in the late 19th century, lady halima khanim of hakkari was the ruler of "bash kala" until she was forced to surrender to the ottoman government after the suppression of the bedir khan revolt in 1847. a young kurdish woman named fatma became chief of the ezdinan tribe in 1909 and she was known among her tribe as the queen. during world war i, russian forces negotiated safe passage through tribal territory with "lady maryam" of the famous nehri family, who according to basile nikitine, wielded great authority among her followers. lady adela, ruler of halabja, exerted great influence in the affairs of the jaff tribe in the shahrazur plain on the turco-iranian frontier. the revival of commerce and restoration of law and order in the region of halabja is attributed to her sound judgement.