the polish institute of national remembrance (ipn) researchers estimated 150,000 polish citizens were murdered due to soviet repression. since the collapse of the ussr, polish scholars have been able to do research in the soviet archives on polish losses during the soviet occupation. andrzej paczkowski puts the number of polish deaths at 90–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the soviets.