peronist carlos menem was president from 1989 to1999. his policies were very different from previous peronists, he focused on privatization, free-market policies, and international relations. peronist néstor kirchner was president from 2003 to 2007, and his wife cristina fernández de kirchner was president from 2007 to 2015. according to the economist, the kirchners returned to "economic nationalism and near-autarky". the ideology of the kirchners is known as kirchnerism.