up until the middle of the 19th century, there were no organized and well-established army nursing systems for casualties and no safe and protected institutions to accommodate and treat those who were wounded on the battlefield. in june 1859, the swiss businessman henry dunant travelled to italy to meet french emperor napoléon iii with the intention of discussing difficulties in conducting business in algeria, at that time occupied by france. when he arrived in the small italian town of solferino on the evening of 24 june, he witnessed the aftermath of the battle of solferino, an engagement in the second italian war of independence. in a single day, about 40,000 soldiers on both sides died or were left wounded on the field. henry dunant was shocked by the terrible aftermath of the battle, the suffering of the wounded soldiers, and the near-total lack of medical attendance and basic care. he completely abandoned the original intent of his trip and for several days he devoted himself to helping with the treatment and care for the wounded. he succeeded in organizing an overwhelming level of relief assistance by motivating the local population to aid without discrimination. back in his home in geneva, he decided to write a book entitled "a memory of solferino" which he published with his own money in 1862. he sent copies of the book to leading political and military figures throughout europe. in addition to penning a vivid description of his experiences in solferino in 1859, he explicitly advocated the formation of national voluntary relief organizations to help nurse wounded soldiers in the case of war. in addition, he called for the development of international treaties to guarantee the neutrality and protection of those wounded on the battlefield as well as medics and field hospitals.