fighting arts were not exclusive to the kshatriya caste, though the warrior class used the systems more extensively. the 8th-century text "kuvalaymala" by udyotanasuri recorded such systems being taught at gurukula educational institutions, where brahmin students from throughout the subcontinent "were learning and practicing archery, fighting with sword and shield, with daggers, sticks, lances, and with fists, and in duels (niuddham)."