercially appealing track by Paul Bridgewater from The Line of Best Fit. Pitchfork's Olivia Horn deemed it Cain's \"closest brush with pop's mainstream\". Writing for Billboard, Stephen Daw felt it had a more uplifting sound compared to Cain's previous material.\n\"American Teenager\" is about intergenerational trauma, with lyrics that offer cultural commentary criticizing gun culture in the United States, unraveling the concept of the \"American Dream\", as well as expressing anti-war themes. The lyric \"The neighbor's brother came home in a box\" challenges the idea of a person serving their country, while \"Jesus, if you're there, why do I feel alone in this room with you?\" questions the idea of a person loving their god. The song evokes imagery of a high school football team, nights that went wrong, and prayers to Jesus. Its isolation-influenced lyrics about crying in a set of bleachers and witnessing caskets come back from war are used in a way to promote her sense of self-determination. Cain references the American racing driver Dale Earnhardt in the lyric \"I do it for my daddy and I do it for Dale\", and the song ends with the line \"I'm doing what I want / And damn, I'm doing it well / For me\", showing that the one thing Cain believes in is herself. Bridgewater highlighted that the track, alongside the album songs \"Family Tree\" and \"Gibson Girl\", contain \"lyrics that paint a Southern Gothic world filled with the scent of Marlboro Reds, and waffle-house [sic] coffee\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "American Teenager", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Teenager", "article_id": 72604271, "section": "Music and lyrics", "metadata": {"word_count": 359, "char_count": 2121, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Numerous reviewers compared the sound of \"American Teenager\" to various musicians, especially Taylor Swift and Bruce Springsteen. The Guardian's Shaad D'Souza said the track \"feels indebted\" to Swift and Springsteen and jokingly called it \"the year's best Taylor Swift song\". Similarly, Michelle Hyun Kim of Rolling Stone said it is reminiscent of Springsteen, Swift, and the emo band American Football. Devon Chodzin from Paste commented on the track's \"Springsteen-like curiosity around Americana, but even more biting criticism\". Tom Williams noticed similarities with Swift's second studio album, Fearless (2008), in a review for Beats Per Minute. Similarly, Evan Rytlewski of Pitchfork observed similarities between the song and Speak Now (2010), Swift's third studio album. Steve Erickson from Slant Magazine wrote that the song's \"huge drums and vocals drowned in reverb\" could be played next to Swift's songs on Top 40 radio, while Reanna Cruz of NPR Music felt the song's guitar tones were inspired by Swift and the musician Tom Petty. Paper's Jacqueline Codiga highlighted similarities between \"American Teenager\" and Swift's 2008 song \"Love Story\", while Rayne Fisher-Quann of i-D commented on the song's \"Springsteen-inflected heartland rock\". Writing for Business Insider, Callie Ahlgrim felt that the song \"scratches a similar itch\" that Lana Del Rey's song \"Born to Die\" (2012) did, \"but swaps [Rey's] heavy-handed nihilism for a snapshot of youth that's far more complex and authentic\". A writer for Billboard felt the \"ethereal regions of [Cain's] voice\" were reminiscent of the Irish rock band the Cranberries. In an interview with Paper, Cain cited Springsteen as a longtime inspiration.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "American Teenager", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Teenager", "article_id": 72604271, "section": "Music and lyrics", "metadata": {"word_count": 258, "char_count": 1706, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Upon its release, \"American Teenager\" received positive reviews from music publications. Several critics considered it a standout track from Preacher's Daughter. Some reviewers highlighted the emotional contrast between the upbeat production and the melancholic lyrics. Rytlewski commended the song's ability to effectively establish the album's recurring themes. Some critics applauded the song's lyrical complexity, emotional depth, and imagery. DIY's Ben Tipple considered it \"perfect epic pop\", while Bridgewater felt it was one of the album's \"tent-pole tracks\". Critics enjoyed the song's blend of genres and Cain's ability to make an accessible track while maintaining a distinct sound.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "American Teenager", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Teenager", "article_id": 72604271, "section": "Critical response", "metadata": {"word_count": 97, "char_count": 693, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Several publications deemed \"American Teenager\" one of the best songs of 2022. It appeared in the top 25 spots in lists from Business Insider, The Line of Best Fit, the Los Angeles Times, Vulture, The Guardian, Slant Magazine, Pitchfork, Paste, The New York Times, DIY, Billboard, and NPR Music. It also received further placements in the top 100 from The Fader, Consequence, Vice, and Rolling Stone, and appeared in unranked lists from Slate, Nylon, Uproxx, and British GQ. It was included in Rolling Stone's 2023 list of the most inspirational LGBTQ songs of all time; Ilana Kaplan called it Preacher's Daughter's breakout song. Similarly, Billboard named it as one of the best LGBTQ anthems of all time in 2024, describing it as \"earnest yet jaded, familiar yet fresh\".\nPitchfork and Paste both featured the song in their mid-decade lists of the best songs of the 2020s. The former ranked it at number 29; Horn called it a \"fist-pumping anthem of solidarity for all the young people that the American dream leaves behind\". The latter named it the 64th best track, with Clare Martin lauding Cain's pop abilities \"as she pays tribute to her Southern Baptist Florida upbringing\". In 2024, American Songwriter named it the best rock song of the decade so far; Em Casalena lauded the song's folk elements, saying they made the song sound \"addicting\". She also commented, \"It's wild how a song about intergenerational trauma can be such a delightful little slice of music\". Both USA Today and Billboard included it in their 2024 lists of the best songs to play on the Fourth of July.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "American Teenager", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Teenager", "article_id": 72604271, "section": "Rankings", "metadata": {"word_count": 268, "char_count": 1580, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"American Teenager\" was listed as one of former President of the United States Barack Obama's favorite songs of 2022, which prompted surprise from Cain and the media due to the song's anti-war message. The song was included on the pre-show playlist for Swift's the Eras Tour (2023–2024). The American singer-songwriter Gracie Abrams covered \"American Teenager\" at the Sydney concert of her Good Riddance Tour in January 2024. The following month, she recorded a cover version of the song for the Australian radio station Triple J. Following its release, Abrams showed admiration for Cain; she described the song as \"amazing\" and stated that she enjoys Cain's songwriting and listens to her music often.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "American Teenager", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Teenager", "article_id": 72604271, "section": "Celebrity response", "metadata": {"word_count": 112, "char_count": 702, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Cain directed and edited the music video for \"American Teenager\", which was filmed by Silken Weinberg in Cain's hometown of Perry, Florida. Cain wore her mother's cheerleading uniform to the city's high school football field, shooting the video on the same camera used for the music video of her song \"God's Country\" (2021). She stated that she felt it correct to follow in her mother's \"footsteps\" for the music video after looking at old pictures of her mother. The video pays homage to American Football and contains footage of the September 11 attacks. It also includes a longer intro to the song.\nCain performed \"American Teenager\" live at several festivals, including the Pitchfork Music Festival, Coachella, and Primavera Sound. She also included it in the set list of her first two concerts tours, the Freezer Bride Tour in 2022, and the Blood Stained Blonde Tour in 2023.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "American Teenager", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Teenager", "article_id": 72604271, "section": "Music video and live performances", "metadata": {"word_count": 147, "char_count": 880, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The analog revival is a period in synthesizer history when analog synthesizers returned to commercial production and popular usage. \nThe revival has its roots in the late 20th century but began in earnest during the early 21st century, prompted by the release of several analog synthesizers by companies such as Korg and Moog. This followed a spell of companies producing digital synthesizers after the release of Yamaha's DX7, which was less expensive than analog synthesizers and led to many analog manufacturers going out of business in the 1980s. The emergence of electronic dance music in the late 1980s boosted the popularity of analog synthesizers on the second-hand market and created a demand for the resumed production that major manufacturers took until the early 21st century to capitalize on.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Analog revival", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_revival", "article_id": 73867687, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 128, "char_count": 805, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Analog synthesizers have been produced since the 1960s, when American engineer Robert Moog created his Moog synthesizer. Synthesizers became widely popular with the release of the smaller and more affordable Minimoog in 1970, causing artists such as the Beatles, Rush, Lipps Inc. and Michael Jackson to begin using them. In 1983, Yamaha released the DX7 digital synthesizer, which was cheaper than its analog counterparts. Studios and producers increasingly used digital synthesizers over analog synthesizers into the late 1980s and 1990s, causing many analog synthesizer companies, including Moog, ARP and Sequential Circuits, to go out of business.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Analog revival", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_revival", "article_id": 73867687, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 96, "char_count": 650, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Despite the boom in digital synthesizers and their effect on manufacturers, analog synthesizers maintained some relevance throughout the late 20th century. Second-hand synthesizers enjoyed a small amount of use in the during this period; during the early 2000s this was still the case, despite the increasing availability of new analog synthesizers. \nThe mainstream emergence of electronic dance music in the summer of 1988 contributed to an \"evolution of analog synth aesthetics\". The movement heavily relied on analog synthesizers and drum machines created by the Roland Corporation several years prior. Roland's TR-808 and TR-909 drum machines and TB-303 bass synth were commercial failures at release due to their lack of realism, but were crucial to this new scene due to their ease of access. Units of these machines were available for resale at low prices on both sides of the Atlantic, making them an attractive entry point for amateur musicians. These instruments saw use in house, techno, hip-hop and other genres, creating a wider interest in analog synthesizers. However, mainstream music was still using digital synthesizers and samplers during this period. Analog synthesizer manufacturers were unable to capitalize on demand since most were out of business; those that remained had embraced digital synthesis and did not want to return to analog. \nIn the 1990s, some companies tried to appeal to the growing demand by releasing virtual analog synthesizers. Roland released their JD-800 in 1990: while digital, it marked a return to analog-like controls, oscillators and filters. In 1993, American audio engineer and synth manufacturer Tom Oberheim released the Marion Systems MSR2, a rack-mount synthesizer with digitally controlled analog oscillators. 1994 marked analog releases by Doepfer and Novation: the latter's Bass Station was one of many TB-303 inspired synthesizers released in this period. Others entered the market towards the end of the century, with virtual analog offerings from Waldorf, Quasimidi and other smaller manufacturers appearing in lieu of major companies.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Analog revival", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_revival", "article_id": 73867687, "section": "20th century: dance music revival", "metadata": {"word_count": 318, "char_count": 2098, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The revival began in earnest during the early 21st century; its beginning is attributed to multiple events, including the release of the Minimoog Voyager in 2002 by the reformed Moog Music, the release of the Korg Monotron in 2010 and the re-release of several vintage synthesizers.\nModular synthesizers, specifically Eurorack, played a part in the revival by spurring major manufacturers to start making new analog synthesizers. Trade shows such as the NAMM Show reported large increases in the number of modular synthesizers in 2015, when there was a 20% increase in synthesizer offerings at the show. The manufacturing switch to surface-mount technology also contributed to the analog revival, as new synthesizers could be made faster for lower costs. The mass production of small analog synthesizers was another factor, as previous designs suffered due to being costly and unwieldy. \nThe revival began due to a number of perceived advantages that analog synthesizers have over their digital counterparts. Sound on Sound stated that one of these reasons was the imperfections present in the sound of an analog synthesizer, which can make the instrument feel less \"sterile\". Tom Oberheim said that \"there is a warmth to analog\", and compared the analog–digital divide to LPs and CDs. They also suggested that the simple layout and \"one-knob-per-function\" design help to make a better connection with the player. Oberheim and US synth designer Dave Smith both theorized that the demand could be due to a cohort of younger musicians discovering analog synthesizers. Steve Oppenheimer of Electronic Musician suggested that a factor was that musicians wanted digital and sample-based synthesizers over analog because they could emulate acoustic instruments better, but a new appreciation of analog by electronic musicians caused an \"analog renaissance\".\nAs well as the production of new synthesizers, the analog revival has manifested in other ways. Vintage synthesizers are now being sold for large amounts due to demand from modern producers. Digital synthesizers are also beginning to display traits associated with analog, such as more hands-on controls.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Analog revival", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_revival", "article_id": 73867687, "section": "21st century: mainstream revival", "metadata": {"word_count": 332, "char_count": 2156, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Anaptychia ciliaris, commonly known as the great ciliated lichen or eagle's claws, is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Physciaceae. It is predominantly found in Northern Europe, with its range extending to European Russia, the Caucasus, Central and Southern Europe, the Canary Islands, and parts of Asia. First mentioned in botanical literature by the Italian botanist Fabio Colonna in 1606, the species was formally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, who highlighted its unique physical characteristics such as its grey colour, its unusual leafy form with linear fringe-like segments, and the presence of hair-like structures (cilia). This lichen is adaptable in its choice of substrates, mostly growing on tree barks and less commonly on rocks.\nThroughout history, the lichen has been used in early scientific investigations about lichen structure and development. Early botanists like Joseph Pitton de Tournefort and Johann Hedwig made observations about the lichen's structure. More recent studies have investigated its potential biological activities, including antibacterial, insecticidal, and antioxidant properties. A. ciliaris has been used in research to monitor atmospheric pollution, including detecting air pollution following the Chernobyl disaster. Beyond its scientific importance, the lichen has had various practical applications. For example, in the 17th century, it was one of several lichen ingredients in \"Cyprus Powder\", used as a personal grooming and cosmetic product.\nAnaptychia ciliaris is readily recognizable by its fruticose (bushy) thallus that varies in colour from greyish-white to brownish-grey, to greenish when wet, and its large and distinctive cilia. The lichen can form extensive colonies made of neighbouring lichens each attached to the substrate at a single point, all with narrow lobes, known as laciniae, growing outwards. These laciniae, which are covered in fine hairs, split repeatedly into equal branches. Circular reproductive structures (apothecia) with brown discs occur on the thallus surface. The internal anatomy of A. ciliaris makes it sensitive to air pollutants, leading to observable changes in its form when exposed to these conditions. Two species of green algae in the genus Trebouxia have been shown to serve as the photobionts (photosynthetic partners) of this lichen.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anaptychia ciliaris", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaptychia_ciliaris", "article_id": 75010436, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 345, "char_count": 2343, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "According to Annie Lorrain Smith, Anaptypia ciliaris was first mentioned in the botanical literature in 1606 by the Italian botanist Fabio Colonna in his Ekphrasis, a work known for its detailed illustrations of plants using copperplate engravings.\nIt was formally described as a new species in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus, as Lichen ciliaris. Linnaeus described it as a somewhat erect, leafy, grey lichen with linear, fringe-like segments that are ciliate (having hair-like structures, or cilia). He said it resembled a tree moss with hairy edges and small shield-like structures (apothecia). Linnaeus cited multiple references that described the lichen similarly, emphasizing its larger size, hairy characteristics, and shielded appearance. Linnaeus noted that this lichen is found on trees in Europe. Julius von Flotow is credited with the transfer of the taxon to the genus Anaptychia in 1850. A specimen illustrated by Johann Jacob Dillenius in 1742 was selected as the lectotype by Syo Kurokawa in his 1962 monograph on the genus Anaptychia.\nAnaptychia ciliaris is the type species of Anaptychia. This genus was proposed by Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1848 as a replacement for the name Hagenia, suggested by Franz Gerhard Eschweiler in 1824, but already being used for a plant genus. Körber described genus Anaptychia as follows (translated from Latin): \"Apothecia bordered by a resupinate thallus (ascending thallus is channelled)\". Although he did not assign a type species himself, A. ciliaris was later designated as type by Louis Pfeiffer in 1872.\nCommon names that have been used for Anaptychia ciliaris include \"great ciliated lichen\" and \"eagle's claws\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anaptychia ciliaris", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaptychia_ciliaris", "article_id": 75010436, "section": "Taxonomy", "metadata": {"word_count": 257, "char_count": 1660, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Several subspecies (subsp.), varieties (v.), and forms (f.) of the lichen have been described; Index Fungorum lists 45 of these subtaxa. This following list is representative, but not exhaustive:", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anaptychia ciliaris", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaptychia_ciliaris", "article_id": 75010436, "section": "Subtaxa", "metadata": {"word_count": 29, "char_count": 195, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "f. ciliaris\nThis is the nominate form, in which pycnidia (asexual fruiting bodies) are rare or absent, and the margins of apothecia are distinctly lacinulate (i.e., fringed or tattered).\nf. agropia (Ach.) Boist. (1903)\nIn this form, pycnidia are rare or absent, and the margins of apothecia are crenate (scalloped) or almost entire (i.e., smooth and not lobed or toothed).\nf. verrucosa (Ach.) Boist. (1903)\nIn this form, pycnidia are numerous; the verrucae (small wart-like protuberances) are the same colour as the thallus or somewhat darker.