in california, the first vineyard and winery was established by spanish catholic missionaries in 1769. california has two native grape varieties, but they make very poor quality wine. therefore, the missionaries used the mission grape, which is called criolla or "colonialized european" in south america. although a "vitis vinifera", it is a grape of "very modest" quality. the first secular vineyard was established in los angeles by an immigrant from bordeaux, jean-louis vignes. dissatisfied with the mission grape, he imported vines from france. by 1851 he had 40,000 vines under cultivation and was producing of wine per year.