while the media sometimes called them "rockefeller republicans", the liberal republicans never formed an organized movement or caucus and lacked a recognized leader. they promoted economic growth and high state and federal spending while accepting high taxes and much liberal legislation, with the provision they could administer it more efficiently. they opposed the democratic big city machines while welcoming support from labor unions and big business alike. religion was not high on their agenda, but they were strong believers in civil rights for african americans and women's rights and most liberals were pro-choice. they were also strong environmentalists and supporters of higher education. in foreign policy they were internationalists, throwing their support to dwight d. eisenhower over the conservative leader robert a. taft in 1952. they were often called the "eastern establishment" by conservatives such as barry goldwater.