red summer was the late winter, spring, summer, and early autumn of 1919, which were marked by hundreds of deaths and a number of casualties across the united states, as the result of anti-black white supremacist terrorist attacks that occurred in more than three dozen cities and one rural county. in most instances, whites attacked african americans. in some cases many black people fought back, notably in chicago and washington, d.c. the highest number of fatalities occurred in the rural area around elaine, arkansas, where an estimated 100–240 black people, and five white people, were killed; chicago and washington had 38 and 15 deaths, respectively, and many more injured, with extensive property damage in chicago.