a number of species in the martyniaceae (previously pedaliaceae), such as "ibicella lutea", have sticky leaves that trap insects. however, these plants have not been shown conclusively to be carnivorous. likewise, the seeds of shepherd's purse, urns of "paepalanthus bromelioides", bracts of "passiflora foetida", and flower stalks and sepals of triggerplants ("stylidium") appear to trap and kill insects, but their classification as carnivores is contentious.