in 1848, many young italians from istria and dalmatia formed a 'legion', crossed the adriatic, and fought with niccolo tommaseo for the "republic of venice". and in the same year, six dalmatian italians also fought for the "roman republic". one of them was federico seismit-doda from ragusa, who became a member of the italian parliament and even finance minister of the kingdom of italy under benedetto cairoli (1878) and francesco crispi (1889–1890). in the battle of curtatone, as a first lieutenant of the battalion 'bande nere', fought against the austrians the dalmatian giurovich marino: he was killed by the austrian soldiers in livorno as a promoter of the ideals of giuseppe mazzini. twenty were the dalmatians in the italian independence war of 1859-1860 enrolled in the italian army, or in the red shirts of giuseppe garibaldi. among others, marco cossovich, a former lieutenant of the "guardia nobile" for the protection of venice, fought in calatafimi and palermo: one of the few that garibaldi recalled by name in his book "i mille". in the third italian war of independence, george caravan from tenin (near zara), commanded the 5th regiment of grenadiers; after promotion, he became adjutant general of the king of italy umberto i.