in the genus "sarracenia", the problem of pitcher overflow is solved by an operculum, which is essentially a flared leaflet that covers the opening of the rolled-leaf tube and protects it from rain. possibly because of this improved waterproofing, "sarracenia" species secrete enzymes such as proteases and phosphatases into the digestive fluid at the bottom of the pitcher; "heliamphora" relies on bacterial digestion alone. the enzymes digest the proteins and nucleic acids in the prey, releasing amino acids and phosphate ions, which the plant absorbs. in at least one species, "sarracenia flava", the nectar bribe is laced with coniine, a toxic alkaloid also found in hemlock, which probably increases the efficiency of the traps by intoxicating prey.