during the qianlong era (17351796), scholar wei shu () commented on jiang tong's () essay "xironglun" (), stating that if the muslims did not migrate, they would end up like the five hu, who overthrew the western jin and caused an ethnic, rather than religious, conflict to break out between the five hu and the han chinese. during the qianlong emperor's reign, there were clashes between the qing authorities and the jahriyya sufi sect, but not with the majority non-sufi sunnis or the khafiyya sufis.