the cells of adipose (fat) tissue synthesizes hormones known as adipokines. in humans, dysfunction of adipose tissue, even in cases without obesity, has been associated with the development of insulin resistance, hypertension, systemic inflammation, and increased risk of blood clots (thrombosis). the inflammation produced by these hormones are thought to inflame adipose tissue, leading to the production of more adipokines and perpetuation of the cycle, and a constant low-level, pro-inflammatory state. although it is suspected that a similar mechanism occurs in horses, further research is needed.