after 1949, few european or european-trained architects and urban planners remained in newly independent republic of indonesia. a few remaining architects, such as blankenberg, kreisler, liem and lüning, designed new town and buildings with their indonesian colleagues. after the new guinea issue, all dutch people who had not opted for indonesian citizenship were repatriated in 1957. some dutch architectural firms were closed or nationalized as a result of this policy. one of the few remaining architects who chose indonesian citizenship was han groenewegen, who assisted the indonesian architect frederich silaban in the design of bank indonesia in thamrin road, jakarta.