responsive computer-aided design is enabled by ubiquitous computing and the internet of things, concepts which describe the capacity for everyday objects to contain computing and sensing technologies. it is also enabled by the ability to directly manufacture one-off objects from digital data, using technologies such as 3d printing and computer numerical control (cnc) machines. such digital fabrication technologies allow for customization, and are drivers of the mass-customization phenomenon. they also provide new opportunities for consumers to participate in the design process, known as co-design.