prior to the eighteenth century, christian hymnals were published as standalone texts without accompanying musical scores. the first american hymnal with both text and song was published in 1831. in europe, the church of england did not officially allow hymns to be sung until 1820. originally, hymns were sung by "lining out" the lyrics, meaning, the pastor would sing a line and then the congregation would repeat it. this was done because, at that time, books were expensive, so it was economical to provide the pastor of a church with one copy from which everyone could sing.