the industry's first hard disk monitoring technology was introduced by ibm in 1992 in their ibm 9337 disk arrays for as/400 servers using ibm 0662 scsi-2 disk drives. later it was named predictive failure analysis (pfa) technology. it was measuring several key device health parameters and evaluating them within the drive firmware. communications between the physical unit and the monitoring software were limited to a binary result – namely, either "device is ok" or "drive is likely to fail soon".