clause 2 says that the supreme court has "judicial power [over] all cases, in law and equity, arising under this constitution [and] the laws of the united states..." however, it does not say exactly what this means. the supreme court clarified this in a case called "osborn v. bank of the united states" (1824). supreme court justice john marshall wrote an opinion about what a "federal" case is, and what "arising under" the constitution or federal laws means. basically, he said a case is federal and under the federal courts' original jurisdiction if: