Introduction The use of physical or chemical means to remove, inactivate, pathogens on a surface or item to the point where they are no longer capable of transmitting infectious particles and the surface or item is rendered safe for handling, use, or disposal is termed as decontamination [ 1 , 2 ]. Decontamination is the combination of processes, including cleaning, disinfection and/or sterilization, used to make a re-usable item safe for further use on patients [ 2 – 4 ]. Cleaning is the act of removing visible organic residue (e.g. blood and tissue) and inorganic salts from patient care equipment and preparing it for safe handling and/or further decontamination. Cleaning also removes sufficient numbers of microorganisms to reduce risks for those who touch or handle the object [ 3 , 5 , 6 ]. In addition, it has been highlighted as a serious responsibility and a critical factor in the battle against HAIs [ 7 ]. Disinfection is thermal or chemical destruction of most pathogenic and other types of microorganisms, but not all bacterial spores [ 3 , 6 ]. Whereas sterilization destroys all microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) including bacterial endospores from inanimate objects by high-pressure steam (autoclave), dry heat (oven), chemical sterilants or radiation [ 6 , 8 , 9 ]. In this regard, strict compliance with the recommended decontamination process at all level is required [ 9 – 12 ]. Since failure to properly disinfect or sterilize equipment carries not the only risk associated with a breach of host barriers but also the risk for person-to-person transmission (e.g., hepatitis B virus) and transmission of environmental pathogens (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) [ 3 ]. In Ethiopia, rigorous decontamination of reusable medical equipment is an important part of infection prevention and patient safety strategy [ 8 ]. However, the effects of the effort have not been felt across the country studies have shown that healthcare workers have sub-optimal infection prevention practice in Ethiopia [ 10 , 13 – 15 ]. In addition, contamination of medical equipment with potential pathogens like S. aureus, Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., P. aeruginosa, and E. coli is reported [ 16 ]. Moreover, concerns have been raised as a result of the high prevalence of HAIs [ 17 – 19 ]. Given the reality that poor decontamination of patient equipment can result in a range of infections and contributing factor for HAIs [ 3 , 20 ]. So far different studies were conducted in the area of infection prevention in Ethiopia [ 13 – 15 , 21 ]. However, none of the previously conducted studies assessed the decontamination practice of healthcare workers particularly among nursing staffs; where decontamination most commonly performed by nurses in hospital settings in Ethiopia. The only available study in the country on instrument processing practice does not include hospitals [ 10 ]. And it identified factors that influenced decontamination practice such as; high-risk perception, knowledgeable on instrument processing, attitude towards infection prevention, and presence of SOP or guideline in workplace targeted on instrument decontamination [ 10 ]. Even though these factors are from a single study conducted in the health centers, my study has included and attested the majority of the variables in the hospital setting. As far as I know, in southeast Ethiopia, there is no available information with regard to the issues of medical equipment decontamination practice among nurses. As a result, assessment of the current reusable medical equipment decontamination practice is timely. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess decontamination practice and associated factors among nurses in hospitals of the southeast, Ethiopia. Main text Study design, area and period A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 15 to May 15/2018 among nurse’s found in at Bale zone hospitals, Southeast Ethiopia. In this study, all five hospitals (namely Goba referral hospital, Ginnir general hospital, Robe general hospital, Dellomena general hospital and Madda Walabu primary hospital) found in Bale zone were included. Sampling and participation The source population was all nurses found in five Bale zone public hospitals. Selected nurses who work at least 6 months in the direct care of patients in Bale zone public hospitals in each department and case team was the study population. To determine the sample size for the study, Epi Info version 7.1.1.14 software using a single population proportion formula with the assumptions of 95% confidence level, 5% precision and prevalence of (p = 50%) acceptable decontamination practice were considered (since there was no study conducted in the study area). The calculated sample size was (n = 384). Since the source population (N = 641) was less than 10,000, it needed a finite population correction and the final sample size (nf) of the study was nf = 276, including a 15% non-response rate. First, the calculated sample size was proportionally allocated to each hospital, proportional to the number of nurses employed. Afterward, a computer-generated random number was used to select nurses from each hospital by using the list of all nurses in each hospital as a sampling frame. Data collection tool and procedure A self-administered structured and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect the data. The questionnaires were prepared after reviewing related literature [ 3 , 6 , 9 , 10 ]. It was first prepared in English and then translated to Amharic and Afan Oromo (local languages) and back-translated to English to ensure consistency. Five 3rd year health officer students were recruited for data collection and two B.Sc. nurses for supervisor were employed. