about of land is needed per each drill pad for surface installations. well pad and supporting structure construction significantly fragments landscapes which likely has negative effects on wildlife. these sites need to be remediated after wells are exhausted. research indicates that effects on ecosystem services costs (i.e. those processes that the natural world provides to humanity)has reached over $250 million per year in the u.s. each well pad (in average 10 wells per pad) needs during preparatory and hydraulic fracturing process about 800 to 2,500 days of noisy activity, which affect both residents and local wildlife. in addition, noise is created by continuous truck traffic (sand, etc.) needed in hydraulic fracturing. research is underway to determine if human health has been affected by air and water pollution, and rigorous following of safety procedures and regulation is required to avoid harm and to manage the risk of accidents that could cause harm.