In other countries , such as Ireland , the ordinary courts may perform this function in addition to their other responsibilities .


While elsewhere , like in the United Kingdom , the concept of declaring an act to be unconstitutional does not exist .


A decade later Benjamin Franklin proposed that electricity was not from different types of electrical fluid , but a single electrical fluid showing an excess ( + ) or deficit ( − ) .


A 1906 proposal to change to " electrion " failed because Hendrik Lorentz preferred to keep " electron " .


Around the beginning of the twentieth century , it was found that under certain conditions a fast-moving charged particle caused a condensation of supersaturated water vapor along its path. In 1911 , Charles Wilson used this principle to devise his cloud chamber so he could photograph the tracks of charged particles , such as fast-moving electrons .


By 1914 , experiments by physicists Ernest Rutherford , Henry Moseley , James Franck and Gustav Hertz had largely established the structure of an atom as a dense nucleus of positive charge surrounded by lower-mass electrons .


This particle was discovered in 1932 by Carl Anderson , who proposed calling standard electrons " negatons " and using " electron " as a generic term to describe both the positively and negatively charged variants .


The first successful attempt to accelerate electrons using electromagnetic induction was made in 1942 by Donald Kerst .


In 1947 , synchrotron radiation was discovered with a 70 " MeV electron synchrotron at General Electric .


Electrons ( and positrons ) are thought to be created at the event horizon of these stellar remnants .


The scientists used extremely short flashes of light , called attosecond pulses , which allowed an electron 's motion to be observed for the first time .


It is a lanthanide , a rare earth element , originally found in the gadolinite mine in Ytterby in Sweden , from which it got its name .


Einsteinium was observed in Przybylski 's Star in 2008 .


Einsteinium-254 was used as the calibration marker in the chemical analysis spectrometer ( " alpha-scattering surface analyzer " ) of the Surveyor 5 lunar probe .


Before 1873 , England had two complementary court systems : courts of " law " which could only award money damages and recognized only the legal owner of property , and courts of " equity " ( courts of chancery ) that could issue injunctive relief ( that is , a court order to a party to do something , give something to someone , or stop doing something ) and recognized trusts of property .


For example , the National Labor Relations Board issues relatively few regulations , but instead promulgates most of its substantive rules through common law ( connotation 1 ) .


The exception to this rule is in the state of Goa , annexed in stages in the 1960 s through 1980 s .


It is located south-west of Leipzig , south-west of Berlin , north of Munich and north-east of Frankfurt .


The city is situated on the Via Regia , a medieval trade and pilgrims ' road network .


Martin Luther ( 1483 – 1546 ) was its most famous student , studying there from 1501 before entering St Augustine 's Monastery in 1505 .


In 1379 , the University of Erfurt was founded .


After 1505 , he lived at St. Augustine 's Monastery as a friar .


He moved permanently to Wittenberg in 1511 .


With the re-formation of the state of Thuringia in 1990 , the city became the state capital .


In this part lies the municipal forest of " with beeches and oaks as main tree species .


To the east and to the west are some non-forested hills so that the Gera river valley within the town forms a basin .


Due to the official atheism of the former GDR , most of the population is non-religious .


The theologian , philosopher and mystic Meister Eckhart ( c .


In September 2005 , the opera " Waiting for the Barbarians " by Philip Glass premiered in the opera house .


In 2005 , a performance of Engelbert Humperdinck 's opera " stirred up the local press since the performance contained suggestions of pedophilia and incest .


After 1945 , the companies were nationalized by the GDR government , which led to the decline of some of them .


The origins of the earliest constellations likely go back to prehistory .


Other star patterns or groups called asterisms are not constellations per se , but are used by observers to navigate the night sky .


A constellation ( or star ) , viewed from a particular latitude on Earth , that never sets below the horizon is termed circumpolar .


From the North Pole or South Pole , all constellations south or north of the celestial equator are circumpolar .


Southern constellations are more modern inventions , sometimes as substitutes for ancient constellations ( e.g. Argo Navis ) .


The common teleprinter could easily be interfaced with the computer and became very popular except for those computers manufactured by IBM .


They traditionally lived a coastal lifestyle , subsisting primarily on ocean resources such as salmon , halibut , and whales , as well as rich land resources such as berries and land mammals .


The concept is sometimes not well defined ; however in Canada , private copying for personal use has been expressly permitted by statute since 1999 .


Participants in that revolution , such as Jerry Fodor , reject epiphenomenalism and insist upon the efficacy of the mind .


In 1970 , Keith Campbell proposed his " new epiphenomenalism " , which states that the body produces a spiritual mind that does not act on the body .


In 2001 , David Chalmers and Frank Jackson argued that claims about conscious states should be deduced a priori from claims about physical states alone .


Popular science author Tor Nørretranders has called the delay the " user illusion " , implying that we only have the illusion of conscious control , most actions being controlled automatically by non-conscious parts of the brain with the conscious mind relegated to the role of spectator .


In favor of interactionism , Celia Green ( 2003 ) argues that epiphenomenalism does not even provide a satisfactory solution to the problem of interaction posed by substance dualism .


A number of scientists and philosophers , including William James , Karl Popper , John C. Eccles and Donald Symons , dismiss epiphenomenalism from an evolutionary perspective .


In Spain , every person officially has two surnames , one of which is the father 's first surname and the other is the mother 's first surname .


The state island stood in the Adriatic Sea near Italy .


The goal is " to provide the European Union with the necessary tools to set up member rights democracy " .


The song is usually sung at the triumphal march composed by Félicien Menu de Ménil in 1909 .


After that , UEA uploads the related documents on its website .


In 1907 , René de Saussure proposed the spesmilo ⟨ ₷ ⟩ as an international currency .


Initially , some problems were experienced when it was commanded to track the Sun , but a series of software fixes were made and the problem was corrected .


In addition , Tony England became the second amateur radio operator to transmit from space during the mission .


The constellations Leo and Orion are shown in the positions they were in relative to the Sun during the flight .


The best-known composers from this period are Joseph Haydn , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Ludwig van Beethoven , and Franz Schubert ; other notable names include Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach , Johann Christian Bach , Luigi Boccherini , Domenico Cimarosa , Muzio Clementi , Christoph Willibald Gluck , André Grétry , Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny , Leopold Mozart , Giovanni Paisiello , François-André Danican Philidor , Niccolò Piccinni , Antonio Salieri , Christian Cannabich and the Chevalier de Saint-Georges .


Franz Schubert is also a transitional figure , as were Johann Nepomuk Hummel , Luigi Cherubini , Gaspare Spontini , Gioachino Rossini , Carl Maria von Weber , Jan Ladislav Dussek and Niccolò Paganini .


Renewed interest in the formal balance and restraint of 18th century classical music led in the early 20th century to the development of so-called Neoclassical style , which numbered Stravinsky and Prokofiev among its proponents , at least at certain times in their careers .


In 1912 , his father died suddenly , and his mother moved with their children first to Lausanne , then Vienna in the same year .


He gained a degree in chemistry from the University of Vienna in 1929 , but never worked as a chemist .


He had a short affair with Anna Mahler .


He became closely involved with the painter Marie-Louise von Motesiczky , who was to remain a close companion for many years .


The mechanism was invented by Bob Bemer , the father of ASCII .


Digital Equipment Corporation invented a convention which used 19 ( the device control 3 character ( DC3 ) , also known as control-S , or XOFF ) to " S " top transmission , and 17 ( the device control 1 character ( DC1 ) , a.k.a. control-Q , or XON ) to start transmission .


A member of the Royal Society , in the field of zoology he was the first person to describe the brood parasitism of the cuckoo .


He earned his MD from the University of St Andrews in 1792 .


The effect of electric field on equilibrium has been studied by Manfred Eigen among others .


It was formerly published by Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. , and other publishers ( for previous editions ) .


announced that it was working with mobile phone search company AskMeNow to launch a mobile encyclopaedia .


Roughly a quarter of the contributors are deceased , some as long ago as 1947 ( Alfred North Whitehead ) , while another quarter are retired or emeritus .


An exceptionally prolific contributor is Christine Sutton of the University of Oxford , who contributed 24 articles on particle physics .


Similarly , the Editorial department was headed by Dale Hoiberg and assisted by four others ; they oversaw the work of five senior editors , nine associate editors , and one executive assistant .


The 10th edition was an eleven-volume supplement ( including one each of maps and an index ) to the 9th , numbered as volumes 25 – 35 , but the 11th edition was a completely new work , and is still praised for excellence ; its owner , Horace Hooper , lavished enormous effort on its perfection .


The well-documented presence of " Lactobacillus " species , for example , was easily explained by an increase in the vaginal population being able to seep into the cervical mucous .


Historically , this change was diagnosed as endometrial cancer and it is important only in so far as it should not be misdiagnosed as cancer .


Treatments that can improve endometrial thickness include Vitamin E , L-arginine and sildenafil citrate .


Non-profit software organizations include the Free Software Foundation , GNU Project and the Mozilla Foundation .


Ferruccio Busoni encouraged the composition of microtonal music allowed for by electronic instruments .


Futurists such as Francesco Balilla Pratella and Luigi Russolo began composing music with acoustic noise to evoke the sound of machinery .


From the late 1920 s , the increased practicality of electronic instruments influenced composers such as Joseph Schillinger to adopt them .


that were exploited by advocates of microtonal music such as Charles Ives , Dimitrios Levidis , Olivier Messiaen and Edgard Varèse .


Paul Hindemith and Ernst Toch composed several pieces in 1930 by layering recordings of instruments and vocals at adjusted speeds .


Experiments with graphical sound were continued by Norman McLaren from the late 1930 s .


In the same year Columbia University purchased its first tape recorder - a professional Ampex machine - for the purpose of recording concerts .


The music program was written by Christopher Strachey .


Ikutaro Kakehashi , who founded Ace Tone in 1960 , developed his own version of electronic percussion that had been already popular on the overseas electronic organ .


Gershon Kingsley 's " Popcorn " was the first international electronic dance hit in 1969 .


