several authors such as tinto, barbara reid, arland hultgren or donald griggs comment that "parables are noticeably absent from the gospel of john". according to the "catholic encyclopedia" article on parables: "there are no parables in st. john's gospel" and according to the "encyclopædia britannica" article on gospel of st. john: "here jesus' teaching contains no parables and but three allegories, the synoptists present it as parabolic through and through."