note: both the tense marker (under "t"s) and the tensed verb (under "v"s) are added in the syntactic tree diagrams for readability, although only one would be shown in an average tree diagram. that is, the verbs in these trees would be in the infinitival form if the tense (t) is shown, and is not empty (ø). also, movement of determiner phrases has only been illustrated when it is relevant, as in "tree diagram (10)".