slightly contorted on the upper epidermis with silken threads. after the moult, the fourth instar larva emerges from the mine through a round hole, and migrates to the margin of the same leaf or another one. it cuts a strip of the leaf along the margin and rolls up the strip into a cone on the lower side of the leaf. then the larva continues to feed inside the cone. the larva seems to make one or more leaf-rolls during the remaining four instars. pupation occurs within the final leaf-roll in a white and spindle-shaped cocoon.