m. s. purnalingam pillai, writing in 1927, stated that indus valley civilization was established by the tamil survivors from the flood-hit kumari nadu. in the 1940s, n. s. kandiah pillai published maps showing migration of the kumari kandam residents to other parts of the world. in 1953, r. nedunceliyan, who later became the education minister of tamil nadu, insisted that the civilization spread from south india to the indus valley and sumer, and subsequently, to "arabia, egypt, greece, italy, spain and other places". they presented modern tamil as a pale remnant of the glorious ancient tamil language spoken in kumari kandam.