in the 1960s, virologist and cancer researcher chester m. southam injected hela cancer cells into patients at the jewish chronic disease hospital.[13]: 130  when three doctors resigned after refusing to inject patients without their consent, the experiment gained considerable media attention.[13]: 133  the nih was a major source of funding for southam's research and had required all research involving human subjects to obtain their consent prior to any experimentation.[13]: 135  upon investigating all of their grantee institutions, the nih discovered that the majority of them did not protect the rights of human subjects. from then on, the nih has required all grantee institutions to approve any research proposals involving human experimentation with review boards.[13]: 135