paulo freire wrote about the philosophy of education that came not only from old school such as plato, but also from modern marxist and anti-colonialist thinkers. in fact, in many ways his "pedagogy of the oppressed" (1970) may be best read as an extension of, or reply to, frantz fanon’s "the wretched of the earth" (1961), which emphasized the need to provide native populations with an education which was simultaneously new and modern (rather than traditional) and anti-colonial (not simply an extension of the culture of the colonizer).