\nf. melanosticta (Ach.) Boberski (1886)\nIn this form, pycnidia are numerous; the verrucae are dark brown to blackish brown.\nf. nigrescens (Bory) Zahlbr. (1931)\nIn this form the laciniae are less than 2 mm wide.\nsubsp. mamillata (Taylor) D.Hawks. & P.James (1980)\nCompared to the nominate variety, subsp. mamillata has narrower lobes (about 2 mm wide), and a colouration that ranges from dark grey to brown when dry, to dark-olive green when wet, and its lacks and pruina on the thallus surface.\nvar. melanosticta (Ach.) Boisel (1903)\nThis variety is dark brown with a sparsely hairy upper surface and is mainly found on seaside rocks, especially rocks visited by birds.\nIn 1962, Kurokawa identified five forms of Anaptychia ciliaris. However, by 1973, he believed these distinctions were merely character variations caused by different environmental conditions, thus deeming them taxonomically insignificant. He subsequently grouped them as synonyms. This perspective is shared by Species Fungorum, which does not recognize these subtaxa as having individual taxonomic importance and categorizes them under a collective synonymy. Most of these classifications have not been assessed using contemporary molecular phylogenetics. One exception is A. ciliaris var. melanosticta from coastal regions. DNA analysis revealed it might be distinct enough to be considered its own species, as it emerged as a sister taxon to other tested A. ciliaris samples.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anaptychia ciliaris", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaptychia_ciliaris", "article_id": 75010436, "section": "Subtaxa", "metadata": {"word_count": 306, "char_count": 1991, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The growth form of Anaptychia ciliaris merges characteristics of both foliose (leafy) and fruticose (bushy) lichens. Like many fruticose species, this lichen attaches to its substrate at a single point. Its fronds, akin to lobes of foliose lichens, lie close to the substrate with distinct upper and lower structures in a dorsiventral organization. This structure comprises an upper fibrous cortex of tightly packed hyphae and an algal layer with interspersed photobionts between the cortex and the medulla's looser hyphae. Its lower cortex is made of hyphae that are aligned more or less parallel to the surface. The lichen's upper surface is greyish, and the underside can be greyish or whitish, with both sides turning green when wet.\nThis lichen forms loose attachments to its substrate, allowing it to develop large colonies up to 15 cm (6 in) or more across. These colonies comprise neighbouring individuals each with elongated, linear structures (laciniae) that repeatedly branch dichotomously (into roughly equal parts). The laciniae generally have an upward, somewhat ascending orientation. Their width is up to about 2 mm (1⁄16 in), and they are about 300 μm thick. They appear either flat or somewhat convex and are covered in soft, fine hairs (pubescence). The fibrous outer cortex imparts structural strength to the laciniae, helping them maintain an upright orientation. Numerous pale, lateral cilia lie along the margins of the laciniae. They are dark grey to black and up to 15 mm (3⁄5 in) long. Sometimes, these long cilia form hapters—specialized aerial attachment organs with highly adhesive hyphae. Upon contact with nearby surfaces, often another lobe of its own thallus, these hapters induce branching and create a spreading sheath, leading to entanglement.\nOn the undersurface of the laciniae, the thallus lacks a cortex and appears paler than its upper surface. The lower surface features irregular veining and is adorned with rhizines (root-like attachment structures) along the margins, which are the same colour as the thallus. These rhizines measure between 1 and 6 mm (1⁄16 and 1⁄4 in) in length and may be either simple or occasionally branched towards the tips. The upper cortex of the laciniae has irregular thickening, and its lower surface has flexuous contours, occasionally extending downward to the lower surface of the thallus. The photobiont layer, housing cells measuring 10–15 μm in diameter, is frequently interrupted by the upper cortex, resulting in a discontinuous pattern. The medullary layer is typically very thin and may even be evanescent in some regions.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anaptychia ciliaris", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaptychia_ciliaris", "article_id": 75010436, "section": "Description", "metadata": {"word_count": 409, "char_count": 2605, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Apothecia, the reproductive structures, are found on the thallus. These structures are usually laminal (spread over the thallus surface), and either stipitate (with a stipe) or somewhat sessile (directly on the thallus). Their diameters range from 2 to 5 millimetres (1⁄16 to 3⁄16 in). Their margins are lacinulate (tattered), with ciliate lacinules along the edges. The disc of the apothecia is brown or dark brown, initially covered in a white pruina that may fade. The receptacle's hymenium, 150–200 μm tall, turns blue when stained with iodine. Its cortex is irregularly thickened and resistant to iodine staining. The cylindrical or clavate asci measure about 120 by 30 μm and usually contain between four and eight spores. Spores are dark brown, ellipsoid with rounded tips, and somewhat constricted at the centre. They measure 17–23 by 28–43 μm, with thin, uniformly thickened walls. Initially, spores are oval, and filled with granular and mucous substances. Eventually, a central partition (septum) forms, dividing the contents and leading to a two-cell state.\nNo lichen products have been identified from Anaptychia ciliaris, and it does not react with any of the standard chemical spot tests used to help identify lichens.\nThe morphology of A. ciliaris changes when exposed to adverse concentrations of ambient levels of air pollutants. It stops producing cilia, and the lobes become shorter and develop a warty upper surface.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anaptychia ciliaris", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaptychia_ciliaris", "article_id": 75010436, "section": "Description", "metadata": {"word_count": 225, "char_count": 1437, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The green algal species Trebouxia arboricola was the first photobiont of Anaptychia ciliaris to be identified. A concurrent study corroborated this association and suggested the nonspecific nature of A. ciliaris in incorporating algae from adjacent lichens. The A. ciliaris specimen studied was sourced from tree bark near Xanthoria parietina and Pleurosticta acetabulum. The internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA of the photobiont closely matched the sequences from the photobionts of these neighbouring lichens, suggesting they share the same algae. Anaptychia ciliaris undergoes sexual reproduction through the production of meiotic spores. In lichens, this reproductive mode disperses individual symbionts separately, leading to new symbiotic formations. Such a process facilitates genetic diversity and potential symbiotic shifts among different species.\nIn 2014, a different member of Trebouxia was shown to partner with Anaptychia ciliata. Trebouxia decolorans is a common and widespread symbiotic haploid green alga known for forming symbiotic associations with various lichen-forming fungi. Microsatellite primers, designed specifically to probe the genetic structure and diversity of this photobiont, were used to elucidate the intra-thallus genetic diversity of T. decolorans. This revealed the presence of multiple, genetically distinct photobiont strains within the thalli of the fungi. Particularly in A. ciliata, the predominant source of photobiont diversity seems to be intrathalline somatic mutations, possibly due to the longer lifespan of the fungus compared to the mycobiont, allowing ample time for mutations to accumulate.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anaptychia ciliaris", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaptychia_ciliaris", "article_id": 75010436, "section": "Photobiont", "metadata": {"word_count": 227, "char_count": 1649, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The moss-dwelling African species Anaptychia ethiopica closely resembles A. ciliata, so much so that its authors consider it a sorediate version of that species. It is only known to occur in the mountains of Ethiopia at altitudes over 3,500 m (11,500 ft).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anaptychia ciliaris", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaptychia_ciliaris", "article_id": 75010436, "section": "Similar species", "metadata": {"word_count": 42, "char_count": 255, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Anaptychia ciliaris has a widespread but primarily Northern Hemisphere distribution, with its main range encompassing Europe, parts of Asia, and North Africa, while being notably absent from North America. Primarily found in Northern Europe, the distribution of A. ciliaris extends eastward to European Russia, the Caucasus, and northeastern Russia (Murmansk). It is also present in Central and Southern Europe, and the Canary Islands. In Africa, it is established across Morocco, and has been reported from Sudan. The lichen has sporadic records in Asia. In China, specimens have been collected from Xinjiang, Gansu, Shaanxi, and Hebei, at altitudes above 1,800 m (5,900 ft). Anaptychia ciliaris was among the top three most abundant lichens in Turkey's Lake Abant Nature Park 2018 biodiversity survey. In contrast, northern Germany and the UK have seen a decline in sightings. It is rare in Ireland, and nearly extinct in North East England. By 2010, Scotland recorded A. ciliaris in only four locations, with its scarcity attributed to air pollution and the declining elm tree population, impacted by Dutch elm disease. A century ago, it was more common in the UK, typically found thriving on trees in parklands and along cultivated roadsides. Widely distributed in Finland, it is abundant in populated areas, present in parks, alleys, and field edges, and also occurs on seashore cliffs.\nAnaptychia ciliaris has adapted to growth on various substrates. Growing on bark, the lichen has been recorded frequently on Quercus rotundifolia, Q. pyrenaica, and Ulmus. Less commonly, it is found on Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra, Juniperus oxycedrus, Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore) and Fagus sylvatica (beech). In Denmark, its usual hosts are Fraxinus and Tilia. Less frequently, it is found on calcareous and acidic rocks, and gravestones. A key characteristic of A. ciliaris is its preference for diffuse light.\nIn Poland, Anaptychia ciliaris is among six endangered species listed on the National red list. In Moscow's East European Plain area, it is an uncommon species and listed in the 2018 Red Data Book of the Moscow Region. It is mostly found in the area's birch grass-marsh forests, with its limited presence attributed to the air pollution from Moscow. Austria's Regional Red List also classifies A. ciliaris as endangered. Once common sight in Upper Austria, its decline is due to less availability of preferred substrate like mature, moss-covered, fertilised and dust-impregnated barks. Contemporary practices often result in the removal of trees before their bark matures to a consistency suitable for A. ciliaris.\nHistorical North American literature occasionally mentions the presence of A. ciliaris, but such references are misinterpretations. These instances refer to A. setifera, and A. ciliaris is not native to the continent.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anaptychia ciliaris", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaptychia_ciliaris", "article_id": 75010436, "section": "Habitat and distribution", "metadata": {"word_count": 438, "char_count": 2838, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Some lichens, including Anaptychia ciliaris, serve as excellent bioindicators due to their sensitivity to environmental changes and their ability to accumulate atmospheric pollutants, making them valuable tools for monitoring air quality and environmental health.\nIn Denmark and North Germany, a method was developed to gauge SO2 emissions using the health and fertility of indicator lichens like A. ciliaris. Similarly, England and Wales adopted a scale rating zones from 0 (most polluted) to 10 (least polluted), with A. ciliaris typically found in zones above 7, corresponding to SO2 levels around 40 micrograms per cubic metre. Historically common in 19th-century Netherlands, A. ciliaris experienced a significant decline throughout the 20th century. However, healthy specimens were unexpectedly found in 2010 on young ash trees in Brabant, a resurgence attributed to reduced air pollution and climate warming.\nMonitoring the breakdown of chlorophyll into phaeophytin in A. ciliaris has proven effective for detecting air pollution. The species' ability to grow on different substrates enhances its utility in biomonitoring. In France, A. ciliaris was used to measure lead and cadmium emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator. It has also been employed in Greece to assess the levels of heavy metals in polluted areas and near a lignite power plant.\nIn Sweden, A. ciliaris has a history of being used for monitoring atmospheric pollution. Following the Chernobyl disaster, it played a significant role in the biomonitoring of airborne radioactive fallout, with detected caesium-137 activity in Anaptychia ciliaris reaching as high as 14560 becquerels per kilogram.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anaptychia ciliaris", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaptychia_ciliaris", "article_id": 75010436, "section": "Biomonitoring", "metadata": {"word_count": 249, "char_count": 1679, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In the 17th Century, \"Cyprus Powder\" was used as a toilette powder (a fine, often fragranced powder used for personal grooming and cosmetic purposes) to whiten, scent, and cleanse the hair. It was a blend of oakmoss, Anaptychia ciliaris, and species of Usnea, fragranced with ambergris or musk, combined with the essences of roses, jasmine, or orange blossoms.\nIn the Ar Kaweit region of eastern Sudan, the lichen, known locally as bakour, was mixed with other plants and burned to repel insects.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anaptychia ciliaris", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaptychia_ciliaris", "article_id": 75010436, "section": "Uses", "metadata": {"word_count": 82, "char_count": 496, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Historically, the lichen Anaptypia ciliaris has played a significant role in various scientific explorations of lichen structure and physiology. Early on, the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort reportedly first observed the lichen's distinctive large, dark-coloured spores. In 1849, Holle detailed the development of hyphae from lichen spores, using A. ciliaris as the subject of his study. In 1850 and 1851, the lichen was used by the German botanist Hermann Itzigsohn to demonstrate the existence of \"spermagones\" (conidia). In 1853, Julius Ferdinand Speerschneider, another German botanist, reported the division of the lichen's photobiont cells (then referred to as gonidia) in moist thallus sections. He found that in humid air, hyphae decomposed within two months, while algae thrived, growing and dividing rapidly. Subsequently, small, light green structures emerged in the decomposing thallus centre, evolving into lichen primordia.\nFurther insights into lichen structure came when Reginald Heber Howe, Jr. presented the lichen's cortex as an exemplar of the \"fibrous\" cortex — a tissue type characterised by long, slender, infrequently branched hyphae growing parallel to the surface. The German bryologist Johann Hedwig, in the eighteenth century, expanded on these findings. In his 1784 work Fundamentum Historiae Naturalis Muscorum Frondosorum, he described and depicted Anaptypia ciliaris apothecia, dark septate spores, and pycnidia. He identified tiny bodies associated with the organism, measuring approximately 50 μm long and 24 μm thick, as \"semina\" — a term Acharius later replaced with \"spores\" in 1803.\nIn the following century, research on Anaptypia ciliaris advanced further. Pierre Augustin Dangeard, in 1894, studied the origin and development of asci in lichens, using Anaptypia ciliaris as a model. René Maire explored cellular biology by observing nuclear division in an ascospore prior to septum formation. The lichen's practical applications were also investigated. In 1825, Joseph Placide Alexandre Léorier documented Roy of Tonnerre's pioneering technique to produce alcohol from lichens, notably Anaptypia ciliaris. This innovation was remarkable because lichens, unlike fruits or grains, generally lack the abundant sugars usually used as feedstock in traditional alcohol production.\nResearch has uncovered various potential biological activities of Anaptychia ciliaris. Its extracts, tested for antibacterial and insecticidal effects against certain pathogenic bacteria and the Culiseta longiareolata mosquito larvae, showed moderate larvicidal properties. In tests against fish bacterial pathogens, A. ciliaris demonstrated antibacterial effects, particularly towards Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Lactococcus garvieae. The active metabolites in A. ciliaris, including various antioxidants, vary in presence and concentration depending on its tree substrate.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anaptychia ciliaris", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaptychia_ciliaris", "article_id": 75010436, "section": "Research", "metadata": {"word_count": 406, "char_count": 2948, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The mycobiont of Anaptychia ciliaris can be cultivated in axenic (pure) culture. More than 100 years ago, the Finnish phycologist Harry Warén described the fungal partner of A. ciliaris (then known as Physcia ciliaris) grown from spores, noting its compact mycelia and large globular cells, mistakenly believed to contain chlorophyll. Researchers can initiate spore growth by placing apothecia near an inverted petri dish, allowing mature spores to be ejected onto the growth medium and begin germinating Anaptychia ciliaris spores typically attach to the growth media as isolated units, rather than in clusters, a trait also seen in other lichen species and characteristic of certain lichen families. Anaptychia ciliaris is notable for its consistent spore release in laboratory conditions. This consistent spore release makes A. ciliaris ideal for studying lichen reproduction and development in aposymbiotic cultures. In these settings, researchers grow the fungal component separately from its algal partner, allowing for a detailed examination of the fungus's individual characteristics and behavior. On average, these spores took six to seven days to begin germination.\nAnaptychia ciliaris shows variability in spore production, reflecting its heterothallic life cycle. This contributes to genetic diversity, an important factor in the species' adaptability. In the early stages of growth, the presence of carbon sources enhances the filamentous development of the mycobiont. These findings align with the lichen's characteristic slow growth rate and its ability to support apothecia of different ages on a single thallus, further contributing to genetic variation. The morphology, metabolism, and pigmentation of Anaptychia ciliaris are particularly influenced by sugars and sugar alcohols, varying significantly in different culture media.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anaptychia ciliaris", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaptychia_ciliaris", "article_id": 75010436, "section": "Growth in culture", "metadata": {"word_count": 264, "char_count": 1847, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Anaptychia ciliaris is part of a web of ecological relationships, serving as a host for various lichenicolous organisms, which are species that live on, and often parasitize, lichens. Among the fungi that parasitize A. ciliaris is Tremella anaptychiae, a species described in 2017. This fungus produces spherical or tuberculate fruit bodies, ranging in colour from cream to pinkish, brownish, or blackish, and is found in Italy, Macedonia, Spain (including the Canary Islands), Sweden, and Greece. Catillaria mediterranea, a lichen with a reduced thallus, and Monodictys anaptychiae, a rare hyphomycete, also grow on A. ciliaris. Monodictys anaptychiae may exclusively target A. ciliaris; infection leads to thallus surface damage and discolouration. In the UK, the Anaptychia ciliaris subspecies mamillata often shows tiny black dots on its lobes, a result of Stigmidium hageniae parasitism. Additionally, A. ciliaris is subject to infection by other lichenicolous fungi such as Pronectria tincta.