the chief industries of bombay presidency involved the milling of cotton. in the late 19th century steam mills sprang up in bombay, ahmedabad and khandesh. in 1905 there were 432 factories in the presidency, of which by far the greater number were engaged in the preparation and manufacture of cotton. the industry is centred in bombay, which contains nearly two-thirds of the mills. during the decade 1891–1901 the mill industry passed through a period of depression due to widespread plague and famine, but on the whole there was a marked expansion of the trade as well as a great improvement in the class of goods produced. in addition to the mills there were (1901) 178,000 hand-loom weavers in the province, who still have a position of their own in the manipulation of designs woven into the cloth. silk goods were manufactured in ahmedabad, surat, yeola, nasik, thana and bombay, the material decorated with printed or woven designs; competition from european goods caused the silk industry to decline in the early 20th century. the custom of investing savings in gold and silver ornaments gave employment to many goldsmiths: the metal was usually supplied by the customer, and the goldsmith charged for his labour. ahmedabad and surat are famous for their carved woodwork. many of the houses in ahmedabad are covered with elaborate wood-carving, and excellent examples exist in broach, baroda, surat, nasik and yeola. salt was made in large quantities in the government works at kharaghoda and udu in ahmedabad, and was exported by rail to gujarat and central india. there was one brewery at dapuri near pune.