as industrialization proliferated various manufacturers began exploring concepts of what is now called lean manufacturing to maximize industrial efficiency. this included a trend to produce goods with certain specifications and according to standards for production. government agencies in the united states in particular started demanding that manufacturers who bid on government contracts fulfill the work according to predefined standards. early thinkers, such as frederick j. schlink, began to imagine a system for applying similar expectations for standards to consumer needs in order to allow people to make purchases according to product merit rather than rival advertising claims or marketing propaganda. schlink met stuart chase and together they published "your money's worth", which was a national guide to fraud and manipulation of the american marketplace due to lack of consumer representation in the regulation process. at the end of this book, there was a description of a theoretical "consumers' club" which would test products and serve only the interests of consumers.the success of the book led to the founding of consumers' research as the world's first consumer organization.[6] this began the consumer movement.