during the colonial period, there were already native indonesian architects. graduated from the technische hoogeschool in bandung, these indonesian natives were either employed by dutch architects, or established their own design practice. among these were anwari and sukarno (who later became the first president of the republic of indonesia) and who studied architecture at bandung's "technische hoogeschool" in 1920. civil engineer roosseno, who collaborated briefly with sukarno in 1931, carried out his own construction company from 1932.