the reformed academic culture of the soviet union, after the death of stalin and reforms of the khrushchev era, allowed cybernetics to tear down its previous ideological criticisms and redeem itself in the public view. to soviet scientists, cybernetics emerged as possible vector of escape from the ideological traps of stalinism, replacing it with the computational objectivity of cybernetics. military computer scientist anatoly kitov recalled stumbling onto "cybernetics" in the secret library of the special construction bureau and realising instantly, cybernetics was "not a bourgeois pseudo-science, as official publications considered it at the time, but the opposite - a serious, important science". he joined with the dissident mathematician alexey lyapunov, and, in 1952, presented a pro-cybernetic paper to "voprosy filosofii", which the journal tacitly endorsed, though the communist party required that lyapunov and kitov present public lectures on cybernetics before its publication, with 121 seminars produced in total from 1944-45. a very different academic, the soviet philosopher and former ideological watchdog ernst kolman, also joined this rehabilitation. in november 1954, kolman presented a lecture at the academy of social sciences, condemning this stifling of cybernetics to a shocked audience, who had expected a lecture rehearsing previous stalinist criticisms, and marched down to the office of "voprosy filosofii" to have his lecture published. the beginning of a soviet cybernetic movement was therefore first signaled by two articles, published together in the july–august 1955 volume of "voprosy filosofii": "the main features of cybernetics" by sergei sobolev, alexey lyapunov, and anatoly kitov, and "what is cybernetics" by ernst kolman. according to benjamin peters, these "two soviet articles set the stage for the revolution of cybernetics in the soviet union".