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, healthcare facility and behavioral related factors, awareness on instrument decontamination, and reusable medical equipment decontamination practice were collected. Data quality control In order to enhance the quality of data, a pre-test was done prior to data collection on 5% of the actual sample size. In addition, the data collection tool was tested for internal consistency (reliability) using Cronbach’s alpha test. The resulting Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.741 was obtained. During the data collection period, the questionnaires were checked on a daily basis for completeness. Data processing and analysis Data were checked for completeness and consistency before data entry. The cleaned data were coded and entered into Epi-Data 3.1 software and analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0 statistical software. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, and summary statistics (mean and standard deviation) were computed. Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the crude association between the outcome and independent variables. Before putting variables into the multivariable logistic regression multicollinearity between the independent variables was tested. Lastly, multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to describe the functional independent predictors of acceptable decontamination practice. For all statistical significant tests p-value &lt; 0.05 was used as a cut-off point. Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness of fit test was also used for model checking. Operational definition Decontamination practice It has consisted of ten decontamination questions such as wear appropriate personal protective equipment while performing decontamination process, immediately soak contaminated equipment in 0.5% chlorine solution for 10 min, regularly monitor sterilization process, and correct labeling of the decontaminating solution was considered. Nurses who had considered “acceptable practice” if they respond seven and above (≥ 75%) items unless considered as “unacceptable practice”. Results Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants In this study, 273 nurses participated in the study with the response rate of 98.9%. Among the study participants, 131 (48%) participants were females. Majority of the respondents 239 (87.5%) did not receive any training targeted on instrument decontamination (Table 1 ). Table 1 The socio-demographic, work and behavioral related characteristics of study participants in Bale zone hospital in 2018 (n = 272) Variables Category Frequency (n = 272) Percent (%) Age (years) &lt; 30 192 70.3 ≥ 30 81 29.7 Sex Male 142 52.0 Female 131 48.0 Educational status 1st degree 153 56.0 Diploma 120 44.0 Marital status Married 156 57.1 Single 117 42.9 Service year in the current hospital (years) &lt; 5 120 44.0 ≥ 5 153 46.0 Ever had training on instrument decontamination Yes 34 12.5 No 239 87.5 Received supportive supervise Yes 209 76.6 No 64 23.4 Current working department Gynecology and obstetric ward, and operating room 88 32.2 Surgical and medical ward 85 31.1 Pediatrics 38 13.9 Outpatient department (OPD) and other a 62 22.7 a Maternal and child health, Family planning, Emergency Work and behavioral related characteristics of the study participants Out of the total participants, 85 (31.1%) participants were from the surgical and medical department. Majority of the study participants, 209 (76.6%) had received supportive supervision. Only thirty-four (12.5%) of participants ever had training on instrument decontamination (Table 1 ). Awareness on instrument decontamination Based on this study, 169 (61.9%) participants knew instrument processing is one of the basic components of standard precaution practice and one hundred (36.6%) knew cleaning is the first step in instrument processing. Majority of the participants, 240 (87.9%) had awareness on how to prepare 0.5% decontaminant chlorine solution (Additional file 1 : Table S1). Reusable medical equipment decontamination practice In this study, almost half 49.1% [95% CI 43.2–54.9%] of the study participants only had acceptable decontamination practice (Table 2 ). Table 2 Self-reported reusable medical equipment decontamination practice among nurses in Bale zone hospitals in 2018 (n = 272) Variables Response Frequency Percent (%) Did you use all necessary PPE when you perform instrument processing (n = 273) Yes 196 71.8 No 77 28.2 Did you use Google/eye shield while you perform instrument processing for the last time (n = 196) Yes 42 21.4 No 154 78.6 Did you use heavy duty glove when you handle, clean and process contaminated medical equipment for the last time (n = 196) Yes 171 87.2 No 25 12.8 Did you use a mask when you clean and/or decontaminate reusable medical equipment for the last time (n = 196) Yes 57 29.1 No 139 70.9 When do you soak contaminated items after any medical or surgical procedure Immediately 49 17.9 Within 30 min 193 70.7 Within 1 h 31 11.4 I don’t soak at all 0 0 Did you always soaked contaminated equipment in 0.5% chlorine solution before you perform cleaning (n = 273) Yes 211 77.3 No 62 22.7 How long did you soak contaminated equipment in 0.5% chlorine solutions the last time (n = 211) 5 min and less 0 0 10 min 163 77.2 For 1 h 44 20.9 For 24 h 4 1.9 I don’t know 0 0 Do you regularly monitor the steam and/or dry sterilized (autoclaves) using chemical indicators (n = 273) Yes 54 19.8 No 219 80.2 Do you regularly monitor the steam and/or dry sterilized (autoclaves) using biological indicators at least every week (n = 273) Yes 0 0 No 273 100 Do you always label the type, time and date of decontaminating solution (n = 273) Yes 179 65.6 No 94 34.4 Overall decontamination practice Acceptable 134 49.1 Unacceptable 139 50.9 Factors associated with decontamination practice The Hosmer and Lemeshow test for the overall goodness of fit was used to check the correctness of the final formulated model and the value became 0.994 that is insignificant, which means the final fitted model was correct. In multivariable analysis, nurses who have reported good infection prevention practice were 7.313 times more likely to have acceptable decontamination practice than nurses who