by 1824, the al saud family regained control over parts of the nejd region. this is seen as the beginning of the second saudi state, the emirate of nejd. the saudi ruler, turki bin ali, made riyadh the capital of its state. it remains the capital of the saudi state today. turki bin ali succeeded in retaking most of the lands lost to the ottomans. in 1865 the ottomans launched an attack on the saudi state again. this time with help from the al rasheed family of ha'il, who are another powerful family of the nejd region. the al rasheed family defeated the saudi state in 1891, which marked the end of the second saudi state. abdul rahman bin faisal al saud, who was the saudi leader at that time, retreated into the desert and eventually to kuwait with his family.