fakhr al-din al-razi (1149–1209) criticized the idea of the earth's centrality within the universe. in the context of his commentary on the qur'anic verse, "all praise belongs to god, lord of the worlds," he raises the question of whether the term "worlds" in this verse refers to "multiple worlds within this single universe or cosmos, or to many other universes or a multiverse beyond this known universe." he rejected the aristotelian and avicennian notions of a single universe revolving around a single world, and instead argued that there are more than "a thousand thousand worlds ("alfa alfi 'awalim") beyond this world such that each one of those worlds be bigger and more massive than this world as well as having the like of what this world has." he argued that there exists an infinite outer space beyond the known world, and that god has the power to fill the vacuum with an infinite number of universes.