mary helms and other public school parents file suit alleging that chapter 2, as applied in jefferson parish, violated the first amendment's establishment clause. the district court initially agreed, finding that chapter 2 had the primary effect of advancing religion because the materials and equipment loaned to the catholic schools were direct aid and that the schools were pervasively sectarian. however, after the presiding judge who made the initial ruling retired, the case was reviewed by a new judge, who reversed that decision. thereafter, based on different precedent, the court upheld chapter 2. in reversing, the court of appeals held chapter 2 unconstitutional.