the outer defense perimeter of port arthur consisted of a line of hills, including hsiaokushan and takushan near the ta-ho river in the east, and namakoyama, akasakayama, 174-meter hill, 203-meter hill and false hill in the west. all of these hills were heavily fortified. approximately behind this defensive line was the original stone chinese wall, which encircled the old town of lushun from the south to the lun-ho river at the northwest. the russians had continued the line of the chinese wall to the west and south, enclosing the approaches to the harbor and the new town of port arthur with concrete forts, machine gun emplacements, and connecting trenches.