Segment Information We determine our business segments based upon the products and services they provide, the functions performed, or the type of customers served. The business segment information presented in this section reflects our current organizational structure as currently evaluated by management. There are four reportable business segments: Personal and Commercial Banking (PAC), Corporate LATAM, Treasury, and Institutional. Corporate activities, including the activities of the Banks trust company and broker-dealer subsidiaries, as well as eliminations of balances and transactions between business segments and other corporate allocations are reported under Institutional. Results of these lines of business are presented on a managed basis. Substantially all revenues are generated within the U.S. The following is a description of each of the Companys business segments, and the products and services they provide to their respective client bases: Personal and Commercial Banking (PAC) PAC delivers the subsidiary Banks core services and products to personal and commercial customers in domestic and international markets. Through this segment, both domestic and international customers are introduced to delivery channels, including U.S. retail banking centers, online banking, mobile banking, and an ATM network. Targeting the needs of individuals and businesses, its products and services include consumer and commercial banking products such as checking accounts, savings accounts, time deposits, loans and lines of credit, residential and commercial mortgage lending, and unsecured loans and lines of credit, among others. Corporate LATAM Corporate LATAM serves financial institutions using a tiered approach, and companies in Latin America generally with over $1 billion in annual sales in several large industries. The segment combines the teams expertise in domestic and international markets under one reporting structure to leverage relationship attraction and retention opportunities throughout all markets served. Results of this segment are primarily driven by changes in short-term interest rates, the credit quality of its loan portfolio and, the impact of the economic environment in borrower performance. Treasury Treasury is responsible for managing interest rate risk and liquidity risk for the Banks balance sheet. Treasury management services complement the mix of products, including loan syndications and accounts receivables, channeled through PAC, and help businesses monitor banking transactions and manage their cash flows. Additionally, Treasury manages credit risk in the Banks investment portfolio and supports bank-wide initiatives for increasing non-investment portfolio profitability. This process seeks to enhance overall returns for the Bank, while keeping the management of liquidity and interest rate costs within approved limits. Institutional Results and balances of this segment correspond to all other corporate activities not previously discussed, including Funds Transfer Pricing (FTP) capital compensation, excess or deficits in the required level of provision for loan losses not born by the business units, the residual amounts of corporate expenses after allocations to other business units, as well as eliminations of balances and transactions between business segments. Segment results The following tables provide a summary of the Companys financial information as of and for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 on a managed basis. The Companys definition of managed basis starts with the reported U.S. GAAP results and includes funds transfer pricing, or FTP, compensation and allocations of direct and indirect expenses from overhead, internal support centers, and product support centers. This allows management to assess the comparability of results from period-to-period arising from segment operations. The corresponding income tax impact related to tax-exempt items is recorded within income tax (expense)/benefit. (in thousands) PAC Corporate LATAM Treasury Institutional Total For the year Ended December 31, 2018 Income Statement: Net interest income $ 196,008 $ 5,308 $ 4,527 $ 13,196 $ 219,039 Provision for (reversal of) loan losses 1,303 (3,783 ) (212 ) 3,067 375 Net interest income after provision for (reversal of) loan losses 194,705 9,091 4,739 10,129 218,664 Noninterest income 22,556 365 8,400 22,554 53,875 Noninterest expense 160,491 4,035 11,438 39,009 214,973 Net income (loss) before income tax: Banking 56,770 5,421 1,701 (6,326 ) 57,566 Non-banking contribution (1) 2,552 13  (2,565 )  59,322 5,434 1,701 (8,891 ) 57,566 Income tax (expense) benefit (12,243 ) (1,122 ) 1,546 86 (11,733 ) Net income (loss) $ 47,079 $ 4,312 $ 3,247 $ (8,805 ) $ 45,833 As of December 31, 2018 Loans, net (2) $ 5,845,266 $ 69,755 $  $ (56,608 ) $ 5,858,413 Deposits $ 5,339,099 $ 16,293 $ 642,106 $ 35,188 $ 6,032,686 (in thousands) PAC Corporate LATAM Treasury Institutional Total For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 Income Statement: Net interest income $ 182,872 $ 9,514 $ 6,649 $ 10,675 $ 209,710 Provision for (reversal of) loan losses 42 (3,879 ) (1,547 ) 1,894 (3,490 ) Net interest income after provision for (reversal of) loan losses 182,830 13,393 8,196 8,781 213,200 Noninterest income 26,468 509 8,920 35,588 71,485 Noninterest expense 161,002 4,894 11,256 30,484 207,636 Net income before income tax: Banking 48,296 9,008 5,860 13,885 77,049 Non-banking contribution (1) 4,788 55  (4,843 )  53,084 9,063 5,860 9,042 77,049 Income tax (expense) benefit (18,784 ) (3,207 ) 1,106 (13,107 ) (33,992 ) Net income (loss) $ 34,300 $ 5,856 $ 6,966 $ (4,065 ) $ 43,057 (in thousands) PAC Corporate LATAM Treasury Institutional Total As of December 31, 2017 Loans, net (2)(3) $ 5,542,545 $ 521,616 $  $ (64,325 ) $ 5,999,836 Deposits $ 5,454,216 $ 18,670 $ 779,969 $ 70,118 $ 6,322,973 (In thousands) PAC Corporate LATAM Treasury Institutional Total For the Year ended December 31, 2016 Income Statement: Net interest income $ 157,325 $ 15,302 $ 12,586 $ 6,720 $ 191,933 Provision for (reversal of) loan losses 5,795 13,620 (1,069 ) 3,764 22,110 Net interest income after provision for (reversal of) loan losses 151,530 1,682 13,655 2,956 169,823 Noninterest income 26,461 843 7,808 27,158 62,270 Noninterest expense 156,146 8,295 9,041 24,821 198,303 Net income before income tax: Banking 21,845 (5,770 ) 12,422 5,293 33,790 Non-banking contribution (1) 5,136 (124 )  (5,012 )  26,981 (5,894 ) 12,422 281 33,790 Income tax (expense) benefit (10,068 ) 2,200 (1,473 ) (870 ) (10,211 ) Net income (loss) $ 16,913 $ (3,694 ) $ 10,949 $ (589 ) $ 23,579 __________________ (1) Non-banking contribution reflects allocations of the net results of Amerant Trust and Amerant Investments subsidiaries to the customers primary business unit. (2) Provisions for the periods presented are allocated to each applicable reportable segment. The allowance for loan losses and unearned deferred loan costs and fees are reported entirely within Institutional. (3) Balances include loans held for sale of $5.6 million which are allocated to PAC.