according to clark, the computational model, which forms the philosophical foundation of artificial intelligence, engenders several intractable problems. one of the more salient is an information bottleneck: if, in order to determine appropriate actions, it is the job of the mind to construct detailed inner representations of the external world, then, as the world is constantly changing, the demands on the mental system will almost certainly preclude any action taking place. for clark, we need relatively little information about the world before we may act effectively upon it. we tend to be susceptible to "grand illusion", where our impressions of a richly detailed world obscures a reality of minimal environmental information and quick action. we needn't try to reconstruct the detail of this world, as it is able to serve as its own best model from which to extract information "just in time".