employee turnover in long-haul trucking is notorious for being high. in the 4th quarter of 2005, turnover for the largest carriers in the industry reached a record 136%, which means that for every 100 new employees hired, 136 quit their jobs. this results in a "revolving door" within most long-haul trucking companies, as drivers are constantly switching jobs or leaving the industry. in the short-haul and less-than-truckload (ltl) sectors, driver turnover is only around 15%, mainly due to the better working conditions, higher pay, and unionized workers. one study suggests that larger companies with irregular routes, longer average haul, and older equipment experience much higher rates of driver turnover. some critics believe that the turnover benefits trucking companies by causing wages to be mostly entry-level.