according to article 4.6, once an application is received, the russian authorities should issue a certificate to asylum seekers. the fms will then conduct a refugee status determination (rsd), a process that could take up to one year. the fms will first assess the admissibility of the asylum seeker's claim and, if found admissible, then examine the individual case on the merits (substantive examination). article 3.3 states that these determination must be based on an interview, completion of a questionnaire and examination of the credibility of the data provided. if the application is denied and the applicant does not appeal to the russian courts, the individual becomes immediately excluded from the law on refugees. the department of passport and visa registration of the ministry of internal affairs begins the process of deporting the individual. if the individual does not leave in the specified time frame, usually six months, the ministry can detain the individual. however, article 12.2(2) allows the fms to grant temporary asylum to those individuals who cannot be deported for humanitarian reasons. this concept of "non-refoulement", or expressly prohibiting the expulsion of a refugee into an area where she or he might be again subjected to persecution, is well documented in the 1951 convention – but not explicitly stated in russian law. russia's answer to the fundamental principle of non-refoulement is to offer temporary asylum status, subject to revocation, to those who might again be subject to persecution.