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anaptychia ciliaris", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaptychia_ciliaris", "article_id": 75010436, "section": "Species interactions", "metadata": {"word_count": 146, "char_count": 998, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Angels and Demons (Autumn/Winter 2010) is the thirty-sixth and final collection made by British fashion designer Alexander McQueen for his eponymous fashion house. Aesthetically, the collection drew on religious paintings of the afterlife from the Medieval and Renaissance periods, as well as the imperial dress and art of the Byzantine Empire. It incorporated traditional tailoring and dressmaking techniques that McQueen had learned early in his career while also featuring the sophisticated digitally-engineered prints that McQueen had been experimenting with in the past few seasons. McQueen committed suicide before the collection was complete; his close collaborator Sarah Burton completed the sixteen outfits that had been in progress at the time of his death. The unofficial title is taken from a Twitter post McQueen made shortly before his death.\nIn lieu of a full-scale runway show, the Alexander McQueen brand showed the sixteen completed looks privately in a series of presentations to small groups of guests on 9 and 10 March 2010, at the Hôtel de Clermont-Tonnerre in Paris. The staging was deliberately kept simple, with no attempt made to emulate McQueen's bent for showmanship. Polina Kasina, McQueen's longtime fit model, wore the collection's final and most well-known ensemble, a gold feathered coat over white tulle skirt. The presentations closed with the whispered words \"There is no more\"; the models did not return for the traditional final walk. \nCritical reception for the clothing was positive. Many reviewers noted the uncanny feeling evoked by the religious theme when juxtaposed with McQueen's suicide. Retrospective analysis has focused on the theme, with particular attention paid to whether or not it was indicative of McQueen's mental state. Ensembles from Angels and Demons are held by various museums and have appeared in exhibitions such as the McQueen retrospective Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Angels and Demons (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_and_Demons_(collection)", "article_id": 78785406, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 295, "char_count": 1939, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "British fashion designer Alexander McQueen was known for his imaginative, sometimes controversial designs, and dramatic fashion shows. During his nearly twenty-year career, he explored a broad range of ideas and themes, including historicism, romanticism, femininity, sexuality, and death. He learned tailoring as an apprentice on Savile Row, and dressmaking as head designer at French fashion house Givenchy. Although he worked in ready-to-wear – clothing produced for retail sale – his showpiece designs featured a degree of craftsmanship that verged on haute couture.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Angels and Demons (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_and_Demons_(collection)", "article_id": 78785406, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 82, "char_count": 570, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "McQueen's life had been turbulent in every sense. His upbringing was traumatic: he was a victim of childhood sexual abuse and witnessed his sisters experiencing domestic violence from their partners. McQueen felt the fashion industry was toxic and suffocating, and he was often ambivalent about continuing his career as a designer. Relentless pressure to perform contributed to his persistent depression, anxiety, and insommnia. Since the 1990s, he had abused alcohol and drugs to varying degrees to cope. In 2007, his estranged friend Isabella Blow, who had been a formative influence, committed suicide; McQueen was devastated. In the following years, his addictions escalated and he grew obsessed with death.\nOn 2 February 2010, McQueen's mother died at the age of seventy-five. He had been close with her all his life and was distraught at the thought of having to attend her funeral, which was scheduled for 12 February. In his grief, he isolated himself and turned to drugs and alcohol. He spent the next several days making gestures like giving away possessions and telling people he loved them that, in retrospect, have been taken as him setting his affairs in order. Some time between the evening of 10 February and the early hours of 11 February, he committed suicide; his body was discovered on the 11th.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Angels and Demons (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_and_Demons_(collection)", "article_id": 78785406, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 215, "char_count": 1315, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Angels and Demons (Autumn/Winter 2010) is the thirty-sixth and final collection McQueen made for his eponymous fashion house. At the time of McQueen's suicide, the collection was unfinished, with sixteen outfits which he had cut on the mannequin. A complete collection was normally at least thirty. Sarah Burton, McQueen's head of womenswear and right-hand woman, completed the outfits with his team in his stead. The unofficial title Angels and Demons is taken from a Twitter post McQueen made on 7 February.Visually, the collection relied heavily on religious paintings of the afterlife from the Medieval and Renaissance periods, as well as the imperial dress and art of the Byzantine Empire. McQueen felt the clothing in these paintings was depicted with a particular type of luminosity, and he sought to replicate that in his designs. According to Burton, he was \"looking at the art of the Dark Ages but finding light and beauty in it\". He had incorporated paintings into his work before; It's a Jungle Out There (Autumn/Winter 1997) had featured prints with details taken from the paintings of Flemish and Dutch Old Masters. \nMcQueen's previous three collections had been focused on technological innovations. Natural Dis-tinction Un-natural Selection (Spring/Summer 2009), The Horn of Plenty (Autumn/Winter 2009), and Plato's Atlantis (Spring/Summer 2010) all made use of sophisticated digitally-engineered prints, and Plato's was the first livestreamed fashion show. For Angels and Demons, McQueen intended to shift his focus to hand-crafting, which he felt was disappearing from the fashion industry and broader culture. Many designs featured traditional techniques for pleating, embroidery, and tailoring. Despite the emphasis on tradition, McQueen continued his experiments with digital printing with Angels and Demons, creating what Burton later described as a \"juxtaposition of the old and the new\". Entire paintings or selected details were rendered digitally, then either printed onto or woven into fabric. The resulting textiles were then engineered into garments. \nIn many ways, the collection encapsulated McQueen's entire career, incorporating the tailoring and dressmaking techniques he had learned early on, as well as his tendency to experiment with shape and style. The finished collection featured elaborate showpiece designs in a palette of gold and red, with rich fabrics like brocade and silk. Shorter dresses were followed with long draped gowns. Some patterns were made to evoke the look of marble. Embroidery of tigers and lions on some items may have been drawn from traditional Tibetan art or from Byzantine culture. The shoes were elaborately sculpted with various motifs including ivy, skulls, and wings.\nAngels and Demons was heavy on avian imagery, with prints of wings and birds, as well as garments embellished with gilded feathers. McQueen loved birds and had used these motifs throughout his career. In this collection, appearing alongside prints of winged angels, they took on a double meaning that reinforced the religious theme.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Angels and Demons (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_and_Demons_(collection)", "article_id": 78785406, "section": "Concept and creative process", "metadata": {"word_count": 469, "char_count": 3070, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The first look was a long-sleeved red bodice with heavy gold embroidery, with a short pleated skirt in red satin. Look 2 was a similar style with a black and gold pattern on the sleeves paired with a black pleated skirt. The bodice of this look was printed with details portraying Hell and demons from three separate paintings by Hieronymus Bosch: The Last Judgment (c. 1482 or later), The Garden of Earthly Delights (c. 1500), and The Temptation of St Anthony (c. 1501 or later). Katherine Knox considered the use of these images on the garment to be an \"unsettling rumination on the afterlife\" on McQueen's part. Fashion theorist Kirstin Kennedy felt that the prints reinforced the collection's religious themes with an oblique humour. She notes that on the rear of the garment, a hellish bagpipe from The Last Judgement is positioned \"at the base of the bodice, immediately above the wearer's anus\".\nLook 3 is a short dress in a black and gold brocade with puffs of red satin at the shoulders and hips, paired with black leather thigh-high boots. Look 4 is a belted gold brocade minidress with an asymmetrically pleated hem, worn with a statement choker and matching oversized bracelets in what appeared to be stained glass. Look 5 is a gold-toned minidress with matching glove, both printed with details from Adoration of the Magi Altarpiece (c. 1440–1442) by Stefan Lochner. The slightly asymmetrical hem reveals an underskirt of gold-painted duck feathers. On the runway, the look was paired with gold high heels embellished with beads and gemstones.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Angels and Demons (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_and_Demons_(collection)", "article_id": 78785406, "section": "Individual ensembles", "metadata": {"word_count": 261, "char_count": 1556, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Look 6 comprised a short kimono-style coat in red silk with flared sleeves, printed with tigers. It was belted at the waist and worn over a gold mesh shirt and black thigh-high boots with gold soles. It may have been inspired by the royal mantle of Roger II of Sicily. Look 7 was a tailored pantsuit in gold brocade patterned with angels. The top had an experimental puffed silhouette. Look 8 was a short coatdress and matching cape in black with gold Asian-inspired embroidery. Look 9 was a frock coat and matching skirt in black with gold printing.\nLooks 10 through 12 were long gowns in pale grey with monochrome prints. Looks 10 and 11 featured details taken from the Portinari Altarpiece (c. 1475) by Hugo van der Goes. Look 10 has a double print of the archangel Gabriel mirrored on the front of the dress, with the angel's wings wrapping around to the back of the dress, where loose folds of fabric also evoke wings. Curator Andrew Bolton found the doubling reminiscent of the closed panels of an altarpiece. The print on Look 11 was a detail of Mary, the mother of Jesus. Look 12 has a chiffon skirt under a tailored bodice with beaded embellishment on the chest and angel wings printed on the back. \nLook 13 is a white full-length dress with vertically-ruched fabric down the centre, with gold embroidery on either side. Look 14 is a full-length red gown with cape, both in cardinal red and hand-embellished with embroidery and gold sequins, evoking the elaborate garments worn by Byzantine empresses. Judith Watt connected it to the Fall/Winter 1990 collection by Romeo Gigli, with whom McQueen had worked before founding his own company. She felt the rich embellishments on Look 14 echoed the \"magic\" of that collection. Look 15 has a black long-sleeved bodice with heavy embellishment and embroidery all over, with a long black pleated skirt. \nThe best-known look from the collection is the last, Look 16, a tailored long coat with high ruff collar. The entire coat is made from gilded feathers, and it is worn over a white tulle skirt with gold hem embroidery. Andrew Wilson felt it drew on the sculptural work of Grinling Gibbons, whose carvings can be found in St Paul's Cathedral, London, as well as Icarus, a figure from Greek mythology who is said to have flown too close to the sun. Knox suggested the feathers and bird imagery reflected \"a sort of immortal finality\". The ensemble may have been a reference to the gold and white palette of McQueen's first haute couture collection for Givenchy, The Search for the Golden Fleece (Spring/Summer 1997).", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Angels and Demons (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_and_Demons_(collection)", "article_id": 78785406, "section": "Individual ensembles", "metadata": {"word_count": 444, "char_count": 2569, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Angels and Demons was originally scheduled to be presented on 9 March 2010 at La Conciergerie in Paris, but the full-scale show was cancelled after McQueen's death. Instead, the Alexander McQueen brand showed the sixteen completed looks privately to small groups of guests on 9 and 10 March. The presentations were held in the Louis XV salon at the Hôtel de Clermont-Tonnerre on the rue François-Ier. The staging was deliberately kept simple, with no attempt made to emulate McQueen's bent for theatrical presentations. Guests were seated on boxes around the periphery of the room. Before the show, they were all given a note that read \"each piece is unique, as was he\". For the soundtrack, the brand used the classical music that McQueen had listened to in his studio while working on the collection: selections from the work of Ludwig van Beethoven, Joseph Haydn, and Henry Purcell. \nPeter Philips and Guido Palau handled hair and make-up, respectively. The models were styled with faces powdered stark white. They wore gold head-wraps, some with gold feathers in the style of Mohican haircuts. The wraps were reminiscent of the head-coverings worn by many women in the Medieval and Renaissance paintings McQueen was referencing. They may also have been a reference to similar head-coverings worn in McQueen's Voss (Spring/Summer 2001). The Mohican-esque feathers referred to McQueen's history of referencing British punk fashion. \nProceedings were sombre, with the models entering one by one, walking slowly up and down the small room, then exiting. Polina Kasina, McQueen's longtime fit model, wore the final ensemble, the feathered coat. The shows closed with the whispered words \"There is no more\"; the models did not return for the traditional final walk.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Angels and Demons (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_and_Demons_(collection)", "article_id": 78785406, "section": "Runway show", "metadata": {"word_count": 282, "char_count": 1762, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Critical reception for Angels and Demons was positive. It was generally felt that the runway shows had successfully juxtaposed the memorial atmosphere with the beauty of the clothing. Sarah Mower of Vogue thought that the restrained presentation may not have been what McQueen would have chosen, but felt it allowed those who knew him a space to grieve. In her review for The Guardian, Jess Cartner-Morley wrote that McQueen \"came back to life\" for the fifteen minutes the show lasted. Booth Moore, for the Los Angeles Times, wondered \"how so much beauty came from so much pain\". Guy Trebay of The New York Times called it \"a wake without a corpse\".\nSeveral critics labelled the collection as having a Gothic aesthetic. Christina Binkley of The Wall Street Journal was struck by the religious theming, finding it eerie. Others discussed the way the collection balanced historicism with modern techniques. Suzy Menkes highlighted the digital prints of old paintings as exemplifying McQueen's \"exceptional reach from historic past to cyberspace future\". \nSeveral critics directly compared the collection to Plato's Atlantis. Menkes felt it was a distillation of his work on that collection. On the other hand, Cartner-Morley felt Angels and Demons was a \"bittersweet contrast\" to Plato's. Similarly, Cathy Horyn of The New York Times emphasised the hand-crafting in Angels and Demons as compared to the technological emphasis of Plato's. \nFor many critics, the collection had a sense of calm that was not always present in McQueen's work. Mower wrote that the ornateness of the clothing appeared at first to be a counter-narrative to the contemporary trend for minimalism. However, she felt that the clean silhouettes of the long dresses \"suggested a calm and simplicity\" in their own way. She wrote that the final outfit \"encapsulated everything about McQueen: both the tailoring and the romanticism\". Horyn was moved by \"how personal and incredibly reassured the work was\", and hoped that McQueen had been satisfied with his work.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Angels and Demons (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_and_Demons_(collection)", "article_id": 78785406, "section": "Contemporary", "metadata": {"word_count": 324, "char_count": 2030, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Considering the collection several months after release, Hamish Bowles, also from Vogue, called it a \"poignant coda to a career characterized by ceaseless invention, curiosity and lightning flashes of absolute brilliance\". At McQueen's memorial service, Vogue's editor-in-chief Anna Wintour described the collection as \"a battle between dark and light\". Knox called it \"a tour de force of the longevity of his talent\". Fashion theorist Catherine Spooner considered the collection to be one of McQueen's Gothic collections. She labelled it \"medieval Gothic Revivalism\" in comparison to other collections that drew from \"contemporary horror and even the comic Gothic of Harry Potter\". Alexander McQueen archivist John Matheson has described Angels and Demons as a \"bookend\" to McQueen's career, incorporating ideas from his early years with contemporary innovations.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Angels and Demons (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_and_Demons_(collection)", "article_id": 78785406, "section": "Retrospective", "metadata": {"word_count": 125, "char_count": 864, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Much of the critical examination of Angels and Demons focuses on interpreting the religious theme. It is often seen as a reflection of McQueen's precarious emotional state, or even as a hint at his impending suicide. Viewing the unfinished collection for the first time following McQueen's death, his close friend Sebastian Pons described it as \"a requiem.\" Several contemporary reviews make statements along these lines. Author Chloe Fox wrote that it was an \"other-worldly collection, as if McQueen had indeed had one eye on the afterlife\". \nIn contrast, textile curators Clarissa M. Esguerra and Michaela Hansen disagree that the collection was intended to telegraph anything about McQueen's mental state or suicide, arguing that it was typical of McQueen to juxtapose dichotomous ideas and explore controversial themes such as religion. References to mortality and religion had been a major part of McQueen's work throughout his career.\nFashion theorist Nathalie Khan considered the way that Angels and Demons had helped McQueen's legacy transition \"from fashion to mythology\" in the popular imagination. She viewed the show's simplicity as its strength. Each model appearing one by one with no theatrical flourish placed the focus on the emotional impact of the designs. References to McQueen's previous work gave the collection a \"momentous quality\" that made it feel like a memorial to his career. For Khan, McQueen's death, and the posthumous presentation of Angels and Demons, signalled the end of an era in which a designer's personality was \"central to the way fashion establishes meaning\".\nPhilosopher Chris McWade picked up on Khan's analysis to argue that McQueen's entire legacy was defined by the spectral – what he called \"an air of ghostliness\". He describes McQueen as metaphorically haunting Angels and Demons, contrasting it with his first collection, Jack the Ripper Stalks His Victims (1991), where McQueen's presence was more literal in the form of his hair sewn into the labels. \nSimilarly, Juliana Luna Mora and Jess Berry also considered McQueen's association with the spectral in a paper about how luxury fashion houses maintain continuity after the deaths of their founders. They saw Angels and Demons as an \"example of the commodification of death and illusion of immortality\", in which McQueen's suicide became part of the brand's mythology. Sarah Burton was named creative director at the Alexander McQueen brand following McQueen's death. In her Spring/Summer 2023 collection, she used digital prints and embroidery taken from Garden of Earthly Delights, resurrecting the imagery used in Angels and Demons. In this way, for Mora and Berry, she was participating in the commodification of imagery associated with McQueen's death in order to perpetuate his fashion house.