the support of the united kingdom during the constitutional revolution, the anglo-russian convention which solidified boundaries that identified control between britain and russia in persia, afghanistan, and tibet, the occupation of iranian territory during the first world war by the uk, russia and the ottoman empire, as well as the coup d'état of 1921 which was backed by the british, all encouraged the development of antagonism to these foreign powers. muslim clerics and other anti-baháʼí groups connected the baháʼí faith, and its predecessor the bábí movement, to the external governments of britain and russia to project the mistrust of these two latter groups onto the baháʼís.