a more thorough description of the astronomical seeing at an observatory is given by producing a profile of the turbulence strength as a function of altitude, called a formula_47 profile. formula_47 profiles are generally performed when deciding on the type of adaptive optics system which will be needed at a particular telescope, or in deciding whether or not a particular location would be a good site for setting up a new astronomical observatory. typically, several methods are used simultaneously for measuring the formula_47 profile and then compared. some of the most common methods include: