roman law was heavily influenced by greek philosophy, but its detailed rules were developed by professional jurists and were highly sophisticated. over the centuries between the rise and decline of the roman empire, law was adapted to cope with the changing social situations and underwent major codification under theodosius ii and justinian i. although codes were replaced by custom and case law during the early middle ages, roman law was rediscovered around the 11th century when medieval legal scholars began to research roman codes and adapt their concepts to the canon law, giving birth to the "jus commune". latin legal maxims (called brocards) were compiled for guidance. in medieval england, royal courts developed a body of precedent which later became the common law. a europe-wide law merchant was formed so that merchants could trade with common standards of practice rather than with the many splintered facets of local laws. the law merchant, a precursor to modern commercial law, emphasised the freedom to contract and alienability of property. as nationalism grew in the 18th and 19th centuries, the law merchant was incorporated into countries' local law under new civil codes. the napoleonic and german codes became the most influential. in contrast to english common law, which consists of enormous tomes of case law, codes in small books are easy to export and easy for judges to apply. however, today there are signs that civil and common law are converging. eu law is codified in treaties, but develops through "de facto" precedent laid down by the european court of justice.