according to a. d. gorwala, ics, "the joint secretaries ought to in reality be what the name implies, namely secretaries for the subject entrusted to them and joined to a more senior secretary for the convenience of administrative work." sir richard tottenham, ics had once expressed "in my opinion there is, or should be, no distinction of function, but only of pay between a joint and an additional secretary. additional and joint secretaries should not be either cheap secretaries or expensive deputy secretaries."