the dual labour market theory generally ignores the micro-level decisions such as an individual’s cost-benefit analysis. instead, it focuses on immigration as a “natural consequence of economic globalization and market penetration across national boundaries” (massey, "et al.", 1993, p. 432). in whole, it is not concerned with individual decisions to migrate but focuses on what pulls them, as a collective group, to migrate. it argues that international migration starts from the labour demands of modern civilization.