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Angels and Demons (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_and_Demons_(collection)", "article_id": 78785406, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 436, "char_count": 2802, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Tim Walker photographed Karlie Kloss wearing the final look for an editorial in the October 2010 issue of British Vogue. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (the Met) in New York City owns three ensembles from Angels and Demons: Look 1, the red and gold bodice and skirt combination, and two other unspecified looks. The Victoria and Albert Museum in London owns copies of Look 2, with the Hieronymus Bosch print; Look 5, a gold minidress; and Look 11, a light grey gown. The National Gallery of Victoria owns the dress and boots from Look 3, the dress from Look 4, and a pair of boots from the retail collection. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston owns a copy of Look 11.\nFive outfits from Angels and Demons appeared in the exhibition Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty: Look 2, the dress with the Bosch prints; Look 5 with matching glove and shoes; Look 10 with shoes; Look 11; and the final look, the gold feathered coat with white underskirt. In the 2011 staging of the exhibition at the Met, they were presented behind glass in the show's first room, the Cabinet of Curiosities. Nathalie Khan felt that this transformed the items from a commercial product to a symbolic one. Three items appeared in the Met's 2018 exhibition Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination: Look 2, Look 5, and Look 11. Three items from Angels and Demons appeared in the 2022 exhibition Lee Alexander McQueen: Mythos, Mind, Muse: the top from Look 7, a retail version of the dress from Look 2, and a pair of shoes. They were placed in the Mythos section of the show, which covered the McQueen shows inspired by religion and mythology.\nFashion collector Jennifer Zuiker auctioned her McQueen collection in 2020, including two pieces from the retail collection of Angels and Demons. A dress printed with archangels adapted from Look 10 sold for a reported $3,750, while a gold minidress adapted from Look 5 sold for a reported $4,688.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Angels and Demons (collection)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_and_Demons_(collection)", "article_id": 78785406, "section": "Legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 333, "char_count": 1916, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Animal Well is a 2024 Metroidvania puzzle-platformer video game developed by Billy Basso as Shared Memory and published by Bigmode. The player controls an unnamed blob creature and explores an underground animal-filled labyrinth which incorporates nonlinear platforming and puzzle solving. The game is presented as an interconnected set of rooms, or flip-screens, with 2D pixel art. No plot or backstory is given, and the game world is filled with puzzles and secrets, including some puzzles that require groups of players working in collaboration or several playthroughs to solve.\nBilly Basso developed Animal Well, his first solo work, over the course of seven years. He planned the game as he developed it by inventing mechanics and deriving puzzles from their interactions. The design aesthetics were inspired by gardens and urban areas around Chicago, as well as his own artwork. Basso developed the entire game himself, including the underlying engine; he partnered with Dan Adelman after four years of development to handle marketing, and partnered with Bigmode a year later as their first published game, after YouTuber Jason Gastrow (videogamedunkey) saw Animal Well at a festival.\nAnimal Well was released for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, and Windows in May 2024, and for Xbox Series X/S in October. It released to critical acclaim, especially for its aesthetics and layered puzzles, and was featured in several lists of the best games of 2024. It won Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction at the 28th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, and was nominated for numerous categories at multiple awards ceremonies, including at the Game Awards 2024, the 25th Game Developers Choice Awards, and the 21st British Academy Games Awards.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Animal Well", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Well", "article_id": 72707421, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 271, "char_count": 1733, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Animal Well is a 2D Metroidvania video game incorporating nonlinear platforming and puzzle solving. It is presented in low-resolution pixel art graphics. The player controls an unnamed yellow blob creature which emerges from a flower at the beginning of the game and uses it to explore; no goal, plot, or backstory is given. The game world is divided into a sixteen by sixteen grid of underground rooms, or flip-screens, with one room visible at a time. The rooms are connected together in a labyrinth with multiple obvious and hidden connections. These rooms are typically murky areas with overgrown, crumbling architecture, machines and controls, and various animals generally much larger than the player character.\nThe player character can walk and jump around the rooms, and can take and use items found in the game. These items are toys, including a slinky, frisbee, and bubble wand; these often have multiple uses, not all of which are immediately obvious. Portions of the game world can only be accessed by using specific items and many areas have hidden elements that require items to access. There are also firecrackers, which can be collected at points in the game and thrown to scare animals or banish ghost animals until the player leaves the room. Matches can also be found, which can be placed in specific locations to permanently banish any ghosts from that room.\nAnimals and ghosts may ignore the player or harm them, either passively or actively, depending on the type of creature. If the player is attacked by animals or ghosts, they lose one of their hearts. The player starts with four hearts, which can be restored by finding and eating a pink fruit. Up to four additional blue hearts can be gained by eating blue fruits. If the player loses all hearts, they reappear at the last telephone they interacted with, acting as save points throughout the game.\nIn four locations, colored flames are kept behind large animals, which must be defeated using the local environment for the flame to be collected. If all four are taken and brought to a central room, then a new passageway is opened to a previously inaccessible area. At the end of it is an encounter with a wraith-like manticore creature; once defeated, the credits are shown as the first ending, and the player is then free to continue to explore.\nAfter the first ending are three more \"layers\" of the game, or sets of puzzles to solve. The second layer is intended for \"discovery and secret-oriented players\" and requires finding secret areas and collecting secret items, including all of the hidden eggs, and leads to a second showing of the credits. A third layer involves finding all hidden bunnies and introduces alternate reality game (ARG) elements, including one puzzle which requires combining partial solutions from at least fifty players to solve. A fourth layer involves items only unlockable through repeat playthrough challenges, such as speedrunning, as well as specific undocumented actions.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Animal Well", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Well", "article_id": 72707421, "section": "Gameplay", "metadata": {"word_count": 495, "char_count": 2984, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Billy Basso began development in 2017. Basso had previously worked for mobile developers such as Phosphor Games and NetherRealm Studios on multiplayer free-to-play games, which he described as teaching him technical skills. He also mentioned that he would rather create single player experiences that \"respected the player's time.\" Basso's first priority when he started the game as a side project was the creation of gameplay systems, with the world crafted afterwards to justify them. To that end, he drew inspiration from games of his childhood that he saw as having similar ideas, such as Super Mario Bros. 2 (1988) and the Metroid and The Legend of Zelda series. He was also inspired by Fez (2012), The Witness (2016), and Tunic (2022), for their sense of discovery and for hiding secrets in plain sight. He soon had a 2D platformer with similar pixel graphics to the final game, along with the blob player character. Basso did not have a planned design before starting, but instead created it as he developed the game.\nDuring the first year of development, Basso was inspired by things he saw on walks around Chicago, such as lawn ornaments or animal statues, as well as overgrown spaces. He found himself drawing animals, architectural spaces, and water and earth motifs in his personal artwork, and combined these into the game design. He knew that he did not want to have humans in the game, but felt that animals were universally relatable. A year into development, Basso named the project Animal Well due to its descriptive but ambiguous nature, as he wanted to give players the feeling of mystery and of uncovering things in familiar places. He then spent another year expanding the game; he created mechanics first and then came up with puzzles that used their interactions.\nBasso did not use any existing game engine, instead building the entire project from scratch in C++ as he wanted to understand and be in control of the underlying game systems and only have elements in the code that applied to Animal Well. He set several restrictions on himself when designing the game that led to the aesthetic and gameplay design, such as a lack of standard weapons resulting in the use of non-violent tools, a limited resolution causing unique lighting aesthetics, and no cutscenes, forcing the environment to convey all information to the player. Basso did much of the game's animation using procedural animation in code rather than traditional animation techniques, which resulted in what he felt was an \"unsettling\" effect.\nIn December 2019, Basso showcased Animal Well for the first time at an International Game Developers Association event, where it received positive attention. At that point, given how much effort he was putting into it, he wanted the project to result in a completed product. He found, however, that he did not enjoy marketing the game or posting about it. In early 2021, he emailed Dan Adelman, who had handled business management and marketing for several indie titles by small teams, such as Axiom Verge 2 (2021). Adelman was surprised by how far along the project was and intrigued by it, and joined Basso to form Shared Memory. Basso moved to working on Animal Well full time; in February 2022 the game received previews from IGN and the PlayStation blog.\nIn June 2022, Animal Well was showcased at the Day of the Devs indie game festival; this led to an increase in attention from players, including hundreds of people joining the game's Discord server to collaboratively solve the puzzles in the announcement video. YouTuber Jason Gastrow (videogamedunkey) made a video about the event highlighting the game which drove more interest. It also led to Gastrow's wife Leah contacting Shared Memory and mentioning that the pair were planning to launch an indie game publishing company, Bigmode. Basso intended to self-publish, primarily to avoid losing any creative control, but agreed to partner with Bigmode with Animal Well as their first game after meeting the pair.\nAs attention on Animal Well increased, Basso increased its scope, even though Adelman suggested to him that the game was nearing a complete state. Basso was committed to not adding any additional content after release, as he wanted it to be a single artifact with a start and an end like his inspirations, and so wanted to ensure all of his ideas made it into the game before launch. He did not want parts of the world to be locked away until players found an item, which meant that players could find areas at different points in their playthroughs and each room could involve multiple game mechanics. As a result, as he added new mechanics, existing areas had to be reworked to account for them, resulting in Basso creating around three times as many rooms as were included in the final game. Adelman and the Gastrows playtested new builds of the game with little direction from Basso; he told them some secrets to ensure they were tested, but kept others a mystery. He created some puzzles to be as difficult as he could make them, as he was worried that players were already solving puzzles just from seeing preview videos, but was convinced by Adelman to make others less \"evil\" and obscure.\nAnimal Well was released for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, and Windows on May 9, 2024, and for Xbox Series X/S on October 17, 2024. A vinyl record of the soundtrack, along with a book on the art and development of the game, is planned for release by Lost in Cult in 2026. Upon the release of Animal Well, the game's file size, below 40 megabytes on Windows, was noted as particularly small and smaller than the game's background image on PlayStation 5. In response, Basso said that the file size was not intentional, but a consequence of the game engine and procedural graphics. Basso was surprised by the level of widespread appeal for players as he thought it would be more of a niche game. He also thought some puzzles would take players years to solve, but they were solved in the first month due to community collaboration between thousands of players.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Animal Well", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Well", "article_id": 72707421, "section": "Development and release", "metadata": {"word_count": 1028, "char_count": 6064, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Animal Well received \"universal acclaim\", according to the review aggregator Metacritic. It was ranked as the second-highest rated game of 2024 by aggregated score for Nintendo Switch, in the top 10 for Windows, and in the top 15 for PlayStation 5. Animal Well was featured in several game of the year and indie game of the year lists for 2024. Basso estimated in August 2024 that the game had sold around 650,000 copies for Windows, PlayStation 5, and Nintendo Switch.\nCritics highly praised the gameplay. Christian Donlan of Eurogamer said that the game was \"filled with revelation and moments of smart pleasure\", and Jon Bailes of GamesRadar+ praised that the level design encouraged finding clever solutions to the puzzles. Charlie Wacholz of Game Informer said that the game \"pleased, surprised, or scared me with something new at every turn\" and called it a \"masterclass of environmental design\". Rebekah Valentine of IGN and Russ Frushtick of Polygon praised the intricate layers of secrets, and IGN and Richard Wakeling of GameSpot liked how the interconnected nature of the map allowed for moving between puzzles and areas. GameSpot praised the platforming as being precise, though noted its general lack of difficulty. IGN, Polygon, and Shaun Prescott of PC Gamer all praised the second layer of puzzles, calling it a second, larger game hidden within the first and a \"puzzle-solver's and scavenger-hunter's dream\". Different reviewers reported different negatives to the gameplay; Game Informer found the last section of layer one \"stale\", GameSpot felt that there were a few places with laborious backtracking upon death, and PC Gamer found the map difficult to use.\nThe aesthetics of the game were also highly praised, with Game Informer saying that it \"establishes itself with a rare, masterful sense of place\". They praised the variety and level of detail of the environment, which was echoed by GameSpot, IGN, and Polygon. IGN, Polygon, and PC Gamer all applauded the \"meticulous\" crafting of the pixel art, and GameSpot praised the interactions between the art and the animation. GamesRadar+ highlighted the lighting as the best visual feature. Eurogamer and GameSpot also praised the designs of the animals for their \"dreamlike quality\". IGN, PC Gamer, and Polygon noted the ambient soundtrack and noises impact on the overall atmosphere of the game, though IGN wished there was more music. Many reviewers concluded that Animal Well had a substantial depth to it that the aesthetics greatly enhanced.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Animal Well", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Well", "article_id": 72707421, "section": "Reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 403, "char_count": 2518, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Animal Well won the Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction award at the 28th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards. It was nominated for several other categories at that awards ceremony, as well as for multiple categories at other ceremonies such as the 42nd Golden Joystick Awards, The Game Awards 2024, the 25th Game Developers Choice Awards, and the 21st British Academy Games Awards. It also received honorable mentions at the 23rd Independent Games Festival Awards and Game Developers Choice Awards.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Animal Well", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Well", "article_id": 72707421, "section": "Awards", "metadata": {"word_count": 77, "char_count": 492, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Anju and Kafei are a pair of characters in the 2000 video game The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask. As a romantic couple, they are the subject of the sidequest \"Testament of Love\", wherein the protagonist Link is asked by Anju to find her fiancé Kafei; he had gone into hiding so he could recover a mask he was meant to give to Anju at their marriage ceremony, and he had also been turned into a child. Like all content in Majora's Mask, the quest is on a time limit and spans all three days in the game that take place before the moon crashes, destroying the world. Link can only retrieve the mask and reunite the couple on the final day, with the end of the quest taking place in the final moments.\nThis quest was added by the development team after going to a wedding of a staff member during a North Korean missile test, which prompted director Eiji Aonuma to discuss how strange it was to attend a wedding when missiles may strike. He also thought it would be interesting to include a wedding, since weddings were not common in games like The Legend of Zelda. He also wanted to make it more complicated for adult players, though noted that he appreciated Majora's Mask 3D making it easier to solve the quest. The couple and their quest received positive reception from players, regarded as one of the best quests in both The Legend of Zelda and video games as a whole by multiple critics. The reunion was considered rewarding in and of itself, and their romance was considered one of the best in gaming.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anju and Kafei", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anju_and_Kafei", "article_id": 75736947, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 277, "char_count": 1507, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Anju's model is based on a character from The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time called \"Chicken Lady,\" identified by the game's development team as being a relatively normal character in the game. The wedding between Anju and Kafei was first conceived after members of the Majora's Mask development team attended a wedding of a staff member's shortly after Ocarina of Time's release. At the time, they were trying to figure out what events to include in Majora's Mask. The wedding occurred during the Taepodong-1 missile test by North Korea. Director Eiji Aonuma found the idea of attending a wedding when missiles may strike strange. The discussion eventually evolved into how such a setting would make sense for a setting with a falling moon. They also considered that a wedding is not a usual setting for a video game like The Legend of Zelda, and that it would be \"really impactful\" to include.\nAonuma, while discussing how complicated the sidequest was due to how hard it could be to figure out the steps, noted that he designed it this way to \"age up the themes\" and provide a \"slightly more adult feeling drama moment here and there.\" He explained that they were accounting for the fact that their target audience was slightly older now, aiming it towards adults, and assumed that adults would be able to understand the quest more easily. He felt that limitations in the original Majora's Mask made this more complicated than he would have liked, and was glad to be able to make it easier in the 3DS re-release of Majora's Mask 3D.