before the release of the rodney king tape, minority community leaders in los angeles had repeatedly complained about harassment and excessive use of force by lapd officers. an independent commission (the christopher commission) formed after the release of the tape concluded that a "significant number" of lapd officers "repetitively use excessive force against the public and persistently ignore the written guidelines of the department regarding force," and that bias related to race, gender, and sexual orientation were regularly contributing factors in the use of excessive force. the commission's report called for the replacement of both chief daryl gates and the civilian police commission.