although shakespeare commonly adapted existing tales, typically myths or works in another language, joseph pearce claims that "king john", "king lear" and "hamlet" were all works that had been done recently and in english with an anti-catholic bias, and that shakespeare's versions appear to be a refutation of the source plays. pearce believes otherwise he would not have "reinvented the wheel", revisiting recent english plays. peter milward is among those who hold the view that shakespeare engaged in rebuttal of recent english "anti-papist" works. again, david beauregard points out that, in the italian source for "measure for measure," the secular heroine is seduced and finally married, but shakespeare revises his characterisation, so that her counterpart isabella becomes a poor clare novice who maintains her virginity and does not marry. on the other hand, jonathan bate describes the process of "leir" transformation into "lear" as replacing the "external trappings of christianity" with a pagan setting. he adds that the devils plaguing "poor tom" in shakespeare's version have the same names as the evil spirits in a book by samuel harsnett, later archbishop of york, that denounces the "fake" catholic practice of exorcism.