another research, from plos one, found that sex differences in empathy vary dramatically depending on the method of assessment. while experimental and neuropsychological measures show no consistent sex effect, self-report data steadily indicates greater empathy in women. in a large-scale study (n = 10,802) the researchers measured empathy with an experimental empathy-for-pain task (ept). results showed some sex differences, but with minuscule effect sizes. in the second study, a subsample (n = 334) completed a self-report empathy questionnaire. contrastingly to the first study, significant sex differences were found in self-reported empathy. authors argue that self-reports may induce biases leading individuals to assume gender-role stereotypes. the research from "developmental cognitive neuroscience" compared age-related sex differences in both self-report and neurophysiological measures of empathic arousal in sixty-five 4–17-year-old children. self-report indicated greater responsivity by females, which increased with age, while implicit hemodynamic and physiological measures did not demonstrate any gender-related patterns.