in 1611 the historian john speed asserted shakespeare's links with catholicism, accusing him of satirising in "henry iv" the lollard (or proto-protestant), martyr john oldcastle (first portrayed by shakespeare under his character's real name, then the alias john falstaff after complaints from oldcastle's descendants) and linking the playwright with jesuit robert persons, describing them together as "the papist and his poet". modern critics have attributed other motives for shakespeare's portrayal; the story of oldcastle was a popular one and telling the tale from the "papist" perspective (while acknowledging that perhaps this was a perspective with which shakespeare already had some affinity) was an effective and familiar way to bring it to his audience. a direct explanation, however, comes from the facts of the story in the contemporary accounts of the period; prince henry had left his dear friend oldcastle to his fate after he had failed to persuade the stubborn old knight to recant when he was imprisoned for lollardry.