a week later, on april 7, 1933, the law for the restoration of the professional civil service was passed, which restricted employment in the civil service to "aryans". this meant that jews could not serve as teachers, professors, judges, or in other government positions. most jewish government workers, including teachers in public schools and universities, were fired, while doctors followed closely behind. however, the jews who were war veterans were excluded from dismissal or discrimination (about 35,000 german jews died in the first world war). in 1935, the nazis passed the nuremberg laws, stripping all jews of their german citizenship, regardless of where they were born. also, a jewish quota of 1% was introduced for the number allowed to attend universities. in the amendment published on april 11 of part 3 of the law, which stated that all non-aryans were to be "retired" from the civil service, clarification was given: ""a person is to be considered non-aryan if he is descended from non-aryan, and especially from jewish parents or grandparents. it is sufficient if one parent or grandparent is non-aryan. this is to be assumed in particular where one parent or grandparent was of the jewish religion"".