there are two types of printing and publishing related to the eight-legged essay, one for the exams themselves and the other for public purposes. after the test-takers finished with their exams, their papers were collected in the testing room and sent over to be graded. they were then printed with the graders' comments and in the order of the score rank. during the late ming dynasty, commercial publishing also increased in the face of increasing commercialization of culture. the public printing, publishing, and dissemination of the essays prompted more people to be interested candidates of the civil service examination during the ming and qing dynasties.