These developments led to the growth of synth-pop , which after it was adopted by the New Romantic movement , allowed synthesizers to dominate the pop and rock music of the early 80 s .


In the spring of 1860 , he survived two life-threatening lung diseases , pleurisy and tuberculosis .


Norwegian pianist Eva Knardahl recorded the composer 's complete piano music on 13 LPs for BIS Records from 1977 to 1980 .


The recordings were reissued in 2006 on 12 compact discs , also on BIS Records .


Designed by Georg Olden , an initial printing of 120 million stamps was authorized .


The date of 742 - calculated from Einhard 's date of death of January 814 at age 72 - predates the marriage of his parents in 744 .


The month and day of 2 April are based on a calendar from Lorsch Abbey .


In 747 , Easter fell on 2 April , a coincidence that likely would have been remarked upon by chroniclers but was not .


Other cities have been suggested , including Düren , Gauting , Mürlenbach , Quierzy , and Prüm .


After the death of his father , Hunald I allied himself with free Lombardy .


However , the latter had married Liutperga , a daughter of Desiderius , king of Lombardy .


He took Barcelona in a great siege in 797 .


They took Tarragona in 809 and Tortosa in 811 .


He was buried that same day , in Aachen Cathedral , although the cold weather and the nature of his illness made such a hurried burial unnecessary .


" Winners of the prize include Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi , the founder of the pan-European movement , Alcide De Gasperi , and Winston Churchill .


Following an illness , he died in Freiburg in 1938 .


It drew the adverse notice of Gottlob Frege , who criticized its psychologism .


Kant and Descartes were also now influencing his thought .


The next year his other son Gerhart Husserl was wounded in the war but survived .


In November 1917 one of his outstanding students and later a noted philosophy professor in his own right , Adolf Reinach , was killed in the war while serving in Flanders .


The mathematician Hermann Weyl began corresponding with him in 1918 .


In 1782 Georges-Louis Le Sage developed and presented in Berlin probably the world 's first form of electric telegraphy , using 24 different wires , one for each letter of the alphabet .


In 1795 , Francisco Salva Campillo proposed an electrostatic telegraph system .


Francis Ronalds created an electric telegraph system in 1816 and documented his vision of how the world could be transformed by electricity .


The mathematical work of James Clerk Maxwell during the 1850 s had shown the relationship of different forms of electromagnetic radiation including the possibility of invisible airborne waves ( later called " radio waves " ) .


In 1897 , Karl Ferdinand Braun introduced the cathode ray tube as part of an oscilloscope , a crucial enabling technology for electronic television .


John Fleming invented the first radio tube , the diode , in 1904 .


Conversely , the engineer Oliver Heaviside produced major work on the mathematics of transmission on telegraph cables .


The theoretical implications of electromagnetism , particularly the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the " medium " of propagation ( permeability and permittivity ) , led to the development of special relativity by Albert Einstein in 1905 .


While preparing for an evening lecture on 21 April 1820 , Hans Christian Ørsted made a surprising observation .


This unification , which was observed by Michael Faraday , extended by James Clerk Maxwell , and partially reformulated by Oliver Heaviside and Heinrich Hertz , is one of the key accomplishments of 19th - century mathematical physics .


The link between lightning and electricity was not confirmed until Benjamin Franklin 's proposed experiments in 1752 .


A theory of electromagnetism , known as classical electromagnetism , was developed by various physicists during the period between 1820 and 1873 when it culminated in the publication of a treatise by James Clerk Maxwell , which unified the preceding developments into a single theory and discovered the electromagnetic nature of light .


However , " visual impairment " can be a broader term , including , for example , people who have partial sight in one eye , those with uncorrectable mild to moderate poor vision , or even those who wear glasses , groups that would be excluded by the word " blind " or even " partially blind " .


Other science fiction series have similarly used word substitution to avoid censorship , such as " frell " instead of " fuck " in " Farscape " , " gorram " and " rutting " instead of " goddamn " and " fucking " in " Firefly " , and " frag " instead of " fuck " in " Babylon 5 " .


In 1918 , Kirstine Smith published optimal designs for polynomials of degree six ( and less ) .


The use of a sequence of experiments , where the design of each may depend on the results of previous experiments , including the possible decision to stop experimenting , is within the scope of sequential analysis , a field that was pioneered by Abraham Wald in the context of sequential tests of statistical hypotheses .


Herman Chernoff wrote an overview of optimal sequential designs , One specific type of sequential design is the " two-armed bandit " , generalized to the multi-armed bandit , on which early work was done by Herbert Robbins in 1952 .


This example of design experiments is attributed to Harold Hotelling , building on examples from Frank Yates .


About the same time , C. R. Rao introduced the concepts of orthogonal arrays as experimental designs .


At the highest peak of Sněžka ( ) , the average temperature is , whereas in the lowlands of the South Moravian Region , the average temperature is as high as .


During October , temperatures usually fall below or and deciduous trees begin to shed their leaves .


The armed forces are managed by the Ministry of Defence .


The country has been a member of NATO since 12 March 1999 .


The country has been a member of the Schengen Area since 1 May 2004 , having abolished border controls , completely opening its borders with all of its neighbors on 21 December 2007 .


Česká zbrojovka is among the ten largest firearms producers in the world and five who produce automatic weapons .


He was succeeded by his close ally , Edvard Beneš ( 1884 – 1948 ) .


The state was based on strong economy , manufacturing cars ( Škoda , Tatra ) , trams , aircraft ( Aero , Avia ) , ships , ship engines ( Škoda ) , canons , shoes ( Baťa ) , turbines , guns ( Zbrojovka Brno ) .


Danish scientist Peter Naur suggested the term " datalogy " , to reflect the fact that the scientific discipline revolves around data and data treatment , while not necessarily involving computers .


David Parnas , taking a cue from the relationship between other engineering and science disciplines , has claimed that the principal focus of computer science is studying the properties of computation in general , while the principal focus of software engineering is the design of specific computations to achieve practical goals , making the two separate but complementary disciplines .


Peter Wegner argued that those paradigms are science , technology , and mathematics .


Peter Denning 's working group argued that they are theory , abstraction ( modeling ) , and design .


This was developed by Claude Shannon to find fundamental limits on signal processing operations such as compressing data and on reliably storing and communicating data .


The university was in its infancy , established on the ideals of its founder Thomas Jefferson .


He first served at Fort Independence in Boston Harbor for five " dollars a month .


Speculation has included " delirium tremens " , heart disease , epilepsy , syphilis , meningeal inflammation , cholera , and rabies .


Capitalizing on public interest in the topic , he wrote " The Gold-Bug " incorporating ciphers as an essential part of the story .


The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time transformed industry and society , becoming a driving force for the Second Industrial Revolution .


These phenomena were investigated in the late eighteenth century by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb , who deduced that charge manifests itself in two opposing forms .


That water could be decomposed by the current from a voltaic pile was discovered by Nicholson and Carlisle in 1800 , a process now known as electrolysis .


Their work was greatly expanded upon by Michael Faraday in 1833 .


Current through a resistance causes localised heating , an effect James Prescott Joule studied mathematically in 1840 .


The phenomenon was further investigated by Ampère , who discovered that two parallel current-carrying wires exerted a force upon each other : two wires conducting currents in the same direction are attracted to each other , while wires containing currents in opposite directions are forced apart .


If the current is sufficiently high , it will cause muscle contraction , fibrillation of the heart , and tissue burns .


Certain crystals , such as quartz , or even sugar , generate a potential difference across their faces when subjected to external pressure .


These results were known to Mary Shelley when she authored " Frankenstein " ( 1819 ) , although she does not name the method of revitalization of the monster .


The people who " keep " it flowing , such as the nameless hero of Jimmy Webb ’s song " Wichita Lineman " ( 1968 ) , are still often cast as heroic , wizard-like figures .


Discoveries of fossils and archaeological ruins older than 10,000 years are generally ascribed to this " world that then was , " which may also be associated with Lucifer 's rebellion .


Some scientists , such as Stephen Jay Gould , consider science and religion to be two compatible and complementary fields , with authorities in distinct areas of human experience , so-called non-overlapping magisteria .


Other scientists , such as Richard Dawkins , reject the non-overlapping magisteria and argue that , in disproving literal interpretations of creationists , the scientific method also undermines religious texts as a source of truth .


According to Aristotle , he died at the age of sixty ( ) , even though other writers have him living up to the age of one hundred and nine .


Lucretius speaks of him with enthusiasm , and evidently viewed him as his model .


The southerner General Félix Malloum emerged early as the chairman of the new " junta " .


Dmitry Pisarev was a similarly radical influence within the movement , though he did not personally advocate political revolution .


Similar temperature rises were also reported in Niger , which began to enter a famine situation .


On 26 July the heat reached near-record levels over Chad and Niger .


This is a list of the extreme points of Chad , the points that are farther north , south , east or west than any other location .


The people of Chad speak more than 100 different languages and divide themselves into many ethnic groups .


Chad is one of the most corrupt countries in the world .


Financial aid from the World Bank , the African Development Bank , and other sources is directed largely at the improvement of agriculture , especially livestock production .


Transport infrastructure within Chad is generally poor , especially in the north and east of the country .


during the wet season , especially in the southern half of the country .


There is also a route across Sudan , to the Red Sea , but very little trade goes this way .


Relations with neighbouring Libya , and Sudan vary periodically .


Libya supplies aid and has an ambassador resident in N'Djamena .


These spherical particles precipitate in highly siliceous pools in Australia and elsewhere , and form these highly ordered arrays after years of sedimentation and compression under hydrostatic and gravitational forces .


They are not , however , party to the European Union Customs Union .


" Cooking " or " cookery " is the art , science and craft of using heat to prepare food for consumption .


Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely across the world , from grilling food over an open fire to using electric stoves , to baking in various types of ovens , reflecting unique environmental , economic , and cultural traditions and trends .


If sugars are heated so that all water of crystallisation is driven off , then caramelization starts , with the sugar undergoing thermal decomposition with the formation of carbon , and other breakdown products producing caramel .


