unlike the captives of traditional raiders in the rest of the philippines (who were treated as bondsmen, rather than true slaves), male captives of the iranun and the banguingui were treated brutally, even fellow muslim captives were not spared. female captives, however, were usually treated better. there were no recorded accounts of rapes, though some were starved for discipline. rowers in "lanong" were composed entirely of previously captured male slaves, and it was not uncommon for rowers to die during long cruises due to exhaustion. most of the slaves were tagalogs, visayans, and "malays" (including bugis, mandarese, iban, and makassar). there were also occasional european and chinese captives who were usually ransomed off through tausug intermediaries of the sulu sultanate. numerous accounts were recorded during this period from escaped slaves. it is estimated that in between 1770 to 1870, around 200,000 to 300,000 people were enslaved by the raiders. by 1850, as much as 50% of the population of the sultanates in the sulu archipelago were slaves. the sheer scale of the raids led to the disruption and cessation of traditional trade routes in the sulu sea. notably, the traditional trade with china and the sultanates of the sulu sea stopped. this contributed to the 19th-century economic decline of the sultanates of brunei, sulu, and maguindanao, eventually leading to the collapse of the latter two states.