scottish education in the nineteenth century concerns all forms of education, including schools, universities and informal instruction, in scotland in the nineteenth century. by the late seventeenth century there was a largely complete system of parish schools, but it was undermined by the industrial revolution and rapid urbanisation. the church of scotland, the free church of scotland and the catholic church embarked on programmes of school building to fill in the gaps in provision, creating a fragmented system. attempts to supplement the parish system included sunday schools, mission schools, ragged schools, bible societies and improvement classes. scots played a major part in the development of teacher education with figures including william watson, thomas guthrie, andrew bell, john wood and david stow. scottish schoolmasters gained a reputation for strictness and frequent use of the tawse. the perceived problems and fragmentation of the scottish school system led to a process of secularisation, as the state took increasing control. the education (scotland) act 1872 transferred the kirk and free kirk schools to regional school boards and made some provision for secondary education. in 1890 school fees were abolished, creating a state-funded, national system of compulsory free basic education with common examinations.