at edinburgh, major figures included david brewster (1781–1868), who made contributions to the science of optics and to the development of photography. fleeming jenkin (1833–85) was the first professor of engineering at the university and among wide interests helped develop ocean telegraphs and mechanical drawing. in medicine joseph lister (1827–1912) and his student william macewen (1848–1924), pioneered antiseptic surgery. the university of edinburgh was also a major supplier of surgeons for the royal navy, and robert jameson (1774–1854), professor of natural history at edinburgh, ensured that a large number of these were surgeon-naturalists, who were vital in the humboldtian and imperial enterprise of investigating nature throughout the world. major figures to emerge from scottish universities in the science of humanity included the philosopher edward caird (1835–1908), the anthropologist james george frazer (1854–1941) and the sociologist and urban planner patrick geddes (1854–1932).