until at least the mid-nineteenth century, the name "chaldean" was the ethnic name for all the area's christians, whether in or out of communion with rome. william francis ainsworth, whose visit was in 1840, spoke of the non-catholics as "chaldeans" and of the catholics as "roman-catholic chaldeans". for those chaldeans "who retained their ancient faith", ainsworth said, the name "nestorian" was invented in 1681 to distinguish them from those in communion with rome. a little later, austen henry layard also used the term "chaldean" even for those he also called nestorians. the same term had earlier been used by richard simon in the seventeenth century, writing: "among the several christian sects in the middle east that are called chaldeans or syrians, the most sizeable is that of the nestorians". as indicated above, horatio southgate, who said that the members of the syriac orthodox church (west syrians) considered themselves descendants of asshur, the second son of shem, called the members of the divided church of the east chaldeans and papal chaldeans.