ritter and yoder (2004) provide further evidence of gender role differences in leadership positions between men and women. women and men, based on their level of dominance, were placed in groups consisting of either (man, man), (woman, man), or (woman, woman) and then assigned task randomly. participants with higher dominance ratings emerged as leaders in all groups except for (woman, man) pairs. when assigned tasks were of a masculine or gender-neutral nature, males emerged more often than females as leaders. these findings suggest that even when women possess dominant characteristics, masculinized task as well as gender stereotypes prohibit the emergence of women into leadership positions.