after wwii, u.s. policy re-opened the door to indian immigration, although slowly at first. the luce–celler act of 1946 luce–celler act of 1946 permitted a quota of 100 indians per year to immigrate to the u.s. it also allowed indian immigrants to naturalize and become citizens of the u.s., effectively reversing the supreme court’s 1923 ruling in "united states v. bhagat singh thind". the naturalization act of 1952, also known as the mccarran-walter act, repealed the barred zone act of 1917, but limited immigration from the former barred zone to a total of 2,000 per year. in 1910, 95% of all indian-americans lived on the western coast of the united states. in 1920, that proportion decreased to 75%; by 1940, it was 65%, as more indian americans moved to the east coast. in that year, indian americans were registered residents in 43 states. the majority of indian americans on the west coast were in rural areas, but on the east coast they became residents of urban areas. in the 1940s, the prices of the land increased, and the bracero program brought thousands of mexican guest workers to work on farms, which helped shift second-generation indian american farmers “into commercial, nonagricultural occupations, from running small shops and grocery stores, to operating taxi services and becoming engineers.” in stockton and sacramento, a new group of indian immigrants from the state of gujarat opened several small hotels. in 1955, 14 of 21 hotels enterprises in san francisco were operated by gujarati hindus. “by the 1980s gujaratis had come to dominate the industry.” an article published by "national geographic" mentions several stories of gujarati immigrants in the hospitality industry. the immigration and nationality act of 1965 dramatically opened entry to the u.s. to immigrants other than traditional northern european groups, which would significantly alter the demographic mix in the u.s. not all indian americans came directly from india; some came to the u.s. via indian communities in other countries, including the united kingdom, canada, (south africa, the former british colonies of east africa, (namely kenya, tanzania), and uganda, mauritius), the asia-pacific region (malaysia, singapore, australia, fiji), and the caribbean (guyana, trinidad and tobago, suriname, and jamaica). from 1965 until the mid-1990s, long-term immigration from indian averaged about 40,000 people per year. from 1995 onward, the flow of indian immigration increased significantly, reaching a high of about 90,000 immigrants in the year 2000.