under brunei's 1959 constitution, his majesty paduka seri baginda sultan haji hassanal bolkiah mu'izzaddin waddaulah, is the head of state with full executive authority, including emergency powers since 1962. the sultan's role is enshrined in the national philosophy known as "melayu islam beraja" (mib), or malay islamic monarchy. the country has been under hypothetical martial law since a rebellion occurred in the early 1960s and was put down by british troops from singapore.