although there is some disagreement about which crimes are "hudud" crimes, they usually include theft, highway robbery, zina (sex with forbidden partners), falsely accusing someone of "zina", and drinking alcohol. the prescribed punishments for these crimes range from 80 lashes to death. however, classical jurists developed very strict rules which restrict when these punishments could be applied, so that in many cases it became almost impossible to convict anyone under these rules. for example, there must be four adult male muslim witnesses to a hudud crime or a confession repeated four times, before someone can be punished. if a criminal could not be convicted of a "hudud" crime, they could still receive a "tazir" punishment.