Can you guess this note? Perfect Pitch and Physics

Dianna, I'm surprised to see you didn't mention a critical physics factor - that the wavelengths in air of musical notes are comparable to the sizes of the instruments that produce them. Bigger but not hugely bigger though, roughly 1.5-4x larger (for the human voice, 10-15x).  So this means you can't ignore the interaction of the sound wave with the instrument itself, what it's made of, what shape it is.  That's where timbre comes from (and the distinguishing characteristics of the speaker of language or singer of songs, in the case of the voice).  If the wavelengths were very much larger than the instrument (like 1000x), the distinctiveness of a keyboard C note from a violin C note would be very much smaller.