chang kia-ngau was a supporter of reform in china and started his public service career in 1910 as editor-in-chief of the "official gazette" published by the ministry of communications. in 1913 he started his banking career assistant manager of the bank of china in shanghai. he distinguished himself just a few years later in 1916 when he refused a request by yuan shikai to stop redeeming banknotes for silver. the move was meant to secure silver deposits for yuan's use, but would have undermined confidence in the new currency, so chang disregarded the order and was instrumental in the bank's separation from the peking government's control. by 1923, the bank of china was almost exclusively owned by private, shanghai-based shareholders, and during the next decade, it became the largest bank, by far, in republican china.