however, that did not mean that the war was immediately over. from march to june 1962, french "pieds-noirs" of the secret armed organisation ("organisation armée secrète"; oas) carried out numerous terrorist attacks, both in algeria and metropolitan france. the oas terrorists bombed and blew up schools, burned libraries, set fire to oil wells and pipelines, and killed. finally, in june , the fln and the oas concluded a ceasefire. in april , a referendum was held in france in which more than 90 percent voted for algeria's independence. finally, increasing pressure from the united nations made france, led by de gaulle, declare algerian independence on 3 july 1962. on july 5, algeria became independent.