South of the campus is " Southside " , mainly a student ghetto , where much of the university 's student housing is located .


North of the campus is the quieter " Northside " neighborhood , the location of the Graduate Theological Union .


It is situated in Altarnun civil parish between Launceston and Bodmin .


The discipline was renamed in the late 19th century , primarily due to Alfred Marshall , from " political economy " to " economics " as a shorter term for " economic science " .


Coming at the end of the classical tradition , John Stuart Mill ( 1848 ) parted company with the earlier classical economists on the inevitability of the distribution of income produced by the market system .


The term " economics " was popularized by such neoclassical economists as Alfred Marshall as a concise synonym for " economic science " and a substitute for the earlier " political economy " .


It is generally associated with the University of Cambridge and the work of Joan Robinson .


According to Milton Friedman and monetarists , market economies are inherently stable if the money supply does not greatly expand or contract .


According to Ronald Coase , people begin to organize their production in firms when the costs of doing business becomes lower than doing it on the market .


In a discussion on oligopoly research , Paul Joskow pointed out in 1975 that in practice , serious students of actual economies tended to use " informal models " based upon qualitative factors specific to particular industries .


A seminal article by Ronald Coase published in 1961 suggested that well-defined property rights could overcome the problems of externalities .


The sociological subfield of economic sociology arose , primarily through the work of Émile Durkheim , Max Weber and Georg Simmel , as an approach to analysing the effects of economic phenomena in relation to the overarching social paradigm ( i.e. modernity ) .


A mobile phone that used the technology is the Motorola Fone .


The city of Sylhet is its largest urban center , and the region is known for its unique language .


Rice , jute , mustard and sugarcane plantations are a common sight .


The students of the University of Dhaka and other political activists defied the law and organised a protest on 21 February 1952 .


He was eventually succeeded by his army chief Hussain Muhammad Ershad .


Politically , the region is divided between the People 's Republic of Bangladesh , an independent state , and the eastern provinces of the Republic of India , including West Bengal .


Commercial , cultural and defence co-operation have expanded since 2010 , when Prime Ministers Sheikh Hasina and Manmohan Singh pledged to reinvigorate ties .


It is also located near China 's southern landlocked region , including Yunnan and Tibet .


Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about every 365.2564 mean solar days , or one sidereal year .


It was called by the 2nd - century geographer Ptolemy .


The ship had been damaged and was en route to Portland Harbour .


They continued to settle in the British Isles and the continent until around 1050 .


Over the centuries the Royal Navy slowly grew to be the most powerful in the world .


For more information , please see French Flemish .


The village of Kingsand was evacuated for three days because of the risk of explosion , and the ship was stranded for 11 days .


Note that materialism does not necessarily imply egoism , as indicated by Karl Marx , and the many other materialists who espoused forms of collectivism .


Egoism has also been referenced by anarcho-capitalists , such as Murray Rothbard .


Other philosophers , such as Thomas Hobbes and David Gauthier , have argued that the conflicts which arise when people each pursue their own ends can be resolved for the best of each individual only if they all voluntarily forgo some of their aims - that is , one 's self-interest is often best pursued by allowing others to pursue their self-interest as well so that liberty is equal among individuals .


Sociologist Helmut Schoeck similarly considered envy the motive of collective efforts by society to reduce the disproportionate gains of successful individuals through moral or legal constraints , with altruism being primary among these .


He was a professor of psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974 .


The couple had two daughters , Julie ( m .


Ten days before his death , he was given the lifetime achievement award by the American Psychological Association and gave a talk in an auditorium concerning his work .


He portrayed a cab driver on the soap opera " The Edge of Night " in 1966 .


He began playing organized basketball at Orrville High School .


John Ray applied one of the previously more general terms for fixed natural types , " species " , to plant and animal types , but he strictly identified each type of living thing as a species and proposed that each species could be defined by the features that perpetuated themselves generation after generation .


The first full-fledged evolutionary scheme was Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 's " transmutation " theory of 1809 , which envisaged spontaneous generation continually producing simple forms of life that developed greater complexity in parallel lineages with an inherent progressive tendency , and postulated that on a local level , these lineages adapted to the environment by inheriting changes caused by their use or disuse in parents .


In particular , Georges Cuvier insisted that species were unrelated and fixed , their similarities reflecting divine design for functional needs .


In 1865 , Gregor Mendel reported that traits were inherited in a predictable manner through the independent assortment and segregation of elements ( later known as genes ) .


August Weismann made the important distinction between germ cells that give rise to gametes ( such as sperm and egg cells ) and the somatic cells of the body , demonstrating that heredity passes through the germ line only .


In the 1930 s , pioneers in the field of population genetics , such as Ronald Fisher , Sewall Wright and J. B. S. Haldane set the foundations of evolution onto a robust statistical philosophy .


The publication of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick with contribution of Rosalind Franklin in 1953 demonstrated a physical mechanism for inheritance .


In 1973 , evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky penned that " nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution , " because it has brought to light the relations of what first seemed disjointed facts in natural history into a coherent explanatory body of knowledge that describes and predicts many observable facts about life on this planet .


However , some people tan more easily than others , due to differences in genotypic variation ; a striking example are people with the inherited trait of albinism , who do not tan at all and are very sensitive to sunburn .


The two-fold cost of sex was first described by John Maynard Smith .


Other striking examples are the bacteria " Escherichia coli " evolving the ability to use citric acid as a nutrient in a long-term laboratory experiment , " Flavobacterium " evolving a novel enzyme that allows these bacteria to grow on the by-products of nylon manufacturing , and the soil bacterium " Sphingobium " evolving an entirely new metabolic pathway that degrades the synthetic pesticide pentachlorophenol .


Their debut album , " Scorn Defeat " , became " a cult classic in the black metal world " .


Others - such as Jan Axel Blomberg , Sigurd Wongraven - believe that black metal does not need to be Satanic .


An example is the production of tetrodotoxin in the rough-skinned newt and the evolution of tetrodotoxin resistance in its predator , the common garter snake .


The importance of hybridisation in producing new species of animals is unclear , although cases have been seen in many types of animals , with the gray tree frog being a particularly well-studied example .


An example of such a speciation event is when the plant species " Arabidopsis thaliana " and " Arabidopsis arenosa " crossbred to give the new species " Arabidopsis suecica " .


Artificial evolution became a widely recognised optimisation method as a result of the work of Ingo Rechenberg in the 1960 s .


Although Charles Darwin and others posited that multiple species could evolve from a single common ancestor , the mechanism by which this occurred was not understood , creating the " species problem " .


In his book " Systematics and the Origin of Species " ( 1942 ) he wrote that a species is not just a group of morphologically similar individuals , but a group that can breed only among themselves , excluding all others .


His theory of peripatric speciation ( a more precise form of allopatric speciation which he advanced ) , based on his work on birds , is still considered a leading mode of speciation , and was the theoretical underpinning for the theory of punctuated equilibrium , proposed by Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould .


Attorney at Würzburg ) but took an interest in natural history and took the children out on field trips .


Over 60 eminent scientists , led by Carl Sagan , rebutted the criticism .


In early 1994 , they were acquired by distributor Davidson & Associates for $ 6.75 " million ( $ million today ) .


Background radiation is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency as " Dose or dose rate ( or an observed measure related to the dose or dose rate ) attributable to all sources other than the one ( s ) specified .


The constant production , incorporation into organisms and relatively short half-life of carbon-14 are the principles used in radiocarbon dating of ancient biological materials , such as wooden artifacts or human remains .


The highest background radiation in an inhabited area is found in Ramsar , primarily due to the use of local naturally radioactive limestone as a building material .


There were 28 deaths from acute radiation syndrome .


This is in accordance with the International Atomic Energy Agency definition of background as being " Dose or dose rate ( or an observed measure related to the dose or dose rate ) attributable to all sources other than the one ( s ) specified .


In the late 19th century , elaborate productions of the play staged by Henry Irving employed a wide variety of approaches for this task .


The Age of Enlightenment , the subsequent French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars shaped the continent culturally , politically and economically from the end of the 17th century until the first half of the 19th century .


Turkey is generally considered a transcontinental country divided entirely by water , while Russia and Kazakhstan are only partly divided by waterways .


Spain , for example , has territories south of the Mediterranean Sea namely Ceuta and Melilla which are parts of Africa and share a border with Morocco .


According to the current convention , Georgia and Azerbaijan are transcontinental countries where waterways have been completely replaced by mountains as the divide between continents .


Greece was followed by Rome , which left its mark on law , politics , language , engineering , architecture , government and many more key aspects in western civilisation .


The land connection between the two persisted for a considerable time , via Greenland , leading to interchange of animal species .


These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and Alps / Carpathians .


Major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the Celtic Sea , the North Sea , the Baltic Sea complex and Barents Sea .


Some of these ( Alps , Pyrenees ) are oriented east–west and allow the wind to carry large masses of water from the ocean in the interior .


Others are oriented south–north ( Scandinavian Mountains , Dinarides , Carpathians , Apennines ) and because the rain falls primarily on the side of mountains that is oriented towards the sea , forests grow well on this side , while on the other side , the conditions are much less favourable .


By the Middle Ages the bears ' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover .


The European Union has been the focus of economic integration on the continent since its foundation in 1993 .


Areas with little more than a unique tax status , such as Heligoland and the Canary Islands , are also not included for this reason .


The richest in terms of GDP per capita is Monaco with its US $ 172,676 per capita ( 2009 ) and the poorest is Moldova with its GDP per capita of US $ 1,631 ( 2010 ) .


The army is administered by the Ministry of Defence and commanded by the Chief of the General Staff .


A rebellion in 1685 allowed James II to raise the forces to 20,000 men .


Following the 1994 – 1996 IRA ceasefires and since 1997 , demilitarisation has been part of the peace process and the military presence has been reduced .


The army was deployed to Yugoslavia in 1992 .


In December 2012 Prime Minister David Cameron announced that the combat mission would end in 2014 , and troop numbers gradually fell as the Afghan National Army took over the brunt of the fighting .


