his movement received vocal praise and encouragement from pope pius xi. he demonstrated great zeal even after he had been imprisoned during world war ii, which served to empower his positions on social change and to oppose rising inequalities. cardijn was also an extensive traveller (visiting places such as costa rica and australia) and was a recipient of several recognitions for his work in social activism. he served as a critical contributor to the second vatican council, working closely with pope john xxiii and pope paul vi. the latter named cardijn as a cardinal in 1965.