of these three categories the "tagati" is almost exclusively female, the "sangoma" is usually female, and the "inyanga" is almost exclusively male. much of what witchcraft represents in africa has been misunderstood and mistaken for european witchcraft. african scholar uchenna okeja argues that witchcraft in africa today plays a very different social role than in europe of the past—or present—and should be understood through an african, rather than western view.