in slovakia, dentists complete 6 years of undergraduate study to earn a mddr. (lat. medicinae dentalis doctor) degree. a mddr. graduate can perform the therapeutic interventions in area of restorative dentistry, prosthodontics and endodontics. for performing orthodontics and dentoalveolar surgery the post graduate course is required in length of 2 years. for oral and maxillofacial surgery the length of 4 yeats of post graduate course is recuired. also the absolvent of general medicine (titled as mudr.) can run course for oral and maxillofacial surgery, but the atestation course takes 5 years. dental education is offered at two universities: comenius university in bratislava and university of pavol jozef safarik in košice. junior graduates work under a skilled doctor for at least 3 years to receive their license from the slovak chamber of dentists. part of dental service is paid from health insurance but mostly treatment (fillings, prosthodontics) is paid cash by patient.