the first "saudi state" established in 1744 in the area around riyadh, rapidly expanded and briefly controlled most of the present-day territory of saudi arabia, sacking karbala in 1802 and capturing mecca in 1803, but was destroyed by 1818 by the ottoman viceroy of egypt, mohammed ali pasha. a much smaller second "saudi state", located mainly in nejd, was established in 1824. throughout the rest of the 19th century, the al saud contested control of the interior of what was to become saudi arabia with another arabian ruling family, the al rashid, who ruled the emirate of jabal shammar. by 1891, the al rashid were victorious and the al saud were driven into exile in kuwait.