Some of the colonial militias rebelled during the American War of Independence .


According to Kvanvig , an adequate account of knowledge should resist counterexamples and allow an explanation of the value of knowledge over mere true belief .


The most prominent defense of infinitism has been given by Peter Klein .


An intermediate position , known as " foundherentism " , is advanced by Susan Haack .


Some of the most famous historical empiricists include John Locke , David Hume , George Berkeley , Francis Bacon , John Stuart Mill , Rudolf Carnap , and Bertrand Russell .


Rationalist views can range from modest views in mathematics and logic ( such as that of Gottlob Frege ) to ambitious metaphysical systems ( such as that of Baruch Spinoza ) .


In modern philosophy , René Descartes ' famous inquiry into mind and body began as an exercise in skepticism , in which he started by trying to doubt all purported cases of knowledge in order to search for something that was known with absolute certainty .


Some of the most famous forms of idealism include transcendental idealism ( developed by Immanuel Kant ) , subjective idealism ( developed by George Berkeley ) , and absolute idealism ( developed by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Schelling ) .


Following the work on expected utility theory of Ramsey and von Neumann , decision-theorists have accounted for rational behavior using a probability distribution for the agent .


Procedures for testing hypotheses about probabilities ( using finite samples ) are due to Ramsey ( 1931 ) and de Finetti ( 1931 , 1937 , 1964 , 1970 ) .


Eventually , he sold the team and bought a share in the Pittsburgh Steelers .


During the Golden Age of Television , he tailored the game 's rules to strengthen its appeal to mass media and enforced a policy of blacking out local broadcasts of home contests to safeguard ticket receipts .


and his mother 's lineage predated the American Revolutionary War .


500 he held the record for futility until John McKay passed him in 1983 and Marion Campbell passed him in 1988 .


The Universal Esperanto Association has more than 5500 members in 120 countries .


There are also shared traditions , such as Zamenhof Day , and shared behaviour patterns .


He would narrate and write a feature on the storied history of boxing in New York City .


Roger Daltrey , Pete Townshend - monkey in a lab coat .


More popular guests were given two - or three-part interviews ; in August 1991 Mel Brooks was the " only " guest on " four " consecutive nights .


Nancy Grace was also named a regular substitute host for the show .


He was replaced by Liam McHugh in 2017 .


He is also an honorary board member of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation .


The nearest major airport is Nuremberg Airport which can be reached within half an hour by car or one hour by train and subway .


The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep .


One of the most famous engineers of the mid 19th century was Isambard Kingdom Brunel , who built railroads , dockyards and steamships .


Boring cast iron cylinders with precision was not possible until John Wilkinson invented his boring machine , which is considered the first machine tool .


Genrich Altshuller , after gathering statistics on a large number of patents , suggested that compromises are at the heart of " low-level " engineering designs , while at a higher level the best design is one which eliminates the core contradiction causing the problem .


Robert Maillart 's bridge design is perceived by some to have been deliberately artistic .


At the University of South Florida , an engineering professor , through a grant with the National Science Foundation , has developed a course that connects art and engineering .


Among famous historical figures , Leonardo da Vinci is a well-known Renaissance artist and engineer , and a prime example of the nexus between art and engineering .


The role instead went to Butch Patrick .


His parents , played by James Stewart and Glynis Johns , attempt to manage his obsession .


Due to this the proliferation of compulsory education , combined with population growth , UNESCO has calculated that in the next 30 " years more people will receive formal education than in all of human history thus far .


At the level of the individual , there is a large literature , generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer , on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital .


During the Renaissance , the creation of printing allowed a wider diffusion of encyclopedias and every scholar could have his or her own copy .


The first work titled in this way was the " Encyclopedia orbisque doctrinarum , hoc est omnium artium , scientiarum , ipsius philosophiae index ac divisio " written by Johannes Aventinus in 1517 .


The supramolecular association of β-sheets has been implicated in formation of the protein aggregates and fibrils observed in many human diseases , notably the amyloidoses such as Alzheimer 's disease .


The amyloid β protein 's oligomeric form is implicated as a cause of Alzheimer 's .


The gem-gravel placer deposits of Sri Lanka contain aquamarine .


A rare type of emerald known as a trapiche emerald is occasionally found in the mines of Colombia .


It is named for the " trapiche " , a grinding wheel used to process sugarcane in the region .


Fine emeralds are also found in other countries , such as Zambia , Brazil , Zimbabwe , Madagascar , Pakistan , India , Afghanistan and Russia .


In 1998 , emeralds were discovered in Yukon .


In December 1910 , the New York Academy of Sciences named the pink variety of beryl " morganite " after financier J. P. Morgan .


On 23 February 1918 , Arthur Scherbius applied for a patent for a ciphering machine that used rotors .


The city has been a commercial hub and an important cultural centre since the Renaissance , and has emerged as a centre for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries in the 20th century .


The city is also home to the world headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements .


The championships were jointly hosted by Switzerland and Austria .


For example , a player is told their character is confronted with a fox .


Many scientists observed that enzymatic activity was associated with proteins , but others ( such as Nobel laureate Richard Willstätter ) argued that proteins were merely carriers for the true enzymes and that proteins " per se " were incapable of catalysis .


In 1926 , James B. Sumner showed that the enzyme urease was a pure protein and crystallized it ; he did likewise for the enzyme catalase in 1937 .


To explain the observed specificity of enzymes , in 1894 Emil Fischer proposed that both the enzyme and the substrate possess specific complementary geometric shapes that fit exactly into one another .


Organic prosthetic groups can be covalently bound ( e.g. , biotin in enzymes such as pyruvate carboxylase ) .


This work was further developed by G. E. Briggs and J. B. S. Haldane , who derived kinetic equations that are still widely used today .


For example , the drug methotrexate is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase , which catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate .


A common example of an irreversible inhibitor that is used as a drug is aspirin , which inhibits the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes that produce the inflammation messenger prostaglandin .


Enzymes are also involved in more exotic functions , such as luciferase generating light in fireflies .


An example of a fatal genetic disease due to enzyme insufficiency is Tay–Sachs disease , in which patients lack the enzyme hexosaminidase .


This route involves a total of 1,500 metres of ascent and requires modest scrambling ability and a head for heights .


A war memorial to the dead of World War II is located next to the observatory .


The piano is believed to have been carried up for charity by removal men from Dundee over 20 " years earlier .


The record for the women 's race of 1:43:01 was set in 2018 by Victoria Wilkinson .


Most people also , at other times , have one or more depressive episodes , and all experience a hypomanic stage before progressing to full mania .


It is a type of bipolar disorder , and conforms to the classic concept of manic-depressive illness , which can include psychosis during mood episodes .


This has been confusing in the field of child psychiatry because these symptoms closely overlap with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) .


Some proponents of moral skepticism include Pyrrho , Aenesidemus , Sextus Empiricus , David Hume , Max Stirner , Friedrich Nietzsche , and J.L. Mackie .


Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are influential proponents of this school of thought .


John Stuart Mill , in his exposition of utilitarianism , proposed a hierarchy of pleasures , meaning that the pursuit of certain kinds of pleasure is more highly valued than the pursuit of other pleasures .


Associated with the pragmatists , Charles Sanders Peirce , William James , and especially John Dewey , pragmatic ethics holds that moral correctness evolves similarly to scientific knowledge : socially over the course of many lifetimes .


Care-focused feminism is a branch of feminist thought , informed primarily by ethics of care as developed by Carol Gilligan This body of theory is critical of how caring is socially assigned to women , and consequently devalued .


Some prominent works of philosopher Hans Jonas are devoted to ethics of technology .


Sir John Simon MP , another future Foreign Secretary , was also horrified at the tactics being used .


Joseph Stalin was especially eager for the start of the war , hoping that it would turn into a war between classes or essentially a Russian Civil War .


A widely known 1933 book on this is a science fiction work on history up to the year 2106 titled " The Shape of Things to Come " by H. G. Wells .


This may be the case in the various forms of ceremony , celebration , religious festival , or satire for example .


Vaulting poles , for example , were originally made from woods such as ash , hickory or hazel ; in the 19th century bamboo was used and in the 21st century poles can be made of carbon fibre .


During the 20th century , starting with the often criticised but nonetheless important work of G. Stanley Hall , who " promoted the link between the study of development and the ' new ' laboratory psychology " , and especially with the work of Jean Piaget , who " saw cognitive development as being analogous to biological development " , it became understood that the psychological development of children occurs in stages and that their capacities differ from adults .


Collections of stories , such as " Grimms ' Fairy Tales " or those by Hans Christian Andersen , have been similarly influential .


They might be a part of a celebration , such as a wedding or New Year ( " 6 " , " 8 " ) ; or a cultural ritual with a specific purpose , such as a dance by warriors like a haka ( " 7 " ) .


Audiences amazed at the stunt performances and escape acts of Harry Houdini , for example , regarded him as a magician .


" In the summer of 46 " BCE Julius Caesar chose to celebrate four triumphs held on different days extending for about one month .


For example , fireworks were one of the primary forms of display chosen to celebrate the turn of the millennium around the world .


As the clock struck midnight and 1999 became 2000 , firework displays and open-air parties greeted the New Year as the time zones changed over to the next century .


The Hillsborough disaster is an example of how poor aspects of building design can contribute to audience deaths .


According to the legend supported by the church , the boy was kidnapped from his home during the holiday of Passover while his parents were away .


All the other voices ( including the narrator and one out-of-tune mouse ) were provided by Postgate , who also wrote the stories .


The first antique village vignette is a cropped image of Horrabridge taken in 1898 , though nothing is known of the other photo of the children with the pram .


" It should have been a ginger marmalade cat but the company in Folkestone dyeing the material made a mistake and it turned out pink and cream .


The ecliptic is actually the apparent path of the Sun throughout the course of a year .


