lingnan penjing artists generally prune their trees with the “grow and clip” method. instead of using wires to bend them, the branches keep being clipped as they grow. every clip creates a new twist and a new session on the said branch, and in every session grows new branches. at last, as the tree keeps growing and being pruned in this way, it will taper from the base to apex. the result is that the proportions between the trunk and branches will be highly developed, with branches full of turns and twists.