The formation of a relatively rigid but flexible matrix from egg white provides an important component in baking cakes , and also underpins many desserts based on meringue .


These can be added in order to immerse the substances being cooked ( this is typically done with water , stock or wine ) .


Vitamins come from several sources including fresh fruit and vegetables ( Vitamin C ) , carrots , liver ( Vitamin A ) , cereal bran , bread , liver ( B vitamins ) , fish liver oil ( Vitamin D ) and fresh green vegetables ( Vitamin K ) .


The bioavailability of some vitamins such as thiamin , vitamin B6 , niacin , folate , and carotenoids are increased with cooking by being freed from the food microstructure .


Sulforaphane , a glucosinolate breakdown product , which may be found in vegetables such as broccoli , has been shown to be protective against prostate cancer , however , much of it is destroyed when the vegetable is boiled .


In a human epidemiological analysis by Richard Doll and Richard Peto in 1981 , diet was estimated to cause a large percentage of cancers .


Researchers at the National Cancer Institute found that human subjects who ate beef rare or medium-rare had less than one third the risk of stomach cancer than those who ate beef medium-well or well-done .


Home-cooked meals tend to be healthier with fewer calories , and less saturated fat , cholesterol and sodium on a per calorie basis while providing more fiber , calcium , and iron. The ingredients are also directly sourced , so there is control over authenticity , taste , and nutritional value .


The superior nutritional quality of home-cooking could therefore play a role in preventing chronic disease .


" Home-cooking " may be associated with comfort food , and some commercially produced foods and restaurant meals are presented through advertising or packaging as having been " home-cooked , " regardless of their actual origin .


Tablanet ( tablić ) is fishing-style game popular in Balkans .


The boundary runs between England , Ireland , Netherlands , Germany , Austria ( mostly ) , Slovakia , Finland , Ukraine and Russia ( clockwise ) and France , Switzerland , Spain , Italy , Slovenia , Balkans , Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria , Greece and Turkey ( anticlockwise ) .


Hobbycraft , a chain of stores selling craft supplies , also enjoyed an 11 % increase in sales over the year to February 22 , 2009 .


The voting age is 18 in all member states except for Malta and Austria , where it is 16 , and Greece , where it is 17 .


and has its administrative offices in Luxembourg City .


After that first election , the parliament held its first session on 11 July 1979 , electing Simone Veil MEP as its president .


In addition six 2-day part-sessions are organised in Brussels throughout the year .


Other founding fathers include Alcide de Gasperi MEP and Robert Schuman MEP .


In the Netherlands and Belgium , euthanasia is understood as " termination of life by a doctor at the request of a patient " .


Other voices argued for euthanasia , such as John Donne in 1624 , and euthanasia continued to be practised .


In the mid-1800 s , the use of morphine to treat " the pains of death " emerged , with John Warren recommending its use in 1848 .


Ralph H. Baer , while working at Sanders Associates in 1966 , came up with the idea of using a control system to play a rudimentary game of table tennis on a television screen .


running at Stanford University , came up with the idea of creating a similar version running in a smaller cabinet using a less expensive computer with a coin-operated feature .


Narrativists approach video games in the context of what Janet Murray calls " Cyberdrama " .


Other health experts , including the American Psychiatric Association , have stated that there is insufficient evidence that video games can can create violent tendiencies or lead to addictive behavior , though agree that video games typically use a compulsion loop in their core design that can create dopamine that can help reinforce the desire to continue to play through that compulsion loop and potentially lead into violent or addictive behavior .


The presence of the minerals may have been the result of a collision with an asteroid or comet according to the scientists .


Pluralism was also championed by philosophers such as John Locke , Giordano Bruno and astronomers such as William Herschel .


Other luminaries of the period who championed " cosmic pluralism " included Immanuel Kant and Benjamin Franklin .


Theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in 2010 warned that humans should not try to contact alien life forms .


Jared Diamond had earlier expressed similar concerns .


On 17 April 2014 , the discovery of the Earth-size exoplanet Kepler-186 f , 500 light-years from Earth , was publicly announced ; it is the first Earth-size planet to be discovered in the habitable zone and it has been hypothesized that there may be liquid water on its surface .


He grew up in the company of such family friends as the philosophers William James and Josiah Royce .


The first concrete reinforced bridge was designed and built by Joseph Monier in 1875 .


Exposure to cement dust can lead to issues such as silicosis , kidney disease , skin irritation and similar effects .


In addition , the city was given control of the western shore of the river from Wallabout Bay south .


An advisory council recommended in 1856 that the strait be cleared of all obstacles , but nothing was done , and the Civil War soon broke out .


There were only 321 survivors of the disaster , one of the worst losses of life in the city 's long history , and a devastating blow to the Little Germany neighborhood on the Lower East Side .


The plant has since been owned by KeySpan .


Menhaden feed on phytoplankton , helping to keep them in check , and are also a vital step in the food chain , as bluefish , striped bass and other fish species which do not eat phytoplankton feed on the menhaden .


While not perfect , the condom is effective at reducing the transmission of organisms that cause AIDS , genital herpes , cervical cancer , genital warts , syphilis , chlamydia , gonorrhea , and other diseases .


Some commercial sex workers from Nigeria reported clients sabotaging condoms in retaliation for being coerced into condom use .


Latex condoms are damaged when used with oil-based substances as lubricants , such as petroleum jelly , cooking oil , baby oil , mineral oil , skin lotions , suntan lotions , cold creams , butter or margarine .


, nine condom manufacturers have stopped manufacturing condoms with nonoxynol-9 and Planned Parenthood has discontinued the distribution of condoms so lubricated .


In addition to linen , condoms during the Renaissance were made out of intestines and bladder .


Experts , such as AVERT , recommend condoms be disposed of in a garbage receptacle , as flushing them down the toilet ( which some people do ) may cause plumbing blockages and other problems .


In March 2013 , technology mogul Bill Gates offered a US $ 100,000 grant through his foundation for a condom design that " significantly preserves or enhances pleasure " to encourage more males to adopt the use of condoms for safer sex .


Søren Kierkegaard is generally considered to have been the first existentialist philosopher , though he did not use the term existentialism .


According to philosopher Steven Crowell , defining existentialism has been relatively difficult , and he argues that it is better understood as a general approach used to reject certain systematic philosophies rather than as a systematic philosophy itself .


The rejection of reason as the source of meaning is a common theme of existentialist thought , as is the focus on the anxiety and dread that we feel in the face of our own radical freedom and our awareness of death .


A primary cause of confusion is that Friedrich Nietzsche was an important philosopher in both fields .


In 1938 , he moved permanently to Jerusalem .


His best-known philosophical work was the short book " I and Thou " , published in 1922 .


Between 1900 and 1960 , other authors such as Albert Camus , Franz Kafka , Rainer Maria Rilke , T. S. Eliot , Hermann Hesse , Luigi Pirandello , Ralph Ellison , and Jack Kerouac , composed literature or poetry that contained , to varying degrees , elements of existential or proto-existential thought .


A later figure was Viktor Frankl , who briefly met Freud as a young man .


The existentialists would also influence social psychology , antipositivist micro-sociology , symbolic interactionism , and post-structuralism , with the work of thinkers such as Georg Simmel and Michel Foucault .


The course of the sun and the moon are the most salient natural , regularly recurring events useful for timekeeping , thus in pre-modern societies worldwide lunation and the year were most commonly used as time units .


This created a dissociation of the calendar month from the lunation .


Solar calendars assign a " date " to each solar day .


A day may consist of the period between sunrise and sunset , with a following period of night , or it may be a period between successive events such as two sunsets .


The length of the interval between two such successive events may be allowed to vary slightly during the year , or it may be averaged into a mean solar day .


Because the length of the lunar month is not an even fraction of the length of the tropical year , a purely lunar calendar quickly drifts against the seasons , which do not vary much near the equator .


The most important use of pre-modern calendars is keeping track of the liturgical year and the observation of religious feast days .


Clouds and drifting smoke resulted in a secondary target , Nagasaki , being bombed instead .


The last survivor of its crew , Theodore Van Kirk , died on 28 July 2014 at the age of 93 .


Physical cosmology , as it is now understood , began with the development in 1915 of Albert Einstein 's general theory of relativity , followed by major observational discoveries in the 1920 s : first , Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe contains a huge number of external galaxies beyond the Milky Way ; then , work by Vesto Slipher and others showed that the universe is expanding .


Due to the difficulty of using these methods , they did not realize that the nebulae were actually galaxies outside our own Milky Way , nor did they speculate about the cosmological implications .


The other explanation was Fred Hoyle 's steady state model in which new matter is created as the galaxies move away from each other .


Three required conditions for baryogenesis were derived by Andrei Sakharov in 1967 , and requires a violation of the particle physics symmetry , called CP-symmetry , between matter and antimatter .


He believed that this new force was a form of electricity in addition to the " " natural " " form produced by lightning or by the electric eel and torpedo ray as well as the " " artificial " " form produced by friction ( i.e. , static electricity ) .


By the 1810 s , William Hyde Wollaston made improvements to the galvanic cell .


Sir Humphry Davy 's work with electrolysis led to the conclusion that the production of electricity in simple electrolytic cells resulted from chemical action and that chemical combination occurred between substances of opposite charge .


In 1886 , Paul Héroult and Charles M. Hall developed an efficient method ( the Hall–Héroult process ) to obtain aluminium using electrolysis of molten alumina .


In 1894 , Friedrich Ostwald concluded important studies of the conductivity and electrolytic dissociation of organic acids .


In 1898 , Fritz Haber showed that definite reduction products can result from electrolytic processes if the potential at the cathode is kept constant .


In 1909 , Robert Andrews Millikan began a series of experiments ( see oil drop experiment ) to determine the electric charge carried by a single electron .


In 1923 , Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Martin Lowry published essentially the same theory about how acids and bases behave , using an electrochemical basis .


In 1937 , Arne Tiselius developed the first sophisticated electrophoretic apparatus .


By the 1960 s–1970 s quantum electrochemistry was developed by Revaz Dogonadze and his pupils .


