in the 19th century, a section of the european and american scholars speculated the existence of a submerged continent called lemuria, to explain geological and other similarities between africa, australia, india and madagascar. a section of tamil revivalists adapted this theory, connecting it to the pandyan legends of lands lost to the ocean, as described in ancient tamil and sanskrit literature. according to these writers, an ancient tamil civilization existed on lemuria, before it was lost to the sea in a catastrophe. in the 20th century, the tamil writers started using the name "kumari kandam" to describe this submerged continent. although the lemuria theory was later rendered obsolete by the continental drift (plate tectonics) theory, the concept remained popular among the tamil revivalists of the 20th century. according to them, kumari kandam was the place where the first two tamil literary academies (sangams) were organized during the pandyan reign. they claimed kumari kandam as the cradle of civilization to prove the antiquity of tamil language and culture.