the majority of scholarly research done on these topics have been from north america. words like "leadership" and "entrepreneurship" do not always translate well into other cultures and languages. for example, in north america a leader is often thought to be charismatic, but german culture frowns on such charisma due to the charisma of nazi leader adolf hitler. other cultures, like some european countries, view the term "leader" negatively, like the french. the participative leadership style that is encouraged in the united states is considered disrespectful in many other parts of the world due to the differences in power distance. many asian and middle eastern countries do not have "open door" policies for subordinates and would never informally approach their managers/bosses. for countries like that, an authoritarian approach to management and leadership is more customary.