in 2009, david deming evaluated the program, using the national longitudinal survey of youth. he compared siblings and found that those who attended head start showed stronger academic performance as shown on test scores for years afterward, were less likely to be diagnosed as learning-disabled, less likely to commit crime, more likely to graduate from high school and attend college, and less likely to suffer from poor health as an adult. a randomize study of the pre-k program serving socioeconomically disadvantaged children in tennessee found short-term gains in language, literacy and math outcomes for pre-k participants compared with children who did not participate, which was also confirmed by a discontinuity analysis (lip, farran, bilbrey, hofer, & dong, 2011).