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anju and Kafei", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anju_and_Kafei", "article_id": 75736947, "section": "Concept and creation", "metadata": {"word_count": 267, "char_count": 1537, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Anju and Kafei appear in the 2000 video game The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask, a game that operates on an in-game three-day time limit (54 minutes in real time) that can be looped. The actions of multiple involved characters are on a schedule, meaning that players in control of Link must complete their quest - the Testament of Love - on a schedule, and thus can fail the quest. Their quest takes place across the entire three days span of time, and is the longest quest in the game. Anju is a worker at an inn, while Kafei is the son of the mayor. They were betrothed, but the mask Kafei was going to give Anju as part of a marriage ceremony was stolen, on top of Kafei being turned into a child by the game's antagonist, Skull Kid. Ashamed, Kafei went into hiding until he could retrieve the mask from the thief. Meanwhile, Anju continued working at the inn, worried about Kafei. Link becomes involved after agreeing to help search for Kafei.\nWhen he inquires about him to Anju, she has him return later to give him a letter to deliver to Kafei. Link has it delivered to a child wearing a Keaton mask, who he discovers is Kafei. Kafei gives the Pendant of Memories to give to Anju, which makes makes Anju decide to wait for him. Kafei goes to find his mask at the thief's hideout in Ikana Canyon; if Link assists, the two of them are able to retrieve the mask before it is lost. Shortly before the moon's fall, Kafei reunites with Anju, who recognizes him despite his form. They hug before exchanging masks, becoming a couple, with Link receiving the Couple's Mask as their witness. They stay, deciding to greet the morning together. The day after Link stops the moon from falling, Anju and Kafei have their wedding.\nAnju later appears in The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap as a different incarnation of the character. Kafei was also featured as a collectible Spirit in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, collectibles that are associated with one of the game's playable characters and can be used to modify the play experience in some way.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anju and Kafei", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anju_and_Kafei", "article_id": 75736947, "section": "Appearances", "metadata": {"word_count": 369, "char_count": 2038, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Anju and Kafei have received generally positive reception, their quest being praised as one of the best stories in Majora's Mask. Game Informer writer Blake Woog considered it one of the most famous and \"heart-wrenching\" sidequests in The Legend of Zelda, while Den of Geek writer Matthew Byrd called it the best quest in the series and one of the most complicated quests in any video game. He felt that, despite it being too frustrating or convoluted for some, the reward of finally getting them back together makes it worth it, more so than something in-game would have been. RPGFan writer Nilson Carroll highlighted it among the best The Legend of Zelda side quests, calling it \"legendary\" and discussing how it shows love persisting in darkness. Writer Taylor Yust felt Anju and Kafei's quest was a good example of synergy between gameplay and story. They felt similarly to Byrd that the real reward was reuniting the couple, feeling that the gameplay enhanced the quest's thematic significance to the player. BuzzFeed News writer Alanna Okun called the plot between Anju and Kafei the most \"poignant subplot\" in video games, disappointed that there hasn't been more material made about them. GamesRadar writer Connor Sheridan similarly felt that Anju and Kafei's quest was more enjoyable than the main story, a sentiment shared by Screen Rant writer Ross Griffin.\nAnju and Kafei's romance was particularly well-received, with Nintendojo writer Katharine Byrne discussed it as a quality example of romance in video games. She talked about how hopeless it could be, particularly if their quest is completed without having first awoken all four of the Giants, as it would mean that they were only reunited so that they could die together since Link cannot stop the moon and must return to the past. She called the reunion between the two of them one of the most heartfelt moment in The Legend of Zelda. Destructoid writer Daniel Starkey praised their reunion, commenting on how their love is \"completely mutual and elegantly expressed.\" He used this as an example of the \"Lover's Reunion,\" disagreeing with Roger Ebert's skepticism of video games as art because of the interactivity of this quest. Fellow Destructoid writer called the reunion scene particularly memorable and emotional. Nintendo World Report writer Pedro Hernandez felt that it was a standout moment in the game, saying it \"pulled [his] heartstrings.\" He felt that the ending was the best part of their story, being \"romantic and bittersweet\" due to having only so little time left together.\nWhen considering the greatest couples in Nintendo games, Game Rant writer Michael Sriqui noted that while the rest of the list had at least one major character, he had to include Anju and Kafei, calling it the best sidequest in video games. He felt it was a beautiful story, saying that it could only work in video games. The Gamer writer Bella Blondeau regarded them as her favorite romantic couple in The Legend of Zelda and a \"narrative highlight\" of Majora's Mask. While she considered it bleak, she saw its depiction of \"love overcoming all obstacles\" as hopeful, feeling like the happiness of Anju and Kafei is one of the driving forces behind Link's quest to stop the moon from crashing. A writer for Game Developer discussed how Anju's unconditional love for Kafei despite Kafei's perceived failures teaches players that if someone truly loves them, that person will come to terms.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Anju and Kafei", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anju_and_Kafei", "article_id": 75736947, "section": "Critical reception", "metadata": {"word_count": 571, "char_count": 3450, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Antimonumento 5J is an antimonumento (anti-monument) installed in the Plaza de Armas of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Human rights groups erected the sculpture in front of the State Government Palace to commemorate the protests of 4, 5, and 6 June 2020, during which state police violently repressed demonstrators protesting the death of Giovanni López, who had died in police custody the previous month.\nHuman rights groups placed the artwork adjacent to Antimonumenta on 5 June 2023. It was never given an official name; it is known as Antimonumento 5J, Antimonumento 5 de Junio, or simply 5J. It features a red-painted number five placed above a letter \"J\". Hours later, at night, authorities removed the sculpture, citing that its placement was unauthorized. Although judges later ordered its reinstatement, the state government declined to comply, arguing that it posed public safety concerns. In response, human rights groups installed a smaller replica the following month, composed of LED lights and rods.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Antimonumento 5J", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonumento_5J", "article_id": 74466674, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 158, "char_count": 1017, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "During the night of 4 May 2020, Giovanni López (c. 1990 – 4 or 5 May 2020), a bricklayer, was arrested outside his family's house in the municipality of Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos, Jalisco. According to reports, police detained him for allegedly not wearing a face mask during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico and for assaulting officers while resisting arrest. Giovanni's brother, Christian, recorded the arrest, capturing footage of officers verbally insulting his family as they placed Giovanni into a police van. Enrique Alfaro Ramírez, the state governor, had made the use of face masks mandatory.\nThe following day, Christian contacted the municipal president, Eduardo Cervantes, who instructed them to pick Giovanni up at the local police station. There, officials informed Christian that Giovanni had been transferred to the Guadalajara Civil Hospital; upon arrival, he was informed that Giovanni had died. An autopsy later determined that he had died from blunt force trauma to the head and also had a gunshot wound in one of his legs. According to the family, Cervantes offered them 200,000 Mexican pesos (US$9,136) in exchange for not releasing the video of the arrest. They stated they refused the offer and were subsequently threatened with death if the footage was made public.\nOn 25 May 2020, George Floyd was murdered by a police officer in Minneapolis, United States. His death sparked widespread protests across the U.S. and internationally, including in Mexico, where concerns over police brutality were also longstanding. Inspired by the similarities between Floyd’s case and that of his brother, Christian sent his video to the media on 1 June. The footage went viral and triggered protests on 4 June in Guadalajara, the capital city of Jalisco. Demonstrators gathered in the city's historic center, where they clashed with police and vandalized the State Government Palace. Police responded with tear gas and arrested 26 people.\nAlfaro, member of the Citizens' Movement party, blamed the unrest on political adversaries in the Federal Government and Mexico City Government, both led by the ruling National Regeneration Movement party) claiming they sought to destabilize his administration. Alfaro also denied that Giovanni had been arrested for not wearing a face mask. According to the official police report, the arrest was due to an \"administrative offense\" because he had allegedly acted aggressively toward officers while under the influence.\nThe next day, demonstrators gathered to demand the release of individuals detained during the previous day's protest. During the mobilization, groups of plainclothes riot officers conducted arbitrary arrests. Witnesses reported that the officers used electric shocks and threatened to hand detainees over to cartels. While official sources reported 16 arrests, eyewitnesses estimated that at least 80 people were detained. Alfaro claimed that some agents of the Jalisco State Prosecutor's Office had acted in collusion with organized crime and had disobeyed official orders. Authorities later announced that 11 agents had been arrested in connection with the abuses committed during the protest.\nOn 6 June 2020, demonstrations continued in Guadalajara, with protesters demanding the release of those detained and clarification regarding the whereabouts of up to 38 individuals reported as forcibly disappeared. In response, Governor Alfaro issued a public apology and ordered the release of all detainees. However, reports emerged that some detainees had been abandoned on the outskirts of the city the previous night. The event was later dubbed the \"Halconazo tapatío\", referencing the 1971 massacre known as \"El Halconazo\", in which paramilitary groups without their uniforms arbitrarily assassinated protesters in Mexico City, combined with the regional term for \"from Jalisco\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Antimonumento 5J", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonumento_5J", "article_id": 74466674, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 586, "char_count": 3854, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "During a demonstration commemorating the \"Halconazo tapatío\" on 5 June 2023, various collectives placed an anti-monument in Plaza de Armas, opposite the State Government Palace, and next to the Antimonumenta, a—another anti-monument that symbolizes the demand for justice for women who suffer from violence in Mexico. \nThe sculpture is a red metal structure that stands 3.4 m (11 ft) tall and weighs over 300 kg (660 lb). It alludes to the 5 June protest through the inclusion of a number five above the letter \"J\", and it honors Giovanni and those who were repressed during the protests related to his death. At the base of the sculpture is an aluminum plaque with the following text (translated from Spanish):", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Antimonumento 5J", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonumento_5J", "article_id": 74466674, "section": "History and installation", "metadata": {"word_count": 118, "char_count": 711, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Although the CNDH [National Human Rights Commission] and the FGR [Attorney General of Mexico] took over the case, the serious human rights violations have not been properly investigated, nor has the damage been repaired. We hold the government of Jalisco responsible for these events, pointing out that disappearances and state impunity persist[.]\nThe collectives criticized both the FGR for declaring the events outside its jurisdiction and the CNDH for concluding that there were no cases of forced disappearance or torture. The collective #5deJunioMemoria said that Giovanni's case was not an isolated incident, but rather an example of systemic and widespread police brutality in Mexico. They also reported that since the event, authorities had taken no action in response to Alfaro's claim that organized crime had infiltrated the prosecutor's office.\nAt 11:40 p.m. that same day, the plaza's lights were turned off, and a group of men arrived in a pickup truck. Using sledgehammers, they dismantled and removed the sculpture. The following morning, Alfaro confirmed that he and Guadalajara's municipal president, Pablo Lemus Navarro, had ordered its removal, citing the lack of official authorization for its installation. Lemus stated that the government would return the sculpture if its owners formally requested it. The collectives behind the installation condemned the removal and described it as an unprecedented act of repression. The sculpture was initially stored in a warehouse in Guadalajara and before being transferred to the Poncitlán Regional Civil Protection and Fire Department because of its dimensions.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Antimonumento 5J", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonumento_5J", "article_id": 74466674, "section": "History and installation", "metadata": {"word_count": 245, "char_count": 1627, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The collectives #5deJunioMemoria and the Centro de Justicia para la Paz y el Desarrollo filed a complaint with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights regarding the removal of the anti-monument and other acts of repression carried out by the state authorities. They also filed a complaint before the First Collegiate Court in Administrative Matters of Jalisco. In July 2023, a judge issued an order for the suculpture's reinstallation. Additionally, the state's branch of the National Institute of Anthropology and History indicated that reinstalling the artwork would not pose any risks to historical heritage.\nLemus stated that because there had been no official request for the anti-monument to be returned to its owner, the state would not release it. He added that once the application for reinstallation was submitted, consultations with state civil protection would determine whether it was safe to place the monument. Days later, the Director of the State Unit of Civil Protection and Firefighters rejected the idea of reinstalling the sculpture. He raised concerns that there were no technical studies ensuring public safety, that the sculpture's foundation could pose a problem, and that, being made of steel, it could cause electrical issues due to the proximity of the Urban Electric Train System under the square. As of July 2023, the authorities have yet to comply with the reinstatement orders.\nOn 5 July 2023, the collectives installed a light replica; it is made of rods and LED lights. It stands one meter (3 ft 3 in) shorter than the original, weighs less, and is designed to be removable. The installation was part of their efforts to maintain the anti-monument's presence while dealing with the authorities' refusal to reinstall the original sculpture.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Antimonumento 5J", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonumento_5J", "article_id": 74466674, "section": "Replica and ordered reinstallation", "metadata": {"word_count": 287, "char_count": 1801, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "António Corea (fl. late 16th and 17th centuries) or António Korea was a Korean slave who was taken to Italy. He is possibly the first Korean to have set foot in Europe. Little is known about Corea's life; he is attested to only briefly in a travelogue by his Italian master Francesco Carletti. Corea was enslaved during the 1592–1598 Imjin War and taken to Nagasaki, Japan. There, he was purchased by Carletti around 1597. They left Japan and arrived in the Netherlands around 7 July 1602. Later, Carletti wrote that Corea had settled in Rome.\nIn the 20th century, Corea's story drew significant attention in South Korea, where popular media such as books and plays have been produced about him. Concurrently, a number of theories proliferated about Corea that are not known to be supported by evidence. It has been theorized that Corea has living descendents in the Italian village of Albi, Calabria. Recent genetic tests and surname analyses suggest this is unlikely but still possible. It has been theorized that Corea is the subject of a famous c. 1617 sketch by Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens dubbed Man in Korean Costume. But in 2016, two historians published a paper expressing doubt on this theory.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "António Corea", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Corea", "article_id": 76041765, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 205, "char_count": 1208, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Relatively few Koreans left the Korean peninsula before the late 19th century. However, during the 1592–1598 Japanese invasions of Korea, tens of thousands of Koreans were enslaved and taken to Japan, with the first shipment in October 1592. From there, they were exported primarily to other parts of Asia.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "António Corea", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Corea", "article_id": 76041765, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 49, "char_count": 306, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "António Corea (his European name) was a Korean who was captured during the Japanese invasions and taken to Nagasaki, Japan as a slave. In 1597, Carletti arrived in Nagasaki, where he eventually purchased Corea and four other Koreans. Carletti had his Korean slaves convert to Christianity and took them to Goa in India, whereupon he set them free. He departed Goa for Europe with Corea and several others. During the journey, Carletti and Corea were taken hostage by Dutch sailors at the island of Saint Helena. According to Carletti, Corea managed to trick the Dutch into not leaving him behind on Saint Helena by portraying his relatively worthless copper necklace as valuable, and thus enticing them into taking him aboard. Carletti and Corea arrived in Middelburg, Zeeland, Netherlands on either 6 July or 7 July 1602. According to Carletti, Corea then eventually settled in Rome.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "António Corea", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Corea", "article_id": 76041765, "section": "Biography", "metadata": {"word_count": 145, "char_count": 884, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Carletti wrote of Corea in his travelogue My Voyage Around the World:Out of [the more maritime provinces of Korea,] they brought an infinite number of men and women, boys and girls, of every age, and they all were sold as slaves at the very lowest prices. I bought five of them for little more than twelve scudos. Having had them baptized, I took them with me to Goa in India, and there set them free. I brought one of them with me to Florence, and I think that today he is to be found in Rome, where he is known as António.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "António Corea", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Corea", "article_id": 76041765, "section": "Biography", "metadata": {"word_count": 102, "char_count": 524, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Since the early 20th century, a number of theories about Corea have been repeated by media and academic sources. However, these are now considered unsupported by the known sparse evidence on Corea. The proliferation and persistence of these theories can be attributed to the exciting nature of Corea's story, as well as insufficient factchecking by both the media and by several academics.