in go-on and kan-on, the middle chinese coda "-ng" yielded a nasalized vowel, which in combination with the preceding vowel has become a long vowel in modern japanese. for example, "tōkyō" , is "dōngjīng" in mandarin chinese. also, as japanese cannot end words with consonants (except for moraic "n"), borrowings of middle chinese words ending in a stop had a paragoge added so that, for example, middle chinese "kwok" () was borrowed as "koku". the later, less common tōsō-on borrowings, however, reflect the reduction of final stops in lower yangtze mandarin varieties to a glottal stop, reflected by japanese /q/.