the audience design framework distinguishes between several kinds of audience types based on three criteria from the perspective of the speaker: known (whether an addressee is known to be part of a speech context), ratified (the speaker acknowledges the listener's presence in the speech context), or addressed (the listener is directly spoken to). the impact of audience members on the speaker's style-shifting is proportional to the degree to which the speaker recognizes and ratifies them. bell defined the following audience types: