several french institutions have involved themselves in this hypothesis and tested its relation to infants, specifically the centre des sciences du goût et de l'alimentation, dijon, france; the centre emotion, hôpital de la salpêtrière, paris, france, and the unité de psychiatrie périnatale, maternité ambroise paré, bourg-la-reine, france. in the soussignan, et. al. 2011 study “human newborns match tongue protrusion of disembodied human and robotic mouths”, researchers replicate the meltzoff and moore position with 2d stimuli. as a result, this research reinforces the intermodal mapping hypothesis, adding that repeated experience and associative sequence learning are crucial components to this hypothesis. however, other studies have failed to replicate meltzoff and moore’s findings. maurer, stager, and mondlock’s study “cross-modal transfer of shape is difficult to demonstrate in 1-month-olds” (1999) first criticized meltzoff for “lacking important controls.” yet, after those were included, maurer et al. (1999) failed to replicate meltzoff’s findings.