the area of casiri also features the chungará-kallapuma geothermal field, where about 50 separate vents occur along the path of the quebrada chungará and the kallapuma river; they reach temperatures of . these phenomena appear to relate to the activity of neighbouring volcanoes, which supply the heat to the geothermal field, while rainfall supplies the water and faults the paths for the ascending water; the hot springs are currently used as spas by the local population.