according to the committee to protect journalists (cpj), an estimated 59 radio, print and television reporters operating within somalia died in the period from the start of the civil war in 1992 to 2013. the cpj estimated that the majority were locally based (73%), male (96%), broadcast journalists (45%), worked on the radio (65%), and were non-freelance (82%). most were assassinated (65%), while covering primarily war (49%) and political stories (55%). a number also received threats prior to their deaths (22%). the sources of fire were largely political action groups (50%), mainly al-shabaab; the assailants' affiliations were unknown in only 22% of the cases. as a consequence, the country was described by al-jazeera as the most dangerous place in africa for working journalists.