text: Things you should know about fats – they are not all bad!
  Park that notion that fat is bad. It is not. In fact, most of us aren’t eating enough of it. Fat can help you lose weight, protect against heart disease, absorb vitamins and boost your immune system.
  But, it’s not as simple as that. If you don’t know which fats to eat and which to avoid, then you could be eating the wrong things without even knowing it.
  There are a number of different fats you need to be aware of, so read on to understand about them all.
  These are the fats that have the worst reputation, and they’re found in animal fats and coconut oil.
  The fats that are ‘bad’ are the trans fats, which cause cell membranes to become stiff and hard, and they no longer function correctly. Trans fats are harmful to cardiovascular health (lower good cholesterol – increase level of bad cholesterol). Some trans fats are contained naturally in dairy products, but particularly in processed foods (i.e. hydrogenated oils, margarine).
  These are the kinds of fats associated with the Mediterranean diet – particularly olive oil – and populations that eat a lot of these fats, like the Greeks and Italians, have some of the lowest rates of heart disease in the world. Many cardiologists advocate the Mediterranean diet, as higher intakes of this kind of fat are linked to lower cholesterol, or to be more accurate, a better ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol.
  You will probably know these as omega-3 and omega-6 – the essential fatty acids. ‘Essential’ relates to the fact that the body cannot make this kind of fat; you need to eat it as part of your diet – or take it as a supplement.
  They fulfil many roles in the body, and sufficient levels have implications for cell membranes, hormones (they regulate insulin function), managing inflammation and immunity, mood and memory.
  As a rule, omega-6 fats are not as good for you as the omega-3 fats, which are all anti-inflammatory. It’s not that omega-6 fats are inherently bad, just that it’s less good when the balance between the omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids gets disturbed.
  Historically, humans ate a good ratio of omega-6 to 3 – ranging between 1:1 and 4:1. The modern Western diet has changed things for the worse, and the ratio is frequently 20:1 thanks to processed foods, vegetable oils and conventionally raised (rather than grass-fed) meat.
  This can lead to:
  - Increase in inflammatory conditions/ autoimmune disease
  - Heart disease
  - High cholesterol
  Here’s why fat is essential in the body
  - It’s a concentrated energy source. Gram for gram, fat is twice as efficient as carbohydrates in energy production.
  - Fat can be an energy store. Excess fat is stored for future energy production (excess calorific intake).
  - Protection – internal (visceral) fat protects your internal organs, like the kidneys and spleen.
  - ‘Subcutaneous adipose tissue’ (or in normal language that’s the fat that you can feel by pinching your skin) helps to maintain normal body temperature and provides padding.
  - Fats regulate inflammation, mood and nerve function.
  - Every cell membrane in our body is made of fat – the brain is 60% fat.
  - Many hormones are made from fat. These are known as steroid hormones and they govern stress, sex, and immune function.
  - Fats are actually essential for survival
  - Fat is the preferred fuel for muscles and the heart. The brain can also burn fat for fuel.
  - Essential fatty acids are required for healthy skin, healthy cell membranes, healthy nerves, healthy joints and to help with absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K.
  So how did fat get such a bad name?
  There’s no dispute that fat has got a bad reputation. Over the last 70 years low-fat products have been marketed as the saviour of our health. And the message from governments and the media was – and largely still is – that, when eaten, fat gets stored as fat in the body and puts us at greater risk of heart disease.
  Part of the problem, of course, is that we use the same word for the fat we DON’T want (on the hips, around the middle and so on) and the fat we eat.
  The demonisation of fat began when an American scientist called Ancel Keys produced the first ‘evidence’ linking saturated fat to heart disease in 1953. He based his scientific opinion on observational data of heart disease, death rates and fat consumption in six countries (ignoring statistics from a further 16 countries because they contradicted his hypothesis) and assumed a correlation between heart disease and eating fat. (It’s important to know too, that when another scientist looked at the same research, this time considering ALL 22 countries’ data, no correlation was found).
  Although there might have been correlation (there was a relationship), it was not causal (didn’t actually cause the situation).
  A further study on rabbits compounded Ancel Keys’ hypothesis: The rabbits were fed cholesterol (which doesn’t normally form a part of their 100% veggie diet) and went on to develop fatty deposits in their arteries. Not great for the rabbits!
  Governments (and their health care agencies) across the world began advocating a low fat diet. They told us to fill up on bread, rice, cereals and pasta, and opt for low-fat or no-fat alternatives wherever we could.
  Soon, the food industry jumped on board to create products that better satisfied this new advice. They replaced saturated fats with ‘healthier’ vegetable oils, like margarine and shortening – ironically trans fats are now one of the few fats research shows ARE linked to heart disease. The biggest problem is that, when you remove the fat from foods, you need to replace it with something else to make those foods palatable – and this replacement is sugar. Not ideal for our health at all!
  My favourite fats for a healthy diet include:
  They go with practically anything and are high in both vitamin E and in healthy monounsaturated fats. Easy to get hold of on your local farmers market and any supermarket. When they get a bit too soft in my fridge, I just mash them for a lovely guacamole.
  There’s so much to like about this fat. Apart from helping reduce bad cholesterol and blood pressure, coconut oil is an anti-fungal (caprylic acid) when used both externally or internally. The ideal replacement for butter in baking and as your oil of choice when frying.
  Packed with nutrients like magnesium and vitamin E, nuts are a good source of essential fats in your diet. They also make the perfect snack – eat a handful (preferably raw) with a small piece of fruit or spread a little nut butter on an oatcake (try peanut butter or almond butter for a change).
  Full of omega 3 fatty acids, which are the building blocks of your sex hormones, so are essential for hormone balance.
  Use cold pressed organic oil as a dressing on salads.
  Cooking with fat
  How the fat is used (through cooking and processing) is a big deciding factor whether it is healthy or unhealthy. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) become free radicals in the presence of light, oxygen and heat.
  That is because frying with oils like olive oil at high temperature leads to oxidation and the production of free radicals – highly inflammatory for the body.
  The best fats for cooking with are coconut oil, rapeseed (vegetable) oil, avocado oil, butter or ghee, or goose fat (clarified butter).
  Try not to cook with olive oil or sunflower oil, in fact I would recommend avoiding sunflower oil if possible and save your olive oil for dressings on salads.