Commitments and Contingencies Commitments We have commitments, some of which are leases, related to real property, equipment and operating facilities. We also incur costs associated with leased land, rights-of-way, permits and regulatory fees. Future non-cancelable commitments related to these items at December31, 2016 , are summarized below (in millions): 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter Total Leases and rights-of-way easements (1) $ 195 $ 165 $ 140 $ 118 $ 97 $ 404 $ 1,119 Other commitments (2) 257 166 153 132 128 378 1,214 Total $ 452 $ 331 $ 293 $ 250 $ 225 $ 782 $ 2,333 (1) Includes capital and operating leases as defined by FASB guidance as well as obligations for rights-of-way easements. Lease expense for 2016 , 2015 and 2014 was $198 million , $164 million and $145 million , respectively. (2) Primarily includes third-party storage and transportation agreements and pipeline throughput agreements, as well as approximately $855 million associated with an agreement to transport crude oil on a pipeline that is owned by an equity method investee, in which we own a 50% interest. Our commitment to transport is supported by crude oil buy/sell agreements with third parties (including Oxy) with commensurate quantities. Loss Contingencies  General To the extent we are able to assess the likelihood of a negative outcome for a contingency, our assessments of such likelihood range from remote to probable. If we determine that a negative outcome is probable and the amount of loss is reasonably estimable, we accrue an undiscounted liability equal to the estimated amount. If a range of probable loss amounts can be reasonably estimated and no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, then we accrue an undiscounted liability equal to the minimum amount in the range. In addition, we estimate legal fees that we expect to incur associated with loss contingencies and accrue those costs when they are material and probable of being incurred. We do not record a contingent liability when the likelihood