similarly, deborah capaldi reports that a 13-year longitudinal study found that a woman's aggression towards a man was equally important as the man's tendency towards violence in predicting the likelihood of overall violence: "since much ipv [intimate partner violence] is mutual and women as well as men initiate ipv, prevention and treatment approaches should attempt to reduce women's violence as well as men's violence. such an approach has a much higher chance of increasing women's safety." however, capaldi's research only focused on at-risk youth, not women in general, and, therefore, may not apply to the entire population.