it is not clear whether any of these pillboxes engaged directly in the 1944 battle for guam. these pillboxes were clearly designed to repel invaders coming from the sea. the u.s. invasion beginning on july 21, 1944, however, was further to the south and west; the area of these pillboxes was over-run by u.s. forces coming from the south, on about august 2, 1944.