the male european corn borer produces a spermatophore ejaculate that contains spermatozoa to fertilize the female and protein to nourish the female, a nuptial gift. the cost of producing a spermatophore is relatively low compared to the female investment in oviposition. males mate an average of 3.8 times during their life. the average refractory period between matings for the male is 1.6 days. with each successive mating, the volume of the spermatophore decreases. this decreased spermatophore volume is associated with a decrease in female fecundity and fertility. females who mate with males that have already mated are less likely to deposit all of their eggs.