by the end of the campaign, the australians had lost 442 men killed and 1,141 wounded in battle. on top of this, a further 145 died from other causes, and 16,203 men were listed as "sickness casualties". many of these casualties were the result of an atebrin-resistant strain of malaria that infested the area. japanese casualties are estimated at between 7,000 and 9,000 killed while 269 were captured during the fighting. following the end of hostilities in new guinea, approximately 13,000 japanese surrendered, with about 14,000 having died of starvation and illness during the entire campaign.