the 19th-century growth of the textile industry in western europe, introduction of mass production methods, the capitulations signed between the empire and many european countries, and the forestalling – always by european merchants – of the raw materials needed to produce goods in the empire's closed economy, were factors which caused the market's decline. by 1850, rents in bedesten were ten times lower than two to three decades before. moreover, the birth of a west-oriented bourgeoisie and the commercial success of western products pushed the merchants belonging to the minorities (greek, armenian, jewish) into moving out of the bazaar, perceived as antiquated, and into opening new shops in quarters frequented by europeans, such as pera and galata.