representative edgar dean crumpacker of indiana, who was on the select committee of the census, had introduced a reduction measure that got the most attention, but it was reported out of committee in 1899 too late for action. in 1901 he introduced another measure. his bill proposed to penalize louisiana, mississippi, north carolina, and south carolina, which had approved state constitutions disenfranchising blacks. (they were followed by other southern states through 1908.) he proposed a plan based on reducing representation based on total state illiteracy rates, as he believed that illiterates would fail the education or literacy tests. while his plan earned much discussion, his bill was tabled. a reduction effort in 1902 also failed.