Quantitative aspects of electrolysis were originally developed by Michael Faraday in 1834 .


Specialized cells in certain animals like the electric eel can generate electric currents powerful enough to disable much larger animals .


Around 1930 , Edwin Hubble discovered that light from remote galaxies was redshifted ; the more remote , the more shifted .


The modern explanation for the metric expansion of space was proposed by physicist Alan Guth in 1979 , while investigating the problem of why no magnetic monopoles are seen today .


Inflation was first proposed by Alan Guth in 1979 while investigating the problem of why no magnetic monopoles are seen today ; he found that a positive-energy false vacuum would , according to general relativity , generate an exponential expansion of space .


Later , Willem de Sitter found a highly symmetric inflating universe , which described a universe with a cosmological constant that is otherwise empty .


In the late 1970 s , Sidney Coleman applied the instanton techniques developed by Alexander Polyakov and collaborators to study the fate of the false vacuum in quantum field theory .


In 1980 Alan Guth realized that false vacuum decay in the early universe would solve the problem , leading him to propose a scalar-driven inflation .


Don Page was an outspoken critic of inflation because of this anomaly .


Another adjunct , the varying speed of light model was offered by Jean-Pierre Petit in 1988 , John Moffat in 1992 , and the two-man team of Andreas Albrecht and João Magueijo in 1998 .


Paul Steinhardt , one of the founding fathers of inflationary cosmology , has recently become one of its sharpest critics .


Counter-arguments were presented by Alan Guth , David Kaiser , and Yasunori Nomura and by Andrei Linde , saying that " cosmic inflation is on a stronger footing than ever before " .


Although the candela is now defined in terms of the second ( an SI base unit ) and the watt ( a derived SI unit ) , the candela remains a base unit of the SI system , by definition .


The Bell Telephone Laboratories was one of the first institutes to conduct a research program in condensed matter physics .


By 1908 , James Dewar and Heike Kamerlingh Onnes were successfully able to liquefy hydrogen and then newly discovered helium , respectively .


Finally in 1964 – 65 , Walter Kohn , Pierre Hohenberg and Lu Jeu Sham proposed the density functional theory which gave realistic descriptions for bulk and surface properties of metals .


512,150 – Settlement ; ) is the capital of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas .


The University of Edinburgh , founded in 1582 and now one of three in the city , is placed 20th in the QS World University Rankings for 2020 .


Although this arrangement is common in Southern Europe , it is rare in Northern Europe .


Such luminaries as David Hume and Adam Smith shone during this period .


1365 ) , and James III ( 1451 – 88 ) referred to it in the 15th century as " the principal burgh of our kingdom " .


Many areas , such as Dalry , contain residences that are multi-occupancy buildings known as tenements , although the more southern and western parts of the city have traditionally been less built-up with a greater number of detached and semi-detached villas .


The plan was a rigid , ordered grid , which fitted in well with Enlightenment ideas of rationality .


Other major employers include NHS Scotland and local government administration .


To the west of the city centre lies Haymarket Station which is an important commuter stop .


These have now been amalgamated to form Edinburgh College .


The Edinburgh Marathon has been held annually in the city since 2003 with more than 16,000 runners taking part on each occasion .


Famous artists from the city include the portrait painters Sir Henry Raeburn , Sir David Wilkie and Allan Ramsay .


The term " civilization " later gave way to definitions given by V. Gordon Childe , with culture forming an umbrella term and civilization becoming a particular kind of culture .


The rise of cultural anthropology took place within the context of the late 19th century , when questions regarding which cultures were " primitive " and which were " civilized " occupied the minds of not only Marx and Freud , but many others .


Some , like Grafton Elliot Smith , argued that different groups must have learned from one another somehow , however indirectly ; in other words , they argued that cultural traits spread from one place to another , or " diffused " .


Some 20th - century ethnologists , like Julian Steward , have instead argued that such similarities reflected similar adaptations to similar environments .


Influenced by psychoanalytic psychologists including Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung , these authors sought to understand the way that individual personalities were shaped by the wider cultural and social forces in which they grew up .


Some anthropologists , such as Lloyd Fallers and Clifford Geertz , focused on processes of modernization by which newly independent states could develop .


Others , such as Julian Steward and Leslie White , focused on how societies evolve and fit their ecological niche - an approach popularized by Marvin Harris .


Gender and sexuality became popular topics , as did the relationship between history and anthropology , influenced by Marshall Sahlins , who drew on Lévi-Strauss and Fernand Braudel to examine the relationship between symbolic meaning , sociocultural structure , and individual agency in the processes of historical transformation .


In the late 1980 s and 1990 s authors such as James Clifford pondered ethnographic authority , in particular how and why anthropological knowledge was possible and authoritative .


The shift can be traced back to the 1960 s , with the reassessment of kinship 's basic principles offered by Edmund Leach , Rodney Neeham , David Schneider , and others .


The roentgen is not an SI unit and the NIST strongly discourages its continued use .


Encyclopædia Britannica " considers him to be the greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday ( 1791 – 1867 ) .


Under his leadership the neutron was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932 and in the same year the first experiment to split the nucleus in a fully controlled manner was performed by students working under his direction , John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton .


He found that a sample of this radioactive material of any size invariably took the same amount of time for half the sample to decay – its " half-life " ( 11 ½ minutes in this case ) .


In conjunction with Hans Geiger , he developed zinc sulfide scintillation screens and ionisation chambers to count alphas .


Beginning in 2017 , many scientific institutions corrected their versions of this history to indicate that the discovery credit for the reaction belongs to Patrick Blackett .


Bryce DeWitt popularized the formulation and named it " many-worlds " in the 1960 s and 1970 s .


According to Martin Gardner , the " other " worlds of MWI have two different interpretations : real or unreal ; he claimed that Stephen Hawking and Steven Weinberg both favour the unreal interpretation .


Some historic capitals , such as Kyoto , maintain their reflection of cultural identity even without modern capital status .


Religious holy sites offer another example of capital status within a religion , Jerusalem , Mecca , and Varanasi each hold significance .


The cities of Faiyum , Damascus , and Argos are among those laying claim to the longest continual inhabitation .


Dutch cities such as Amsterdam and Haarlem are structured as a central square surrounded by concentric canals marking every expansion .


In cities such as Moscow , this pattern is still clearly visible .


A new smart city paradigm , supported by institutions such as the RAND Corporation and IBM , is bringing computerized surveillance , data analysis , and governance to bear on cities and city-dwellers .


Some cities , such as Jerusalem , Mecca , and Rome have indelible religious status and for hundreds of years have attracted pilgrims .


During World War II , national governments on occasion declared certain cities open , effectively surrendering them to an advancing enemy in order to avoid damage and bloodshed .


Modern authors such as Charles Dickens and James Joyce are famous for evocative descriptions of their home cities .


The physicist Richard Feynman called the equation " our jewel " and " the most remarkable formula in mathematics " .


Unlike the more pungent , robust herbs such as thyme and rosemary , which can take prolonged cooking , the are added at the last minute , to salads , omelettes , and soups .


It was claimed to be useful as a digestive aid , for lowering high blood pressure , and , infused with vinegar , for curing hiccups .


It is usually grown as a cool-season crop , like lettuce , and should be planted in early spring and late fall or in a winter greenhouse .


Chives are a commonly used herb and can be found in grocery stores or grown in home gardens .


One example was found in northern Maine growing solitary , instead of in clumps , also exhibiting dingy grey flowers .


The orchid , upswept hair , black cat , and bouquet of flowers were all recognized symbols of sexuality at the time .


In 1874 , she became his sister-in-law when she married his brother , Eugène .


Eva Gonzalès , a daughter of the novelist Emmanuel Gonzalès , was his only formal student .


In 1879 he began receiving hydrotherapy treatments at a spa near Meudon intended to improve what he believed was a circulatory problem , but in reality he was suffering from locomotor ataxia , a known side-effect of syphilis .


In April 1883 , his left foot was amputated because of gangrene , due to complications from syphilis and rheumatism .


He is buried in the Passy Cemetery in the city .


This was expanded into a television spin off , " The Day Today " , which launched the career of Steve Coogan , and has since been hailed as one of the most important satirical shows of the 1990 s .


He has two younger brothers , including theatre director Tom Morris .


He went to study zoology at the University of Bristol , where he gained a 2:1 .


The ultimate development of the grammar school was by Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell who developed the monitorial system .


His ideas were rarely implemented directly , but were influential on later thinkers , particularly Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel , the inventor of the kindergarten .


In other countries , such as the Soviet Union , France , Spain , and Germany this approach has dramatically improved reading and math test scores for linguistic minorities .


Starting in the early 1980 s , a series of analyses by Eric Hanushek indicated that the amount spent on schools bore little relationship to student learning .


Economists such as Nobel laureate Milton Friedman advocate school choice to promote excellence in education through competition and choice .


For instance , New Zealand 's landmark reform in 1989 , during which schools were granted substantial autonomy , funding was devolved to schools , and parents were given a free choice of which school their children would attend , led to moderate improvements in most schools .


In Iran , increased primary education was correlated with increased farming efficiencies and income .


Cassandra B. Whyte researched the future of computer use on higher education campuses focusing on student affairs .


The city maintains its own public library , which opened on January 20 , 1910 , using funds donated by Andrew Carnegie .


This area drains to the east and the southeast , ultimately either via the Mississippi River or the Rio Grande into the Gulf of Mexico .


The lowest official air temperature was on February 1 , 1985 , at Maybell .


On August 22 , 2011 , a 5.3 magnitude earthquake occurred west-southwest of the city of Trinidad .


On April 12 , 1861 , South Carolina artillery opened fire on Fort Sumter to start the American Civil War .


On land , large and diverse plant populations existed .


" Sphenophyllum " was a slender climbing plant with whorls of leaves , which was probably related both to the calamites and the lycopods .


They made " seasonal rounds , " moving around the countryside to collect and preserve local foods , including acorns , the bulbs of the wapato and camas plants , and berries .


" Intermittent fever " is thought by researchers now to be malaria .


