significant leaps in brain and cognitive sciences in the 21st century have opened up new areas of partnership between archaeology and neuroscience. this collaboration can help an archaeologist figure out biological and neural substrates of human cognitive abilities present in the archaeological objects. the knowledge of neuroscience can also be applied to critically review and challenge existing theories and assumptions about the inception of modern human cognition. the term implies a new area of research that could investigate issues relating to the collaboration between the brain and culture over the long term development of humans.