educated in the university of edinburgh medical school m.b., c.m. 1888 and m.d. 1909, he traveled in india before settling in yokohama as director of yokohama juzen hospital which was one of the largest western-style hospitals in asia in 1893. from 1930 until his death he lived among the ainu in nibutani village in hokkaido. film footage he took of the local people survives.