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# Wildlife
Wildlife plays a critical role controlling the carbon cycle in both land and water ecosystems through a wide range of processes including foraging, nutrient deposition, disturbance, organic carbon deposition, and seed dispersal.
Snow leopard. Image credit: Courtesy of Eric Kilby
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# Mammals
Mammals play a crucial role in maintaining the health and functioning of ecosystems, supporting biodiversity, and providing important ecological services. Protecting and conserving mammal populations is essential for maintaining the health and resilience of the biosphere.
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# Japanese Islands
#### Region | Subrealm
The Japanese Islands, scattered across the Pacific Ocean, showcase a captivating blend of natural beauty, cultural heritage, and diverse ecosystems.
Southern Japanese islands. Image credit: Dreamstime, © Ippeito
# Eastern Eurasia
#### Region | Realm
Eastern Eurasia is the easternmost section of the Palearctic realm, divided into six major subrealms—East Asian Deserts, Tibetan Plateau, Mongolian Grasslands, Central East Asian Forests, Northeast Asian Forests, and Japanese Islands—with 16 bioregions based on the One Earth Bioregions Framework. This subrealm division is exceptionally diverse, from the great East Asian Deserts of western China and the alpine grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau to the Mongolian Grasslands and the Japanese Islands. The Northeast Asian Forests subrealm includes the Korean Peninsula and eastern China and also includes the Ussuri rainforest in southeastern Russia, which is especially important for biodiversity, providing a refuge for over 100 endangered and threatened species, including Amur tigers and leopards, moon bears, giant black vultures, raccoon dogs, and many other rare species. The Central East Asian Forests subrealm includes the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau and the temperate forests of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) Plain in China.
# Policy & Governance
#### Lever of Change
Policy & Governance refers to implementing effective policies, laws, and regulations that promote sustainable practices, reduce carbon emissions, and protect nature, as well as the effective governance necessary to ensure compliance at local, national, and international levels. Examples range from regional urban planning to national carbon pricing to international agreements like the Paris Climate Accord and High Seas Treaty.
# Science & Technology
Science & Technology refers to scientific research and technological innovation developed to provide decision-makers at all levels with the tools and knowledge they need to prioritize implementing the best climate solutions. Examples include the development of science-based roadmaps like the One Earth Climate Model and the Global Safety Net and tools like Trailguard.
# Biological Diversity
#### Intersectional Theme
Biological diversity emphasizes the vital importance of protecting the Earth's vast array of life. This theme champions the interconnectedness of all living things, recognizing that the health of our planet is dependent on the richness of its biodiversity. From conserving our forests to protecting endangered species, this theme intertwines with all solution pathways, reminding us that every climate solution is, at its heart, a solution that respects and protects the web of life.
# Nature/Climate Finance
Nature/climate finance refers to the mobilization of both governmental and private sector financial resources to fund and rapidly scale nature and climate solutions. Examples include government grants, private investments, and public-private partnerships.
# Public Health
Climate-induced environmental changes intensify existing health risks and create new challenges for public health systems worldwide, disproportionately affecting the most vulnerable populations. From the spread of infectious diseases to the mental health impacts of climate disasters, the well-being of all humans is intimately tied to the health of our planet. Public Health intersects with every solution pathway—whether we are creating sustainable cities, transitioning to clean energy, or ensuring food security, the health of humanity should be a central consideration.
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# Youth Leadership
Youth Leadership as an intersectional theme underscores the vital role of youth in climate action. Young people are not just the beneficiaries of a stable climate future—they are actively shaping it. From leading global climate strikes to pioneering green innovations, the youth are redefining what it means to be a climate leader. This theme cuts across all solution pathways, infusing them with urgency, fresh perspective, and unwavering hope.
# Community Action
Community Action refers to collective efforts taken by groups of individuals at a local level to implement systemic change. Grassroots initiatives can include community efforts to protect and restore nature, reduce carbon emissions, implement local adaptation measures, and foster environmental stewardship.
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# Scandinavia & West Boreal Forests
In Northern Europe, the Scandinavia & West Boreal Forests form a rich and expansive bioregion characterized by their dense forests and vibrant ecosystems.