Specifying a position in ecliptic coordinates requires specifying a particular equinox , that is , the equinox of a particular date , known as an epoch ; the coordinates are referred to the direction of the equinox at that date .


Cartesian products were first developed by René Descartes in the context of analytic geometry .


The IPA and authors such as Peter Ladefoged equate phonemically contrastive murmur with " breathy voice " in which the vocal folds are held with lower tension ( and further apart ) than in modal voice , with a concomitant increase in airflow and slower vibration of the glottis .


The parameter " t " ( called the " eccentric anomaly " in astronomy ) is not the angle of with the " x " - axis , but has a geometric meaning due to Philippe de La Hire ( see " Drawing ellipses " below ) .


In the 17th century , Johannes Kepler discovered that the orbits along which the planets travel around the Sun are ellipses with the Sun [ approximately ] at one focus , in his first law of planetary motion .


Later , Isaac Newton explained this as a corollary of his law of universal gravitation .


The series was part of the rotating " NBC Wednesday Mystery Movie " anthology .


That year they also upgraded to the Lockheed C-121 Super Constellation for logistics .


" Born again " , or to experience the " new birth " , is a phrase , particularly in evangelicalism , that refers to " spiritual rebirth " , or a regeneration of the human spirit from the Holy Spirit , contrasted with physical birth .


Three species are currently recognised : the African bush elephant , the African forest elephant , and the Asian elephant .


They enter a state of increased testosterone and aggression known as musth , which helps them gain dominance over other males as well as reproductive success .


One notable species of this epoch was " Eritreum melakeghebrekristosi " of the Horn of Africa , which may have been an ancestor to several later species .


Mammutids continued to evolve into new species , such as the American mastodon .


Elephants are considered dichromats and they can see well in dim light but not in bright light .


The trunk , or proboscis , is a fusion of the nose and upper lip , although in early fetal life , the upper lip and trunk are separated .


At this speed , most other quadrupeds are well into a gallop , even accounting for leg length .


Elephants are herbivorous and will eat leaves , twigs , fruit , bark , grass and roots .


The oestrous cycle of a cow lasts 14 – 16 weeks with a 4 – 6-week follicular phase and an 8 - to 10-week luteal phase .


After 1987 , losses in elephant numbers accelerated , and savannah populations from Cameroon to Somalia experienced a decline of 80 % .


Ralph Helfer is known to have relied on gentleness and reward when training his animals , including elephants and lions .


Elephants killed around 300 people between 2000 and 2004 in Jharkhand while in Assam , 239 people were reportedly killed between 2001 and 2006 .


Elephants have been represented in art since Paleolithic times .


During the 10th century AD , the people of Igbo-Ukwu , near the Niger Delta , buried their leaders with elephant tusks .


Highly influential until the end of World War II , social Darwinism was eventually banished from human sciences , leading to a strict separation of natural and sociocultural studies .


James Bamford describes the system as the software controlling the collection and distribution of civilian telecommunications traffic conveyed using communication satellites , with the collection being undertaken by ground stations located in the footprint of the downlink leg .


In 1966 , the first Intelsat satellite was launched into orbit .


The video game series " Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell " also draws inspiration from this .


In comparison , practice swords made of flexible , soft wood such as bamboo are referred to as a " shinai " .


Ethical naturalism has been criticized most prominently by ethical non-naturalist G. E. Moore , who formulated the open-question argument .


R. M. Hare also criticised ethical naturalism because of its fallacious definition of the terms ' good ' or ' right ' explaining how value-terms being part of our prescriptive moral language are not reducible to descriptive terms : " Value-terms have a special function in language , that of commending ; and so they plainly cannot be defined in terms of other words which themselves do not perform this function " .


Physicist Sean Carroll believes that conceiving of morality as a science could be a case of scientific imperialism and insists that what is " good for conscious creatures " is not an adequate working definition of " moral " .


His brother Ted Raimi was used as a " fake shemp " in many scenes when the original actor was either busy or preoccupied .


The premiere setup was inspired by horror director William Castle , who would often attempt to scare his audiences by using gimmicks .


Stephen King was present at its screening and gave the film a rave review .


In 1906 Frank Dudley Docker was appointed a director of the company .


It is similar in appearance to Marmite and Vegemite .


This is similar to the equi-marginal principle developed by Alfred Marshall .


According to Israel Kirzner ( 1973 ) and Don Lavoie ( 1985 ) , entrepreneurs reap profits by supplying unfulfilled needs in all markets .


In the 1980 s , Alexander Nove argued that the calculations would take millions of years even with the best computers .


Economist Joan Robinson also argued that many prices in modern capitalism are effectively " administered prices " created by " quasi monopolies " , thus challenging the connection between capital markets and rational resource allocation .


The economist Robin Hahnel has argued that free markets are in fact systematically inefficient because externalities are pervasive and because real-world markets are rarely truly competitive or in equilibrium .


Don Lavoie makes the same point in reverse .


Among the great mathematicians of antiquity to consider this problem were Pythagoras ( c .


However , already in 1877 Philipp Ludwig von Seidel published an ingenious algorithm , which makes it simple to calculate .


He turned down an invitation of George III 's to become a physician to the King .


He obtained his medical education at the University of Edinburgh Medical School ; whether he ever obtained the formal degree of MD is not known .


He turned down the role as Marlo Thomas 's boyfriend in the successful " That Girl " , though he later guest-starred in the show , and starred in two failed pilots .


He was also a panelist on the 1974 revival of " Masquerade Party " hosted by Richard Dawson .


He went into cardiac arrest after doctors inserted a breathing tube when he suffered acute epiglottitis .


In early 1991 , he was diagnosed with prostate cancer and underwent treatment .


Because of the year 2000 problem many companies took the opportunity to replace their old systems with ERP .


Immigrants from Germany , Scandinavia , and Switzerland journeyed to Holland in the hope of finding employment at the VOC. During the same year one of their ships was stranded in Table Bay at what would eventually become Cape Town , and the shipwrecked crew had to forage for themselves on shore for several months .


The little settlement gradually spread eastwards , and in 1754 the country as far as Algoa Bay was included in the colony .


They possessed numerous slaves , grew wheat in sufficient quantity to make it a commodity crop for export , and were famed for the good quality of their wines .


Starting in 1903 , the largest group emigrated to the Patagonia region of Argentina .


The rebellion was put down by Louis Botha and Jan Smuts , and the ringleaders received heavy fines and terms of imprisonment .


Another civilian recipient was writer Ernest Hemingway .


An " endocrinologist " is a physician who specializes in treating disorders of the endocrine system , such as diabetes , hyperthyroidism , and many others ( see list of diseases ) .


Some of the most common endocrine diseases include diabetes mellitus , hypothyroidism and the metabolic syndrome .


In 1849 , Arnold Berthold noted that castrated cockerels did not develop combs and wattles or exhibit overtly male behaviour .


Thomas Addison was first to describe Addison 's disease in 1849 .


In 1902 William Bayliss and Ernest Starling performed an experiment in which they observed that acid instilled into the duodenum caused the pancreas to begin secretion , even after they had removed all nervous connections between the two .


The first example of such work being done was in 1962 by Earl Sutherland .


Endocrine disease is characterized by misregulated hormone release ( a productive pituitary adenoma ) , inappropriate response to signaling ( hypothyroidism ) , lack of a gland ( diabetes mellitus type 1 , diminished erythropoiesis in chronic kidney failure ) , or structural enlargement in a critical site such as the thyroid ( toxic multinodular goitre ) .


Hyperfunction can occur as a result of hypersecretion , loss of suppression , hyperplastic or neoplastic change , or hyperstimulation .


Other common diseases that result from endocrine dysfunction include Addison 's disease , Cushing 's disease and Graves ' disease .


Noga Alon showed that certain graphs constructed from finite geometries are the sparsest examples of highly expanding graphs .


Around this time , it was overtaken in population by the port city of Geelong , further diminishing its provincial status .


The region is home to a large koala population with protected areas established in the city 's outer southern and eastern settlements .


Major department stores include Myer , Target , Big W , Kmart , Harvey Norman and Harris Scarfe .


Second and more important , there were continuous movements of new peoples since the time of Emperor Severus Alexander .


Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period , though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years .


Roughly 11,000 " years ago , when the ice sheets began to recede , humans repopulated the area ; genetic research suggests they came from the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula .


With the founding of the Royal Society in 1660 , science was greatly encouraged .


During the Napoleonic Wars , Napoleon planned to invade from the south-east .


These are used primarily as a geographical frame of reference and have developed gradually since the Middle Ages , with some established as recently as 1974 .


There are karst landscapes in calcite areas such as parts of Yorkshire and Derbyshire .


The company builds the buses – the underlying structure onto which the payload and propulsion systems are built – for most of the European Space Agency 's spacecraft , as well as commercial satellites .


Its fleets bring home fish of every kind , ranging from sole to herring .


Some experts claim that the earliest concept of a metric system was invented by John Wilkins , the first secretary of the Royal Society , in 1668 .


The largest airport is Heathrow , which is the world 's busiest airport measured by number of international passengers .


It is spoken by 0.1 % of people in Cornwall , and is taught to some degree in several primary and secondary schools .


Some of the best-known medieval castles are the Tower of London , Warwick Castle , Durham Castle and Windsor Castle .


Sausages are commonly eaten , either as bangers and mash or toad in the hole .


Lancashire hotpot is a well-known stew originating in the northwest .


Empiricism continued through John Stuart Mill and Bertrand Russell , while Bernard Williams was involved in analytics .


Some of the best-known songs are " Greensleeves " , " Pastime with Good Company " , " Maggie May " and " Spanish Ladies " amongst others .


Famous for recording many motion picture film scores , the London Symphony Orchestra first performed film music in 1935 .


Current actors include Tom Hardy , Daniel Craig , Benedict Cumberbatch , Lena Headey , Felicity Jones , Emilia Clarke , Lashana Lynch , and Emma Watson .


It has helped the development of golf , sailing and Formula One .


