many authors have also pointed out that if a maximum sum that can be put in the envelope with the smaller amount exists, then it is very easy to see that step 6 breaks down, since if the player holds more than the maximum sum that can be put into the "smaller" envelope they must hold the envelope containing the larger sum, and are thus certain to lose by switching. this may not occur often, but when it does, the heavy loss the player incurs means that, on average, there is no advantage in switching. some writers consider that this resolves all practical cases of the problem.