darwin's book revolutionized the way naturalists viewed the world. the book and its promotion attracted attention and controversy, and many theologians reacted to darwin's theories. for example, in his 1874 work "what is darwinism?" the theologian charles hodge argued that darwin's theories were like atheism. thomas henry huxley, added to the controversy when he wrote that christianity is a "...compound of some of the best and some of the worst elements of paganism and judaism. [influenced by] certain people of the western world..." perhaps the most uncompromising of the evolutionary philosophers was ernst haeckel, who dogmatically affirmed that nothing spiritual exists.