the council of state is composed of twenty-one councillors, who are appointed by the grand duke. of these, at least eleven must hold doctorates in law. neither number applies to members of the grand ducal family, who may be appointed as additional members of the council. membership is restricted to luxembourgian nationals, who are resident in the grand duchy, are in possession of their full civil and political rights, and are at least 30 years old. the final restriction does not apply to the heir to the grand duchy, who may be appointed as soon as he or she is granted that title.