the non-fulani muslims of the adamawa largely rejected adama's jihad; they viewed it as little more than an excuse to spread fulani hegemony. however, it was primarily the fulani leaders ("ardo'en", singular: "ardo") of fumbina with whom adama was concerned. some of them rejected his primacy for various reasons: he was from a fairly humble background, he owned little wealth, his army was still small, and he lacked charisma. the majority, however, welcomed adama as a military commander or religious leader at the very least. adama's son-in-law, jauro dembo, had already settled in fumbina at malabu and became one of his lieutenants.