the killings beginning after the capitulation of italy in 1943, and the massacres of 1945 occurred partly under conditions of guerrilla fighting of slovenian and croatian partisans with the german and remaining italian fascist forces, and partially after the occupation of the territory by the army formations of yugoslavia. killings may have included war crimes as well as civilian crimes of private or political retaliation, as well as "political cleansing" and planned ethnic cleansing since 1947. also italian communists with slav partisans killed italian people; in addition to the foibe, several other carnages committed by italian communist partisans under palmiro togliatti's command in the resistance movement have remained unacknowledged and undiscussed for many years.