in addition to audience design, bell introduces an additional component of style shifting which he terms 'referee design'. this type of style-shifting refers to situations where the speaker does not accommodate to the speech style of their immediate audience, but rather "creatively uses language features ... from beyond the immediate speech community". in contrast with audience design which can be defined as a responsive style-shift where the speaker "responds" to specific factors of the speech context, referee design is characterised as an "initiative" shift. in such situations, speakers may use styles associated with non-present social groups to signal hypothetical allegiances with these speakers.