the next section presents the history of the application of islamic jurisprudence on apostates, documenting notable cases from the early centuries of islam, such as those of freethinkers ibn al-rawandi and rhazes (865–925), or skeptical poets such as omar khayyam (1048–1131) and hafiz (1320–89), or sufi (mystic) practitioners mansur al-hallaj (executed in 922), as-suhrawardi (executed in 1191), and the skeptic al-ma'arri (973–1057).