In 1873 , community member J.H.D. Henderson donated the hilltop land for the campus , overlooking the city .


In January 1991 , a downtown student-led protest against the Gulf War drew 1,500 people and resulted in the arrest of 51 , including 15 juveniles .


The first protest march was held on October 15 , 2011 and the main encampment , located in Washington Jefferson Park lasted until December 2011 .


In 2015 , semiconductor manufacturer Broadcom purchased the plant with plans to upgrade and reopen it .


The city bid for the 2019 event but lost narrowly to Doha , Qatar .


Natural gas service is provided by NW Natural .


Later in life she also developed lung problems , possibly tuberculosis .


Brightwen Binyon beat 44 other designs .


However , Nikolaus Pevsner was not impressed by its style .


She once described herself as being inclined to reject several women 's rights principles , suggesting in letters to Mary Russell Mitford and her husband that she believed that there was an inferiority of intellect in women .


The sovereign state is an archipelago consisting of three major islands and numerous smaller islands , all in the volcanic Comoro Islands .


These people arrived no later than the eighth century AD , the date of the earliest known archaeological site , found on Mayotte , although settlement beginning as early as the first century has been postulated .


Following elections in late 2010 , former Vice-President Ikililou Dhoinine was inaugurated as president on 26 May 2011 .


Many women apply a paste of ground sandalwood and coral called " msinzano " to their faces .


The " critical philosophy " ( ) movement , attributed to Immanuel Kant ( 1724 – 1802 ) , sees the primary task of philosophy as criticism rather than justification of knowledge .


These three deities together were the embodiment of all the fixed stars in the night sky .


Then , Utu , the god of the Sun , emerges .


Early conceptions of ecology , such as a balance and regulation in nature can be traced to Herodotus ( died " c " .


They explicitly reject Gene Likens ' use of entire river catchments as " too wide a demarcation " to be a single ecosystem , given the level of heterogeneity within such an area .


converges if and only if ( or approximately between 0.0660 and 1.4447 ) , due to a theorem of Leonhard Euler .


The ill-fated anti-foreign Boxer Rebellion of 1899 – 1901 further weakened the dynasty .


Deng Xiaoping took power in 1978 , and instituted significant economic reforms .


Cold coniferous forests predominate in the north of the country , supporting animal species such as moose and Asian black bear , along with over 120 bird species .


The formula was discovered independently by Leonhard Euler and Colin Maclaurin around 1735 .


However , the original steam engines , such as those by Thomas Savery , were not mechanical engines but pumps .


In a poem by Ausonius in the 4th century AD , he mentions a stone-cutting saw powered by water .


They were theoretically advanced by Carnot in 1824 .


In 1853 – 57 Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci invented and patented an engine using the free-piston principle that was possibly the first 4-cycle engine .


The first commercially successful automobile , created by Karl Benz , added to the interest in light and powerful engines .


This arrangement is distinct from a monetary union ( e.g. , the Latin Monetary Union ) , which does not usually involve a common market .


The Central Valley , a major agricultural area , dominates the state 's center .


During this tumultuous political period Juan Bautista Alvarado was able to secure the governorship during 1836 – 1842 .


Subsequent locations included Vallejo ( 1852 – 1853 ) , and nearby Benicia ( 1853 – 1854 ) ; these locations eventually proved to be inadequate as well .


Many of the trees in the California White Mountains are the oldest in the world ; an individual bristlecone pine is over 5,000 years old .


In the south is a large inland salt lake , the Salton Sea .


The cool California Current offshore often creates summer fog near the coast .


Death Valley , a desert with large expanses below sea level , is considered the hottest location in the world ; the highest temperature in the world , , was recorded there on July 10 , 1913 .


Flowering plants include the dwarf desert poppy and a variety of asters .


In addition , amphibians such as the water puppy and redwood salamander are common too .


Birds such as the kingfisher , chickadee , towhee , and hummingbird thrive here as well .


The fauna found throughout several zones are the mule deer , coyote , mountain lion , northern flicker , and several species of hawk and sparrow .


The 1932 and 1984 summer games were held in Los Angeles .


, the gross state product ( GSP ) was $ 3.2 trillion ( $ 80,600 per capita ) , the largest in the United States .


Its two sections meet at Yerba Buena Island through the world 's largest diameter transportation bore tunnel , at wide by high .


Brigadier General Robert F. Travis , command pilot of the bomber , was among the dead .


The state 's trend towards the Democratic Party and away from the Republican Party can be seen in state elections .


The word " energy " derives from the , which possibly appears for the first time in the work of Aristotle in the 4th century BC .


In 1807 , Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term " energy " instead of " vis viva " , in its modern sense .


In 1845 James Prescott Joule discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat .


The formula " E " " = " " mc " ² , derived by Albert Einstein ( 1905 ) quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity .


The use of the letter to denote expected value goes back to W. A. Whitworth in 1901 .


Invented by Humphry Davy around 1805 , the carbon arc was the first practical electric light .


These fish - especially the salmon species - provided the core subsistence for native peoples .


In the 1880 s , railroads maintained by companies such as the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company began to supplement steamboat operations as the major transportation links along the river .


In comparison , the Mississippi drops less than .


Sockeye salmon , Coho and Chinook ( also known as " king " ) salmon , and steelhead , all of the genus " Oncorhynchus " , are ocean fish that migrate up the rivers at the end of their life cycles to spawn .


White sturgeon , which take 15 to 25 " years to mature , typically migrate between the ocean and the upstream habitat several times during their lives .


The genus " Dendrosicyos " , with the only species being the cucumber tree , is adapted to the arid semidesert island of Socotra .


The leaf loss coincides with the dry season in tropical , subtropical and arid regions .


Many of his ancestors fought in the American Revolution .


Journalist and publisher C. Allen Thorndike Rice was also his third cousin .


" Lost on Venus " , a later novel , presents a similar utopia where forced sterilization is practiced and the " unfit " killed .


In the same year he undertook the restoration of the Château de Vincennes , long occupied by the military , along with its chapel , similar to Sainte-Chapelle .


In November 1853 , he provided the costs and plans for the medieval ramparts of Carcassonne , which he had first begun planning in 1849 .


The only reconstruction on which he was consulted was that of the Hotel de Ville .


He passed by Lausanne , where he was asked to prepare a plan for the restoration of the cathedral , which he did .


The restoration of ramparts of Carcassonne was also criticized in the 20th century .


There is speculation that this philosophy was heavily influenced by the writings of John Ruskin , who championed honesty of materials as one of the seven main emphases of architecture .


" Endocarditis " is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart , the endocardium .


Endocarditis is characterized by lesions , known as " vegetations " , which is a mass of platelets , fibrin , microcolonies of microorganisms , and scant inflammatory cells .


In the subacute form of infective endocarditis , the vegetation may also include a center of granulomatous tissue , which may fibrose or calcify .


The term " solid-state electronics " emerged after the first working transistor was invented by William Shockley , Walter Houser Brattain and John Bardeen at Bell Labs in 1947 .


The entorhinal cortex is the first area of the brain to be affected in Alzheimer 's disease ; a recent functional magnetic resonance imaging study has localised the area to the lateral entorhinal cortex .


By then , Herbert Spencer had developed the concept theory that organisms strive to evolve due to an internal " driving force " ( orthogenesis ) in 1862 .


In 1928 , David Hilbert and Wilhelm Ackermann posed the question in the form outlined above .


" In 1929 , Moses Schönfinkel published one paper on special cases of the decision problem , that was prepared by Paul Bernays .


He relied heavily on earlier work by Stephen Kleene .


Capitalism in its modern form can be traced to the emergence of agrarian capitalism and mercantilism in the early Renaissance , in city-states like Florence .


This centralization was strengthened by a good system of roads and by a disproportionately large capital city , London .


although Karl Polanyi argued that the hallmark of capitalism is the establishment of generalized markets for what he called the " fictitious commodities " , i.e. land , labor and money .


In the words of Francis Bacon , the purpose of mercantilism was " the opening and well-balancing of trade ; the cherishing of manufacturers ; the banishing of idleness ; the repressing of waste and excess by sumptuary laws ; the improvement and husbanding of the soil ; the regulation of prices ... " .


In the mid-18 th century a group of economic theorists , led by David Hume ( 1711 – 1776 ) and Adam Smith ( 1723 – 1790 ) , challenged fundamental mercantilist doctrines - such as the belief that the world 's wealth remained constant and that a state could only increase its wealth at the expense of another state .


Similarly , Suharto 's authoritarian reign and extirpation of the Communist Party of Indonesia allowed for the expansion of capitalism in Indonesia .


Although it is normal to regard the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied as functions of the price of the goods , the standard graphical representation , usually attributed to Alfred Marshall , has price on the vertical axis and quantity on the horizontal axis , the opposite of the standard convention for the representation of a mathematical function .


In his book " The Road to Serfdom " ( 1944 ) , Friedrich Hayek ( 1899 – 1992 ) asserted that the free market understanding of economic freedom as present in capitalism is a requisite of political freedom .


Various writers identify Antonio Gramsci as an influential early theorist of advanced capitalism , even if he did not use the term himself .


The economist Ludwig von Mises argued that the designation of state capitalism was simply a new label for the old labels of state socialism and planned economy and differed only in non-essentials from these earlier designations .


In Karl Marx ' economic theory , capital accumulation refers to the operation whereby profits are reinvested increasing the total quantity of capital .


This rate can be expressed by means of various ratios between the original capital outlay , the realised turnover , surplus-value or profit and reinvestments ( e.g. the writings of the economist Michał Kalecki ) .


War destruction can be illustrated by looking at World War II .


In the Berlin area alone , there were 8 million refugees lacking basic necessities .


The first big strike-wave in the Ruhr occurred in early 1947 - it was about food rations and housing , but soon there were demands for nationalisation .


Marxian economist Richard D. Wolff postulates that : capitalist economies prioritize profits and capital accumulation over the social needs of communities ; and that capitalist enterprises rarely include the workers in the basic decisions of the enterprise .


