the social discipline window reflects the seminal thinking of renowned australian criminologist john braithwaite, who has asserted that reliance on punishment as a social regulator is problematic because it shames and stigmatizes wrongdoers, pushes them into a negative societal subculture and fails to change their behavior. the restorative approach, on the other hand, reintegrates wrongdoers back into their community and reduces the likelihood that they will reoffend.