the university of bombay was established in 1857, and had an administration consisting of a chancellor, vice-chancellor and fellows. the governor of bombay was ex-officio chancellor. the education department was under a director of public instruction, who was responsible for the administration of the department in accordance with the general educational policy of the state. the native states generally adopted the government system. baroda and the kathiawar states employed their own inspectors. in 1905 the total number of educational institutions was 10,194 with 593,431 pupils. there were ten art colleges, of which two were managed by government, three by native states, and five were under private management. it was in the year 1913 that the first college of commerce in asia, sydenham college, was established. according to the census of 1901, out of a population of 25.5 million nearly 24 million were illiterate.