his contrarian views sometimes caused controversy, e.g., showing that democratization can exacerbate ethnic conflict, or the perverse effects of well-intentioned affirmative-action or child labor policies. with samuel p. huntington and lucian pye, he was a co-founder and co-director for many years of the harvard-mit joint seminar on political development (jospod) research project. critics associated him, fairly or not, with the modernization school of thought, and with certain us policies during the vietnam war.