marta harnecker (1937 – 15 june 2019) was a chilean sociologist, political scientist, journalist and activist. she published more than 80 books including "conceptos elementales del materialismo histórico" (1969), "cuba: ¿dictadura o democracia?" (1975), "pueblos en armas" (1983), "¿qué es la sociedad?" (1986), "indígenas, cristianos y estudiantes en la revolución" (1987), "américa latina: izquierda y crisis actual" (1990) and "a world to build" (2015). in 1973, after the fall of president salvador allende and the coup d'état led by augusto pinochet, she was forced into exile. she visited cuba in 1960 and married noted cuban revolutionary manuel piñeiro. she later married american-born economist michael a. lebowitz.