treatment for higher-grade cin involves removal or destruction of the abnormal cervical cells by cryocautery, electrocautery, laser cautery, loop electrical excision procedure (leep), or cervical conization. the typical threshold for treatment is cin 2+, although a more restrained approach may be taken for young persons and pregnant persons. therapeutic vaccines are currently undergoing clinical trials. the lifetime recurrence rate of cin is about 20%, but it isn't clear what proportion of these cases are new infections rather than recurrences of the original infection.