10. Commitments and Contingencies We currently lease all of our restaurant locations under operating leases, with remaining terms ranging from less than one year to 20 years, excluding unexercised renewal options. Our restaurant leases typically include land and building shells, require contingent rent above the minimum base rent payments based on a percentage of revenues ranging from 3% to 10%, have escalating minimum rent requirements over the term of the lease and require various expenses incidental to the use of the property. A majority of our leases provide for a reduced level of overall rent obligation should specified co-tenancy requirements not be satisfied. Most leases have renewal options. Many of our leases also provide early termination rights permitting us to terminate the lease prior to expiration in the event our revenues are below a stated level for a period of time, generally conditioned upon repayment of the unamortized allowances contributed by landlords to the build-out of the leased premises. We also lease automobiles and certain equipment under operating lease agreements.Rent expense is included in other operating costs and expenses in the consolidated statements of income. As of January3, 2017, the aggregate minimum annual lease payments under operating leases, including amounts characterized as deemed landlord financing payments are as follows (in thousands): 2017 $ 87,907 2018 88,418 2019 89,087 2020 86,742 2021 83,314 Thereafter 585,737 Total $ 1,021,205 Rent expense on all operating leases was as follows (in thousands): FiscalYear 2016 2015 2014 Straight-lined minimum base rent $ 80,276 $ 74,981 $ 71,828 Contingent rent 22,408 21,160 19,895 Common area maintenance and taxes 36,252 34,602 31,074 Total $ 138,936 $ 130,743 $ 122,797 We enter into various obligations for the purchase of goods and for the construction of restaurants. At January3, 2017, these obligations approximated $142.1 million, $94.3 million of which is due in fiscal 2017. In addition, we are obligated to provide up