in 1982, at the same time that frans de waal wrote "chimpanzee politics" on apes in captivity, nishida and his students were documenting very similar power struggles among wild chimpanzees, including one by a male named kalunde. kalunde played a game that nishida called "allegiance-fickleness", which allows over-the-hill males to carve out a key position by regularly switching sides in alliances with younger adult males.