although the attack purported to be from is, france's cyber-agency told bigot to say only that the messages "claimed to be" from is. he was later told that evidence had been found that the attackers were the apt 28 group of russian hackers. no reason was found for the targeting of tv5monde, and the source of the order to attack, and funding for it, is not known. it has been speculated that it was probably an attempt to test forms of cyber-weaponry. the cost was estimated at €5m ($5.6m; £4.5m) in the first year, followed by recurring annual cost of over €3m ($3.4m; £2.7m) for new protection. the company's way of working had to change, with authentication of email, checking of flash drives before insertion, and so on, at significant detriment to efficiency for a news media company that must move information.