electrolytic capacitors are polarized components due to their asymmetrical construction and must be operated with a higher voltage (ie, more positive) on the anode than on the cathode at all times. for this reason the anode terminal is marked with a plus sign and the cathode with a minus sign. applying a reverse polarity voltage, or a voltage exceeding the maximum rated working voltage of as little as 1 or 1.5 volts, can destroy the dielectric and thus the capacitor. the failure of electrolytic capacitors can be hazardous, resulting in an explosion or fire. bipolar electrolytic capacitors which may be operated with either polarity are also made, using special constructions with two anodes connected in series.