this pronunciation is the standard on which spanish orthography was based, and it is universal in central and northern parts of spain, except for some bilingual speakers of catalan and basque, according to . thus, in spanish the choice between the spellings , , , , and , , , , is determined by the pronunciation in most of spain, unlike english, where it is often done according to etymology or orthographic conventions (although in english, soft c is always and never like s is, as with 'rise' vs. 'rice').