had poor infection prevention practice [AOR = 7.313; 95% CI: 4.030, 13.272, p-value = 0.000]. Participants who were working in the department having instructive posters or guideline target on instrument processing were almost 3 more likely to have acceptable decontamination practice than their counterparts [AOR = 2.675; 95% CI: 1.376, 5.200, p-value = 0.004] (Table 3 ). Table 3 Factors associated with reusable medical equipment decontamination practice Variables Decontamination practice COR (95% CI) p-value AOR p-value Acceptable (n = 134) Not acceptable (n = 139) Sex Male 66 76 0.805 (0.500–1.295) 0.370 Female 68 63 Educational status 1st degree 73 80 0.883 (0.547–1.424) 0.609 Diploma 61 59 Awareness on decontamination Yes 91 78 1.655 (1.010–2.712)* 0.045 1.310 (0.722–2.380) 0.375 No 43 61 IP training Yes 18 16 1.193 (0.581–2.450) 0.631 No 116 123 Receive supportive supervision Yes 114 95 2.640 (1.457–4.784)* 0.001 1.107 (0.504–2.431) 0.800 No 20 44 1 1 Age 20–29 84 108 0.482 (0.284–0.820)* 0.007 0.790 (0.381–1.640) 0.527 ≥ 30 50 31 1 1 Service year &lt; 5 50 70 0.587 (0.362–0.951)* 0.030 0.760 (0.384–1.504) 0.431 ≥ 5 84 69 1 1 Working department Inpatient 107 104 1.334 (0.754–2.358) 0.332 Outpatient 27 35 1 Infection prevention practice Good 112 56 7.545 (4.271–13.329)* 0.000 7.313 (4.030–13.272)** 0.000 Poor 22 83 1 Presence of instructive poster or guideline targeted on instrument processing in your department Yes 106 73 3.423 (2.008–5.833)* 0.000 2.675 (1.376–5.200)** 0.004 No 28 66 1 1 COR Crude odd ratio, AOR adjusted odd ratio * P-value &lt; 0.05 crude, ** P-value &lt; 0.05 adjusted Discussion Failure to comply with the acceptable decontamination practice has a serious consequence [ 3 , 20 ]. In effect, strict adherence towards the recommended decontamination practices by all healthcare workers is critical. Thus, this study aimed to assess the decontamination practice and associated factors among nurses working in Bale zone hospitals. This study showed that only 49.1% of the study participates had acceptable decontamination practice. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, reported good infection prevention practice and working in departments having instructive posters or guideline target on instrument processing were significantly associated with acceptable decontamination practice. The finding implies that half of the study participants have unacceptable decontamination practice, which has been attributed as a potential problem in the fight against pathogenic microorganisms. This finding also comparable with other previous studies that reported a high prevalence of unsafe medical equipment disinfection among healthcare workers [ 10 , 16 ]. In the present study, 77.3% of nurses reported they soak contaminated items in 0.5% chlorine solution before they perform any cleaning activity. And, 77.2% soaked within the acceptable time range. This finding is in agreement with the national infection prevention guideline recommendation [ 8 ]. Despite a strong theoretical basis and national recommendation to use appropriate personal protective equipment while performing decontamination activities only one out of five nurse use google/eye shield and 29.1% use mask while performing decontamination. This finding almost in agreement with a study conducted in Addis Ababa health centers; revealed that the level of personal protective equipment utilization while performing instrument processing was 22.6% [ 10 ]. In this study, nurses reported having good infection prevention practice were almost seven times more likely to had acceptable decontamination practice (AOR = 7.313; 95% CI: 4.030, 13.271, P = 0.000) than there counterpart. This association may be explained by the fact that those with good infection prevention compliance were exposed to basic instrument processing principles and skills therefore; they may achieve more acceptable decontamination practice. Further, working in departments having instructive posters or guideline targeted on instrument processing was the other predictor of acceptable decontamination practice. Nurses who were working in departments having instructive posters or guideline target was almost three times more likely to have acceptable decontamination practice than their counterparts (AOR = 2.675; 95% CI: 1.376, 5.200, p-value = 0.004); implying that availability of such guidelines has a positive effect on decontamination practice. In support of this, studies reported the positive correlation between availability infection prevention guidelines and healthcare workers good infection prevention compliance [ 13 , 15 , 21 ]. Conclusions This study indicated that only half of participates had acceptable decontamination practice, which is a great concern and might make hospitalized patients prone to different pathogenic microorganisms. Reported good infection prevention practice and working in the department having instructive posters or guideline target on instrument processing were factors positively associated with nurses acceptable decontamination practice. Therefore, providing educational training along with ensuring the availability of posters and/or guidelines targeted on medical equipment decontamination in each department may improve decontamination practice. Limitations This study has a number of limitations; first self-reported results prone to social desirability bias, since healthcare workers might not give genuine responses to the self-administered questionnaire and commonly overstate their actual decontamination practice. Second, the study did not include observational data to validate the nurse’s decontamination practice. Finally, the study did not evaluate the thoroughness of cleaning, disinfection and sterilization practice.
Original work titled: 'Decontamination of patient equipment: nurses’ self-reported decontamination practice in hospitals of southeast Ethiopia' (BMC Research Notes/BioMed Central) by the following authors: Biniyam Sahiledengle DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4427-5