similar views were still present in the 20th century and can be traced in many important academic works such as "the decline of the west" (1918) by oswald spengler, or "a study of history" by arnold toynbee (1934-61); both works present orientalist concepts. another important book, "the government of the ottoman empire in the time of suleiman the magnificient" was written by albert howe lybyer in 1913. lybyer was not able to read the turkish ottoman language, but several generations of scholars accepted his argumentations until the 50s and 60s. he argued that the period of maximum splendor of the ottoman empire, in the 15th/16th century under the sultan suleiman the magnificent, occurred because christian subjects from the balkans and caucasus ruled the institutions of the empire. once the islam played a central role in the government, the ottoman empire became ineffective and decadent.