but how do you give a snail a memory? &amp;gt;&amp;gt; we're going to give it a few shocks, but don't worry, it's not going to harm the animal. &amp;gt;&amp;gt; okay. &amp;gt;&amp;gt; it's not going to produce any long term damage. &amp;gt;&amp;gt; wow. &amp;gt;&amp;gt; giving it electrical shocks teaches the aplysia that the world is a dangerous place. &amp;gt;&amp;gt; how do we know it's actually learned? &amp;gt;&amp;gt; we look at a reflex. &amp;gt;&amp;gt; touch the siphon of an aplysia, and it triggers a defensive withdraw reflex. &amp;gt;&amp;gt; i'm just going to touch the siphon like that.