several lynchings of black men took place in georgia during 1921-1922, as whites continued to violently enforce white supremacy. in 1908 the state had ratified a constitution that disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites by raising barriers to voter registration. other former confederate states had passed similar laws since 1890, led by mississippi, and they maintained such disenfranchisement essentially into the late 1960s. that exclusion was challenged and eventually overcome after congress passed laws to enforce constitutional voting rights.