open science is science that using open practices. open science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks. it encompasses practices such as publishing open research, campaigning for open access, encouraging scientists to practice open-notebook science, broader dissemination and engagement in science&lt;ref name="10.1016/j.joi.2021.101223"&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; and generally making it easier to publish, access and communicate scientific knowledge.