Tom Brass argued that unfree labor is acceptable to capital .


According to Immanuel Wallerstein , institutional racism has been " one of the most significant pillars " of the capitalist system and serves as " the ideological justification for the hierarchization of the work-force and its highly unequal distributions of reward " .


The term " capitalism " in its modern sense is often attributed to Karl Marx .


Slavery apologists like George Fitzhugh contended that workers only accepted wage labor with the passage of time as they became " familiarised and inattentive to the infected social atmosphere they continually inhale " .


These symbioses affect organisms with global impact , including " symbiodinium " of corals , or " Wolbachia " of insects .


The pea aphid ( " Acyrthosiphon pisum " ) is known to contain at least three secondary endosymbionts , " Hamiltonella defensa " , " Regiella insecticola " , and " Serratia symbiotica " .


" Spiroplasma sp. " can be reproductive manipulators , but also defensive symbionts of " Drosophila " flies .


" Sodalis glossinidius " is a secondary endosymbiont of tsetse flies that lives inter - and intracellularly in various host tissues , including the midgut and hemolymph .


Phylogenetic studies have not indicated a correlation between evolution of " Sodalis " and tsetse .


The sea slug " Elysia chlorotica " lives in endosymbiotic relationship with the algae " Vaucheria litorea " , and the jellyfish " Mastigias " have a similar relationship with an algae .


Of all the plants , " Azolla " has the most intimate relationship with a symbiont , as its cyanobacterium symbiont " Anabaena " is passed on directly from one generation to the next .


To be a cardiologist in the United States , a three-year residency in internal medicine is followed by a three-year fellowship in cardiology .


The cardiac electrophysiology study ( EPS ) typically measures the response of the injured or cardiomyopathic myocardium to PES on specific pharmacological regimens in order to assess the likelihood that the regimen will successfully prevent potentially fatal sustained ventricular tachycardia ( VT ) or ventricular fibrillation ( VF ) in the future .


Additionally , interventional cardiology procedure of primary angioplasty is now the gold standard of care for an acute Myocardial infarction .


This procedure can also be done proactively , when areas of the vascular system become occluded from Atherosclerosis .


There are two types of pulmonary atresia , classified by whether or not the baby also has a ventricular septal defect .


There are two different types of transposition of the great arteries , Dextro-transposition of the great arteries and Levo-transposition of the great arteries , depending on where the chambers and vessels connect .


The temporary procedure is to create an atrial septal defect ( ASD ) .


To become a pediatric cardiologist in the United States , one must complete a three-year residency in pediatrics , followed by a three-year fellowship in pediatric cardiology .


Dysfunction of the electrical system manifests in many ways and may include Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome , ventricular fibrillation , and heart block .


These relatively narrow vessels are commonly affected by atherosclerosis and can become blocked , causing angina or a heart attack .


The cardiac examination ( also called the " precordial exam " ) , is performed as part of a physical examination , or when a patient presents with chest pain suggestive of a cardiovascular pathology .


A congenital heart defect , also known as a " congenital heart anomaly " or " congenital heart disease " , is a problem in the structure of the heart that is present at birth .


Complications that can result from heart defects include heart failure .


Certain cases may be due to infections during pregnancy such as rubella , use of certain medications or drugs such as alcohol or tobacco , parents being closely related , or poor nutritional status or obesity in the mother .


That same year , the company introduced its " Mega Man " series , which also sells nearly 30 million units .


The area that comprises the various capitals was spread out over around , it is nowadays commonly called Angkor .


The combination of sophisticated wet-rice agriculture , based on an engineered irrigation system and the Tonlé Sap 's spectacular abundance in fish and aquatic fauna , as protein source guaranteed a regular food surplus .


During his nearly forty years in power he becomes the most prolific monument builder , who establishes the city of Angkor Thom with its central temple the Bayon .


But the 1966 national assembly elections showed a significant swing to the right , and General Lon Nol formed a new government , which lasted until 1967 .


20,000 people died of exhaustion or disease during the evacuation of Phnom Penh and its aftermath .


With the ' Turks at the gates ' , the Emperor fled for the safe refuge of Passau up the Danube , a more distant and secure part of his dominion .


The Nine Years ' War was professionally and personally frustrating for the Prince .


Of equal alarm was Francis II Rákóczi 's revolt which , by the end of the year , had reached as far as Moravia and Lower Austria .


The following year he visited Venice and Rome , making studies from Titian and Michelangelo .


After extensive rapids , turbulent sections and cataracts in Laos , the river enters the country at Stung Treng province , is predominantly calm and navigable during the entire year as it widens considerably in the lowlands .


A heavily indented coastline at the Gulf of Thailand of length and 60 offshore islands , that dot the territorial waters and locally merge with tidal mangrove marshes - the environmental basis for a remarkable range of marine and coastal eco-regions .


Low fertility and toxic amounts of aluminium pose limitations to its agricultural use , crops that can be successfully cultivated include rubber tree , oil palm , coffee and sugar cane .


The Tonlé Sap lake and - river system occupies the lowest area .


The region is covered in dry evergreen forest , mixed dipterocarp forest , and deciduous dipterocarp forests .


Tree species like Pterocarpus macrocarpus , Shorea siamensis and Xylia xylocarpa var. kerrii dominate .


Moisture-laden monsoon winds , that blow in from the Gulf of Tonkin ensure permanent high air humidity .


The Food and Agriculture Organization claims a length of in one of its studies .


The islands and the coastal region of Koh Kong Province are mainly composed of upper Jurassic and lower Cretaceous sandstomne massives .


The floodplains in turn are surrounded by low hills , covered with evergreen seasonal tropical forest with substantial dipterocarp vegetation or deciduous dry forest .


The algorithm , named after its inventor , Jay Earley , is a chart parser that uses dynamic programming ; it is mainly used for parsing in computational linguistics .


This article is about the demographic features of the population of Cambodia , including population density , ethnicity , education level , health of the populace , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .


Between 1874 and 1921 , the total population of Cambodia increased from about 946,000 to 2.4 million .


By 1975 when the Khmer Rouge took power , it was estimated at 7.3 million .


This is usually in the form of " wat , " a thick stew , served atop " injera " , a large sourdough flatbread , which is about in diameter and made out of fermented teff flour .


A typical dish consists of injera accompanied by a spicy stew , which frequently includes beef , lamb , vegetables and various types of legumes , such as lentils .


It occasionally has other spices including cinnamon , cumin and ginger .


" səga " ) , chicken ( " ዶሮ " , " doro " or " derho " ) , fish ( " ዓሣ " , " asa " ) , goat or lamb ( " በግ " , " beg " or " beggi " ) is also added .


It is much closer in texture to crumbled feta .


Collard greens ( ጎመን " gōmen " ) are boiled , dried and then finely chopped and served with butter , chili and spices .


A common variant of borasaame uses maize flour instead of wassa and is called " badela borasaame " .


" Fit-fit " or " fir-fir " is a common breakfast dish .


It is made from shredded " injera " or " kitcha " stir-fried with spices or wat .


From September 24 , 1993 through October 7 , 2004 , Norodom Sihanouk reigned as King , after having previously served in a number of offices ( including King ) since 1941 .


Jerome gives a similar appraisal but adds that with time it had been universally admitted .


In addition , there are 10,000 square miles offshore in the Gulf of Thailand that holds potential reserves of 12 - 14 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and an unspecified amount of oil .


Fixed line service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities is available .


The site , which is often critical of the administration , described the prime minister and other officials as " traitors " after opposition leader Sam Rainsy alleged they had sold land to Vietnam at a contested national border .


The general term for " wandering " clerics , as were common in the Middle Ages , is " clerici vagantes " ; the general term for those recognising no leader is " acephali " .


And now road construction is on going from the Thailand border at Poipet to Siem Reap ( Angkor Wat ) .


There are additional airports in Battambang and Stung Treng .


The new national airline Cambodia Angkor Air was launched in 2009 , with an investment from Vietnam Airlines .


The government is also a member of the Pacific Alliance ( as observer ) and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( as dialogue partner ) .


In 1873 she gained membership of the British Medical Association ( BMA ) .


Her daughter Louisa , also a physician , was more active and more militant , spending time in prison in 1912 for her suffrage activities .


The most extensive ruins are at Mỹ Sơn in Vietnam .


During the period of Angkor Wat in the first half of the 12th century , additional half galleries on one side were introduced to buttress the structure of the temple .


At Angkor , passage through the enclosure walls surrounding a temple compound is frequently accomplished by means of an impressive gopura , rather than just an aperture in the wall or a doorway .


At Angkor Wat , the external gallery wall is covered with some 12,000 or 13,000 square meters of such scenes , some of them historical , some mythological .


Apsaras and devatas are ubiquitous at Angkor , but are most common in the foundations of the 12th century .


The largest population of devatas ( around 2,000 ) is at Angkor Wat , where they appear individually and in groups .


It occurs at Angkor Wat in the epic bas reliefs of the outer gallery .


At Banteay Srei , carvings of makaras disgorging other monsters may be observed on many of the corners of the buildings .


The five brick towers of the 10th - century temple known as East Mebon , for example , are arranged in the shape of a quincunx .


Annual erosion rates along a segment of the Beaufort Sea shoreline averaged per year from 1955 to 2002 .


" Hydraulic action " takes place when the air in a joint is suddenly compressed by a wave closing the entrance of the joint .


This method produced some of the many thousands of lake basins that dot the edge of the Canadian Shield .


It contains a large elliptical galaxy , a face-on spiral galaxy , and an edge-on spiral galaxy .


Felix Klein suggested to define geometries through their symmetries .


Paul Biya , the incumbent president , has led the country since 1982 ; he had previously held office as prime minister , from 1975 until his elevation to the presidency .


This day is now the country 's National Day , a public holiday .


In June 2006 , talks concerning a territorial dispute over the Bakassi peninsula were resolved .


The three northernmost regions are the Far North ( ) , North ( ) , and Adamawa ( ) .


Directly south of them are the Centre ( ) and East ( ) .


