ciclosporin is currently in a phase ii/iii (adaptive) clinical study in europe to determine its ability to ameliorate neuronal cellular damage and reperfusion injury (phase iii) in traumatic brain injury. this multi-center study is being organized by neurovive pharma and the european brain injury consortium using neurovive's formulation of ciclosporin called "neurostat" (also known by its cardioprotection trade name of "ciclomulsion"). this formulation uses a lipid emulsion base instead of cremophor and ethanol. neurostat was recently compared to sandimmune in a phase i study and found to be bioequivalent. in this study, neurostat did not exhibit the anaphylactic and hypersensitivity reactions found in cremophor- and ethanol-based products.