note that many of leading gdp-per-capita (nominal) jurisdictions, such as ireland, are tax haven's. their gdp data are subject to material distortion by the tax planning activities of foreign multinationals. to address this, in 2017 the central bank of ireland created "modified gross national income|modified gni" (or gni*) as a more appropriate statistic, and the oecd and imf have adopted it for ireland.