Primary resistance was to be led in the south by Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima , his chief of staff , Lieutenant General Isamu Chō and his chief of operations , Colonel Hiromichi Yahara .


The Imperial Japanese Army mobilized 1,780 middle school boys aged 14 – 17 years into front-line-service .


The protracted length of the campaign under stressful conditions forced Admiral Chester W. Nimitz to take the unprecedented step of relieving the principal naval commanders to rest and recuperate .


However , on April 6 , the expected air reaction began with an attack by 400 planes from Kyushu .


The force withdrew to San Pedro Bay on April 23 .


The ground advance began to resemble a World War I battlefield , as troops became mired in mud , and flooded roads greatly inhibited evacuation of wounded to the rear .


The Nobel Prize-winning author Kenzaburō Ōe wrote a booklet which states that the mass suicide order was given by the military during the battle .


Implicit in this doctrine was that the leadership of the Soviet Union reserved , for itself , the power to define " socialism " and " capitalism " .


These reforms shocked the Hungarian Communist Party .


The Communist Party of the Soviet Union called for a peaceful coexistence , where the war between the United States and Soviet Union would come to a close .


While this idea was brought up following the events of Hungary , they were not put into effect for a great deal of time .


The previous president , Mohammed Daoud Khan was killed during the coup .


Emily O'Reilly is the current ombudsman since 2013 .


The most commercially used plant in the order is tea ( " Camellia sinensis " ) from the family Theaceae .


He was offered a professorship at the University of Chicago , and stayed for several years continuing to work for the professionalization of the discipline of linguistics .


By the end of his life he was professor of anthropology at Yale , where he never really fit in .


Among his many students were the linguists Mary Haas and Morris Swadesh , and anthropologists such as Fred Eggan and Hortense Powdermaker .


He also enrolled in an advanced anthropology seminar taught by Franz Boas , a course that would completely change the direction of his career .


Only his former teammate , Bruce McLaren , has since matched the achievement .


The 1992 season started with Eric van de Poele and Giovanna Amati after Akihiko Nakaya was denied a superlicense .


The car was entered again in 1966 , taking a third place for Jim McElreath .


The team 's most fertile period of technical innovation came in the 1970 s and 1980 s when Gordon Murray became technical director .


This established the tradition of Pancake Day being celebrated on Shrove Tuesday .


Passover haminados are prepared with similar methods .


Easter eggs are frequently depicted in sculpture , including a sculpture of a pysanka standing in Vegreville , Alberta .


It has come to be the first Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or soonest after 21 March .


The Easter lily , a symbol of the resurrection , traditionally decorates the chancel area of churches on this day and for the rest of Eastertide .


Many children around the world follow the tradition of coloring hard-boiled eggs and giving baskets of candy .


After being treated for strabismus in childhood , he refused to wear an eye patch .


According to a survey by " The Washington Post " , the film made dozens of critics ' top ten lists for 1988 , more than any other film that year .


Likewise , old records from Sri Lanka are highly questionable and remain unconfirmed .


Elsewhere the species has been introduced to Colombia and Malaysia .


Xanthistic forms of both the zebra and leopard pattern , along with long-finned subspecies , have been obtained via selective breeding programs for the aquarium trade .


In 2011 , the British Heart Foundation ran an advertising campaign publicising its intention to study the applicability of this ability to humans , stating that it aimed to raise £ 50 million in research funding .


Researchers have also studied the zebrafish to gain new insights into the complexities of human musculoskeletal diseases , such as muscular dystrophy .


In 2015 , researchers at Brown University discovered that 10 % of zebrafish genes do not need to rely on the U2AF2 protein to initiate RNA splicing .


Drug screens in zebrafish can be used to identify novel classes of compounds with biological effects , or to repurpose existing drugs for novel uses ; an example of the latter would be a screen which found that a commonly used statin ( rosuvastatin ) can suppress the growth of prostate cancer .


In cardiovascular research , the zebrafish has been used to model blood clotting , blood vessel development , heart failure , and congenital heart and kidney disease .


In programmes of research into acute inflammation , a major underpinning process in many diseases , researchers have established a zebrafish model of inflammation , and its resolution .


These could be injected into the eye to treat diseases that damage retinal neurons - nearly every disease of the eye , including macular degeneration , glaucoma , and diabetes-related blindness .


Recently , adult zebrafish are being used to study complex age related bone diseases such as osteoporosis and osteogenesis imperfecta .


He was the brother of Ira Allen and the father of Frances Allen .


Most of the resistance activity had taken place on the west side of the Green Mountains until then , but a small riot broke out in Westminster on March 13 and led to the deaths of two men .


The prisoners were eventually transported to West Point , where they remained in " easy imprisonment " .


The theologically conservative future president of Yale , Timothy Dwight , opined that " the style was crude and vulgar , and the sentiments were coarser than the style .


He opened the meeting on a negative note , revealing to his brigadiers that provisions would be exhausted in less than five days , and suggested retreating , perhaps as far back as Asmara .


Of particular note is the dominant presence of the Empress Taytu Betul during these celebrations .


Some of these textiles were then on-sold , ending up in Halmahera and New Guinea .


This is marginally less ( 0.01 % ) than first placed Melbourne Storm .


Injuries were beginning to take a toll , with young players Claye Beams and Jared Polec suffering severe injuries .


Along with the retirement of Ashley McGrath in August 2014 , no active players remain from any of the club 's triple-premiership winning sides .


In the late 19th century , world demand for cocoa tied the economy to commodity exports and led to migrations from the highlands to the agricultural frontier on the coast .


The 1930 s and 1940 s were marked by instability and emergence of populist politicians , such as five-time President José María Velasco Ibarra .


Each country blamed the other for the onset of hostilities , known as the Cenepa War .


The executive branch is led by the president , an office currently held by Lenín Moreno .


One of the best known examples is the Texaco-Chevron case .


According to their own estimates , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints accounts for about 1.4 % of the population , or 211,165 members at the end of 2012 .


Most of these communities and their descendants are located in the Guayas region of the country .


In the highland region ; grilled pork , chicken , beef , and " cuy " ( guinea pig ) are popular and are served with a variety of grains ( especially rice and mote ) or potatoes .


In the coastal region , seafood is very popular , with fish , shrimp , and " ceviche " being key parts of the diet .


He gave orders to Lieutenant Colonel Derek Wilford , commander of 1 Para. He in turn gave orders to Major Ted Loden , who commanded the company who launched the arrest operation .


During the summers of 1943 and 1944 , he played at the Maxwell Street market in a band with Earl Hooker .


When someone on the show 's staff overheard him casually singing " Sixteen Tons " in the dressing room , he was asked to perform the song on the show .


One scholar found this rhythm in 13 rhythm and blues recordings made in the years 1944 – 55 , including two by Johnny Otis from 1948 .


He went on to perform in Shakespeare 's plays .


He made his way to New York and was inspected by immigration officers at Ellis Island in March 1921 .


Though at first he was treated with benign pain remedies such as asparagus juice , doctors increased the medication to opiates .


She filed for divorce four months later , citing actress Clara Bow as the " other woman " .


They had a child , Bela G. Lugosi , in 1938 .


It appeared on their 1972 album " Everybody 's in Show-Biz " .


During this time , a variety of cultures and territories influenced what has become the Republic of Ecuador .


This struggle raged during the half-decade before the arrival of Francisco Pizarro 's conquering expedition in 1532 .


Led by Francisco Pizarro , the conquistadors learned that the conflict and disease were destroying the empire .


Atahualpa was in awe of these men dressed in full clothing , with long beards and riding horses ( an animal he had never seen ) .


With the arrival from the south of 1,400 fresh soldiers under the command of Andrés de Santa Cruz Calahumana , the fortunes of the patriotic army were again reversed .


Much of the 20th century was dominated by José María Velasco Ibarra , whose five presidential terms began with a mandate in 1934 and final presidency ending in 1972 .


In 1992 , Sixto Durán Ballén won his third run for the presidency .


Vice President Alfredo Palacio assumed the Presidency and vowed to complete the term of office and hold elections in 2006 .


The film was reportedly completed and released through a deal with Samuel Z. Arkoff .


In 1986 , the film was featured in the syndicated series , the " Canned Film Festival " and was later featured on the comedy series , " Mystery Science Theater 3000 " .


In 2008 , a colorized version was released by Legend Films .


It also has a large series of rivers that follow the southern border and spill into the northwest area of Peru .


It has the 29th largest exclusive economic zone of which includes the Galápagos Islands .


The capital and second most-populous city is Quito , with a population of 1.4 million .


The most-populous city is Guayaquil ( 2 million ) .


Guayaquil , located on the southern part of the coast is the biggest city in the country .


Main fishing products include herring and mackerel .


Registration of vital events is in Ecuador not complete .


They can be also found in important numbers in Quito and Guayaquil .


In the coastal region , seafood is very popular , with fish , shrimp and " ceviche " being key parts of the diet .


" Churrasco " is a staple food of the coastal region , especially Guayaquil .


The terms " breatharianism " or " inedia " may also refer to this philosophy when it is practiced as a lifestyle in place of a usual diet .


Documented studies on the physiological effects of food restriction clearly show that fasting for extended periods leads to starvation , dehydration , and eventual death .


There are claims that Devraha Baba lived without food .


The industry is concentrated mainly in Guayaquil , the largest industrial center , and in Quito , where in recent years the industry has grown considerably .


Minor industrial activity is also concentrated in Cuenca .


" Transportation in Ecuador " uses six transportation methods to transport passengers and freight ( more specifically , oil ) .


In 2009 , Ecuador was deploying over 90 peacekeepers around the globe .


Countries like Russia and China have delivered small quantities of military equipment in the past , but have gained importance in recent years .


In 2009 two additional Mil Mi-17 helicopters have been ordered from Russia with further deals planned .


This is a list of the extreme points of Egypt , the points that are farther north , south , east or west than any other location .


Shipbuilding was also a key industry ; the Harland and Wolff shipyard , which built the , was the world 's largest shipyard .


