while some simplified characters were adopted from conventional abbreviated forms that have existed for a long time, those advocating the simplified forms often fail to point out that many such characters in fact had multiple vernacular forms out of which just one was chosen, arbitrarily, and then privileged by the designers of the simplified character scheme. many of the changes can be seen as ideological, such as the removal of the "heart" (心) from the word "love" (愛) into the new character (爱) without heart. to some, the new 'heartless' love character is an attack on confucianism, which emphasizes the virtues of filial piety and humanity in relationships so as to maintain a harmonious society. supporters of simplification argue that the removal of the heart radical occurred in the context of calligraphy in ancient times and was not viewed in an anti-confucian light. a variant form without the heart radical appears in the "kangxi dictionary" under the head character 愛. moreover, the simplified form 爱 is well-attested in the semi-cursive script calligraphy from imperial times, appearing in the work of sui dynasty calligrapher zhi guo (智果) and emperor taizong of tang and has appeared in calligraphic works from the song, yuan, and ming dynasties.