the earliest known depiction of a phalanx-like formation occurs in a sumerian stele from the 25th century bc. here the troops seem to have been equipped with spears, helmets, and large shields covering the whole body. ancient egyptian infantry were known to have employed similar formations. the first usage of the term "phalanx" comes from homer's "φαλαγξ", used to describe hoplites fighting in an organized battle line. homer used the term to differentiate the formation-based combat from the individual duels so often found in his poems.