according to trombetta et al. (2015), around 65% of kunama are carriers of the e1b1b paternal haplogroup. of these, 20% bear the v32 subclade, to which belong 60% of the tigre semitic speakers in eritrea. this points to substantial gene flow from neighbouring afro-asiatic-speaking males into the kunama's ancestral nilotic community. cruciani et al. (2010) observed that the remaining kunama individuals are primarily carriers of the a (10%) and b (15%) lineages, which are instead common among nilotes.