in chile dentists require six years of post secondary education which, after 2 years dedicated to fundamental scientific and medical knowledge (chemistry, physics, biology, morphology, anatomy, histology etc.) puts a particular emphasis on practice and the accountability to patients in the last 4 years. specialization programs of 3 – 4 years (admission by competition) are possible after a minimum of 3 years' working experience has been completed. the first dental school was established at the universidad de chile in the year 1888. other institutions providing professional dental education in chile are universidad austral de chile since 2004, universidad de concepción since 1919, pontificia universidad católica de chile (since 2009), universidad de valparaíso since 1952, universidad de la frontera (since 1992), universidad de talca, which are public universities, and the following private universities: universidad finis terrae, universidad nacional andrés bello, universidad mayor, universidad de los andes, universidad diego portales, universidad del desarrollo, universidad san sebastián and universidad de antofagasta.