alexander invited all the chieftains of the former satrapy of gandhara to come to him and submit to his authority. ambhi, ruler of taxila, whose kingdom extended from the indus to the hydaspes (jhelum), complied. after confirming him in his satrapy, alexander marched against the sakas (cheemas are considered to be decadents of the sakas) and kamboja highlanders of the kunar also swat valleys known in greek texts as aspasios and assakenois (q.v.) and in indian texts as ashvayana and ashvakayana (names referring to their equestrian nature), who had refused to submit to alexander. the "ashvayan", "ashvakayan", kamboja and allied saka clans offered tough resistance to the invader and fought him to a man. when worse came to worst, even the ashvakayan women took up arms and joined their menfolk on the field, thus preferring " a glorious death to a life of dishonor".