the hakalau forest national wildlife refuge is a major koa forest reserve on mauna kea's windward slope. it was established in 1985, covering of ecosystem remnant. eight endangered bird species, twelve endangered plants, and the endangered hawaiian hoary bat ("lasiurus cinereus semotus") have been observed in the area, in addition to many other rare biota. the reserve has been the site of an extensive replanting campaign since 1989. parts of the reserve show the effect of agriculture on the native ecosystem, as much of the land in the upper part of the reserve is abandoned farmland.