in a 2002 report, the australian department of education, science and training (dest), states "doctoral education in australia is currently under pressure to become more industry focused." citing this report, fink suggests "professional doctorates may be able to fulfill [the need to make doctoral education more industry focused] by developing and sustaining close collaboration between universities and industry. the professional doctorate (profdoc) can be seen as an alternative to the phd because it can provide an opportunity for the business professional to gain a doctoral qualification, albeit in a different mode."