since glaser's 19th-century work with arabian inscriptions, charibael is usually identified with the kariba-il watar yuhan'im who ruled himyar sometime between 40 and 70. the issue is muddied by two factors. first, the rulers of himyar and saba "both" employed the title "king of saba and dhu raydan"; the title was also assumed by hadramauti invaders around the time. the existence of such competing claims is even implied by the periplus's own phrasing, calling charibael the "lawful" king in probable distinction to less powerful rivals. second, the inscriptions have revealed five different karibʾīls during the 1st century. thus, the "periplus"’s "charibael" is sometimes identified as karibʾīl bayān, son of dhamarʿalī dharib and king of saba during the 80s.