like gnosis at large, the ophites teach the existence of a supreme being, standing infinitely high above the visible world; qualified as purely spiritual, the primal basis of all things, the starting-point of the cosmic process. his names are, father of the universe, first man, the "uncreated," the "unspeakable," the "unapproachable god." he is self-evolving, and thus becomes the source of all being. the first products of this spontaneous evolution still belong to the purely spiritual spheres. the ophitic theology tends to separate this supreme god into an ever-increasing number of separate entities. in the aforesaid hymn, only the son is mentioned beside the father; but a tetrad occurs among the ophites of irenaeus and the naassenes; an entire decad among the "gnostici barbelo"; while the nag hammadi writings disclose a countless host of higher beings. the supreme being's mode of evolution is set forth, now as a generative, again as a psychologic process; and frequently the two ideas are combined. some pagan mythology lies obviously at the root of the matter; which accounts also for their syzygial views; for, in part at least, the ophites aimed to interpret the ancient myths as psychologic processes. over against the supreme being stands chaos, the material principle. yet there is not here a sharp dualism. in the hymn, the phrase "the firstborn's emitted chaos" implies that it is derived from a higher being. in only very few instances is chaos an evil power, an active principle. it is not the existence of chaos which contradicts perfection; but rather the mixture of luminous parts with material elements. this mixture, in a word, is the great calamity, the loss that must be retrieved through redemption. how did this mixture come to pass? the hymn designates the soul, the principle of this compound, as the common product of mind and chaos. such is also the theory of the perates and sethians, mentioned by hippolytus. these sects most nearly approach the dualistic scheme, yet the latter is not distinctly defined. in justin, also, dualism is diminished.