On 21 August 1986 , one of these , Lake Nyos , belched carbon dioxide and killed between 1,700 and 2,000 people .


Artists such as Anne-Marie Nzié developed it into a popular dance music beginning in the 1940 s , and performers such as Mama Ohandja and Les Têtes Brulées popularised it internationally during the 1960 s , 1970 s , and 1980 s .


Breakfast consists of leftovers of bread and fruit with coffee or tea .


Water , palm wine , and millet beer are the traditional mealtime drinks , although beer , soda , and wine have gained popularity .


After World War II , writers such as Mongo Beti and Ferdinand Oyono analysed and criticised colonialism and rejected assimilation .


Meanwhile , in the mid-1970 s , filmmakers such as Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa and Daniel Kamwa dealt with the conflicts between traditional and post-colonial society .


On 5 May 1960 , Ahmadou Ahidjo became president .


John Ngu Foncha , the leader of the Kamerun National Democratic Party .


At , Cameroon is the world 's 53rd largest country .


It is comparable in size to Papua New Guinea .


Cameroonian Pidgin English is also widely spoken .


Evolutionary psychology has its historical roots in Charles Darwin 's theory of natural selection .


The psychologist Mark van Vugt recently argued that modern organizational leadership is a mismatch .


Consciousness meets George Williams ' criteria of species universality , complexity , In contrast , others have argued that the recursive circuitry underwriting consciousness is much more primitive , having evolved initially in pre-mammalian species because it improves the capacity for interaction with both social " and " natural environments by providing an energy-saving " neutral " gear in an otherwise energy-expensive motor output machine .


Richard Dawkins suggested that humans evolved consciousness in order to make themselves the subjects of thought .


Many experts , such as Jerry Fodor , write that the purpose of perception is knowledge , but evolutionary psychologists hold that its primary purpose is to guide action .


In the early 1970 s , Paul Ekman and colleagues began a line of research which suggests that many emotions are universal .


In 1972 Robert Trivers published an influential paper on sex differences that is now referred to as parental investment theory .


Components of fitness ( Beatty 1992 ) include the well-being of existing offspring , parents ' future reproduction , and inclusive fitness through aid to kin ( Hamilton , 1964 ) .


Navigation mainly on the Benue River ; limited during rainy season .


Lesser ports include Kribi , used chiefly for the export of wood , and Limbé , used only for palm-oil exports .


The main international airport is the Douala International Airport and a secondary international airport at Yaoundé Nsimalen International Airport .


The historic basis for the university 's role as an economy and research motor was the interaction with Philips .


It is also a knowledge supporter of the automotive industry in the Helmond region .


This economic cooperation agreement between three cities in three countries has created one of the most innovative regions in the European Union ( measured in terms of money invested in technology and knowledge economy ) ; the agreement is based on the cooperative triangle that connects the three technical universities in those cities .


This fact , as well as the unique attention to energy in the built-up environment , drew the attention of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology .


The air force has bases in Garoua , Koutaba , Yaoundé , Douala and Bamenda .


During the winter , storms blowing from the Sahara sometimes form dense dust clouds that obscure the sun ; however , sunny days are the norm year round .


There are four endemic bird species including the Raso lark along with more common swifts , larks , warblers , and sparrows .


The higher altitudes of the islands are accessible on the islands of Fogo , where there is a road to the volcano and walks up to the crater , and the mountainous Santo Antão where there are hiking routes .


This article is about the demographic features of the population of Cape Verde , including population density , ethnicity , education level , health of the populace , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .


Most transportation in Cape Verde is done by air .


Many services depart from Praia at about midnight , arriving in outlying islands at breakfast time .


The wars spanning all four countries are known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms .


He took Leicester , which lies between them , but found his resources exhausted .


By the end of August , disease and a shortage of supplies had reduced his army , and he had to order a retreat towards his base at Dunbar .


Casualties include the deaths of prisoners-of-war in conditions that accelerated their deaths , with estimates of 10,000 prisoners not surviving or not returning home ( 8,000 captured during and immediately after the Battle of Worcester were deported to New England , Bermuda and the West Indies to work for landowners as indentured labourers ) .


His coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661 .


These events became known as the " Restoration " .


Grand Cayman is by far the largest , with an area of .


For example , the song " Ai n't Nobody 's Business " as performed by Freddie King at least , uses a I–III–IV–iv progression in each of the first four bars .


It is a three-island archipelago in the Caribbean Sea , consisting of Grand Cayman , Cayman Brac , and Little Cayman .


Drinking water supplies must be met by rainwater catchment and desalination .


This article is about the demographic features of the population of the Cayman Islands , including population density , ethnicity , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .


In 1763 he was elected to the Royal Society .


He devoted himself to the classification of higher plane curves , improving results obtained by Isaac Newton , James Stirling , Leonhard Euler , and Gabriel Cramer .


During his last years he sank into a deep religious melancholy , and a violent cold caused his death , in Plealey , on 15 August 1798 .


The emergence of what are now considered the Cayman Islands ' " twin pillars of economic development " ( tourism and international finance ) started in the 1950 s with the introduction of modern transportation and telecommunications .


These include global financial institutions including HSBC , Deutsche Bank , UBS , and Goldman Sachs ; over 80 administrators , leading accountancy practices ( incl .


James Surtees Phillpotts the reforming headmaster of Bedford School was his second cousin .


He found a job as a clerk with the Sun Fire Office .


Farming began as part of the Neolithic Revolution .


Initial farming of white yam progressed into millet and sorghum , and before 3000 BC the domestication of African oil palm improved the groups ' nutrition and allowed for expansion of the local populations .


The Bouar Megaliths in the western region of the country indicate an advanced level of habitation dating back to the very late Neolithic Era ( c .


Through the period of construction until 1934 there was a continual heavy cost in human lives , with total deaths among all workers along the railway estimated in excess of 17,000 of the construction workers , from a combination of both industrial accidents and diseases including malaria .


The parks have been seriously affected by the activities of poachers , particularly those from Sudan , over the past two decades .


The northern areas are hot and humid from February to May , but can be subject to the hot , dry , and dusty trade wind known as the Harmattan .


The economic prefectures are Nana-Grébizi and Sangha-Mbaéré , while the commune is the capital city of Bangui .


Only 3 % of the country has antiretroviral therapy available , compared to a 17 % coverage in the neighbouring countries of Chad and the Republic of the Congo .


Its largest export partner is France ( 31.2 % ) , followed by Burundi ( 16.2 % ) , China ( 12.5 % ) , Cameroon ( 9.6 % ) , and Austria ( 7.8 % ) .


Small , stable specimens such as carbon nanotubes , diatom frustules and small mineral crystals ( asbestos fibres , for example ) require no special treatment before being examined in the electron microscope .


The situation is exemplified by Hawaii , where 30 % of all known recently extinct bird taxa originally lived .


At age 14 he operated a profitable nail manufacturing operation in his father 's workshop during the Revolutionary War .


Before the 1790 s , slave labor was primarily employed in growing rice , tobacco , and indigo , none of which were especially profitable anymore .


He inspired others , including Honoré Blanc and Louis de Tousard , to work further on the idea , and on shoulder weapons as well as artillery .


He was released from prison on 1 September 1993 , as a result of an amnesty and died of a heart attack in Bangui on 3 November 1996 at age 75 .


On 11 January 2013 , a ceasefire agreement was signed Libreville , Gabon .


On 17 January , Nicolas Tiangaye was appointed Prime Minister .


On 24 March 2013 , rebel forces heavily attacked the capital Bangui and took control of major structures , including the presidential palace .


Séléka leader Michel Djotodia declared himself President .


Catherine Samba-Panza assumed the office of interim president on 23 January 2014 .


In February 2016 , after a peaceful election , the former Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Touadéra was elected president .


They are accused of displacing 17,000 people in November 2016 and at least 30,000 people in the Ouham-Pendé prefecture in December 2016 .


It is bordered by the countries of Cameroon , Chad , Sudan , South Sudan , the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo .


The northern areas are subject to harmattan winds , which are hot , dry , and carry dust .


Charged particles can move at relativistic speeds nearing field propagation speeds , but , as Albert Einstein showed , this requires enormous field energies , which are not present in our everyday experiences with electricity , magnetism , matter , and time and space .


This article is about the demographic features of the population of the Central African Republic , including population density , ethnicity , education level , health of the populace , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .


The " politics of the Central African Republic " formally take place in a framework of a semi-presidential republic .


The government was deposed on March 13 , 2003 by forces under the rebel leader François Bozizé , who promised elections in 18 to 30 months .


Since March 30 , 2016 , Faustin-Archange Touadéra is the president of the Central African Republic .


About 34 species of trees are felled , but 85 % of the total is ayous , Aniegré , iroko , sapele , and sipo .


Modes of transport in the Central African Republic include road , water , and air .


There is one international airport at Bangui-Mpoko , two other paved airports , and over 40 with unpaved runways .


A line from Cameroon port of Kribi to Bangui was proposed in 2002 .


A rehabilitation project , begun in 1974 and completed ten years later , centered on three highways running north , west , and south from Nola .


There is an international airport at Bangui-Mpoko .


The military has played an important role in the history of Central African Republic .


The immediate former president , General François Bozizé was a former army chief-of-staff and his government included several high-level military officers .


The country 's first president , David Dacko was overthrown by his army chief-of-staff , Jean-Bédel Bokassa in 1966 .


In 2002 , he seized Bangui for a short period , and in March 2003 took power in a coup d'état .


President François Bozizé has said that one of his priorities is to get the support of the international community .


The advisers are believed to be members of the Wagner Group .


obtained a $ 27.5 " million loan from Metropolitan Life Insurance Company so construction could begin .


Although the 18,000 - psi regulation had been safely enacted in other cities , Mayor Jimmy Walker did not sign the new codes into law until March 26 , 1930 , just before construction was due to commence .


Because of the building 's height , it was deemed infeasible to have many elevators or large elevator cabins , so the builders contracted with the Otis Elevator Company to make 66 cars that could speed at , which represented the largest-ever elevator order at the time .


