Acquisitions: Completed in 2018 American Telephone Company On August 31, 2018, Windstream Holdings completed its acquisition of American Telephone Company, LLC (ATC), a reseller of a broad range of voice and data communications services to businesses mainly headquartered in the greater New York metropolitan area, for cash consideration of approximately $10.0 million , net of cash acquired. The purchase price was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. The excess of the aggregate purchase price over the fair value of the tangible net assets acquired was assigned to customer list of $7.0 million and goodwill of $3.6 million . All of the goodwill recorded in this acquisition is deductible for income tax purposes. The results of ATCs operations were not material to our consolidated results of operations, and accordingly, no pro forma financial information has been presented. MASS Communications On March 27, 2018, Windstream Holdings acquired MASS Communications (MASS), a privately held telecommunications network management company focused on providing custom engineered voice, data and networking solutions to small and mid-sized global enterprises in the financial, legal, healthcare, technology, education and government sectors for cash consideration of approximately $37.1 million , net of cash acquired, and included $2.5 million of expected earn-out payments which were subsequently paid to the sellers. The acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method and accordingly, the cost of the acquisition was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. In allocating the purchase price, we recorded approximately $1.3 million of tangible assets, consisting primarily of accounts receivable, $10.0 million associated with a customer list intangible asset, $4.2 million of trade accounts payable and other current liabilities, $1.5 million of deferred income tax liabilities, and $31.5 million of goodwill. Goodwill associated with this acquisition was primarily attributable to the MASS workforce and expected synergies. None of the goodwill recorded in this acquisition was deductible for income tax purposes. The results of MASS operations were not material to our consolidated results of operations, and accordingly, no pro forma financial information has been presented. 4. Acquisitions, Continued: Completed in 2017 Broadview Network Holdings, Inc. On July 28, 2017, Windstream Holdings completed its merger with Broadview Networks Holdings, Inc. (Broadview), pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger (the Broadview Merger Agreement) dated April 12, 2017, whereby Broadview merged into Beethoven Merger Subsidiary, Inc., with Broadview surviving as an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Windstream Holdings, and changing its name to Windstream BV Holdings, Inc. Broadview was a leading provider of cloud-based unified communications solutions to small and medium-sized businesses and offered a broad suite of cloud-based services. Upon completion of the merger, Windstream added approximately 20,000 small and medium-sized business customers and approximately 3,000 incremental route fiber miles. Pursuant to the terms of the Broadview Merger Agreement, each share of Broadviews common stock, par value $.01 per share that was issued and outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the merger was automatically converted into the right to receive cash consideration of $6.98 per share. In completing the merger, Windstream Services paid $69.8 million in cash to Broadview shareholders and assumed $160.2 million of Broadviews short-term debt obligations, which Windstream Services subsequently repaid using amounts available under its senior secured revolving credit facility. The transaction was valued at approximately $230.0 million . The acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method and accordingly, the cost of the acquisition was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. Goodwill of $120.6 million recognized in this acquisition was primarily attributable to the Broadview workforce and expected synergies. As a result of past acquisitions completed by Broadview, approximately $10.8 million of goodwill recorded in the merger was expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The results of Broadviews operations are included in our consolidated results of operations beginning on July 28, 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2017, our consolidated results of operations included revenues and sales of $119.9 million and operating income of $6.0 million attributable to Broadview. We incurred merger and integration expenses during 2019, 2018 and 2017 related to the completion of this acquisition (see Note 13). Pro forma financial information for Broadview has not been presented because the effects of this acquisition were not material to our consolidated results of operations. EarthLink Holdings Corp. On February 27, 2017, Windstream Holdings completed its merger with EarthLink Holdings Corp. (EarthLink), pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger (the Merger Agreement) dated November 5, 2016, whereby EarthLink merged into Europa Merger Sub, Inc., an wholly-owned subsidiary of Windstream Services, LLC, and survived, and immediately following, merged with Europa Merger Sub, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Windstream Services, LLC, with Merger Sub surviving and changing its name to EarthLink Holdings, LLC (the Merger). EarthLink Holdings, LLC is a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Windstream Services and provides data, voice and managed network services to retail and wholesale business customers and nationwide Internet access and related value-added services to residential customers. In the Merger, we added approximately 700,000 customers and approximately 16,000 incremental route fiber miles. Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, each share of EarthLink common stock was exchanged, on a post-reverse stock split basis, for 0.164 of Windstream Holdings common stock. No fractional shares were issued in the Merger, with a cash payment being made in lieu of fractional shares. Employee restricted stock units issued by EarthLink that were outstanding as of the merger date were exchanged for an equivalent number of Windstream Holdings restricted stock units based on the same exchange ratio of EarthLink common stock to Windstream Holdings common stock. The replacement restricted stock units remain subject to the vesting and other terms and conditions prescribed by the EarthLink equity plans that were assumed by us in the Merger. In the aggregate, on a post-reverse stock split basis, Windstream Holdings issued 17.6 million shares of its common stock and 1.0 million of replacement equity awards. Windstream also assumed $435.3 million aggregate principal amount of EarthLinks long-term debt, which was refinanced, as further discussed in Note 6. The Merger qualified as a tax-free reorganization for U.S. federal income tax purposes and was valued at approximately $1.1 billion . The acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method and accordingly, the cost of the acquisition was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. 4. Acquisitions, Continued: Goodwill of $348.3 million recognized in the Merger was primarily attributable to the EarthLink workforce and expected synergies. As a result of past acquisitions completed by EarthLink, approximately $54.8 million of goodwill recorded in the Merger was deductible for income tax purposes. The results of EarthLinks operations are included in our consolidated results of operations beginning on February 27, 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2017, our consolidated results of operations include revenues and sales of $751.1 million and operating loss of $61.0 million attributable to EarthLink. We incurred $6.8 million , $15.5 million and $104.1 million of merger and integration expenses during the year ended December 31, 2019 , 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to the completion of the Merger (see Note 13). The following unaudited pro forma consolidated results of operations of Windstream for the year ended December 31, 2017 assume that the Merger occurred as of January 1, 2016: (Millions) Revenues and sales $ 6,002.4 Operating loss $ (1,559.2 ) Net loss $ (2,098.3 ) Loss per share ($57.27 ) The pro forma information presents our historical results of operations adjusted to include EarthLink, with the results prior to the merger closing date adjusted to include the pro forma effect of the elimination of transactions between Windstream and EarthLink, the adjustment to revenues and sales to change EarthLinks reporting of USF fees billed to customers and the related payments from a net basis to a gross basis to conform to Windstreams reporting of such customer billings, the adjustment to depreciation and amortization expense associated with the estimated acquired fair value of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, the adjustment to interest expense to reflect the refinancing of EarthLinks long-term debt obligations, the impact of merger expenses related to the acquisition and the related income tax effects of the pro forma adjustments. The pro forma results are presented for illustrative purposes only and do not reflect either the realization of potential cost savings or any additional integration costs. These pro forma results do not purport to be indicative of the results that would have been obtained if the Merger had occurred as of the date indicated, nor do the pro forma results intend to be a projection of results that may be obtained in the future.