Segment Information We have two operating segmentshuman pharmaceutical products and animal health products. Our operating segments are distinguished by the ultimate end user of the producthumans or animals. Performance is evaluated based on profit or loss from operations before income taxes. The accounting policies of the individual segments are the same as those described throughout the notes to the consolidated financial statements. Our human pharmaceutical products segment includes the discovery, development, manufacturing, marketing, and sale of human pharmaceutical products worldwide in the following therapeutic areas: endocrinology, oncology, cardiovascular, neuroscience, immunology, and other. We lost our compound patent protection for Cialis  (tadalafil) and Adcirca  (tadalafil) in major European markets in November 2017, and in the U.S., pediatric exclusivity expired in May 2018. Pursuant to a settlement agreement related to our unit dose patent in the U.S., generic tadalafil entered the U.S. market in September 2018. Entry of generic competition into these markets following the loss of exclusivity will continue to cause a rapid and severe decline in revenue. Our formulation patents for Forteo  expired in December 2018 and use patents will expire in August 2019 in major European markets and the U.S. Both the formulation patent and the use patent expire in 2019 in Japan. Our animal health segment, operating through our Elanco animal health division, includes the development, manufacturing, marketing, and sales of animal health products worldwide for both food and companion animals. Animal health products include Rumensin  , Maxiban  , Denagard  , Tylan  , and other products for livestock and poultry, as well as Trifexis  , Interceptor  , Comfortis  , and other products for companion animals. The animal health segment for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , included the results of operations from BIVIVP, which was acquired on January 3, 2017 (Note 3). Most of our pharmaceutical products are distributed through wholesalers that serve pharmacies, physicians and other health care professionals, and hospitals. For the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , our three largest wholesalers each accounted for between 11 percent and 18 percent of consolidated total revenue. Further, they each accounted for between 14 percent and 22 percent of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 . Animal health products are sold primarily to wholesale distributors. Our chief operating decision maker does not review any asset information by operating segment and, accordingly, we do not report asset information by operating segment. We are exposed to the risk of changes in social, political, and economic conditions inherent in foreign operations, and our results of operations and the value of our foreign assets are affected by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. The following table summarizes our revenue activity: U.S. (1) Outside U.S. 2018 2017 2016 2018 2017 2016 Segment revenueto unaffiliated customers: Human pharmaceutical products: Endocrinology: Trulicity  $ 2,515.8 $ 1,609.8 $ 737.6 $ 683.3 $ 419.9 $ 187.9 Humalog  1,787.8 1,717.8 1,685.2 1,208.7 1,147.4 1,083.6 Humulin  910.2 884.6 861.8 421.2 450.7 504.1 Forteo 757.9 965.2 770.5 817.7 783.8 729.4 Basaglar 622.8 311.1 15.8 178.5 121.0 70.3 Jardiance 400.2 290.4 144.5 258.1 157.0 57.4 Trajenta 224.2 213.2 165.9 350.5 324.7 270.7 Other Endocrinology 292.7 380.9 450.6 272.5 307.7 347.5 Total Endocrinology 7,511.6 6,373.0 4,831.9 4,190.5 3,712.2 3,250.9 