the industrial sector represents all production and processing of goods, including manufacturing, construction, farming, water management and mining. increasing costs have forced energy-intensive industries to make substantial efficiency improvements in the past 30 years. for example, the energy used to produce steel and paper products has been cut 40% in that time frame, while petroleum/aluminum refining and cement production have reduced their usage by about 25%. these reductions are largely the result of recycling waste material and the use of cogeneration equipment for electricity and heating.