Question: In what year were the pioneers of managed care in the United States established?
Related documents: [0]  [DOC] Group Health Cooperative, (formerly known as Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound), later more commonly known as Group Health, was a Seattle, Washington based nonprofit healthcare organization. Established in 1945, it provided coverage and care for about 600,000 people in Washington and Idaho and was one of the largest private employers in Washington. [END] 
[1]  [DOC] This is the main article on the medical facilities of Seattle, Washington. Seattle, USA is well served medically. The University of Washington is consistently ranked among the country's dozen leading institutions in medical research; Group Health Cooperative was one of the pioneers of managed care in the United States; and Seattle was a pioneer in the development of modern paramedic services with the establishment of Medic One in 1970. [END] 
Answer: 
1945
1945