kali's image was used in several pamphlets circulated by various "agorakshanasabh" ("cow protection leagues") and "wandering ascetics" as a protest against the muslim practice of beef-eating during the british raj. these pamphlets were produced in a time when hindu-muslim riots over cow slaughter occurred in several areas of india; including azamgarh district (1893), when a total of 100 people died in similar conflagrations throughout the empire; ayodhya (1912–1913); and shahabad (1917). one such pamphlet entitled "the present state" showed a cow being slaughtered by a trio of "muhammadan" butchers. another portrayed kali raising a sword above the head of a sacred cow, whose body was illustrated to be a microcosmic paradise in which all the hindu gods resided. there were many different editions of this version. for instance, one showed a woman labeled "the hindu" waiting with bowl-in-hand for the cow's calf to finish suckling before she could get milk. a form of krishna labeled "darmaraj" ("ruler of dharma") stood "behind" the cow and kali was, again, harassing her with his sword. still, a different one deleted the woman and calf and instead portrayed dharmaraj "in front" of the cow pleading "mat maro gay sarv ka jivan hai" ("don't kill the cow, everyone is dependent on it"), while kali rebuts "he manusyaho! kaliyugi mansahari jivom ko dekho" ("mankind, look at the meat-eating souls of the kaligyug").