the shanghai cooperation organisation (sco), or shanghai pact, is a eurasian political, economic, and security alliance, the creation of which was announced on 15 june 2001 in shanghai, china by the leaders of china, kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, russia, tajikistan, and uzbekistan; the shanghai cooperation organisation charter, formally establishing the organisation, was signed in june 2002 and entered into force on 19 september 2003. the original five nations, with the exclusion of uzbekistan, were previously members of the shanghai five group, founded on 26 april 1996. since then, the organisation has expanded its membership to eight countries when india and pakistan joined sco as full members on 9 june 2017 at a summit in astana, kazakhstan. the heads of state council (hsc) is the supreme decision-making body in the sco, it meets once a year and adopts decisions and guidelines on all important matters of the organisation. military exercises are also regularly conducted among members to promote cooperation and coordination against terrorism and other external threats, and to maintain regional peace and stability.