A scenic view of coniferous forests and rivers in the tranquil Finnish wilderness. Image credit: Dreamstime, © Everst
# Subarctic Eurasia
Subarctic Eurasia covers most of the landmass of Russia and the Nordic countries—Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Finland—and makes up the northern section of the Palearctic realm with four major subrealms as defined in the One Earth Bioregions Framework—Palearctic Tundra, Scandinavian Boreal Forests, Siberian Boreal Forests, and the Sea of Okhotsk & Bering Tundra-Taiga. Palearctic Tundra stretches across the Eurasian continent, surrounding the eastern half of the Arctic Circle. The boreal and coastal forests of Scandinavia extend eastward and meet the Ural Mountains. Siberia is a vast expanse of boreal forests and taiga with some alpine tundra covering much of Russia. The Sea of Okhotsk & Bering Tundra-Taiga subrealm, which includes Sakhalin Island, is particularly important for biodiversity with dense old-growth forests and one of the most biodiverse marine regions in the world, a feeding ground for four whale species, seals, and abundant fish populations.
# Energy Transition
#### Pillar of Collective Action
The energy transition is already underway, but we need to triple investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy deployment and phase out fossil fuel subsidies.
Coastal wind turbines at sunset. Photo | Dreamstime 14338512
# Renewable Power
#### Energy Transition Sub-pillar
Electricity generated from carbon-free or carbon neutral sources that are naturally replenished faster than they can be consumed.
Electricity transmission towers with orange glowing wires against night sky. Photo | iStock
# Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
#### Solution Pathway
Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology converts sunlight into electrical energy using cells made of semiconductor materials. Solar PV is a cornerstone of the energy transition because it provides a clean, renewable source of electricity, significantly reducing our reliance on fossil fuels, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and contributing to a more sustainable and resilient energy system. To accelerate the adoption of solar PV, we must invest in research and development to enhance efficiency and reduce costs, incentivize solar installations through policy and financial support, and integrate solar energy into the grid to ensure reliable and widespread access to clean energy.
Photo | Dreamstime\_149200859
# Solar Thermoelectric
Solar thermoelectric technology utilizes mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight onto a small area, generating heat that drives a turbine or heat engine to produce electricity. Solar thermoelectric can generate electricity even when the sun is not shining by storing solar heat that can be used later in the day.
Nevada cresent dunes. Image credit: Creative Commons, BLM Nevada, 2015.
# Geothermal
Geothermal energy is the process of harnessing thermal energy from the Earth's crust, typically near volcanic regions, hot springs or geysers, and converting the resulting steam into electrical power, which can be distributed either at the district level through larger heat distribution plants or at the individual residential level by utilizing the consistent temperature below the surface as a heat reservoir.
Geothermal energy. Photo | Dreamstime\_36725375
# Onshore Wind
Onshore wind power is generated through the use of large wind turbines equipped with long blades that harness the kinetic energy of the wind to drive a connected electric generator. The average generating capacity of onshore wind turbines has steadily increased from less than 1 MW c. 2000 to 3 MW capacity today.
# Offshore Wind
Offshore wind power involves the installation of wind turbines anchored to the sea floor, capitalizing on the consistently higher wind speeds over the ocean and enabling the use of larger turbines, thus enhancing their efficiency compared to onshore counterparts, ultimately generating electricity through the rotation of an electric generator. The potential of offshore wind is enormous, and it is set to grow by 13% yearly over the next two decades. As the technology becomes cheaper, it is predicted to increase fifteen-fold by 2040, making it a trillion-dollar industry.
Coastal wind turbines at sunset. Photo | Dreamstime\_14338512
# Wave Energy
Wave energy, or ocean power, harnesses the kinetic energy produced by the natural oscillation of waves, typically achieved through a weighted buoy system that converts the wave motion into electrical energy via a linear or rotary generator. Wave energy offers a vast and untapped renewable energy resource that is predictable, available anytime, and can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. Implementation involves deploying wave energy converters in coastal areas with high wave activity, connecting them to the power grid, and ensuring minimal environmental impact on marine ecosystems.
Image credit: © Tina Zovteva | Dreamstime
# Sustainable Hydropower
Sustainable hydropower refers to using smaller-scale dams that generate electricity through the controlled flow of water but preserve aquatic ecosystems and ensure unobstructed fish migration pathways. Sustainable hydropower produces significantly less GHG emissions than large-scale hydropower dams, which trap organic matter behind dams where it decomposes into methane.
Photo | Dreamstime