in 2002, garces, thomas and currie used data from the panel survey of income dynamics to review outcomes for close to 4,000 participating adults followed from childhood and compared with non-participant siblings. among european americans, adults who had attended head start were significantly more likely to complete high school, attend college and possibly have higher earnings in their early twenties. african-american adults who had attended head start were significantly less likely to be booked/charged for a crime. head start may increase the likelihood that african-american males graduate from high school. separately the authors noted larger effects for younger siblings who attended head start after an older sibling.