This interpretation was favoured by Edmund Hogan and John O'Donovan .


This was followed by the drilling and eventual arming of a 100,000 strong Ulster Volunteer Force .


Because of this , it is less an agglomeration of villages and towns which have expanded into each other , than other comparable cities , such as Manchester or Birmingham .


Lloyd George , Parnell and Patrick Pearse all attended political rallies there .


At the 2001 census , the population was 276,459 , while 579,554 people lived in the wider Belfast Metropolitan Area .


It provided a market for the surrounding countryside and the natural inlet of Belfast Lough gave the city its own port .


The Harland and Wolff shipbuilding firm was created in 1861 , and by the time the " Titanic " was built , in 1912 , it had become the largest shipyard in the world .


The Ulster University also maintains a campus in the city , which concentrates on fine art , design and architecture .


Power is provided from a number of power stations via NIE Networks Limited transmission lines .


In late August 2018 , at least three groups were vying for the right to purchase the 5,500 RMS Titanic relics that were an asset of the bankrupt Premier Exhibitions .


those from war-zone areas like Iraq , Ethiopia , Somalia , South Sudan , and Eritrea .


The " politics of Egypt " is based on republicanism , with a semi-presidential system of government .


It was here he first became friends with Heber C. Kimball .


They converted to the church , including his cousin Willard Richards .


In 1858 , following the events of the Utah War , he stepped down to his successor , Alfred Cumming .


the precursor to Brigham Young University .


It is believed that he died of peritonitis from a ruptured appendix .


The haggis is traditionally served with mashed potatoes ( tatties ) and mashed swede ( neeps ) .


For instance , dessert may be cranachan or tipsy laird ( whisky trifle ) , followed by oatcakes and cheese , all washed down with the " water of life " ( uisge beatha ) , Scotch whisky .


In the same year , he was appointed a Commissioner for English Heritage .


In May 2007 , he became the president of the Campaign to Protect Rural England .


In 1985 the band 's debut , " This Is Big Audio Dynamite , " was released .


Reform of energy and food subsidies , privatization of the state-owned Bank of Cairo , and inflation targeting are perhaps the most controversial economic issues in 2007 / 2008 and 2008 / 2009 .


Treasury bonds and notes issued to the Central Bank of Egypt constitute the bulk of the government domestic debt .


Up until 2007 , there have been several favorable conditions that allowed the Central Bank of Egypt to accumulate net international reserves , which increased from US $ 20 " billion in FY2005 , to US $ 23 " billion in FY2006 , and to US $ 30 " billion FY2007 contributing to growth in both reserve money and in broad money ( M2 ) .


In fact , both the inefficiency and absence of the role of the Central Bank of Egypt in qualitative and quantitative control as well as implementing banking procedures and standards was almost entirely responsible for the non-performing loans crisis .


Surging domestic inflationary pressures from both economic growth and elevated international food prices led the Central Bank of Egypt ( CBE ) to increase the overnight lending and deposit rates in sequential moves since 2008 : it was raised by 0.25 % on 10 February 2008 , by 0.5 % on 25 March 2008 , by 0.5 % on 8 May 2008 , by 0.5 % on 26 June 2008 , by 0.5 % on 7 August 2008 and most recently on 18 September 2008 for the sixth time in a year by 0.5 % when it stood at 11.5 % and 13.5 % , respectively .


Several researchers questioned the domestic ( and import ) policies for dealing with the so-called the " wheat game " since the former Minister of Agriculture Yousef Wali was in office ( 1982 - 2004 ) .


The Western Desert accounts for about two-thirds of the country 's land area .


Crude oil is found primarily in the Gulf of Suez and in the Western Desert .


Irrigation plays a major role in a country the very livelihood of which depends upon a single river , the Nile .


It is run by the Suez Canal Authority , headquartered in Port Said .


It has many constituents of tourism , mainly historical attractions especially in Cairo , Luxor and Aswan , but also beach and other sea activities .


The majority of its younger population is struggling with unemployment and destitution , and heightening food prices in Cairo .


Both stations mostly broadcast mainly to the Greater Cairo region .


Currently , there is a single company in charge of landline telephony , Telecom Egypt which is also government-controlled .


" Transport in Egypt " is centered in Cairo and largely follows the pattern of settlement along the Nile .


Officers for the army are trained at the Egyptian Military Academy .


They have complete braincases and rudimentary vertebrae , and therefore may be regarded as vertebrates and true fish .


If lampreys are more closely related to the hagfish than the other vertebrates , this would suggest that they form a clade , which has been named the Cyclostomata .


The majority of animals more complex than jellyfish and other Cnidarians are split into two groups , the protostomes and deuterostomes , the latter of which contains chordates .


It seems very likely the " Kimberella " was a member of the protostomes .


Ernst Haeckel described a taxon comprising tunicates , cephalochordates , and vertebrates in 1866 .


This support has continued to the present , with former President Hosni Mubarak often intervening personally to promote peace negotiations .


During the visit he met Prime Minister Manmohan Singh .


Libya currently has observer status at certain meetings .


The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest in March 2019 , and was released on 3 May 2019 , to positive reviews from film critics .


Acting inspirations include Susan Sarandon and Sigourney Weaver .


In July 2009 , she was diagnosed with a serious stomach virus , thought to be contracted while overseas .


Chess is believed to have originated in northwest India , in the Gupta Empire ( 280 – 550 ) , where its early form in the 6th " century was known as " chaturaṅga " ( ) , literally " four divisions " [ of the military ] " – infantry , cavalry , elephants , and chariotry , represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn , knight , bishop , and rook , respectively .


Between the world wars , chess was revolutionized by the new theoretical school of so-called hypermodernists like Aron Nimzowitsch and Richard Réti .


Saudi Mufti Abdul-Aziz ash-Sheikh similarly ruled against chess , arguing that it constituted gambling .


Iraqi Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani said chess was forbidden " even without placing a bet ” .


They are catalogued in reference works such as the " Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings " .


B.H. Wood estimated the number , as of 1949 , to be about 20,000 .


GM Lothar Schmid owned the world 's largest private collection of chess books and memorabilia .


The idea of creating a chess-playing machine dates to the 18th " century ; around 1769 , the chess-playing automaton called The Turk became famous before being exposed as a hoax .


In 1913 , Ernst Zermelo used chess as a basis for his theory of game strategies , which is considered as one of the predecessors of game theory .


According to Claude Shannon , however , there are 10 legal positions in chess , so it will take an impossibly long time to compute a perfect strategy with any feasible technology .


Some applications of combinatorial game theory to chess endgames were found by Elkies ( 1996 ) .


Alfred Binet and others showed that knowledge and verbal , rather than visuospatial , ability lies at the core of expertise .


In his doctoral thesis , Adriaan de Groot showed that chess masters can rapidly perceive the key features of a position .


Persistent socioeconomic inequality and civil unrest culminated in the devastating Salvadoran Civil War from 1979 to 1992 , fought between the military-led government and a coalition of left-wing guerrilla groups .


Thereafter the focus shifted to coffee , which by the early 20th century accounted for 90 % of export earnings .


In 1898 , General Tomas Regalado gained power by force , deposing Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez and ruling as president until 1903 .


When President Manuel Enrique Araujo was killed in 1913 , many hypotheses were advanced for the political motive of his murder .


His vice president and minister of war was General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez .


Some consider this to be the beginning of the full Salvadoran Civil War , which lasted from 1980 to 1992 .


The most recent destructive volcanic eruption took place on 1 October 2005 , when the Santa Ana Volcano spewed a cloud of ash , hot mud and rocks that fell on nearby villages and caused two deaths .


The largest country in the world is Russia , while the most populous is China , followed by India and the United States of America .


The newest country with widespread international recognition as a sovereign state is South Sudan .


The latest proclaimed state is South Sudan since 2011 .


Some are possessions of sovereign states , as several states have overseas territories ( such as French Polynesia or the British Virgin Islands ) , with citizenry at times identical and at times distinct from their own .


Such territories , with the exception of distinct dependent territories , are usually listed together with sovereign states on lists of countries , but may nonetheless be treated as a separate " country of origin " in international trade , as Hong Kong is .


The World Bank also classifies countries based on GNI per capita .


San Salvador was destroyed in 1756 and 1854 , and suffered heavy damage in the 1919 , 1982 , and 1986 tremors .


Near La Libertad , however , the mass of the mountains push the lowlands out ; the slopes of adjacent volcanoes come down directly to the ocean .


Nearly 18 % of the total 1998 – 99 basic grain harvest was lost .


There are several seaports on the Pacific Ocean , and two international airports .


A weekday passenger service links San Salvador and Apopa , a journey of 40 minutes .


The president , Salvador Castaneda Castro ( 1888 1965 ) was imprisoned .


The annual Copenhagen Marathon was established in 1980 .


Excavations in Pilestræde have also led to the discovery of a well from the late 12th century .


The natural harbour and good herring stocks seem to have attracted fishermen and merchants to the area on a seasonal basis from the 11th century and more permanently in the 13th century .


The first habitations were probably centred on Gammel Strand ( literally " old shore " ) in the 11th century or even earlier .


In 1749 , development of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden was initiated .


In the early 1850 s , the ramparts of the city were opened to allow new housing to be built around The Lakes ( ) that bordered the old defences to the west. By the 1880 s , the districts of Nørrebro and Vesterbro developed to accommodate those who came from the provinces to participate in the city 's industrialization .


From the 1960 s , on the initiative of the young architect Jan Gehl , pedestrian streets and cycle tracks were created in the city centre .


The bridge has brought about considerable changes in the public transport system and has led to the extensive redevelopment of Amager .


Then come the late-19 th - and early-20 th-century residential neighbourhoods of Østerbro , Nørrebro , Vesterbro and Amagerbro .


The first and most popular of these is located at Islands Brygge and has won international acclaim for its design .


Its weather is subject to low-pressure systems from the Atlantic which result in unstable conditions throughout the year .