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "António Corea", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Corea", "article_id": 76041765, "section": "Theories about Corea", "metadata": {"word_count": 62, "char_count": 389, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Rome-based South Korean reporter Kim Seong-u (Korean: 김성우) claimed that Corea was from the city of Namwon, and this claim was repeated for decades, but there is no known evidence for this. A 1965 history book compiled by the Chin-Tan Society has an article by historian Lee Sang-baek, in which Lee claims Corea was a child at the time of his enslavement. This claim was then repeated for decades afterwards by both historians and reporters. However, there was reportedly no evidence provided for it. Another theory has it that Corea became part of the Catholic clergy in Italy, but there is again no known evidence for this.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "António Corea", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Corea", "article_id": 76041765, "section": "Biographical details", "metadata": {"word_count": 107, "char_count": 624, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1932, Japanese historian Yamaguchi Masayuki (山口正之) claimed that Corea's descendants had settled near the settlement Catanzaro in the Italian region of Calabria as early as 1620, on the basis that a village called Albi had more than 500 people with that surname. Kim Seong-u published a popular article in 1979 that explored this theory, and further theorized that Corea had married an Italian woman. Another South Korean scholar Kwak Cha-seop (곽차섭) wrote in 2004 about being unsure of these claims. The surname \"Corea\" also exists in Spain, which has led some to speculate that these people may descend from Corea as well, perhaps from when Albi went under Spanish rule around 1505.\nIn 1989, the mayor of Albi installed a monument in the town's Corea Square, which was dedicated to the supposed meeting of Corea and his Italian wife. In early November 1992, the South Korean Ministry of Culture invited some of Corea's supposed descendants (including one man also named António Corea, who was head of a Korean cultural society in Italy), as well as the mayor of Albi, to visit Korea. On 30 September 1993, South Korean broadcaster MBC published a documentary entitled António Corea (안토니오 꼬레아), in which it was mentioned that genetic studies on people in Albi did not significantly suggest Korean ancestry. It also argued that hundreds of years had passed since Corea's lifetime, and that it may be difficult to detect Korean descendancy now. South Korean scholar Kwak Cha-seop published a book in 2004 entitled Joseon Youth António Corea Meets Reubens (조선청년 안토니오 코레아, 루벤스를 만나다), in which he states it is very unlikely that António is the forefather of Europeans of the surname Corea. He argues this on the basis of the genetic tests and the possibility that the surname \"Corea\" was descended from or related to the surname \"Curia\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "António Corea", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Corea", "article_id": 76041765, "section": "Living descendants", "metadata": {"word_count": 307, "char_count": 1834, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1934 or 1935, British art historian Claire Stuart Wortley theorized that a Korean had been the subject of a c. 1617 sketch, informally named Man in Korean Costume or Korean Man, by Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens. The subject's identity and even ethnicity are not known. Wortley proposed that the subject's clothing is distinctly Korean and not Chinese. If the portrait is of a Korean, it is possibly the first known depiction of a Korean by a Western artist. The portrait drew significant attention; in 1983 it was sold at a Christie's auction for £324,000, which was the highest ever sum paid for such a sketch.\nKwak Cha-seop supported this theory in his 2004 book on the basis of his own analysis of the subject's clothing. He also argued it was possible (but still uncertain) that Corea had met with Rubens in Rome around July 1606 to October 1608. In 2015, South Korean art historian Noh Seong-du (노성두) challenged these claims. He argued that the clothes looked more Chinese (based on a forensic reconstruction of the cut-off top and bottom portions of the portrait), and also argued that the 1606–1608 dates conflicted with the general consensus that the portrait was from 1617.\nA 2016 paper by art historians Weststeijn and Gesterkamp drew international attention for proposing an alternate theory about the subject. The scholars found a very similar drawing from a book that is believed to predate Rubens' drawing. They proposed that Rubens had based his sketch on that original drawing. Accompanying text described the subject of the drawing as a Chinese merchant named Yppong. Corea arrived in the Netherlands a little over a year after Yppong's departure back to Asia.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "António Corea", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Corea", "article_id": 76041765, "section": "Man in Korean Costume portrait subject", "metadata": {"word_count": 282, "char_count": 1683, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "After Kim Seong-u's 1979 article, Corea's story captured the imagination of the South Korean public. Interest in Corea reached a climax by 1992: the 400th anniversary of the beginning of the Japanese invasions. That year, a musical entitled The Everlasting Flute (불멸의 피리), which was reportedly inspired by Corea's story, was produced. In 1993, author O Se-yeong (오세영) published a novel inspired by Corea's story entitled The Merchant of Venice (베니스의 개성상인). The book was a bestseller, and sold more than two million copies by 1994. Around this time, another novel entitled António Corea (안토니오 꼬레아) was also published. In 2015, South Korean president Park Geun-hye visited the J. Paul Getty Museum, where the Man in Korean Costume portrait is held.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "António Corea", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Corea", "article_id": 76041765, "section": "Legacy", "metadata": {"word_count": 121, "char_count": 746, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "\"Apex\" is a fossilized specimen of an unknown species in the genus Stegosaurus, discovered in Colorado's Morrison Formation in 2022. Dated to the Late Jurassic epoch, it is the largest known Stegosaurus fossil, preserving skin impressions and throat ossicles alongside a mostly complete skeleton. On July 17, 2024, the specimen was sold at Sotheby's for $44.6 million to hedge fund billionaire Kenneth C. Griffin, making it the highest-priced fossil ever sold at auction. The sale sparked debate among paleontologists regarding the purchase by private individuals of specimens with high scientific value.\nIn December 2024, the fossil was loaned to the American Museum of Natural History, and is planned to be exhibited there for four years. Researchers aim to identify Apex's species, and study its growth pattern.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Apex (dinosaur)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(dinosaur)", "article_id": 77393162, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 126, "char_count": 814, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Apex is the largest and most complete known Stegosaurus skeleton as of 2024, with 254 bones preserved out of approximately 319. It measures 3.4 meters (11 ft) in height and 8.2 meters (27 ft) in length. The specimen is 150 million years old, dating to the Late Jurassic epoch. The exact species it belongs to is not known.\nIt has been compared to the Stegosaurus stenops specimen Sophie, which was at the time of Apex's sale the most complete Stegosaurus skeleton on public display, although Apex has been described as being 30% larger. The proportions of the specimen have been described as unusual, having comparatively long legs and square-bottom plates.\nAlongside the skeleton, three ossicles from the stegosaur's throat armor were preserved. Skin impressions from the neck have also been preserved, although the lack of impressions from the lower body means that its sex cannot be deduced. The specimen was found in a death pose, with its tail curled under its body.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Apex (dinosaur)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(dinosaur)", "article_id": 77393162, "section": "Description", "metadata": {"word_count": 162, "char_count": 971, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The animal to which it belonged was elderly, as attested by signs of rheumatoid arthritis such as the fusion of the sacral bones. No traces of injuries caused by combat or predation, or of post-mortem scavenging, are present on the fossil. According to Sotheby's head of science and popular culture Cassandra Hatton, the specimen likely died of old age. Bubbles have been found in bones in the pelvic area, understood to have been caused by mating-related infections.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Apex (dinosaur)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(dinosaur)", "article_id": 77393162, "section": "Osteology", "metadata": {"word_count": 77, "char_count": 467, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Apex was discovered in May 2022 by commercial paleontologist Jason Cooper in Moffat County, Colorado, on private land near the town of Dinosaur. The fossil was found encased in hard sandstone. No other fossils were found nearby, although the area is part of the larger Morrison Formation. Excavation of the specimen lasted until October 2023.\nThe New York broker Sotheby's, which would later put the fossil to auction, claimed to have worked alongside Jason Cooper since the discovery in order to bring the fossil to the market, documenting the process along the way. Several explanations for the name \"Apex\" have been provided. According to Sotheby's, the name was given to highlight the importance of the specimen within Stegosaurus, owing to its high degree of preservation. Robb Report stated that the name referred to the preeminent position of Stegosaurus in the Late Jurassic ecosystem, while Smithsonian described it as referring to the specimen's size.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Apex (dinosaur)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(dinosaur)", "article_id": 77393162, "section": "Discovery", "metadata": {"word_count": 153, "char_count": 961, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Apex was put to auction at Sotheby's in New York on July 17, 2024, with a pre-sale estimate of between $4 million and $6 million. Seven bidders took part in the auction, which began at $3 million. After 15 minutes, the specimen was sold to an anonymous buyer for $44.6 million, or 11 times its lower pre-sale estimate. It was stated by Sotheby's to be the highest-priced fossil ever sold at auction, as well as the first Stegosaurus to be put to auction. At the time of the auction, the fossil was mounted on a steel armature, and positioned in an attacking stance. The missing bones were replaced by sculpted and 3D-printed replicas, including mirrored versions of existing material. The auction lot also included 3D scans of the fossil, with a license to use the scan data.\nOn July 18, the buyer was revealed to be billionaire Kenneth C. Griffin, founder and CEO of the hedge fund Citadel LLC. Griffin intended to put the specimen on loan to an American institution, claiming after the auction that \"Apex was born in America and is going to stay in America!\"", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Apex (dinosaur)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(dinosaur)", "article_id": 77393162, "section": "Auction", "metadata": {"word_count": 188, "char_count": 1060, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The announcement of Apex's auctioning to private bidders gave rise to concern from paleontologists, with Society of Vertebrate Paleontology vice-president Stuart Sumida criticizing the trend of major specimens being purchased by private individuals rather than research institutions. In May 2024, Steve Brusatte commented that Stegosaurus fossils were comparatively rarer than other dinosaur genera such as Triceratops or Tyrannosaurus. Brusatte argued that the skeleton should be displayed in a museum, making it accessible for both scientific and educational purposes, rather than be kept in a private collection, expressing his hopes that the buyer would donate the specimen to a museum for public display. Both Brusatte and University of Adelaide professor Diego C. García-Bellido stated that scientific institutions were unable to keep up with private buyers at auctions. The pre-sale estimate of $6 million was described as being already out of range for most museums by García-Bellido, who also added that many of them might not have the necessary infrastructure to display the skeleton. The given price range has been described by paleontologist Cary Woodruff as arbitrary given the scientific value of the specimen.\nThe display was also criticized, with Sumida commenting that the reconstruction and mounting required artistic choices, which would lessen the scientific and educational value of the specimen. In a Chicago Tribune opinion, paleontologist Nathan D. Smith suggested that the skeleton be displayed as a centerpiece in the context of the Morrison Formation rather than as a standalone specimen, comparing it to the exhibit of the Tyrannosaurus specimen Sue at the Field Museum of Natural History.\nBoth discoverer Jason Cooper and Sotheby's science department head Cassandra Hatton stated that they hoped for the specimen to be acquired by a scientific institution. In May 2024, Cooper stated that the future owner would be able to collect contextual information on the discovery site. Hatton stated that, despite widespread concerns, she had not seen fossils be lost to private collections, with buyers usually donating them to museums instead.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Apex (dinosaur)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(dinosaur)", "article_id": 77393162, "section": "Reactions", "metadata": {"word_count": 326, "char_count": 2165, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In December 2024, it was announced that Apex was loaned to the American Museum of Natural History, who had contacted Kenneth Griffin during the summer. The specimen was revealed on December 5 to an excited crowd of schoolchildren. Since December 8, the fossil is on public display, and is intended to be replaced by a cast after four years. It debuted in the Richard Gilder Center for Science, Education, and Innovation, where it is stationed in an atrium near the entrance, and is planned to be moved in late 2025 to the fossil halls on the fourth floor. The choice of museum was described as surprising, given Griffin's previous ties to the Field Museum in Chicago. While Griffin had already donated once to the American Museum of Natural History, he had never previously worked with their paleontology department.\nA three-year postdoctoral fellowship was funded by Griffin to identify Apex's species and study its growth pattern. Researchers plan to analyze a 10 centimeters (3.9 in) wedge from the femur, in order to produce the first growth curve of Stegosaurus, and to create digital models using CT scans. According to museum curator Roger Benson, the possibility of sharing the three-dimensional scans with researchers was a necessary condition for the loan.\nAs the specimen might not be accessible in the future, concerns have been raised over conducting research on a privately owned, loaned fossil. The matter was described by Stuart Sumida as \"a new gray area\", with the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology's ethics committee due to provide a recommendation in early 2025.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Apex (dinosaur)", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(dinosaur)", "article_id": 77393162, "section": "Loan and research", "metadata": {"word_count": 259, "char_count": 1583, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Aquilegia chaplinei, also known as Chaplin's columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae native to the arid Guadalupe and Sacramento Mountains of West Texas and southeastern New Mexico in the West South Central United States. A perennial plant with an average height of 40 centimeters (16 in), A. chaplinei is characterized as a dwarf version of its close relative Aquilegia chrysantha and is sometimes considered a variant of this species under the name Aquilegia chrysantha var. chaplinei.\nA. chaplinei's leaves are in a basal arrangement (sprouting from base of the shoot) and give the plant a fern-like appearance when not flowering. Its flowers are pale yellow. It is named for William Ridgley Chapline, the first person to collect the plant and who collected the holotype from Sitting Bull Falls in New Mexico in 1916.\nThe plant has been the subject of conservation protections, including a New Mexican law prohibiting the collection of seeds from wild examples. In 2017, a consortium of state and federal agencies determined the species was \"effectively conserved\".", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Aquilegia chaplinei", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia_chaplinei", "article_id": 78501637, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 175, "char_count": 1099, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Aquilegia chaplinei is a perennial plant with a height from 20 centimeters (7.9 in) to 50 centimeters (20 in), averaging 40 centimeters (16 in) tall. This is somewhat shorter than the closely related Aquilegia chrysantha, which can reach up to 120 centimeters (47 in) tall. A. chaplinei's type locality at an altitude of 1,650 meters (5,410 ft) suggests that it is better adapted than A. chrysantha to arid environments. A. chaplinei has a slender stem that is glabrous (smooth) with the exception of the inflorescence.\nPossessing leaves in a basal arrangement (sprouting from base of the shoot), A. chaplinei has leaves which extend on slender petioles that are 7 centimeters (2.8 in) to 10 centimeters (3.9 in) long. The leaves themselves range from bi- to barely triternately compound. A. chaplinei has a fern-like appearance when not flowering. The leaves are semi-evergreen.\nIt has pale yellow flowers. Its spurs range from 30 millimeters (1.2 in) to 40 millimeters (1.6 in) and can be slender, straight, or slightly spreading. The short spurs and sepals under 2 centimeters long – between 13 millimeters (0.51 in) and 16 millimeters (0.63 in) – are the primary distinguishing features that separate A. chaplinei from A. chrysantha. A. chaplinei has yellow sepals. The flowers bloom between April and November, with greatest reliability in June and July.\nBreeding is performed through its unisexual flowers, meaning that individual flowers exclusively possess either stamen or carpels, making it monoecious. Its seeds are nearly 2 millimeters (0.079 in) long.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Aquilegia chaplinei", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia_chaplinei", "article_id": 78501637, "section": "Description", "metadata": {"word_count": 248, "char_count": 1564, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Aquilegia chaplinei is within the Aquilegia (columbine) genus. The plant, including its holotype, was first collected by William Ridgely Chapline from Sitting Bull Falls in Eddy County, New Mexico, on May 25, 1916. Chapline was a rangeland management scientist who was employed by the United States Department of Agriculture and later served as the chief of forest conservation within the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization.\nThe plant was formally described by the binomial Aquilegia chaplinei in 1918 within Edwin Blake Payson's \"The North American Species of Aquilegia\", published in Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Payson credited Paul Carpenter Standley with the initial description. The holotype is now in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Aquilegia chaplinei", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia_chaplinei", "article_id": 78501637, "section": "Taxonomy", "metadata": {"word_count": 120, "char_count": 808, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1985, Emily J. Lott proposed reclassifying the plant as Aquilegia chrysantha var. chaplinei in the journal Phytologia. Lott's proposal came out of her study of plants in the Chihuahuan Desert, stemming from her 1979 unpublished master's thesis on Aquilegia in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas. The renaming as a variant of A. chrysantha proposed by Lott was not broadly accepted outside of Texas but remains in use within that state. The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center of the University of Texas at Austin utilizes the name proposed by Lott for the plant, while the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) uses A. chaplinei.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Aquilegia chaplinei", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia_chaplinei", "article_id": 78501637, "section": "Taxonomy", "metadata": {"word_count": 104, "char_count": 634, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The word columbine derives from the Latin word columbinus, meaning \"dove\", a reference to the flowers' appearance of a group of doves. The genus name Aquilegia may come from the Latin word for \"eagle\", aquila, in reference to the petals' resemblance to eagle talons. Aquilegia may also derive from aquam legere, which is Latin for \"to collect water\", or aquilegium, a Latin word for a container of water.