on the other hand, in january 2014 "the chronicle of higher education" "reported that the effort to make free or low cost materials available in 42 courses was making little progress. based on a survey of community-college stores, with responses from 25 campuses, only nine said that any materials had been used in 17 of the 42 courses. only 2,386 of the 98,130 students enrolled in these courses, in 75 of the eligible 2,722 sections, used the materials. in 16 of the 75 sections students paid nothing; in the other 59 sections the average cost was $25. these numbers reported the work of oncampus research, an arm of the national association of college stores, which in fall 2013 sent a survey to 34 campus stores in the washington community and technical college system. the survey focused on the first 42, or phase one, courses. it showed, according to the director of oncampus research, "that the recommendation of specific free or lower-priced course materials for popular courses did not equate to significant use of these materials by faculty." however, marty brown, executive director of the washington state board of community and technical colleges, took exception in a "chronicle of higher education" piece he explained: "the study analyzes the use of ocl materials based on adoption information from campus bookstores. this methodology provides an incomplete picture, as bookstores are not always aware when faculty members assign free, digital resources. therefore, the study's findings do not justify its conclusion that ocl has resulted in "insignificant" savings to students. the student pirgs estimates the ocl has saved students more than $5.5-million, more than triple the original investment. we believe this is very significant." sparc referred to the same presumed misunderstanding.