vyacheslav ivanov and vladimir toporov compared ket mythology with that of uralic peoples, assuming in the studies that they are modelling semiotic systems in the compared mythologies. they have also made typological comparisons. among other comparisons, possibly from uralic mythological analogies, the mythologies of ob-ugric peoples and samoyedic peoples are mentioned. other authors have discussed analogies (similar folklore motifs, purely typological considerations, and certain binary pairs in symbolics) may be related to a dualistic organization of society—some dualistic features can be found in comparisons with these peoples. however, for kets, neither dualistic organization of society nor cosmological dualism have been researched thoroughly. if such features existed at all, they have either weakened or remained largely undiscovered. there are some reports of a division into two exogamous patrilinear moieties, folklore on conflicts of mythological figures, and cooperation of two beings in the creation of the land, the motif of the earth-diver. this motif is present in several cultures in different variants. in one example, the creator of the world is helped by a waterfowl as the bird dives under the water and fetches earth so that the creator can make land out of it. in some cultures, the creator and the earth-fetching being (sometimes called a devil, or taking the shape of a loon) compete with one another; in other cultures (including the ket variant), they do not compete at all, but rather collaborate.