another study conducted in italy using the same methodology as morretti concluded that, in italy, there was no evidence of a local multiplier effect from the creation of tradable jobs on the rest of the local economy. the study found the local multiplier effect to be zero and occasionally negative in all regions of italy. in explaining this discrepancy, the authors points to excessive government regulation in the non-tradable sector, the government's role in wage setting, and barriers to labor mobility.