both flora and fauna are those characteristic of the greater part of tropical africa. as far south as benguela the coast region is rich in oil palms and mangroves. in the northern part of the province are dense forests. in the south towards the kunene are regions of dense thorn scrub. rubber vines and trees are abundant, but in some districts their number has been considerably reduced by the primitive methods adopted by native collectors of rubber. the species most common are various root rubbers, notably the "carpodinus chylorrhiza". this species and other varieties of carpodinus are very widely distributed. landolphias are also found. the coffee, cotton and guinea pepper plants are indigenous, and the tobacco plant flourishes in several districts. among the trees are several which yield excellent timber, such as the tacula ("pterocarpus tinctorius"), which grows to an immense size, its wood being blood-red in colour, and the angola mahogany. the bark of the musuemba ("albizzia coriaria") is largely used in the tanning of leather. the mulundo bears a fruit about the size of a cricket ball covered with a hard green shell and containing scarlet pips like a pomegranate.