in 1837, he signed the treaty of tafna with marshall bugeaud. but king louis-philippe broke the treaty two years later, leading emir to declare against jihad on october 15, 1839. in 1847, he was exiled to france from 1847 to october 1852. when he was released by napoleon iii, emir then took up his residence in damascus. in july 1860, he ceased a conflict between muslims and christians. while he was in damascus, he wrote books and composed poesy.