"healing the hardware of the soul," written by amen in 2008, was reviewed in the "american journal of psychiatry" by andrew leuchter. "dr. amen makes a good case for the use of brain imaging to explain and medicalize mental disorders," leuchter said. "however, the reader who has any degree of familiarity with mental illness and brain science is left unconvinced that his [amen's] highly commercialized use of scanning is justified." leuchter concluded that amen "has not subjected his treatment approaches to the level of systematic scientific scrutiny expected for scientifically based medical practice."