\nThe species is named for Chapline. Common names for the species include Chaplin's columbine, Chaplin's yellow columbine, Chaplin's golden columbine, Chapline columbine, and Guadalupe Mountain columbine.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Aquilegia chaplinei", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia_chaplinei", "article_id": 78501637, "section": "Names", "metadata": {"word_count": 94, "char_count": 607, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The species is endemic to the Guadalupe Mountains of West Texas and southeastern New Mexico in the West South Central United States. It is also native to the New Mexican Sacramento Mountains, though this population of yellow columbines is distinct from others in the region In 1984, the Sacramento Mountains population was described as \"somewhat intermediary between A. chaplinei and A. chrysantha\" by the New Mexico Native Plant Advisory Committee. The New Mexican range of A. chaplinei extends across the counties of Eddy and Otero.\nThe Guadalupe Mountains are an extremely arid environment, and A. chaplinei is found where the ground is moist such as along streams, canyons, and at the base of rocks. The TPWD identifies the species's preferred habitats as \"[p]erennially moist to wet limestone canyon walls; moist leaf litter and humus among boulders in wooded mesic canyons\".\nThe species can be found in Lincoln National Forest in south-central New Mexico. Within the Guadalupe District, the southernmost division of the national forest, A. chaplinei congregates in seeps at the bottom of limestone cliffs. In McKittrick Canyon, the species blooms between early spring and mid-fall, with particular lushness in September.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Aquilegia chaplinei", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia_chaplinei", "article_id": 78501637, "section": "Distribution", "metadata": {"word_count": 191, "char_count": 1226, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "A. chaplinei is considered a rare plant within its natural range. The Flora of North America lists the species as of conservation concern. The University of New Mexico's Rare New Mexico Plants provides an assessment that A. chaplinei is \"effectively conserved\" and identifies human water management as a threat to the species. The plant's NatureServe conservation status is S2 in both New Mexico and Texas and G2, meaning both the individual state and global populations of the species are considered \"imperiled\". \nThe Bureau of Land Management categorizes the plant as a \"sensitive\" species. As of 1998, A. chaplinei was conserved under the New Mexico Endangered Plant Species Act, legally prohibiting unauthorized seed collection. By 2017, the plant was deemed \"effectively conserved\" by the New Mexico Rare Plant Conservation Strategy, a consortium of the New Mexico Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Department, Bureau of Land Management, and United States Forest Service. The plant does not have a listed conservation status from the federal or Texas governments but was included in the TPWD's \"Species of Greatest Conservation Need\" as of 2024.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Aquilegia chaplinei", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia_chaplinei", "article_id": 78501637, "section": "Conservation", "metadata": {"word_count": 179, "char_count": 1155, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In 1946, American botanist Philip A. Munz wrote that he was unaware of A. chaplinei being available for sale. As of 2003, both seeds and plants were sometimes available, particularly from native plant nurseries in the region of A. chaplinei's native range.\nThe Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center identified fully shaded or partially shaded locations as good locations for planting to prevent stressing the plant and curling in the leaves. A. chaplinei requires both moisture and drainage. In particularly hot and arid settings, the plant becomes susceptible to aphids and spider mites. Aquilegia species hybridize easily, so spacing between different species and varieties is necessary to prevent cross pollination. Plants reach maturity in between two and five years.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Aquilegia chaplinei", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia_chaplinei", "article_id": 78501637, "section": "Cultivation", "metadata": {"word_count": 118, "char_count": 769, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Apache people considered the plant medicinal. Apaches utilized boiled roots as a remedy for bruises. In order to tone their bodies, they made a tea with the plant. The medicinal qualities of the plant's seed were considered especially significant and were further believed to be an aphrodisiac. Ingestion of the plant may result in stomach irritation.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Aquilegia chaplinei", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia_chaplinei", "article_id": 78501637, "section": "Uses", "metadata": {"word_count": 57, "char_count": 355, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc., 478 U.S. 697 (1986), was a United States Supreme Court case about the First Amendment and whether freedom of speech was violated by shutting down a bookstore because of illicit sexual activities occurring there. The court held that the closure was aimed at nonexpressive activity and its incidental burden on speech was not subject to any First Amendment scrutiny.\nIn reaching its decision, the 6–3 majority identified two conditions when it would apply the First Amendment to incidental effects on speech: when the enforcement action is aimed at significantly expressive conduct, or when the law inevitably affects speech disproportionately. Neither condition was applicable to the case. This distinguished Arcara from the draft card burning case United States v. O'Brien (1968) and other precedents.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc.", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcara_v._Cloud_Books,_Inc.", "article_id": 78766334, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 128, "char_count": 830, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Cloud Books operated an adult bookstore in Kenmore, New York. The bookstore sold sexually explicit books and magazines and showed sexually explicit movies. (Whether these were obscene was not at issue in the case.) An undercover deputy sheriff investigated the store and allegedly witnessed sexual activity and solicitation of prostitution on multiple occasions.\nNew York public health law defined a place used for \"lewdness, assignation, or prostitution\" as a nuisance. Once a place was determined to be such a nuisance, the law required closure of the premises for one year, among other forms of relief. District Attorney Richard Arcara brought a civil suit against Cloud Books, seeking enforcement.\nThe defendant argued that the forced closure of the bookstore would violate their First Amendment right to sell books and other materials, which are protected speech. Separately, the defendant argued that the statute only applied to establishments primarily for prostitution and not to bookstores. The trial court and the Appellate Division ruled against these arguments. The state's highest court, the New York Court of Appeals, also sided with the government on the statutory question, but ruled in favor of the defendant on the First Amendment question. According to the New York Court of Appeals, closing the bookstore would have an effect on speech which was greater than necessary for the statute's purpose. The government petitioned to the Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc.", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcara_v._Cloud_Books,_Inc.", "article_id": 78766334, "section": "Background", "metadata": {"word_count": 233, "char_count": 1494, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Supreme Court decided the case in favor of Arcara, reversing the lower court by a 6–3 vote.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc.", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcara_v._Cloud_Books,_Inc.", "article_id": 78766334, "section": "Supreme Court", "metadata": {"word_count": 18, "char_count": 95, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In an opinion by Chief Justice Warren Burger for a six-justice majority, the court held that no First Amendment scrutiny applied. The prohibited sexual activities were nonexpressive conduct, and the incidental burden on speech did not implicate the First Amendment. The court said that \"neither the press nor booksellers may claim special protection from governmental regulations of general applicability simply by virtue of their First Amendment protected activities.\" Otherwise, the bookseller's argument would be too far-reaching, because \"every civil and criminal remedy imposes some conceivable burden on First Amendment protected activities.\" In addition, the court saw the burden on speech as limited, since the company could still sell books anywhere other than the location to be closed.\nThe court would only apply heightened scrutiny to restrictions on conduct when \"it was conduct with a significant expressive element that drew the legal remedy in the first place\" or when the restriction \"has the inevitable effect of singling out those engaged in expressive activity\". This distinguished two earlier cases: United States v. O'Brien (1968) and Minneapolis Star & Tribune Co. v. Minnesota Commissioner of Revenue (1983), respectively.\nIn O'Brien, the defendant had burned his draft card as an expression of protest. The First Amendment was implicated, because the conduct was expressive. The court also cited Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence (1984) as a precedent similar to O'Brien; Clark was about sleeping in a park to protest the situation of the homeless. In Arcara, on the other hand, the prohibited sexual activity was not expressive, so court held that the O'Brien test was not relevant.\nAnother earlier case, Minneapolis Star, was about a tax on ink and paper in large quantities. Even though the tax was not on expressive activity, the tax violated the freedom of the press because it was effectively imposed only on newspapers. The court in Arcara found that, unlike Minneapolis Star, the effect of the statute was not to single out First Amendment protected activities.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc.", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcara_v._Cloud_Books,_Inc.", "article_id": 78766334, "section": "Opinion of the court", "metadata": {"word_count": 327, "char_count": 2105, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote a one-paragraph concurrence, joined by Stevens. Both justices also joined the majority opinion. She analogized the case to a newscaster arrested for a traffic violation. The traffic law could be enforced, she argued, without First Amendment analysis for the effect on the newscaster's speech. The concurrence added that First Amendment concerns would apply if the nuisance statute were used as a pretext to stop the sale of indecent books, but nothing in the case suggested that the statute was used pretextually.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc.", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcara_v._Cloud_Books,_Inc.", "article_id": 78766334, "section": "Concurrence", "metadata": {"word_count": 86, "char_count": 547, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Justice Harry Blackmun dissented, joined by Brennan and Marshall. Blackmun began with the idea the First Amendment \"protects against all laws 'abridging the freedom of speech'—not just those specifically directed at expressive activity.\" He argued that heightened scrutiny was appropriate: \"when a State directly and substantially impairs First Amendment activities, such as by shutting down a bookstore, I believe that the State must show, at a minimum, that it has chosen the least restrictive means of pursuing its legitimate objectives.\" Because the government had not shown that other means of stopping lewd activity were inadequate, the dissent concluded that closing the store unnecessarily restricted the bookseller's First Amendment rights.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc.", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcara_v._Cloud_Books,_Inc.", "article_id": 78766334, "section": "Dissent", "metadata": {"word_count": 109, "char_count": 749, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Arcara court was concerned that virtually every law could incidentally restrict speech in certain situations, a concern which First Amendment scholarship has widely acknowledged. The court sought to avoid imposing First Amendment analysis on virtually every law. Constitutional law scholar Wesley Jud Campbell wrote that, since Arcara, \"the Court has mostly stopped applying First Amendment scrutiny to general (i.e., nontargeted) regulations of nonexpressive conduct\". In a later case, Alexander v. United States (1993), the court relied on Arcara to uphold the forfeiture of all assets of book and film businesses as punishment for obscenity, even though the obscenity may have been expressive.\nArcara is recognized for its analysis of circumstances when incidental effects do receive First Amendment scrutiny. Lower courts and scholars have seen this analysis as incomplete, proposing several additional exceptions. In particular, scholars found it difficult to reconcile the Arcara test with United States v. Albertini (1985). Albertini was an earlier First Amendment case about a man who had been banned from entering a military base and later reentered the base where he participated in a protest. The court applied First Amendment review under O'Brien. Arguably, however, Albertini was punished for the nonexpressive reentry to the base and not for his subsequent protest. Arcara would imply that O'Brien analysis was not applicable. In First Amendment scholar Geoffrey R. Stone's view, Albertini meant either that the two exceptions listed in Arcara were not exhaustive, or that \"expressive\" activity could be very broad. A law review article by Sri Srinivasan (who later became a D.C. Circuit judge) interpreted Albertini as an exception to Arcara. Campbell argued that the Arcara majority \"failed to mention their significant departure from earlier reasoning\" and that \"Albertini simply does not reflect current doctrine following Arcara.\"\nScholars looked for explanations beyond the Arcara rule to understand the court's case law about content-neutral and incidental restrictions on speech. In law professor Michael C. Dorf's analysis, \"free speech doctrine treats substantial incidental burdens as raising a bona fide constitutional problem and ignores most other incidental burdens\", even though the court had never stated such a principle. Stone similarly found that a \"significant effect\" on speech made the court apply First Amendment scrutiny. Other scholars saw motive as an underlying concern. Then-professor Elena Kagan surmised that \"the Court's decision to apply intermediate review to certain incidental restrictions may result not so much from use of the Arcara test as from a visceral sense that an illicit factor entered into a governmental decision\". According to Campbell, Arcara represented a doctrinal shift toward an \"anti-targeting\" principle. Srinivasan argued that \"speech-suppressive administrative motive rather than the degree of speech-restrictive effect\" was the Supreme Court's main concern in the cases.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc.", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcara_v._Cloud_Books,_Inc.", "article_id": 78766334, "section": "Analysis", "metadata": {"word_count": 448, "char_count": 3048, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "After being reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court, the New York Court of Appeals again held that closing the bookstore violated freedom of expression, this time under the New York State Constitution rather than the U.S. Constitution. Federal First Amendment rights were the minimum nationwide standards, but state constitutions could independently have greater protections. Chief Judge Sol Wachtler's unanimous opinion justified greater protection by referencing New York's \"long history and tradition of fostering freedom of expression\". Based on Court of Appeals precedents, then, an incidental burden on expression could be \"no broader than needed to achieve its purpose\". When assessing incidental effects, \"the test, in traditional terms, is not who is aimed at but who is hit\". Rather than closing the bookstore, less restrictive means could include arresting offenders or an injunction.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc.", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcara_v._Cloud_Books,_Inc.", "article_id": 78766334, "section": "Remand to the New York Court of Appeals", "metadata": {"word_count": 132, "char_count": 890, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Mirtha Natividad Arce Camacho (born 25 December 1963) is a Bolivian academic, lawyer, and politician who served as senator for Tarija from 2015 to 2020.\nArce got her political start in student leadership before developing her career in academia and women's rights activism. She held multiple executive positions in women's rights–related organizations in Tarija, including presiding over the Association of Women Lawyers and the Association of Women University Professionals. Between 2002 and 2008, she held law-related public service roles at local and departmental levels, including serving as legal director of the Departmental Road Service of Tarija.\nIn 2009, Arce was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, accompanying Adrián Oliva as his substitute from 2010 to 2014 when she resigned to launch a successful bid for a seat in the Senate. Though elected as part of the Democratic Unity coalition, Arce became estranged from the bloc partway through her term and operated as an independent from then on. In 2021, she contested the Tarija governorship, becoming the first woman nominee in the department's electoral history. However, she came in a distant fourth place at the ballot box.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Mirtha Arce", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtha_Arce", "article_id": 72241911, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 186, "char_count": 1188, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Mirtha Arce was born on 25 December 1963 in Tarija, to Rosandel Arce Gonzales and Ana Camacho Gallardo. Arce completed her secondary schooling at the Santa Ana School, where she served as class president. She went on to attend the Marshal Sucre Normal School as well as Juan Misael Saracho University (UAJMS), where she graduated as a lawyer and teacher, completing two master's degrees in crime science and higher education and five postgraduate degrees in the fields of educational research and university teaching.\nDuring her time in university, Arce continued to be active in student leadership, serving for two terms as executive of the UAJMS Law Student Center, where she was its first female head. From there, she went on to form part of her Local University Federation and the Bolivian University Confederation and was named executive of the Bermejo Teachers Federation.\nArce developed much of her career in academia, starting out as a university professor at UAJMS and the Bolivian Catholic University's Tarija campus. She was a founding member and president of the Association of Women Lawyers and the Association of Women University Professionals, served as vice president of the Tarija Women's Civic Committee, and composed part of the directorate of the National Confederation of Women's Institutes of Bolivia. Starting in 2002, Arce began a career in public service, serving as deputy prosecutor for controlled substances until 2005, when she joined the Cercado Province as its chief legal advisor. In 2006, she joined the administration of Mario Cossío, Tarija's first popularly elected prefect, serving as legal director of the Departmental Road Service until 2008.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Mirtha Arce", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtha_Arce", "article_id": 72241911, "section": "Early life and career", "metadata": {"word_count": 265, "char_count": 1681, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Arce's political ideology has been described as \"liberal in economics\" but \"conservative in morals\". She was an early supporter of departmental autonomy, a political system heavily pushed by the country's lowland departments in the early 2000s. Despite her lack of party affiliation, Arce's adherence to decentralization and prominence in women's rights organizations contributed to her nomination for a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in 2009. She accompanied Adrián Oliva as his substitute, topping the National Convergence alliance's electoral list in the department.