immediately recognised as a significant literary work, "adam bede" has enjoyed a largely positive critical reputation since its publication. an anonymous 1859 review in "the athenaeum" praised it as a "novel of the highest class," and "the times" called it "a first-rate novel." an anonymous review by anne mozley was the first to speculate that the novel was probably written by a woman. contemporary reviewers, often influenced by nostalgia for the earlier period represented in "bede", enthusiastically praised eliot's characterisations and realistic representations of rural life. charles dickens wrote: "the whole country life that the story is set in, is so real, and so droll and genuine, and yet so selected and polished by art, that i cannot praise it enough to you." (hunter, s. 122) in fact, in early criticism, the tragedy of infanticide has often been overlooked in favour of the peaceful idyllic world and familiar personalities eliot recreated. other critics have been less generous. henry james, among others, resented the narrator's interventions. in particular, chapter 15 has fared poorly among scholars because of the author's/narrator's moralising and meddling in an attempt to sway readers' opinions of hetty and dinah. other critics have objected to the resolution of the story. in the final moments, hetty, about to be executed for infanticide, is saved by her seducer, arthur donnithorne. critics have argued that this "deus ex machina" ending negates the moral lessons learned by the main characters. without the eleventh hour reprieve, the suffering of adam, arthur, and hetty would have been more realistically concluded. in addition, some scholars feel that adam's marriage to dinah is another instance of the author's/narrator's intrusiveness. these instances have been found to directly conflict with the otherwise realistic images and events of the novel.