miller says that one of the defining characteristics of power in modern history has been the rationalisation and bureaucratisation of law. legal codification, or at least debates over the merits of legal codification, became an almost global phenomenon in the nineteenth century as state power was centralised. in particular, the rationalisation of criminal law standardised not just the concept of crime, but was adopted as the means to eliminate the "deviant" as a threat to a modern, uniform, moral standard. in this, the religious establishment began to play a new role in defining "evil" in which threats to the political or social norm became as dangerous as threats to religious orthodoxy. thus, political speech became one of the most likely activities to be criminalised. the freedom of association and to meet may also be criminalised if the purpose is to express oppositional political views.