left bolshevism emerged in 1907 as the vpered group challenged vladimir lenin's perceived authoritarianism and parliamentarianism. the group included alexander bogdanov, maxim gorky, anatoly lunacharsky, mikhail pokrovsky, grigory aleksinsky, stanislav volski and martyn liadov. the "otzovists", or recallists, advocated the recall of rsdlp representatives from the third duma. bogdanov and his allies accused lenin and his partisans of promoting liberal democracy through "parliamentarism at any price".