while journalists in the united states and european countries have led the formulation and adoption of these standards, such codes can be found in news reporting organizations in most countries with freedom of the press. the written codes and practical standards vary somewhat from country to country and organization to organization, but there is substantial overlap between mainstream publications and societies. the international federation of journalists (ifj) launched a global ethical journalism initiative in 2008 aimed at strengthening awareness of these issues within professional bodies. in 2013 the ethical journalism network was founded by former ifj general secretary aidan white. this coalition of international and regional media associations and journalism support groups campaigns for ethics, good governance and self-regulation across all platforms of media.