Oncology: Alimta 1,131.0 1,034.3 1,101.0 1,001.9 1,028.2 1,182.3 Erbitux 531.6 541.7 581.1 103.8 104.2 105.9 Cyramza  291.5 278.8 270.1 529.9 479.6 344.0 Other Oncology 449.1 195.6 22.9 221.7 149.6 114.6 Total Oncology 2,403.2 2,050.4 1,975.1 1,857.3 1,761.6 1,746.8 Cardiovascular: Cialis 1,129.2 1,358.6 1,469.5 722.7 964.5 1,002.1 Effient 68.1 340.1 465.6 54.1 48.8 69.6 Other Cardiovascular 158.4 24.0 56.3 121.8 135.2 162.3 Total Cardiovascular 1,355.7 1,722.7 1,991.4 898.6 1,148.5 1,234.0 Neuroscience: Strattera  89.7 284.9 534.9 361.1 333.3 319.8 Cymbalta (2) 54.3 114.9 269.3 653.7 642.2 661.2 Zyprexa  36.2 75.5 69.8 435.1 505.7 655.5 Other Neuroscience 97.2 115.7 115.9 93.4 98.9 93.9 Total Neuroscience 277.4 591.0 989.9 1,543.3 1,580.1 1,730.4 Immunology: Taltz  738.7 486.0 110.8 198.7 73.2 2.3 Other Immunology 6.7   195.9 45.8  Total Immunology 745.4 486.0 110.8 394.6 119.0 2.3 Other human pharmaceutical products 58.7 50.9 42.6 176.6 190.3 157.8 Total human pharmaceutical products 12,352.2 11,274.0 9,941.7 9,061.0 8,511.7 8,122.2 Animal health products 1,523.0 1,511.1 1,564.5 1,619.5 1,574.5 1,593.7 Revenue $ 13,875.2 $ 12,785.1 $ 11,506.2 $ 10,680.5 $ 10,086.3 $ 9,715.9 Numbers may not add due to rounding. (1) U.S. revenue includes revenue in Puerto Rico. (2) Cymbalta revenues benefited from reductions to the reserve for expected product returns of approximately $175 million during the year ended December 31, 2016. 2018 2017 2016 Segment profits: Human pharmaceutical products $ 6,217.8 $ 5,139.7 $ 4,010.0 Animal health products 607.3 561.3 663.7 Total segment profits $ 6,825.1 $ 5,701.0 $ 4,673.7 Reconciliation of total segment profits to consolidated income before taxes: Segment profits $ 6,825.1 $ 5,701.0 $ 4,673.7 Other profits (losses): Amortization of intangible assets (Note 8) (546.0 ) (674.8 ) (683.3 ) Asset impairment, restructuring, and other special charges (Note 5) (482.0 ) (1,673.6 ) (382.5 ) Venezuela charge (Note 17)   (203.9 ) Acquired in-process research and development (Note 3) (1,983.9 ) (1,112.6 ) (30.0 ) Inventory fair value adjustment related to acquisition of BIVIVP (Note 3)  (42.7 )  Other, net (17.5 )   Consolidated income before taxes $ 3,795.7 $ 2,197.4 $ 3,374.0 Numbers may not add due to rounding. Depreciation and software amortization expense included in our segment profits was as follows: 2018 2017 2016 Human pharmaceutical products $ 934.0 $ 789.8 $ 723.4 Animal health products 111.3 102.7 89.9 Total depreciation expense and software amortization included in segment profits $ 1,045.3 $ 892.5 $ 813.3 For internal management reporting presented to the chief operating decision maker, certain costs are fully allocated to our human pharmaceutical products segment and therefore are not reflected in the animal health segment's profit. Such items include costs associated with treasury-related financing and global administrative services. 2018 2017 2016 Geographic Information Revenueto unaffiliated customers (1) : United States $ 13,875.2 $ 12,785.1 $ 11,506.2 Europe 4,231.1 3,943.2 3,768.1 Japan 2,493.7 2,419.7 2,330.9 Other foreign countries 3,955.7 3,723.3 3,616.9 Revenue $ 24,555.7 $ 22,871.3 $ 21,222.1 Long-lived assets (2) : United States $ 4,946.6 $ 5,013.4 $ 4,984.6 Europe 2,708.1 2,550.1 2,140.7 Japan 181.9 155.1 92.4 Other foreign countries 1,695.5 1,761.7 1,776.8 Long-lived assets $ 9,532.1 $ 9,480.3 $ 8,994.5 Numbers may not add due to rounding. (1) Revenue is attributed to the countries based on the location of the customer. (2) Long-lived assets consist of property and equipment, net, and certain sundry assets.