second generation biofuels are now being produced from the cellulose in dedicated energy crops (perennial grasses such as switchgrass and miscanthus giganteus), forestry materials, the co-products from food production, and domestic vegetable waste. advances in the conversion processes will improve the sustainability of biofuels, through better efficiencies and reduced environmental impact of producing biofuels, from both existing food crops and from cellulosic sources.