the film has appeared in a number of different versions. the italian and french versions were edited and were provided with narration by jacopetti himself. the american version, with the explicitly shocking title "africa: blood and guts", was edited and translated without the approval of jacopetti. indeed, the differences are such that jacopetti has called this film a betrayal of the original idea. notable differences are thus present between the italian and english-language versions in terms of the text of the film. many advocates of the film feel that it has unfairly maligned the original intentions of the filmmakers. for example, the subtitled translation of the opening crawl in the italian version reads: