Title:
In situ mechanical behavior of mineral crystals in human cortical bone under compressive load using synchrotron X-ray scattering techniques.

Abstract:
It is of great interest to delineate the effect of orientation distribution of mineral crystals on the bulk mechanical behavior of bone. Using a unique synergistic approach combining a progressive loading scheme and synchrotron X-ray scattering techniques, human cortical bone specimens were tested in compression to examine the in situ mechanical behavior of mineral crystals aligned in different orientations. The orientation distribution was quantitatively estimated by measuring the X-ray diffraction intensity from the (002) plane in mineral crystals. In addition, the average longitudinal (c-axis), transverse (a-axis), and shear strains of the subset of mineral crystals aligned in each orientation were determined by measuring the lattice deformation normal to three distinct crystallographic planes (i.e. 002, 310, and 213) in the crystals. The experimental results indicated that the in situ strain and stress of mineral crystals varied with orientations. The normal strain and stress in the longitudinally aligned mineral crystals were markedly greater than those in the transversely oriented crystals, whereas the shear stress reached a maximum for the crystals aligned in ±30° with respect to the loading direction. The maximum principal strain and stress were observed in the mineral crystals oriented along the loading axis, with a similar trend observed in the maximum shear strain and stress. By examining the in situ behavior, the contribution of mineral crystals to load bearing and the bulk behavior of bone are discussed.