by august 2018, the u.s. food and drug administration continued to approve purdue's "scientific and medical information it has provided to doctors". by 2018, 27 states and puerto rico, including new york, u.s. states, counties and cities, including new york city, bridgeport, new haven and waterbury, had filed lawsuits, accusing "opioid makers and distributors" of "using deceptive marketing to sell the painkillers".