the rhizomes of "pteridium esculentum" were consumed by the maori during their settlement of new zealand in the 13th century, but no longer are a part of the maori diet. the rhizomes of "pteridium esculentum" contain about 50% starch when they grow in loose rich soil, at relatively deep depths. the rhizomes were a staple in the diet because once dried, the rhizomes were very light (perfect for travelling) and would keep for about a year as long as they remained dry. the leaves and spores of the "pteridium esculentum" are associated with toxins and carcinogens, and have been known to cause stock (cattle, sheep, horses, pigs) to sicken.