They are located in the Capital Region ( ) .


Following decades of stagnation , it has experienced a resurgence since 1990 following a merger with Malmö harbour .


Most characteristic of all is the Baroque spire of the Church of Our Saviour with its narrowing external spiral stairway that visitors can climb to the top .


Ørestad now has seen most of the recent development .


It was Christian IV who first developed its landscaping in 1606 .


Just north of the city centre , Østerbro is an upper middle-class district with a number of fine mansions , some now serving as embassies .


Danish pastry can be sampled from any of numerous bakeries found in all parts of the city .


The major football teams are the historically successful FC København and Brøndby .


Matroid theory was introduced by Hassler Whitney and studied as a part of order theory .


Often associated with Paul Erdős , who did the pioneering work on the subject , probabilistic combinatorics was traditionally viewed as a set of tools to study problems in other parts of combinatorics .


Infinitesimal calculus was developed independently in the late 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz .


Pierre de Fermat , claiming that he borrowed from Diophantus , introduced the concept of adequality , which represented equality up to an infinitesimal error term .


One of the first and most complete works on both infinitesimal and integral calculus was written in 1748 by Maria Gaetana Agnesi .


This led Abraham Robinson to investigate if it were possible to develop a number system with infinitesimal quantities over which the theorems of calculus were still valid .


In 1960 , building upon the work of Edwin Hewitt and Jerzy Łoś , he succeeded in developing non-standard analysis .


By 1870 the prognosis of whites that lived on the island was much improved after recommendations that they live in the highlands , and by 1884 much of the minimal administrative machinery and key plantations had moved to Basile hundreds of metres above sea level .


Working their own small cocoa farms gave them a considerable degree of autonomy .


The Spanish Civil War had a major impact on the colony .


Also , the timber companies needed increasing numbers of workers , and the spread of coffee cultivation offered an alternative means of paying taxes .


Some 20 % of children die before age 5 and more than 50 % of the population lacks access to clean drinking water .


In 2011 , the government announced it was planning a new capital for the country , named Oyala .


In June 2014 four cases of polio were reported , the country 's first outbreak of the disease .


Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society .


On September 22 a clash took place between a rebel group from Kogo and a loyal detachment from Bata .


Human Rights Watch , Amnesty International and other non-governmental organizations have documented severe human rights abuses in prisons , including torture , beatings , unexplained deaths and illegal detention .


In 2011 the government announced it was planning a new capital for the country , named Oyala .


This is a list of the extreme points of Equatorial Guinea , the points that are farther north , south , east or west than any other location .


This article is about the demographic features of the population of Equatorial Guinea , including population density , ethnicity , education level , health of the populace , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .


There is a growing number of foreigners from neighboring Cameroon , Nigeria , and Gabon .


Catullus , for instance , was almost entirely unknown in the medieval period .


Classical models were so highly prized that the plays of William Shakespeare were rewritten along neoclassical lines , and these " improved " versions were performed throughout the 18th century .


Other philological tools took longer to be developed : the first statement , for instance , of the principle that a more difficult reading should be preferred over a simpler one , was in 1697 by Jean Le Clerc .


A relatively recent new discipline within the classics is " reception studies " , which developed in the 1960 s at the University of Konstanz .


Though the idea of an " aesthetics of reception " was first put forward by Hans Robert Jauss in 1967 , the principles of reception theory go back much earlier than this .


The council of Malabo , the capital , went to the opposition however .


In March 2001 the President appointed a new Prime Minister , Cándido Muatetema Rivas , and replaced several ministers perceived to be especially corrupt .


This means that only one political party , the Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea , is in fact allowed to hold effective power .


Spain , France , and the European Union continue to provide some project assistance , as do China and Cuba .


However , critics fear that such a company may become a vehicle for opaque accounting and inertia of the sort that has hindered development in neighbouring countries including Angola , Cameroon , and Nigeria .


Since 2001 the government has created GEPetrol , a national oil company ; and Sonagas , a national natural-gas company .


Cattle and poultry production is rapidly reaching its pre-independence levels of self-sufficiency with the financial help of the African Development Bank .


However , production of domesticated animals is hindered by the presence of trypanosomiasis and other tropical deterrents .


The fishing industry gained strength through the 1980 s and is now almost entirely modernized ; a tuna processing plant went into operation in 1990 .


Annobón subsists almost entirely on fishing and retains its traditional preeminence in off shore whaling and turtle gathering .


The term " chymistry " , in the view of noted scientist Robert Boyle in 1661 , meant the subject of the material principles of mixed bodies .


In 1663 , the chemist Christopher Glaser described " chymistry " as a scientific art , by which one learns to dissolve bodies , and draw from them the different substances on their composition , and how to unite them again , and exalt them to a higher perfection .


The 1730 definition of the word " chemistry " , as used by Georg Ernst Stahl , meant the art of resolving mixed , compound , or aggregate bodies into their principles ; and of composing such bodies from those principles .


In 1837 , Jean-Baptiste Dumas considered the word " chemistry " to refer to the science concerned with the laws and effects of molecular forces .


More recently , in 1998 , Professor Raymond Chang broadened the definition of " chemistry " to mean the study of matter and the changes it undergoes .


Greek atomism dates back to 440 BC , arising in works by philosophers such as Democritus and Epicurus .


English scientist John Dalton proposed the modern theory of atoms ; that all substances are composed of indivisible ' atoms ' of matter and that different atoms have varying atomic weights .


Organic chemistry was developed by Justus von Liebig and others , following Friedrich Wöhler 's synthesis of urea which proved that living organisms were , in theory , reducible to chemistry .


This article lists " transport in Equatorial Guinea " .


These airports are located in the region of Annobón , Bata , Mongomoyen , and Corisco .


Even in Eastern Europe , industrialization lagged far behind .


Russia , for example , remained largely rural and agricultural , and its autocratic rulers kept the peasants in serfdom .


There were also various resistance movements around Otto von Habsburg that pursued this goal .


The borders to Western Europe and Eastern Europe are geographically less defined , and for this reason the cultural and historical boundaries migrate more easily west–east than south–north .


Other populations include : Poland with around 38.5 million residents , Czech Republic at 10.5 million , Hungary at 10 million , Austria with 8.8 million , Switzerland with 8.5 million , Slovakia at 5.4 million , and Liechtenstein at a bit less than 40,000 .


List of countries by beer consumption per capita is led by the Czech Republic , followed by Germany and Austria .


Poland comes 5th , Croatia 7th and Slovenia 13th .


Eritrea officially celebrated its 1st anniversary of independence on May 24 , 1991 .


Coins showing the royal portrait began to be minted under King Endubis toward the end of the 3rd century .


This sultanate also had sovereignty over the port town of Massawa .


There are also freshwater glaciers in the Canadian Rockies , the Coast Mountains and the Arctic Cordillera .


It also runs through parts of southern Quebec .


The most notable are Montreal 's Mount Royal and Mont Saint-Hilaire .


The shield also encloses an area of wetlands , the Hudson Bay lowlands .


Volcanism has also occurred in the Canadian Shield .


The less depleted ( but still greatly diminished ) salmon population continues to drive a strong fisheries industry .


New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas such as Toronto , Montreal and Vancouver .


The People 's Front for Democracy and Justice is the only political party legally permitted to exist in Eritrea .


A dispute with Yemen over the Hanish Islands in 1996 resulted in a brief war .


Eritrea has an extensive amount of resources such as copper , gold , granite , marble , and potash .


A fish processing plant was built in 1998 that now exports 150 tons of frozen fish every month to markets in Britain , Germany , and the Netherlands .


Manufactured items in 2002 included beverages , processed foods , tobacco , leather , textiles , metal products , chemicals , printing , nonmetallic minerals , construction materials , salt , paper , and matches .


Most fixed line telephones are located in Asmara , the capital and largest city .


Canada is a constitutional monarchy , in which the monarch is head of state .


Quebec was the first province to implement a similar system of funding many years before the changes to funding of federal parties .


Since 1998 and the Eritrean–Ethiopian War , the relationship became increasingly hostile .


Eritrea broke diplomatic relations with the Sudan in December 1994 .


It borders the Gulf of Finland , between Latvia and Russia .


Many aspects of public enterprise , most notably the development of an extensive social welfare system to redress social and economic inequities , were adopted after the end of World War II in 1945 .


Large discoveries continue to be made , such as the massive nickel find at Voisey 's Bay .


The mandate of the central bank - the Bank of Canada is to conduct monetary policy that " preserves the value of money by keeping inflation low and stable " .


On July 15 , 2015 , the Bank of Canada announced that it was lowering its target for the overnight rate by another one-quarter percentage point , to 0.5 per cent " to try to stimulate an economy that appears to have failed to rebound meaningfully from the oil shock woes that dragged it into decline in the first quarter " .


Ontario and Alberta have created electricity markets in the last decade in order to increase investment and competition in this sector of the economy .


Canada has substantial electricity trade with the neighbouring United States amounting to 72 TWh exports and 10 TWh imports in 2017 .


The three major mobile network operators are Rogers Wireless ( 10.6 million subscribers ) , Bell Mobility ( 9.0 million ) and Telus Mobility ( 8.8 million ) , which have a combined 91 % of market share .


However , since the introduction of the policy only one , Iqaluit Airport , has been added and no airports have been removed despite dropping below 200,000 passengers .


Following the restoration of independence from the Soviet Union , Russia was one of the first nations to re-recognize Estonia 's independence ( the first country to do so was Iceland on 22 August 1991 ) .


It has also shown continued interest in becoming a full member in the Nordic Council .


However , the Boris Yeltsin government disavowed any responsibility for acts committed by the Soviet Union .


In January 2018 , Foreign Minister Sven Mikser established diplomatic relations with Sudan .


The 1960 s saw the arrival of about 50,000 draft-dodgers who opposed the Vietnam War .


The " Alabama Claims " dispute went to international arbitration .


Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and President Franklin D. Roosevelt were determined not to repeat the mistakes of their predecessors .


