in the late 1940s, colonial government patrols reached further and further into fore territory. the patrol officers, called kiaps by the fore, tried to conduct a census in each village they passed through and lectured the villagers on the importance of hygiene and road construction. they encouraged the people to give up village warfare, sorcery and cannibalism as well. these officers attempted to recruit local 'big men' to represent the colonial authorities as headmen ("luluais") or as deputies ("tultuls").