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Mirtha Arce", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtha_Arce", "article_id": 72241911, "section": "Election", "metadata": {"word_count": 83, "char_count": 570, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "In parliament, Arce accompanied Oliva during his four terms on the lower chamber's Energy and Hydrocarbons Committee between 2010 and 2014, in addition to spending a few months on the Planning, Economic Policy, and Finance Commission in her final year.[§] The majority of her tenure, however, reflected that of many substitute parliamentarians, focusing less on legislating from the capital and more on fostering local connections in her home department.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Mirtha Arce", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtha_Arce", "article_id": 72241911, "section": "Tenure", "metadata": {"word_count": 69, "char_count": 454, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Planning, Economic Policy, and Finance Commission\nBudget, Tax Policy, and Comptroller's Office Committee (2014)\nPlural Economy, Production, and Industry Commission\nEnergy and Hydrocarbons Committee (2010–2014)", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Mirtha Arce", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtha_Arce", "article_id": 72241911, "section": "Commission assignments", "metadata": {"word_count": 25, "char_count": 209, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Nearing the end of her term in the Chamber of Deputies, Arce resigned from office to contest a seat in the Senate. She aligned herself with Samuel Doria Medina's Democratic Unity coalition, a bloc that recycled much of National Convergence's previous electoral list in a bid to guarantee a high degree of parliamentary representation. Benefitting from a favorable position at the top of her alliance's electoral list, Arce won the seat, becoming Democratic Unity's only senator in the department.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Mirtha Arce", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtha_Arce", "article_id": 72241911, "section": "Election", "metadata": {"word_count": 79, "char_count": 496, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Sworn in the following January, Arce spent her first year heading the Senate's Electoral System, Human Rights, and Social Equity Committee. Even as she exercised leadership over a key parliamentary post in the field of women's rights, Arce often found herself contending with machista currents within her own caucus, an issue that ultimately led to her estrangement from the opposition alliance. These internal divisions culminated in 2016 when Arce refused to chair a committee her caucus had assigned to her, opting instead to seek a position on the Senate's powerful Ethics Commission. With the supporting votes of legislators from the ruling Movement for Socialism, Arce obtained the post, beating out the candidate nominated by the rest of the Democratic Unity caucus. The following year, Arce officialized her break from the alliance with which she was elected. For the duration of her term, she operated as an independent, unaffiliated with any of the Senate's three parliamentary caucuses.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Mirtha Arce", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtha_Arce", "article_id": 72241911, "section": "Tenure", "metadata": {"word_count": 156, "char_count": 997, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Constitution, Human Rights, Legislation, and Electoral System Commission\nElectoral System, Human Rights, and Social Equity Committee (Secretary: 2015–2017)\nPlural Justice, Prosecutor's Office, and Legal Defense of the State Commission\nProsecutor's Office and Legal Defense of the State Committee (Secretary: 2018–2019)\nTerritorial Organization of the State and Autonomies Commission (President: 2017–2018, 2019–2020)\nEthics and Transparency Commission (2016–2017)", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Mirtha Arce", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtha_Arce", "article_id": 72241911, "section": "Commission assignments", "metadata": {"word_count": 56, "char_count": 463, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Soon after the conclusion of her senatorial term, Arce jumped onto the campaign trail, announcing a bid for the Tarija governorship. Though initially invited to be the Christian Democratic Party's nominee, Arce instead registered her candidacy with a local party: Integration, Security, and Autonomy. Of the candidates contesting the governorship in Tarija, Arce stood out as the only woman, making her the first woman to do so in the department's electoral history, as well as one of just seven women nationwide nominated to run in gubernatorial elections that cycle. Of the participating parties, Arce's campaign represented the most conservative segments of Tarija society, a fact she did little to disguise or grow past. According to journalist Miguel V. de Torres, this factor—in addition to her campaign's comparatively low budget—made it difficult for her to \"find any space in which to fish for votes that are not [already] hers\". Arce found herself unable to gain significant traction, and she ultimately lost the election, finishing in a distant fourth place.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Mirtha Arce", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtha_Arce", "article_id": 72241911, "section": "Tarija gubernatorial campaign", "metadata": {"word_count": 168, "char_count": 1069, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Winchester College is an English independent boarding school for pupils aged 13 to 18. Its original medieval buildings from the 1382 foundation remain largely intact, but they have been supplemented by multiple episodes of construction. Additions were made in the medieval and early modern periods. There was a major expansion of boarding accommodation in the Victorian era; further teaching areas were constructed at the turn of the 20th century and more recently.\nAmong the styles in the architecture of the college are Perpendicular Gothic, Christopher Wren, Brunelleschi, Queen Anne revival, and High Victorian Baronial. Among the architects whose work is represented in the ensemble are William Wynford, William Butterfield, G. S. Repton, G. E. Street, William White, Basil Champneys, E. S. Prior, Herbert Baker, Henry L. G. Hill, and Peter Shepheard. The school has numerous listed buildings, historic structures protected by law, including the medieval buildings and the 1924 War Cloister.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Architecture of Winchester College", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Winchester_College", "article_id": 72165057, "section": "Introduction", "metadata": {"word_count": 151, "char_count": 996, "is_intro": true}}
{"text": "Winchester College was founded by William of Wykeham in 1382. He was a wealthy and powerful figure, as he was both Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor of England. The foundation was for a school to enable 70 boys, sons of poor clergymen, to have a free education; they might go on to have a university education the school's sister foundation, New College, Oxford. The first 70 poor scholars entered the school in 1394. The school still has 70 scholars, and they are still housed in the medieval buildings. The scholars have been joined by a larger number of other pupils, known as commoners, housed in Victorian era boarding houses.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Architecture of Winchester College", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Winchester_College", "article_id": 72165057, "section": "Overview", "metadata": {"word_count": 109, "char_count": 633, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The foundation buildings are situated just south of Winchester's Cathedral Close and bordering a branch of the River Itchen. These have been supplemented by several later buildings. There are teaching buildings near the foundation, including the 17th-century School and the 19th-century Flint Court. Further to the south are the 19th century Museum, intended as a teaching space for arts and sciences, and the 20th century Science School. To the west of Kingsgate Street is a cluster of ten mainly 19th-century boarding houses for the commoners. Other buildings including the War Cloister, the Sanatorium, and the Southern Campus for sports, lie to the southwest of the foundation buildings. The school is set in extensive grounds to the south, including the Meads playing fields, water meadows by the river, and St Catherine's Hill to the southeast. Several are listed buildings; there are 18 Grade I, 6 Grade II* and over 70 Grade II listings, including many of the houses on both sides of Kingsgate Street, and some further south on Kingsgate Road. The medieval core buildings have been described as \"all ... of rare significance\". The joint foundation with New College represents a religious, educational, and architectural endowment with \"no obvious European precedent\"; in 1441, King Henry VI followed the example to create the matching pair of Eton College and King's College, Cambridge.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Architecture of Winchester College", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Winchester_College", "article_id": 72165057, "section": "Overview", "metadata": {"word_count": 221, "char_count": 1394, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The medieval buildings, representing most of the original foundation from the school's opening in 1394, include Outer Gate and Outer Court, Chamber Court, the Chapel, and the Cloisters. Most are built using flint with limestone facings and slate roofs; the Chapel is mostly in \"green Ventnor stone\". The buildings were designed in the Perpendicular Gothic style of the English late medieval period by William Wynford, the master mason who designed New College, Oxford. The two teaching institutions were the first in England to have layouts planned on a large scale. Outer Gate has a handsome star-shaped lierne vault, described by the architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner as \"out-of-the-ordinary\", such decoration usually being confined to churches. Outer Court is mainly medieval, but the east side is formed by the architect G. S. Repton's 1832–1833 reworking of the Warden's Lodgings in knapped flint laid in regular courses. The west side was once extended, but is now closed by a screen with a 1663 archway. Doors lead to the former stables, brewhouse and slaughterhouse; the architect Herbert Baker transformed the brewhouse into the Moberly Library in 1932–1934. The Cloisters have Italianate wagon roofs and bare external walls; the inside walls have gothic arched openings, each divided into three lights. The structure is at an angle to the rest of the medieval buildings to fit the shape of the site.\nThe south side of Chamber Court is formed by the chapel of St. Mary, known simply as \"Chapel\". It retains its original wooden fan-vaulted ceiling, designed by Hugh Herland, carpenter to Richard II. The college's dining hall, known as \"Hall\", is housed in the same range of buildings in ashlar stonework, on the first floor to the west of Chapel. Hall has wooden panelling, installed in 1540. The four-stage tower, visible from all around the college, was demolished and rebuilt in 1862–1863.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Architecture of Winchester College", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Winchester_College", "article_id": 72165057, "section": "The medieval foundation", "metadata": {"word_count": 307, "char_count": 1908, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The chapel is known for its stained glass. The East window depicts the Tree of Jesse. Down the chapel's north and south sides is a collection of saints. Little of the original medieval glass, designed by Thomas Glazier, survives. A firm of glaziers in Shrewsbury, Betton and Evans, was tasked with cleaning the glass in the 1820s. At that time there was no known process for cleaning the badly deteriorated glass and so it was copied, while most of the original glass was scattered or destroyed. Some pieces have been recovered. The art historian and Old Wykehamist, Kenneth Clark, bought back the Tree of Jesse section of the east window, now housed in Thurburn's Chantry (1473–1485), at the back of the chapel. Further figures have been returned; they form the east window of Fromond's Chantry, inside the Cloisters. The pews, choir stalls, and panelling inside the chapel were designed by the ecclesiastical architect W. D. Caröe and made between 1913 and 1921, while the stall ends and misericords are from the medieval foundation.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Architecture of Winchester College", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Winchester_College", "article_id": 72165057, "section": "The medieval foundation", "metadata": {"word_count": 173, "char_count": 1035, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "Later buildings include Fromond's Chantry, built inside the Cloisters after 1420. The Warden's Lodgings is constructed largely of red brick; the oldest parts were built in 1597. The face North on to College Street has its lower part in flint with stone buttresses, the upper part with lightly-arched windows dated to 1730. A chimneypiece in the house is dated 1615.\nIn the early modern period, the College Sick House was built by the school's warden (chairman of governors) John Harris in 1656–1657. Harris named it Bethesda after the biblical Pool of Bethesda, a place of healing, and had the name \"בת'סדה\" (\"Bethesda, house of mercy\") inscribed in Hebrew above the door. It now serves as a staff common room. It is constructed mainly of brick with mullioned windows; the front has two large gables, flanking a smaller central gable that projects forward, housing the door.\nWarden Nicholas extended and adapted buildings around the College. He had Chapel decorated with fine oak panelling in 1680–1683. Soon afterwards, in 1683–1687, he had the building called \"School\" constructed in the English baroque Wren style. Above the door is a 1692 statue of the college's founder William of Wykeham, by the Danish sculptor C. G. Cibber. The building is of red brick with stone facings, carved modillions, and a hipped roof. The front has seven bays, of which the central three are under a large triangular pediment. Pevsner notes the \"very fine\" stone garlands above the arched windows. That same year, Nicholas had the East face of the Warden's Lodgings (looking on to the Warden's gardens and the River Itchen) reworked.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Architecture of Winchester College", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Winchester_College", "article_id": 72165057, "section": "Medieval to early modern", "metadata": {"word_count": 267, "char_count": 1617, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The school was greatly extended in the 19th century during Queen Victoria's reign, with the addition of boarding houses for \"commoners\", paying pupils, as opposed to the scholars who continued to live in the medieval College. The first two were Chernocke House and Moberly's, which began as private houses owned by teachers. The third, Du Boulay's, was built speculatively by the Reverend James Du Boulay, borrowing money against the hope of future paying boarders. In 1869, six more boarding houses were added, four of them built speculatively under the headmaster George Ridding. The original and surviving sports field was the walled area of Meads, just behind School; other fields were added in the 19th century on both sides of the River Itchen.\nThe \"forbidding\" neo-Gothic Headmaster's House (no longer used for that purpose), its front in knapped and squared flint, the back in Georgian-style red brick, was built by the English architect G. S. Repton in 1839–1842. Just to the south of the Headmaster's House are Flint Court and Moberly Court, designed by the Gothic Revival architect William Butterfield, and built between 1867 and 1870. Flint Court, providing many of the school's classrooms and the teachers' common room, is open at the front; the wings to left and right are of 3 storeys, in red brick, described by Pevsner as \"partly chequer, partly diaper\"; the centre has a single-storey Perpendicular-style cloister in front of the full-height range.\nIn the 1880s, a large Sanatorium, designed by the English architect William White, was built in High Victorian Baronial style in 1884–1893; it has been described as \"an all too prominent feature\" of the school's landscape. It is now used as the college's art school.\nFor the school's 500th anniversary, the handsome but impractical Brunelleschi-style building called \"Museum\" (formally named \"Memorial Buildings\") by Basil Champneys, intended to support all the arts and sciences, was opened in 1897. Nikolaus Pevsner described it as \"curiously Baroque\", but \"personal, bold, and successful [visually]\". The building is in brick and Bath stone, arranged in nine bays with columns; the windows are flanked by prominent stone blocks projecting from and alternating with brickwork. The first and last bays are solid, with statues of William of Wykeham and of Queen Victoria. The building has a loggia with two rows of Tuscan-style columns, forming part of the ground floor.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Architecture of Winchester College", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Winchester_College", "article_id": 72165057, "section": "Victorian", "metadata": {"word_count": 389, "char_count": 2437, "is_intro": false}}
{"text": "The Music School, designed by the arts and crafts architect E. S. Prior, was added in 1903–1904. The octagonal building is in flint and greenstone, with large round-topped gables fronting a pyramidal roof, and a large round hood over the doorway. Pevsner comments that it is a \"composition of strange elements indeed.\" It was extended in the 21st century with a mixture of yellow brick, limestone dressings, glass, and zinc cladding.\nThe Science School was designed by the English architect Henry L. G. Hill, who served as the college archivist. It is in what the college calls Queen Anne revival style, and was completed in 1904; it remains in use for its original purpose. The building is of thirteen bays in red brick, dressed with white Portland stone. Historic England calls the style \"richly decorated ... [Edwardian] Wrenaissance\". Pevsner describes the building as \"badly organized and detailed.\" The hipped roofs are covered with slate, above a cornice with modillion eaves. An extension was designed by the architect T. D. Atkinson around 1930. The separate Biology Block behind the Science School was added by the architect and college bursar Ruthven O. Hall in 1958; Pevsner calls it \"dull and utilitarian\".\nTo the west of Meads, the college's War Cloister serves as a memorial to the Wykehamist dead of the two World Wars. It was designed by Herbert Baker, architect of many colonial buildings in South Africa and New Delhi, and dedicated in 1924. It is a listed building. A bronze bust of Old Boy Air Chief Marshal Lord Dowding sits on the west side of the cloister. The College's South Africa Gate on Kingsgate Street commemorates the Wykehamist dead of the 1899–1902 Boer War. It leads to the War Cloister. Another older war memorial in the school is the entry chamber to Chapel. Known as \"Crimea\" after the Crimean War of 1853–1856, it bears the names of Wykehamists who died at the siege of Sebastopol.\nA hall big enough for the enlarged school, New Hall, was opened in 1961, just east of the Mill Leat, a branch of the River Itchen. Its design was constrained by the need to accommodate the oak panelling which had been taken out of Chapel in that building's \"disastrous\" internal redesign of 1874. The interior of New Hall with Warden Nicholas's 1680–1683 panelling has been called \"a triumph\". Pevsner comments that the architect, Peter Shepheard, \"lost his nerve\" and chose to be \"above all tactful\" rather than making the hall modern; he calls the resulting exterior in \"blue\" brick with stone facings \"not self-effacing ... [but] very noticeable, only in a pleadingly inoffensive way.\"\nThe development of a \"Southern Campus\" comprising a PE centre, swimming pool, rifle range, and squash courts by the architects Design Engine began in 2017 on the site between the Kingsgate Park sports field and the Norman Road tennis courts. The \"complex geometry of the roof forms\" is intended to reference the silhouette of the college's historic buildings, while the sports centre's grey brick and the other buildings' red brick is meant to reflect the tones of the medieval flint and brick. The \"substantial\" buildings are designed to be \"largely hidden\" from outside the college.", "source": "wikipedia", "article_title": "Architecture of Winchester College", "article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Winchester_College", "article_id": 72165057, "section": "Modern", "metadata": {"word_count": 533, "char_count": 3194, "is_intro": false}}