a similar trend in japan also began appearing around the 1960s and 1970s, where independently published manga and novels, known as "dōjinshi", are frequently published by dōjin circles; many of these dōjinshi are based on existing manga, anime, and video game franchises. manga authors like shotaro ishinomori and fujiko fujio formed dōjin groups such as fujio's . at this time, dōjin groups were used by artists to make a professional debut. this changed in the coming decades with dōjin groups forming as school clubs and the like. this culminated in 1975 with the comiket in tokyo.