his research has centered on the psychiatric ward environments, community psychiatry and the mental health of people with intellectual disabilities. he led the research programme in one of the first community mental health centres in the uk and played an important role in the development of the first community based mental health service in the uk for people with intellectual disabilities. he systematically studied the re-provision of services, following the closure of institutions. in 1999 he initiated and developed the estia centre, an innovative concept combining clinical services, training and research. he chaired the research & development group of the daedalus trust that provided a focal point for current thinking on hubris behaviour and the ways that exercising power may affect personality and decision making. he also chaired the research advisory group of thrive a uk-based charity that uses horticultural therapy to bring about profound transformations in the lives of people with disabilities or mental ill health.