One key to CSR’s success has been its fuzzy definition, whereby its meaning is constantly (re)defined by practice and through the dialectical relationship between companies and their stakeholders.  This thesis focuses upon the influence of MNOCs’ socio-political field upon their CSR (rather than upon specific CSR projects), from a critical realist perspective, contributing to existing research in three key ways.  Firstly, I present original explanatory models that outline the practice of CSR in Colombia and Venezuela.  From these models, I develop further models that categorise the types of CSR practiced in each country.  I argue that Colombia follows a conventional model of private-led CSR; by contrast, the Venezuelan model pushes the boundaries of more traditional CSR definitions.  Given the government’s dirigiste approach, I categorise the Venezuelan model as an example of a new form of CSR, that I call Regulated CSR (RCSR), noting the inherent contradictions of regulating to increase responsibility.  Secondly, I produce original research on MNOCs’ CSR reports, examining how MNOCs’ agency is affected by global socio-political discourses.  Paradoxically, whilst CSR is an important element of corporate communication, many MNOCs only disclose limited CSR-related information.  Thirdly, this thesis contributes to the growing discussion of CSR’s role within the neoliberal paradigm.  I argue that CSR is not and cannot be a panacea for social absences and can have negative social effects.  Therefore, appropriate regulation is necessary, starting with greater corporate transparency at an international level to level-up MNOCs’ practices, and national oversight of MNOCs’ CSR budgets and practices