one way to achieve the first goal is to use a rock coring drill that has a pipe tipped with diamond bits. the drill cuts a cylindrical space around some rock. this can be messy – the drill must be cooled with water, and the result is mud spewing out of the hole. into this space is inserted another pipe with compass and inclinometer attached. these provide the orientations. before this device is removed, a mark is scratched on the sample. after the sample is broken off, the mark can be augmented for clarity.