de sousa's essay, "norms and the normal", discuses the moral implications of freud's understanding of human nature. he maintains that freud was mistaken to deny that psychoanalysis has moral implications, arguing that any comprehensive view of human nature must have implications for the relationship between the capacities of human beings and their normal or ideal state should be understood. he also makes the case that freud's views contrast with classical theories of human nature. suppes's essay, "on the generation and classification of defence mechanisms", written with hermine warren, discusses defence mechanisms, attempting to develop a theory to account for them. suppes and warren propose a framework within which the defence mechanisms can be systematically defined, generated, and classified.