brought up on his father's estate of méré in touraine, he conceived a bitter aversion for the nobility, which seemed to strengthen with time. he would never take the name "de méré", to which he was entitled, lest he should be thought a nobleman. at the age of fifteen he was sent to paris to complete his education; his father's teaching had already inspired him with a passionate devotion to greek literature, and although he showed considerable mathematical ability, he continued to devote all his leisure to the classics. he entered the school of artillery at châlons, however, and immediately on receiving his appointment as sub-lieutenant in september 1793 he joined the army of the rhine. he served in various campaigns of the revolutionary wars, especially in those of italy in 1798-99 and 1806-7, and in the german campaign of 1809. he became "chef d'escadron" in 1803.