nations vary widely in the specifics of how they implement key disclosure laws. some, such as australia, give law enforcement wide-ranging power to compel assistance in decrypting data from any party. some, such as belgium, concerned with self-incrimination, only allow law enforcement to compel assistance from non-suspects. some require only specific third parties such as telecommunications carriers, certification providers, or maintainers of encryption services to provide assistance with decryption. in all cases, a warrant is generally required.