This infuriated Lyndon B. Johnson , who gave him a harsh talk , saying " You do n't come here and piss on my rug " .


Relations between Brian Mulroney and Ronald Reagan were famously close .


Although Jean Chrétien was wary of appearing too close to President Bill Clinton , both men had a passion for golf .


The main source of this trans-border pollution results from coal-fired power stations , most of them located in the Midwestern United States .


However , the election of the Conservative Party in early 2006 halted the liberalization of marijuana laws for the foreseeable future .


Canadian public opinion of Barack Obama was significantly more positive .


The first President was Negasso Gidada .


The incumbent president is Mulatu Teshome and has been at that position since October 2013 .


Other exports include live animals , leather and leather products , chemicals , gold , pulses , oilseeds , flowers , fruits and vegetables and khat ( or " qat " ) , a leafy shrub which has psychotropic qualities when chewed .


The Emperor Menelik II responded to their protests with disdain , and later used the telephone to give orders to his provincial governors .


Local advice suggests travellers should register their phone in the customs arrival hall at Bole Airport on arrival if they intend to use a local SIM card .


The railway network 's primary purpose is then both to connect landlocked Ethiopia to the world market by ensuring a seamless access to one or several sea ports for trade and for transporting most imports and exports .


Only one river , the Baro is used for transport .


They arrived in Djibouti on 9 May 1950 after which they were carried by rail to Addis Ababa .


The committee elected Major Mengistu Haile Mariam as its chairman and Major Atnafu Abate as its vice-chairman .


By July 1975 the International Institute for Strategic Studies was listing a mechanised division in addition to three infantry divisions .


Relations with Somalia have also gradually improved , particularly since the establishment of a new government in Mogadishu .


Services can be varied for special events like significant feast days .


The 15th - century Renaissance brought about a renewed interest in ancient and classical learning .


One of the largest churches produced from the movement is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints .


The island officially became a possession of France in 1897 .


The island , garrisoned by a detachment from Réunion , has a weather station and is visited by scientists .


It is surrounded by coral beaches and a fringing reef and encloses a mangrove lagoon of around and open to the sea on one side .


Climate is affected by the Agulhas Current with water temperatures usually above 30 " °C , southeast trade winds during the ( austral ) winter and occasional cyclones .


The earliest known tool for use in computation was the abacus , and it was thought to have been invented in Babylon circa 2400 BC .


The concept of a field-effect transistor was proposed by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925 .


E.g. , it was his successor Archimedes who proved that a sphere has 2 / 3 the volume of the circumscribing cylinder .


As discussed in more detail below , Albert Einstein 's theory of relativity significantly modifies this view .


Also in the 17th century , Girard Desargues , motivated by the theory of perspective , introduced the concept of idealized points , lines , and planes at infinity .


However , centuries of efforts failed to find a solution to this problem , until Pierre Wantzel published a proof in 1837 that such a construction was impossible .


In the early 19th century , Carnot and Möbius systematically developed the use of signed angles and line segments as a way of simplifying and unifying results .


The poem details the exploits of Gilgamesh , the king of Uruk .


Early twentieth-century study of living oral epic traditions in the Balkans by Milman Parry and Albert Lord demonstrated the paratactic model used for composing these poems .


The creation and importance of saloons was greatly influenced by four major cities : New Orleans , St. Louis , Chicago and San Francisco .


This book is based on real people and events ; however , many of those events are contested by main character Semyon Dukach .


When it opened in 1989 , The Mirage was the first casino to use cameras full-time on all table games .


The end of the PETM was met with very large sequestration of carbon dioxide into the forms of methane clathrate , coal , and crude oil at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean , that reduced the atmospheric carbon dioxide .


Deciduous trees , better able to cope with large temperature changes , began to overtake evergreen tropical species .


and 1.4 million in northeast Thailand ( 2006 ) .


The Brabantse Stedenrij combined metropolitan area has about two million inhabitants .


A first air raid in World War II was flown by the RAF on 6 December 1942 targeting the Philips factory downtown .


The airport itself , now called Eindhoven Airport , had moved earlier to a new location , paving the way for much needed new houses .


Also , TNO has opened a branch on the university campus .


Recently , talks have resumed to have a service to Neerpelt , Belgium via Weert .


From the station , trains depart to Copenhagen every 20 minutes .


Trains also depart to Hillerød and Gilleleje .


It was inaugurated by then Minister of culture , Uffe Elbæk , in June 2012 .


South of Gävle , the road becomes an almost continuous motorway , with the only non-motorway part being a long section past Ljungby , currently a 2 + 1 limited-access road .


Most early vector processors , such as the Cray-1 , were associated almost exclusively with scientific research and cryptography applications .


Wincrantz was partly funded by Ivar Kreuger , an international financier .


Some species such as the red fox ( " Vulpes vulpes " ) and stoat ( " Mustela erminea " ) have been introduced to Australasia that have caused many native species to become endangered or even extinct .


The feet can either be digitigrade seen in cats , hyenas and dogs or plantigrade seen in bears , skunks , raccoons , weasels , civets and mongooses .


The raccoon family as well as the red panda are small , bear-like carnivorans with long tails .


The arctic fox ( " Vulpes lagopus " ) and the stoat ( " Mustela erminea " ) the fur goes from white and dense in the winter to brown and sparse in the summer .


He pursued his interest in behaviour by encouraging his protégé George Romanes , who investigated animal learning and intelligence using an anthropomorphic method , anecdotal cognitivism , that did not gain scientific support .


In this period , too , ethology began to develop strongly in North America .


In addition , for most of the twentieth century , comparative psychology developed most strongly in North America , while ethology was stronger in Europe .


One investigation of this kind was the study of the waggle dance ( " dance language " ) in bee communication by Karl von Frisch .


The stingless bee ( " Trigona corvina " ) uses local enhancement to locate other members of their colony and food resources .


For example , " Pandanus " branches are used to extract insects and other larvae from holes within trees .


A common example of fighting for social and sexual supremacy is the so-called pecking order among poultry .


It may be regarded as a sort of symbiosis among individuals of the same species : a society is composed of a group of individuals belonging to the same species living within well-defined rules on food management , role assignments and reciprocal dependence .


The frequency of a wave is its rate of oscillation and is measured in hertz , the SI unit of frequency , where one hertz is equal to one oscillation per second .


A bold proposition by Louis de Broglie in 1924 led the scientific community to realize that matter ( e.g. electrons ) also exhibits wave–particle duality .


For instance , dark bands in the light emitted by a distant star are due to the atoms in the star 's atmosphere .


In 1862 – 64 James Clerk Maxwell developed equations for the electromagnetic field which suggested that waves in the field would travel with a speed that was very close to the known speed of light .


It is not a coincidence that this happens in the visible range , as the mechanism of vision involves the change in bonding of a single molecule ( retinal ) which absorbs light in the rhodopsin in the retina of the human eye .


Francisco de Paula Santander also would play a decisive role .


The war ended with a peace deal brokered by the League of Nations .


The administration of President Álvaro Uribe ( 2002 – 10 ) , adopted the democratic security policy which included an integrated counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency campaign .


As part of a controversial peace process the AUC ( right-wing paramilitaries ) as a formal organization had ceased to function .


It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica , Nicaragua , Honduras , Jamaica , Haiti , and the Dominican Republic .


In the run-off elections on 20 June 2010 the former Minister of defense Juan Manuel Santos won with 69 % of the vote against the second most popular candidate , Antanas Mockus .


Colombia was one of the 4 founding members of the Pacific Alliance , which is a political , economic and co-operative integration mechanism that promotes the free circulation of goods , services , capital and persons between the members , as well as a common stock exchange and joint embassies in several countries .


The largest cities in the country are Bogotá , with 7,387,400 inhabitants , Medellín , with 2,382,399 inhabitants , Cali , with 2,172,527 inhabitants , and Barranquilla , with 1,205,284 inhabitants .


The country suffered a recession in 1999 ( the first full year of negative growth since the Great Depression ) , and the recovery from that recession was long and painful .


The population of Bogotá alone has increased from just over 300,000 in 1938 to approximately 8 " million today .


In the second half of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century the literary genre known as " costumbrismo " became popular ; great writers of this period were Tomás Carrasquilla , Jorge Isaacs and Rafael Pombo ( the latter of whom wrote notable works of children 's literature ) .


Within that period , authors such as José Asunción Silva , José Eustasio Rivera , León de Greiff , Porfirio Barba-Jacob and José María Vargas Vila developed the modernist movement .


Baroque architecture is used in military buildings and public spaces .


Wood was extensively used in doors , windows , railings , and ceilings during the colonization of Antioquia .


Among the most representative appetizers and soups are patacones ( fried green plantains ) , sancocho de gallina ( chicken soup with root vegetables ) and ajiaco ( potato and corn soup ) .


Representative snacks and breads are pandebono , arepas ( corn cakes ) , aborrajados ( fried sweet plantains with cheese ) , torta de choclo , empanadas and almojábanas .


Representative main courses are bandeja paisa , lechona tolimense , mamona , tamales and fish dishes ( such as arroz de lisa ) , especially in coastal regions where kibbeh , suero , costeño cheese and carimañolas are also eaten .


Representative side dishes are papas chorreadas ( potatoes with cheese ) , remolachas rellenas con huevo duro ( beets stuffed with hard-boiled egg ) and arroz con coco ( coconut rice ) .


This may exemplify a rare example of insular dwarfing in a mainland context , with the " islands " being formed by biogeographic barriers during arid climatic periods when forest distribution became patchy , and / or by the extensive river networks in the Amazon Basin .


In rays , the pectoral fins are connected to the head and are very flexible .


His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel " A Farewell to Arms " ( 1929 ) .


He based " For Whom the Bell Tolls " ( 1940 ) on his experience there .


a conservative community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said , " So many churches for so many good people to go to .


taught her son to play the cello despite his refusal to learn ; though later in life he admitted the music lessons contributed to his writing style , evidenced for example in the " contrapuntal structure " of " For Whom the Bell Tolls " .


