generalizing from the late to the ate thus becomes an important issue when the research interest lies with the causal treatment effect on a broader population, not just the compliers. in these cases, the late may not be the parameter of interest, and researchers have questioned its utility. other researchers, however, have countered this criticism by proposing new methods to generalize from the late to the ate. most of these involve some form of reweighting from the late, under certain key assumptions that allow for extrapolation from the compliers.