files were first exchanged on removable media. computers were able to access remote files using filesystem mounting, bulletin board systems (1978), usenet (1979), and ftp servers (1985). internet relay chat (1988) and hotline (1997) enabled users to communicate remotely through chat and to exchange files. the mp3 encoding, which was standardized in 1991 and substantially reduced the size of audio files, grew to widespread use in the late 1990s. in 1998, mp3.com and audiogalaxy were established, the digital millennium copyright act was unanimously passed, and the first mp3 player devices were launched.