sloping armour can increase protection by a mechanism such as shattering of a brittle kinetic energy penetrator or a deflection of that penetrator away from the surface normal, even though the area density remains constant. these effects are strongest when the projectile has a low absolute weight and is short relative to its width. armour piercing shells of the second world war, certainly those of the early years, had these qualities and sloped armour was therefore rather efficient in that period. in the sixties however long-rod penetrators were introduced, projectiles that are both very elongated and very dense in mass. hitting a sloped thick homogeneous plates such a long-rod penetrator will, after initial penetration into the armour's los thickness, bend toward the armour's normal thickness and take a path with a length between the armour's los and normal thicknesses. also the deformed penetrator tends to act as a projectile of a very large diameter and this stretches out the remaining armour, causing it to fail more easily. if these latter effects occur strongly – for modern penetrators this is typically the case for a slope between 55° and 65° – better protection would be provided by vertically mounted armour of the same area density. another development decreasing the importance of the principle of sloped armour has been the introduction of ceramic armour in the seventies. at any given area density, ceramic armour is also best when mounted more vertically, as maintaining the same area density requires the armour be thinned as it is sloped and the ceramic fractures earlier because of its reduced normal thickness.