Business Combinations Cadent On April 29, 2011, we completed the acquisition of Cadent for an aggregate cash purchase price of approximately $187.6 million , acquiring all of Cadent's outstanding common and preferred stock. Cadent is a 3D digital scanning solution for orthodontics and dentistry. We believe that the combination of Align s and Cadent s technologies and capabilities creates greater growth opportunities for Align by bringing innovative new Invisalign treatment tools to customers and by extending the value of intra-oral scanning in dental practices. The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase price as of April 29, 2011 (in thousands): Assets $ 15,745 Property, plant and equipment 3,624 Acquired identifiable intangible assets: Trademarks (one to fifteen year useful lives) 7,100 Existing technology (thirteen year useful life) 12,600 Customer relationships (eleven year useful life) 33,500 Goodwill 135,349 Liabilities assumed (20,330 ) Total $ 187,588 In 2011, we incurred direct transaction costs of approximately $6.4 million that include investment banking, legal and accounting fees, and other external costs directly related to the acquisition. These costs were expensed as incurred as part of our operating expenses. Goodwill of $135.3 million represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the underlying net tangible and identifiable intangible assets, and represents the expected synergies of the transaction and the knowledge and experience of the workforce in place. None of the goodwill is deductible for tax purposes. In connection with the acquisition, we allocated approximately $77.3 million of the goodwill from the Cadent acquisition to our Scanner and CAD/CAM Services ("SCCS") reporting unit and approximately $58.0 million to our Clear Aligner reporting unit based on the expected relative synergies generated by the acquisition. During the third quarter of 2012, we determined that goodwill for our SCCS reporting unit should be tested for impairment between annual