" A few days later , he was stationed at Fossalta di Piave .


Their guide was the noted " white hunter " Philip Percival who had guided Theodore Roosevelt on his 1909 safari .


In 1935 he first arrived at Bimini , where he spent a considerable amount of time .


Descendants of his cats live at his Key West home .


The theme of women and death is evident in stories as early as " Indian Camp " .


" Kirkus reviews " called the novel a " beautifully composed , unflinching and harrowing story " .


He had already struggled with social anxiety disorder and depression and started his abuse of narcotics including cocaine while he went on an alcohol binge .


Fishing has declined due to habitat degradation , overfishing , trawling , bycatch and climate change .


The scraping of the ocean floor in bottom dragging is devastating to coral , sponges and other long-lived species that do not recover quickly .


For example , on Saint Lucia , harvesting mangrove for timber and clearing for fishing reduced the mangrove forests , resulting in a loss of habitat and spawning grounds for marine life that was unique to the area .


It was first described in 1874 by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum as ( Catatonia or Tension Insanity ) .


It may also be seen in many medical disorders including infections ( such as encephalitis ) , autoimmune disorders , meningitis , focal neurological lesions ( including strokes ) , alcohol withdrawal , abrupt or overly rapid benzodiazepine withdrawal , cerebrovascular disease , neoplasms , head injury , and neuroleptic malignant syndrome .


In 1774 , Georges-Louis Le Sage realised an early electric telegraph .


In 1825 , William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet , with a single winding of uninsulated wire on a piece of varnished iron , which increased the magnetic force produced by electric current .


Joseph Henry improved it in 1828 by placing several windings of insulated wire around the bar , creating a much more powerful electromagnet which could operate a telegraph through the high resistance of long telegraph wires .


In 1835 , Joseph Henry and Edward Davy independently invented the mercury dipping electrical relay , in which a magnetic needle is dipped into a pot of mercury when an electric current passes through the surrounding coil .


At the family home on Hammersmith Mall , he set up a complete subterranean system in a long trench as well as an long overhead telegraph .


The inventors and university did not have the funds to develop the telegraph on their own , but they received funding from Alexander von Humboldt .


By 1837 , William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone had co-developed a telegraph system which used a number of needles on a board that could be moved to point to letters of the alphabet .


An early successful teleprinter was invented by Frederick G. Creed .


In Glasgow he created his first keyboard perforator , which used compressed air to punch the holes .


In the latter half of the 1800 s , several inventors worked towards creating a method for doing just that , including Charles Bourseul , Thomas Edison , Elisha Gray , and Alexander Graham Bell .


During the war , Secretary of War Simon Cameron , and later Edwin Stanton , wanted control over the telegraph lines to maintain the flow of information .


Establishing shots were more common during the classical era of filmmaking than they are now .


Etruscan coins have turned up in caches or individually in tombs and in excavations seemingly at random , and concentrated , of course , in Etruria .


Other states ( e.g. , the United Kingdom ) only set maximum time in office , and the executive decides exactly when within that limit it will actually go to the polls .


In an extreme example , Charles D. B. King of Liberia was reported to have won by 234,000 votes in the 1927 general election , a " majority " that was over fifteen times larger than the number of eligible voters .


The Royal Free School of Fermanagh was moved onto the island in 1643 .


The Provisional Irish Republican Army claimed responsibility for the attack .


The gathering was the biggest international diplomatic gathering ever held in Northern Ireland .


Its popularized roots originate in the Southern United States of the early 1920 s .


Before these , pioneer settlers , in the Great Smoky Mountains region , had developed a rich musical heritage .


Many " hillbilly " musicians , such as Cliff Carlisle , recorded blues songs throughout the 1920 s .


Rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950 s , and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music , with Johnny Cash emerging as one of the most popular and enduring representatives of the rockabilly genre ; rockabilly was also a starting point for eventual rock-and-roll superstar Elvis Presley , who would return to his country roots near the end of his life .


Between 1972 and 1975 singer / guitarist John Denver released a series of hugely successful songs blending country and folk-rock musical styles .


Two types of artists enjoyed mainstream popularity : neotraditionalists such as Alan Jackson , and the more broadly popular stadium country acts , in particular Garth Brooks .


Between 1947 and 1949 , country crooner Eddy Arnold placed eight songs in the top 10 .


From 1945 to 1955 Jenny Lou Carson was one of the most prolific songwriters in country music .


Cliff Bruner , Moon Mullican , Milton Brown and Adolph Hofner were other early Western swing pioneers .


Spade Cooley and Tex Williams also had very popular bands and appeared in films .


Other country boogie artists included Moon Mullican , Merrill Moore and Tennessee Ernie Ford .


Webb Pierce was the top-charting country artist of the 1950 s , with 13 of his singles spending 113 weeks at number one .


Following in the footsteps of Gene Autry , Lydia Mendoza , Roy Rogers , and Patsy Montana .


" The late 1950 s saw the emergence of Buddy Holly , but by the end of the decade , backlash as well as traditional artists such as Ray Price , Marty Robbins , and Johnny Horton began to shift the industry away from the rock n ' roll influences of the mid-1950 s .


The " slip note " piano style of session musician Floyd Cramer was an important component of this style .


Top artists included Tammy Wynette , Lynn Anderson and Charlie Rich , as well as such former " hard country " artists as Ray Price and Marty Robbins .


In the 1990 s , country music became a worldwide phenomenon thanks to Garth Brooks , who enjoyed one of the most successful careers in popular music history , breaking records for both sales and concert attendance throughout the decade .


Toby Keith began his career as a more pop-oriented country singer in the 1990 s , evolving into an outlaw persona in the late 1990 s with " Pull My Chain " and its follow-up , " Unleashed " .


Female artists such as Reba McEntire , Patty Loveless , Faith Hill , Martina McBride , Deana Carter , LeAnn Rimes , Mindy McCready , Lorrie Morgan , Shania Twain , and Mary Chapin Carpenter all released platinum-selling albums in the 1990 s .


The comments caused a rift between the band and the country music scene , and the band 's fourth ( and most recent ) album , 2006 's " Taking the Long Way " , took a more rock-oriented direction ; the album was commercially successful overall among non-country audiences but largely ignored among country audiences .


This influence was so great that Chet Atkins was quoted as saying , " The music has gotten pretty bad , I think .


In contrast , artists such as Don Williams and George Jones who had more or less had consistent chart success through the 1970 s and 1980 s suddenly had their fortunes fall rapidly around 1991 when the new chart rules took effect .


Richard Marx crossed over with his " Days in Avalon " album , which features five country songs and several singers and musicians .


One of the most commercially successful country artists of the late 2000 s and early 2010 s has been singer-songwriter Taylor Swift .


Other early stars included Buddy Williams , Shirley Thoms and Smoky Dawson .


Nick Cave has been heavily influenced by the country artist Johnny Cash .


The Tamworth Country Music Festival began in 1973 and now attracts up to 100,000 visitors annually .


Tom Jones , by this point near the end of his peak success as a pop singer , had a string of country hits in the late 1970 s and early 1980 s .


In Iran , country music has appeared in recent years .


In Sweden , Rednex rose to stardom combining country music with electro-pop in the 1990 s .


The " Oxford English Dictionary " contains " pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism " ( 30 letters ) .


His family moved to Pennsylvania in 1971 .


He developed cerebral palsy at birth ; his weakened physical condition motivated him to go into computing .


He co-founded the Open Source Initiative in 1998 , taking on the self-appointed role of ambassador of open source to the press , business and public .


He has also contributed code and content to the free software video game " The Battle for Wesnoth " .


The United Kingdom and the United States were concerned that electoral victories by communist parties in any of these countries could lead to sweeping economic and political change in Western Europe .


The 1951 children 's film " Duck and Cover " is a prime example .


Like other defense mechanisms , externalization is a protection against anxiety and is , therefore , part of a healthy , normally functioning mind .


However , if taken to excess , it can lead to the development of a neurosis .


" The Economist " benchmarks countries based on a crony-capitalism index calculated via how much economic activity occurs in industries prone to cronyism .


President Grover Cleveland appointed Thomas M. Cooley , a railroad ally , as its first chairman and a permit system was used to deny access to new entrants and legalize price fixing .


Jane Jacobs described it as a natural consequence of collusion between those managing power and trade while Noam Chomsky has argued that the word crony is superfluous when describing capitalism .


Socialist economists , such as Robin Hahnel , have criticized the term as an ideologically motivated attempt to cast what is in their view the fundamental problems of capitalism as avoidable irregularities .


All common sides were designed by Luc Luycx .


In turn , the bank supplied the promissory note as collateral to the Central Bank of Ireland , so it could access emergency liquidity assistance ( ELA ) .


Even so , its first recorded use in the function of a constitution ( supreme law of the land ) is with Sarsa Dengel beginning in 1563 .


The oldest written document still governing a sovereign nation today is that of San Marino .


It was in force in Sardinia until it was superseded by the code of Charles Felix in April 1827 .


What is sometimes called the " enlightened constitution " model was developed by philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment such as Thomas Hobbes , Jean-Jacques Rousseau , and John Locke .


The Renaissance brought a series of political philosophers who wrote implied criticisms of the practices of monarchs and sought to identify principles of constitutional design that would be likely to yield more effective and just governance from their viewpoints .


Some , such as Montesquieu , also examined how the functions of government , such as legislative , executive , and judicial , might appropriately be separated into branches .


The later writings of Orestes Brownson would try to explain what constitutional designers were trying to do .


In ethnic nation-states such as Estonia , the mission of the state can be defined as preserving a specific nation , language and culture .


Some powers have been devolved to Northern Ireland , Scotland , and Wales ( but not England ) .


Some unitary states ( Spain is an example ) devolve more and more power to sub-national governments until the state functions in practice much like a federal state .


In some countries , such as Germany , this function is carried out by a dedicated constitutional court which performs this ( and only this ) function .