9. Commitments and Contingencies Commitments The Company has purchase commitments related to network infrastructure, hosting services, and software licenses that extend up to two years beyond December 31, 2019. The Companys obligation for future payments under these contracts is $8.2 million and $5.9 million for the years ending December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Contingencies Loss contingencies may arise in connection with the ordinary conduct of the Companys business activities. The Company considers all loss contingencies on a quarterly basis and based on known facts assesses whether potential losses are considered reasonably possible, probable and estimable. The Company establishes an accrual for loss contingencies when the loss is both probable and reasonably estimable. If the estimated loss is a range of potential outcomes and there is no better estimate within the range, management accrues the amount at the low end of the range. These accruals represent managements estimate of probable losses and, in such cases, there may be an exposure to loss in excess of the amounts accrued. Significant judgment is required to determine both likelihood of there being a probable loss and the estimated amount of a loss. If a loss contingency is not both probable and reasonably estimable, the Company does not establish an accrual, but will evaluate other disclosure requirements and continue to monitor the matter for developments that would make the loss contingency both probable and reasonably estimable. The ultimate outcome of any litigation relating to a loss contingency is uncertain and, regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense costs, negative publicity, diversion of management resources and other factors. Pursuant to the Companys agreement with the SST Governing Board, Inc., the Company calculates and remits sales taxes to certain states on behalf of its customers, and that agreement contains provisions detailing the circumstances under which the Company may become liable to member states in the event of delinquent payment of taxes. In a situation where the state is conducting a sales tax audit and the Companys customer has declared bankruptcy or otherwise terminated operations before the appropriate documentation or tax liabilities have been remitted to the taxing jurisdiction, the Company could be held to be financially responsible for certain tax liabilities. The Company accrues for estimated losses for SST sales tax audits at the time it recognizes revenue based on an evaluation of the history of loss in comparison to historical revenue. The Company adjusts this estimate as needed when actual experience differs from previously recorded amounts, or when a particularly significant or unusual claim or liability is deemed probable of payment by the Company. The reserve for estimated losses from SST sales tax audits is $0.1 million as of both December 31, 2019 and 2018. In its standard subscription agreements, the Company has agreed to indemnification provisions with respect to certain matters. Further, from time to time, the Company has also assumed indemnification obligations through its acquisition activity. These indemnification provisions can create a liability to the Company if its services do not appropriately calculate taxes due to tax jurisdictions, or if the Company is delinquent in the filing of returns on behalf of its customers. Although the Companys agreements have disclaimers of warranties that limit its liability (beyond the amounts the Company agrees to pay pursuant to its indemnification obligations and guarantees, as applicable), a court could determine that such disclaimers and limitations are unenforceable as a matter of law and hold the Company liable for certain errors. Further, in some instances the Company has negotiated agreements with specific customers or assumed agreements in connection with the Companys acquisitions that do not limit this liability or disclaim these warranties. It is not possible to reasonably estimate the potential loss under these indemnification arrangements. While the Company has never paid a material claim related to these indemnification provisions, the Company believes that, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, there is a reasonable possibility that a loss may be incurred pursuant to certain of these arrangements and estimates a range of loss of up to $2.0 million. The Company has not recorded an accrual related to these arrangements as of December 31, 2019 or 2018 because it has not determined that a loss is probable. The ultimate outcome of these potential obligations is unknown, and it is possible that the actual losses could be higher than the estimated range. On October 22, 2018, PTP OneClick, LLC (PTP) filed a lawsuit against Avalara, Inc. in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. The lawsuit alleges that making, using, offering to sell, and selling AvaTax, Avalara Returns, and TrustFile (the Avalara Products) infringe U.S. Patent No. 9,760,915 held by PTP and also alleges unspecified trade secret misappropriation, unfair competition, and breach of contract. PTP seeks judgments of willful patent infringement, willful trade secret misappropriation, unfair competition, and breach of contract. PTP requests preliminary and permanent injunctions to enjoin the Company from making, using, offering to sell, and selling the Avalara Products along with treble damages and attorneys fees. Based upon the Companys review of the complaint and the specified patent, the Company believes that the Company has meritorious defenses to PTPs claims. On November 7, 2018, the Company moved to dismiss the lawsuit and to have the patent held invalid, and also moved to transfer the matter to the United States District Court located in Seattle, Washington. On April 30, 2019, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin granted the Companys motion to transfer, reserving resolution of the motion to dismiss for the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington. On October 7, 2019, the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington invalidated the patent and dismissed the patent and unfair competition claims with prejudice but did not dismiss the trade secret misappropriation or breach of contract claims. The court has set the trial date for October 26, 2020.