retail shopkeepers formed the colored commercial club of chicago to promote common interests of members with the use of joint advertising, mutual account adjusting, cooperative business loans, and legal advice. the "chicago whip" newspaper was founded in 1919 by businessman, william c. linton, and recent yale law school graduates, joseph d. bibb and arthur c. macneal. the "whip" advocated racial militancy and economic radicalism. civic leaders and journalists expressed mounting concern about the inadequacy of housing as the migration increased population in some areas. the housing shortage became a major issue in 1917 as blacks moved in increasing numbers into kenwood, hyde park, woodlawn, grand boulevard, englewood and areas west, and the white population had limited choices of areas to which they could move, because the war had halted home construction and housing was scarce. whites responded by attempting to tighten the color bar in housing, schools, and public accommodations. some whites resorted to terrorism and organized guerilla warfare. white "athletic clubs" assaulted blacks on the streets; neighborhood improvement societies bombed black-owned homes. by 1919, blacks were being assaulted on the streets daily. when blacks fought back, the result were the july 1919 riots. the riots lasted 13 days, left 38 people dead, 537 injured, and 1000 black families without homes.