the family was originally led by a man named waku tjungurrayi. he had four wives: papalya, nanu, watjunka and another woman (whose name is not known to outsiders). these wives were all sisters belonging to the nangala skin group. papalya was waku's main wife. they had three children: topsy, warlimpirrnga and takariya. waku also had another child, piyiti, with the fourth (unnamed) sister. in the early years, this family sometimes travelled and hunted with another group. it was led by a man named tjukurti tjakamarra (later known as freddy west). in 1962, west and his family decided they would go to live at papunya. waku did not want to leave, so they left waku's family and went east.