land reclamation has been carried out along the coast of tokyo bay since the meiji period. areas along the shore with a depth of less than are simplest to carry out landfill, and sand from the floor of tokyo bay is used for these projects. the topography of the shoreline of tokyo bay differs greatly from that of the pre-modern period due to ongoing land reclamation projects. tokyo bay includes about of reclaimed land area in 2012. aggregate household waste production is enormous in greater tokyo, there is little room for traditional garbage disposal sites; waste is rigorously sorted at the household, much of it is turned into ash and further recycled into bay landfill.