in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, -phenylalanine is converted to naringenin by phenylalanine ammonialyase (pal), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (c4h), 4-coumarate coa ligase (4cl), chalcone synthase (chs), and chalcone isomerase (chi). then, the next pathway is catalyzed, resulting in the formation of complex aglycone and anthocyanin through composition by flavanone 3-hydroxylase (f3h), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (f3′h), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (dfr), anthocyanidin synthase (ans), (ufgt), and methyl transferase (mt). among those, ufgt is divided into uf3gt and uf5gt, which are responsible for the glucosylation of anthocyanin to produce stable molecules.