the family knew of places like papunya, balgo and mikantji. they knew their relatives lived there. but lanti had always kept the group away from those places. they had also heard stories about "kartiya" (whites), but did not understand who they were. the few encounters they had with modern objects (cars, planes) were associated with the supernatural. in an interview, warlimpirrnga remembered, "joshua had told us about white men and motor cars. we knew there were non-aboriginal people closing in around us. we didn't know what was happening."