in addition, high fat diets cause chronic low-grade inflammation in the placenta, adipose, liver, brain, and vascular system. inflammation is an important aspect of the bodies’ natural defense system after injury, trauma, or disease. during an inflammatory response, a series of physiological reactions, such as increased blood flow, increased cellular metabolism, and vasodilation, occur in order to help treat the wounded or infected area. however, chronic low-grade inflammation has been linked to long-term consequences such as cardiovascular disease, renal failure, aging, diabetes, etc. this chronic low-grade inflammation is commonly seen in obese individuals on high fat diets. in a mice model, excessive cytokines were detected in mice fed on a high fat diet. cytokines aid in cell signaling during immune responses, specifically sending cells towards sites of inflammation, infection, or trauma. the mrna of proinflammatory cytokines was induced in the placenta of mothers on high fat diets. the high fat diets also caused changes in microbiotic composition, which led to hyperinflammatory colonic responses in offspring. this hyperinflammatory response can lead to inflammatory bowel diseases such as crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.[35] as previously mentioned, high fat diets in utero contribute to obesity; however, some proinflammatory factors, like il-6 and mcp-1, are also linked to body fat deposition. it has been suggested that histone acetylation is closely associated with inflammation because the addition of histone deacetylase inhibitors has been shown to reduce the expression of proinflammatory mediators in glial cells. this reduction in inflammation resulted in improved neural cell function and survival. this inflammation is also often associated with obesity, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver, brain damage, as well as preeclampsia and preterm birth. although it has been shown that high fat diets induce inflammation, which contribute to all these chronic diseases; it is unclear as to how this inflammation acts as a mediator between diet and chronic disease.