e-waste is a concern for every country in the 21st century. because of moore's law, the rule that states transistor numbers double every two years, people upgrade computers every 3 years on average. people usually throw away their old laptops, cameras, computers, cell phones and televisions. this creates a large amount of practically useless waste. most countries have methods to combat e waste and find a use for obsolete technology. some items are refurbished for use.