modifiers normally come before the noun in chinese, but follow the noun in vernacular vietnamese. chinese texts published in vietnam often included a line-by-line translation into nôm. even when the same characters appear in both languages, the order is different. many chinese phrases gained currency as loan words. later, the word order could be reversed to correspond to normal vietnamese syntax. the word "vietnam" is from chinese "nányuè" (南越), meaning “southern yue”. in han-viet, the same characters are read as . the word order was reversed in modern times. in chinese, the phrase “chinese characters” is written 漢字. this is romanized as "hànzì" in pinyin, kanji in japanese, hanja in korean, and in han-viet. in modern vietnamese, they are .