critics of ch'ien's ideas, such as li ao, tend to focus on his superficial knowledge of non-chinese currents of thoughts when he wrote his treatises on cultural studies, and his lack of objective, scientific method-based, defense of traditional chinese culture. condemns ch'ien's own bias as "19th century traditionalist" in his "a comment on ch'ien mu's treatise on chinese scholarships during the qing dynasty" (錢穆論清學史述評) for being unable to view 19th century currents of thoughts with contemporary (20th century) perspectives. it could be argued, however, the opposition is based upon the critics' support of the new culture movement's legacies, which ch'ien explicitly rejected.