biological control was initiated in south africa at the turn of the century when cottony cushion scale in citrus orchards was brought under control. originally identified in 1878 in new zealand, it is now found worldwide in citrus orchards and is controlled by the ladybird beetle "rodolia cardinalis". another successful program was the virtual eradication of "opuntia vulgaris" by the use of cochineal insects in 1913. control of the eucalyptus snout beetle followed in 1925 with the introduction of the egg parasite "anaphes nitens", a wasp native to australia. integrated pest management saw a swing away from pest eradication to pest control with a goal of minimal harmful side effects, reduced environmental damage, little consumer risk and ecological sustainability.