south africa has a robust anti-corruption framework, but laws are inadequately enforced and accountability in public sectors such as healthcare remain low. in addition, negative sanctions have been put in place to discourage whistle blowers from reporting corrupt activities in both the public and private sectors. a recent scandal involving the gupta family and former south african president jacob zuma, has pushed zuma out of office while resurfacing a long list corruption complaints against the former president. complaints against zuma range from the former leader's lavish spending of state funds to the delegation of contracts to businesses with familial connections or close ties.