student mobility among universities has been traditionally discouraged and thus kept at very low level; there are no signs that formal acceptance of the bologna process will help students seeking better education. finally, while the five-year "specialist" training was previously free to all students, the new msc/ma stage is not. the shift forces students to pay for what was free to the previous class; the cost is unavoidable because the bsc/ba degree alone is considered useless. defenders of the bologna process argue that the final years of the "specialist" programme were formal and useless: academic schedules were relaxed and undemanding, allowing students to work elsewhere. cutting the five-year "specialist" programme to a four-year bsc/ba will not decrease the actual academic content of most of these programmes.