the later 20th century generated shifts in her portrayals that were consistent with ideological shifts within latin america, like the increase of feminism of the 1980s and nationalism of the 1960s – 1970s. portrayals within the fictional "the general in his labyrinth" by gabriel garcía márquez and the nonfictional alfonso rumazo's "manuela saenz la libertadora del libertador" contributed to her effective humanization within popular culture and helped politicize her image. alfonso rumazo’s novel was especially poignant for its ideas of pan-american nationalism that were represented through manuela's participation within the wars of independence. manuela became increasingly popular with radical latin american feminist groups subsequently, her image was commonly used as a rallying point for indo-latina causes of the 1980s. the popular image of manuela riding horseback in men's clothing, popularized by her portrayal in "the general in his labyrinth", was re-enacted by female demonstrators in ecuador in 1998.