due to the importance of the jordan curve theorem in low-dimensional topology and complex analysis, it received much attention from prominent mathematicians of the first half of the 20th century. various proofs of the theorem and its generalizations were constructed by j. w. alexander, louis antoine, ludwig bieberbach, luitzen brouwer, arnaud denjoy, friedrich hartogs, béla kerékjártó, alfred pringsheim, and arthur moritz schoenflies.