in england, many pipe organs were destroyed or removed from churches during the english reformation of the 16th century and the commonwealth period. some were relocated to private homes. at the restoration, organ builders such as renatus harris and "father" bernard smith brought new organ-building ideas from continental europe. english organs evolved from small one- or two-manual instruments into three or more divisions disposed in the french manner with grander reeds and mixtures, though still without pedal keyboards. the echo division began to be enclosed in the early 18th century, and in 1712 abraham jordan claimed his "swelling organ" at st magnus-the-martyr to be a new invention. the swell box and the independent pedal division appeared in english organs beginning in the 18th century.