Revenue Recognition In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606). The new revenue recognition standard provides a five-step analytical framework for transactions to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The two permitted transition methods under the new standard are the full retrospective method or the modified retrospective method. We adopted the new standard effective March 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method, which we applied to all contracts. Products. In accordance with ASC 606, we recognize revenue from product sales upon transfer of control of promised products to customers in an amount that reflects the transaction price, which is generally the stand-alone selling prices of the promised goods. For product shipments made on the basis of FOB Destination terms, revenue is recorded when the shipment reaches the customer. Customers generally do not have a right of return except for defective products returned during the warranty period. We record estimated commitments related to customer incentive programs as reductions of revenues. Professional Services. We also provide various professional services to customers. These include project management, engineering services, installation services and an on-going early warning automated notification service, which are typically distinct from other performance obligations and are recognized as the related services are performed. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS). Our SaaS-based and PaaS-based subscriptions for our fleet management, vehicle finance and certain other verticals provide our customers with the ability to wirelessly communicate with monitoring devices installed in vehicles and other mobile or remote assets via our software applications. Generally, we defer the recognition of revenue for the products that are sold with application subscriptions. In such circumstances, the associated product costs are recorded as deferred costs in the balance sheet. The upfront fees for the devices are not distinct from the subscription service and are combined into the subscription service performance obligation. The upfront fees may provide a material right to the customer that has influence over the customers right to renew. Generally, these service arrangements do not provide the customer with the right to take possession of the software supporting the subscription service at any time. Revenues from subscription services are recognized ratably, on a straight-line basis, over the term of the subscription. Subscription renewal fees are recognized ratably over the term of the renewal. The deferred product revenue and deferred product cost amounts are amortized to application subscriptions and related products and other services revenue and cost of revenue, respectively, on a straight-line basis over the estimated average in-service lives of these devices, which are three years in the vehicle finance and four years in the fleet management verticals. Our deferred contract revenue under ASC 606 does not include future subscription fees associated with customers unexercised contract renewal rights. The product revenues for certain customer arrangements are presented combined within Application subscription and related products and other services in our statement of comprehensive income (loss) as the products and services are customarily part of one customer contractual arrangement . Sales taxes. We exclude from the measurement of the transaction price all taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction and collected by us from a customer. Contract Balances. Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing on our invoicing to customers. Contract liabilities are comprised of billings or payments received from our customers in advance of performance under the contract. We refer to these contract liabilities as Deferred Revenues in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements. During the three and nine months ended November 30, 2018, we recognized $4.5 million and $15.7 million in revenue from the beginning deferred revenue balance of $41.7 million on March 1, 2018, respectively. As of November 30, 2018, we have estimated remaining performance obligations for contractually committed revenues of $46.6 million, of which we expect to recognize approximately 18% through the remainder of fiscal 2019, 36% for fiscal 2020 and 25% for fiscal 2021. We have utilized the practical expedient exception within ASC 606 and exclude contracts that have original durations of less than one year from the aforementioned remaining performance obligation disclosure.