in the second instar, segments 2 through 9 are characterized by a complete band of spines as a front border (as in the first instar). segment 8 has spines, but they are only located ventrally and laterally. segments 9 through 12 have complete bands of spines as a posterior border, but segment 9 only has one or two irregular rows of spines. the tubercles found on the upper border of the last segment have a broad curve and are similar in size to the third instar tubercles. the cephaloskeleton has a dorsal cornua of consistent width until it comes to a point at the posterior end. six to eight branches are found on the frontal spiracles.