functional electrical stimulation (fes) is a technique that uses low-energy electrical pulses to artificially generate body movements in individuals who have been paralyzed due to injury to the central nervous system. more specifically, fes can be used to generate muscle contraction in otherwise paralyzed limbs to produce functions such as grasping, walking, bladder voiding and standing. this technology was originally used to develop neuroprostheses that were implemented to permanently substitute impaired functions in individuals with spinal cord injury (sci), head injury, stroke and other neurological disorders. in other words, a person would use the device each time he or she wanted to generate a desired function. fes is sometimes also referred to as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (nmes).