avoidance of chronic stress (as opposed to acute stress) is associated with a slower loss of telomeres in most but not all studies, and with decreased cortisol levels. a chronically high cortisol level compromises the immune system, causes cardiac damage/arterosclerosis and is associated with facial aging, and the latter in turn is a marker for increased morbidity and mortality. a meta-analysis shows that loneliness carries a higher mortality risk than smoking. stress can be countered by social connection, spirituality, and (for men more clearly than for women) married life, all of which are associated with longevity.