university heads, notably moscow state university rector viktor sadovnichiy, resisted the novelty, arguing that their schools cannot survive without charging the applicants with their own entrance hurdles. nevertheless, the legislators enacted use in february 2007. in 2008 it was mandatory for the students and optional for the universities; it is fully mandatory since 2009. a few higher education establishments are still allowed to introduce their own entrance tests in addition to use scoring; such tests must be publicized in advance.