Following the construction of One World Trade Center in the late 2000 s and early 2010 s , some TV stations began moving their transmitting facilities there .


Following retired basketball player Kobe Bryant 's January 2020 death , the building was lit in purple and gold , this time signifying the colors of his former team , the Los Angeles Lakers .


Also , on November 26 , 2012 , the building had its first synchronized light show , using music from recording artist Alicia Keys .


The Sahara lies in the country 's northern third .


Several biologists were also antagonistic to the eugenics movement , including Lancelot Hogben .


Other biologists such as J. B. S. Haldane and R. A. Fisher expressed skepticism in the belief that sterilization of " defectives " would lead to the disappearance of undesirable genetic traits .


China maintained its one-child policy until 2015 as well as a suite of other eugenics based legislation to reduce population size and manage fertility rates of different populations .


The first major challenge to conventional eugenics based on genetic inheritance was made in 1915 by Thomas Hunt Morgan .


He demonstrated the event of genetic mutation occurring outside of inheritance involving the discovery of the hatching of a fruit fly ( " Drosophila melanogaster " ) with white eyes from a family with red eyes , demonstrating that major genetic changes occurred outside of inheritance .


Some conditions such as sickle-cell disease and cystic fibrosis respectively confer immunity to malaria and resistance to cholera when a single copy of the recessive allele is contained within the genotype of the individual , so eliminating these genes is undesirable in places where such diseases are common .


Law professors George Annas and Lori Andrews have argued that the use of these technologies could lead to such human-posthuman caste warfare .


Harvard University law professor Lawrence Lessig is credited with coining this term , but he may only have popularized it .


Stone tool evidence indicates humans sporadically frequented the Monte Verde valley area as long as 18,500 years ago .


By the 1920 s , the emerging middle and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist president , Arturo Alessandri , whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress .


During the period of Radical Party dominance ( 1932 – 52 ) , the state increased its role in the economy .


A military junta , led by General Augusto Pinochet , took control of the country .


The government launched market-oriented reforms with Hernán Büchi as Minister of Finance .


Due to term limits , Sebastián Piñera did not stand for re-election in 2013 , and his term expired in March 2014 resulting in Michelle Bachelet returning to office .


This became the War of the Pacific which was in the years 1879 – 1883 .


The northern Atacama Desert contains great mineral wealth , primarily copper and nitrates .


Among the larger mammals are the puma or cougar , the llama-like guanaco and the fox-like chilla .


Great Britain , Germany , and Croatia , among others .


The main football clubs are Colo-Colo , Universidad de Chile and Universidad Católica .


While Scott Fahlman 's suggestion in the 1980 s was the birth of the emoticon , it was n't the first occasion that : ) or : - ) was used in language .


The territory of Chile has been populated since at least 3000 BC .


This in turn resulted in the 1973 coup d'état and the military dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet , whose subsequent 17-year regime was responsible for both numerous human rights violations and deep market-oriented economic reforms .


The last conservative president was Manuel Montt , who also served two terms ( 1851 – 1856 , 1856 – 1861 ) , but his bad administration led to the liberal rebellion in 1859 .


In 1886 , José Manuel Balmaceda was elected president .


Regionally , she has signed bilateral free trade agreements with Panama , Peru and Colombia .


A 2006 survey of members of American Economic Association found that over two-thirds of economists support giving parents educational vouchers that can be used at government-operated or privately operated schools , and that support is greater if the vouchers are to be used by parents with low-incomes or parents with children in poorly performing schools .


Additional research by Caroline Hoxby shows that when voucher systems are available , both the public and private schools in that school system have increased test scores and graduation rates .


In Sweden , a system of school vouchers ( called " skolpeng " ) was introduced in 1992 at primary and secondary school level , enabling free choice among publicly run schools and privately run " friskolor " ( " free schools " ) .


A voucher system for children three to six years-old who attend a non-profit kindergarten was implemented in Hong Kong in 2007 .


A random survey of 210 Ph.D. holding members of the American Economic Association , found that over two-thirds of economists support giving parents educational vouchers that can be used at government-operated or privately operated schools , and that support is greater if the vouchers are to be used by parents with low-incomes or parents with children in poorly performing schools .


Kevin Welner points out that vouchers funded through a convoluted tax credit system - a policy he calls " neovouchers " - present additional accountability concerns .


President Donald Trump proposed a 2018 budget that includes $ 250 million for voucher initiatives , which are state-funded programs that pay for students to go to private school .


This prescient " love letter " to the city was re-published in 1999 on his centennial with an introduction by his stepson , Roger Angell .


Maira Kalman illustrated an edition in 2005 .


Tax revenues , all together 20.2 % of GDP in 2013 , were the second lowest among the 34 OECD countries , and the lowest in 2010 .


The government 's role in the economy is mostly limited to regulation , although the state continues to operate copper giant CODELCO and a few other enterprises ( there is one state-run bank ) .


After the fall of the empire , one writer who produced elegiac verse was Maximianus .


The southern line runs as far as Puerto Montt and is electrified as far as the city of Temuco , from where diesel locomotives are used .


Mark Liberman calculated the storage requirements for all human speech at 42 zettabytes ( 42,000 exabytes , and 8,400 times the original estimate ) if digitized as 16 " kHz 16-bit audio , although he did freely confess that " maybe the authors [ of the exabyte estimate ] were thinking about text " .


Research from the University of Southern California estimates that the amount of data stored in the world by 2007 was 295 exabytes and the amount of information shared on two-way communications technology , such as cell phones , in 2007 as 65 exabytes .


In 2013 , Randall Munroe compiled published assertions about Google 's data centers , and estimated that the company has about 10 " exabytes stored on disk , and additionally approximately 5 " exabytes on tape backup .


Of the fleet of 66 surface vessels , eight are major combatant ships and they are based in Valparaíso .


The Spanish era is calculated from 38 BC , perhaps because of a tax ( cfr .


The " Oxford English Dictionary " defines eschatology as " the part of theology concerned with death , judgment , and the final destiny of the soul and of humankind " .


Each kalpa lasts for 4.32 billion years and is followed by a pralaya of equal length , which together makes one full day and night of Brahma 's 100 360-year lifespan , who lives for 311 trillion , 40 billion years .


The Sun will turn into a red giant in approximately 6 billion years .


Even later , the Sun will become a white dwarf .


This was primarily due to a border dispute : both nations claimed the totality of the Patagonia region .


In the 1990 s , under presidents Frei and Menem both countries solved almost all of the remaining border disputes during bilateral talks .


Generals Augusto Pinochet and Hugo Banzer resumed diplomatic relations and attempted to settle territorial disputes .


Both nations are members of the Pacific Alliance .


The current version was composed by Ramón Carnicer , with words by Eusebio Lillo , and has six parts plus the chorus .


Oriental Orthodox Churches accept the first three .


The emperor gave them legal status within the entire Roman Empire .


Shortly afterwards , the first confirmation of detection came in 1992 , with the discovery of several terrestrial-mass planets orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257 + 12 .


Some of the earliest involve the binary star 70 Ophiuchi .


Although they were cautious about claiming a planetary detection , their radial-velocity observations suggested that a planet orbits the star Gamma Cephei .


On 9 January 1992 , radio astronomers Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail announced the discovery of two planets orbiting the pulsar PSR 1257 + 12 .


On 6 October 1995 , Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz of the University of Geneva announced the first definitive detection of an exoplanet orbiting a main-sequence star , nearby G-type star 51 Pegasi .


In 1999 , Upsilon Andromedae became the first main-sequence star known to have multiple planets .


Kepler-16 contains the first discovered planet that orbits around a binary main-sequence star system .


Some planets orbit one member of a binary star system , and several circumbinary planets have been discovered which orbit around both members of binary star .


A few planets in triple star systems are known and one in the quadruple system Kepler-64 .


The darkest known planet in terms of geometric albedo is TrES-2 b , a hot Jupiter that reflects less than 1 % of the light from its star , making it less reflective than coal or black acrylic paint .


This may help researchers better understand giant gas planets , such as Jupiter , Saturn and related exoplanets , since such planets are thought to contain a lot of liquid metallic hydrogen , which may be responsible for their observed powerful magnetic fields .


Large surface temperature variations on 55 Cancri e have been attributed to possible volcanic activity releasing large clouds of dust which blanket the planet and block thermal emissions .


In December 2013 a candidate exomoon of a rogue planet was announced .


The first to be observed was HD 209458 b in 2001 .


In May 2017 , glints of light from Earth , seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away , were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere .


Furthermore , a potentially habitable planet must orbit a stable star at a distance within which planetary-mass objects with sufficient atmospheric pressure can support liquid water at their surfaces .


The islands were discovered in 1609 by William Keeling , but no settlement occurred until the early 19th century .


Only Home Island and West Island are populated .


On the night of 8 – 9 May 1942 , 15 members of the garrison , from the Ceylon Defence Force , mutinied under the leadership of Gratien Fernando .


In 1946 , the administration of the islands reverted to Singapore and it became part of the Colony of Singapore .


The current Administrator is Natasha Griggs , who was appointed on 5 October 2017 and is also the Administrator of Christmas Island .


There also exists a unicameral Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Shire Council with seven seats .


Defence is the responsibility of the Australian Defence Force .


Civilian law enforcement and community policing is provided by the Australian Federal Police .


The only airport is Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Airport with a single paved runway .


This article is about the demographic features of the population of the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands , including population density , ethnicity , education level , health of the populace , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .


It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy , and remains one of the 88 modern constellations .


It is the second smallest of the modern constellations ( after Crux ) , spanning only 72 square degrees .


Gamma Equulei is an alpha CVn star , ranging between magnitudes 4.58 and 4.77 over a period of around 12 ½ minutes .


Noam Chomsky contrasts conspiracy theory to institutional analysis which focuses mostly on the public , long-term behavior of publicly known institutions , as recorded in , for example , scholarly documents or mainstream media reports .


In a 2009 article , the legal scholars Cass Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule considered a number of possible government responses to conspiracy theories , including censorship and taxation .


The only inhabited island is Willis Island .