the republicans welcomed the progressive era at the state and local level. the first important reform mayor was hazen s. pingree of detroit (1890–1897), who was elected governor of michigan in 1896. in new york city, the republicans joined nonpartisan reformers to battle tammany hall and elected seth low (1902–1903). golden rule jones was first elected mayor of toledo as a republican in 1897, but was reelected as an independent when his party refused to renominate him. many republican civic leaders, following the example of mark hanna, were active in the national civic federation, which promoted urban reforms and sought to avoid wasteful strikes.