the city was refounded around the 13th century by the venetians. later it was acquired by the maritime republic of genoa, who administered it 1332-1471 as tana nel mare maggiore, being an important place for trade with the golden horde, like all their black sea colonies controlled by the genoese consul at kaffa. it decayed again after 1368. in 1392 it was conquered by timur, by the ottoman turks in 1471, by the russians in 1696, again by the turks in 1711 and by the russian empire in 1771.