a "'condenser" ' is a scientific laboratory apparatus used to condense (change the physical state of a substance from its gaseous exchange its liquid state) liquids. in the laboratory, condensers are generally used in procedures involving organic liquids brought into the gaseous state through heating, with or without lowering the pressure (applying vacuum)—though applications in inorganic and other chemistry areas exist. while condensers can be applied at various scales, in the research, training, or discovery laboratory, one most often uses glassware designed to pass a vapor flow over an adjacent cooled chamber. in simplest form, such a condenser consists of a single glass tube with outside air providing cooling. a further simple form, the liebig-type of condenser, involves concentric glass tubes, an inner one through which the hot gases pass, and an outer, "ported" chamber through which a cooling fluid passes, to reduce the gas temperature in the inner, to afford the condensation.