this pair is referred to as a "structured meaning". structured meanings allow for a compositional semantic approach to sentences that involve single or multiple foci. this approach follows frege's (1897) principle of compositionality: the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meanings of its parts, and the way in which those parts are combined into structured meanings. krifka’s structured meaning theory represents focus in a transparent and compositional fashion it encompasses sentences with more than one focus as well as sentences with a single focus. krifka claims the advantages of structured meanings are twofold: 1) we can access the meaning of an item in focus directly, and 2) rooth's alternative semantics can be derived from a structured meaning approach but not vice versa. to see krifka’s approach illustrated, consider the following examples of single focus shown in (10) and multiple foci shown in (11):