frazer and zhou filed a provisional patent in june 1991 and began work on developing the vaccine within uq. to finance clinical trials, australian medical company csl, and later merck, were sold partial patents. (csl has the exclusive license to sell gardasil in new zealand and australia, merck the license elsewhere.) glaxosmithkline independently used the same vlp-approach to develop cervarix, under a later us patent, licensing frazer's intellectual property in 2005.