the combined release and radiation effects satellite (crres) was launched on july 25, 1990, into a geosynchronous transfer orbit (gto) for a nominal three-year mission to investigate fields, plasmas, and energetic particles inside the earth's magnetosphere. as part of the crres program, the spacerad (space radiation effects) project, managed by air force geophysics laboratory, investigated the radiation environment of the inner and outer radiation belts and measured radiation effects on state-of-the-art microelectronics devices.