In this paper, we present a string feature-based approach to textual data profiling and invalid data detection.

for most real world applications, there is always a tradeoff between TP-rate and TN-rate.


Person name is one of the most frequent foreign phrases in texts, and it often causes noise as unknown words.

a Chinese name is basically made of three characters, one for family name and succeeding two for a given name.


But the basic notations of the names in Latin alphabet are different in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan.

most of the researches are for documents, and though the possibility of high accuracy for shorter strings of characters, language identification for words or phrases has not been discussed much.


These applications, at least theoretically, could get them automatically from the Web.

plate 3: A writing system (Thai) related to NUMERALS.


Web-crawlers and IR systems are other candidates which will certainly profit from XNLRDF.

the OLAC user scenario assumes a human user looking for resources and tools, whereas XNLRDF is designed to allow applications to find resources autonomously given a text document to be processed and a task to be achieved.


In terms of syntax, for example, ASL has topiccomment syntax, while English uses Subject-Object-Verb.

the word order is "what"+"name" in JSL, which is more alike spoken English.


Such computer-based tests can well assess three skill areas such as reading, writing, and listening comprehension.

transcribers use Ordinate's Internet-based transcriber interface.


VS sentences can be used as declarative sentences when the subject is unidentifiable as well as an answer to a question like shei2 lai2 le?

this section can be summarized as follows.


A total of 400 participants, including students, tutors, and the Course Coordinator (CC), took part in the two boards.

as in P020, while the third posting was a repair to prior postings, it also became a trouble source, as there was no file attached, even though the 1 Transcription conventions in this study: data cut-off by transcriptionist (( )) commentary by transcriptionist → points out a phenomenon under scrutiny Underline highlights parts related to the phenomenon under scrutiny Re: original mark in the Web-based discussion board in front of topic line indicated the posting being in reply.


Also, it has been shown that an order-M seimi-CRF is strictly more powerful than an order-M CRF.

if this measure is less than a threshold, then the result of dictionary-based n-gram method was adopted, otherwise the results of sub-word tagging were adopted.


Four segmentation corpora were presented in each Bakeoff.

the basic features that we can use are characters themselves.


If the current character is " ", then all active features will be " "," ", " ", " ", " ", and " ".

we see that it is not better than character-based tagging method, which is 0.974 as seen in Table 7.


1 As specified in [2] and [3], TimeML annotates for temporal relations with four TimeML tags <EVENT>, <TIMEX3>, <SIGNAL>, <MAKEINSTANCE> and also with three link tags <TLINK>, <SLINK>, and <ALINK>.

the scope of the present discussion, however, remains at the purely descriptive level.


But it seems to refer both to a date and to an associated event (instance).

for inviting me to present a paper at PACLIC20, I would like to thank Maosong Sun, Tingting He, Po Hu and other Organizing, Programming, and Local Committee members, and also Chu-Ren Huang and other Steering Committee members of PACLIC.


This is augmented with default syntactic and semantic specifications which reflect shallow but efficient human sentence processing.

phase 2 (300-500 ms): Lexical-semantic and morpho-syntactic information is processed in parallel without interaction, leading to the assignment of thematic roles.


This is tantamount to say that the first NP is syntactically interpreted as subject and the second as object by default.

no attempts have hitherto been made to model human sentence comprehension based on the data provided by those methods from a unified formal point of view.


The second step scores Bβ by examines all the wordforms ending with the string.

table 1 lists out the experiment results obtained with different dictionary scales.


Too small a window will lose a lot useful information, which makes internal relation of community not tight enough, and will lose many important relations of NE pairs.

we modify e ij because of weighted network, as in equation 4; Tr(e)=∑ i e ii gives the fraction of edges in the network that connect vertices in the same community; ‖e‖indicates the sum of the ele ents of the matrix e. m where e is an edge connectin ion.


The small characters in the left side of Chinese-transliterated characters represent different consonant pronunciation, called word initials.

otherwise, there are 317 items in type Cy, accounting for 32.9521% of the whole types.


It is necessary to point out that the word initials and the word endings do not really stand for Mongolian sounds or syllables, in stead, they are supplementary symbols for transliterating Mongolian letters to Chinese characters.

the Secrete History of the Mongols (SHM) is a special Mongolian historical document transliterated with Chinese characters as phonetic symbols, which feature causes many multivariate analyses in later ages.


We consider the advantages of case grammar [20] , transformational generative grammar [21][22] and Wordnet [23] fully, and try to form a strategy to extract the conceptual expressions, and then, process the information in a semantic way based on the conceptual expression.

one is Jelinek-Mercer Model based on Term Frequency, the other is Bayesian Model based on Term Frequency.


However, it is hard to confirm the concept of each query exactly for separate queries always lack strong phraseological relationship between each other.

in this phase, the chunks in the sentence and their corresponding possible sentence category expression will be hypothesized according to the words in the sentence and their concepts recorded in the "CE" of the WCK.


In this proposed method, the translated sentence in the shaded portion may not be always correct.

an over the counter component is utilized for English speech synthesis.


It is different in our method that we consider This work was finished while the first author visited Microsoft Research Asia both feature template selection and tag set selection, instead of feature template focused only methods in previous work.

a feature template set we selected is shown in Table 1.


the representation and acquisition of knowledge play a key role in studies on information processing and natural language interpretation.


In conclusion, one feasible way is to make use of the preliminary result of terminology extraction without segmentation, and add these newly-found terminologies into the general dictionaries for the segmentor.

we must identify terms first before validating that they are domain specific terms, which is the second step called terminology extraction.


In this paper, we have discussed the effect of segmentation errors on terminology extraction.

the criterion of judgment is very simple: The candidate string would be accepted as a term if its internal associative strength is larger than a given threshold.


There are 11 types of phrase types in the corpus including BNP, BAP, BVP, BDP, BQP, BTP, BFP, BNT, BNS, BNZ, and SV (see details in [18]).

the noun phrase rules are generated from the instances which are initially extracted from corpusS, then refined by re-testing on the same corpus without BNP chunks, and finally manually checked as shown in table 1.


• Applies the Rset to candidate bi-gram noun phrase collocations.

the χ 2 -test is used in this work because it does not assume normal distribution probabilities. "


"generic" dictionary rules A→B A∈V C , B∈V T "generic" phrase structure rules A→α A∈V X , α∈(V C ∪V X ) ＋ "specific" dictionary rules for request ID=i A→B A∈V C i , B∈V T "specific" phrase structure rules for request ID=i A→α A∈V X i , α∈ Fig.

compared to the Web or other open domain retrieval tasks, a manual/FAQ search is a very domain-specific task, where the terms used in documents and queries are limited, and this causes high overlapping among the terms of different queries.


Today Penn treebank is already seen as a gold standard of training and evaluating parser.

based on the national standard "POS tagset for Chinese information processing" (2003) and popularly used "Grammar system for middle-school teaching", we propose a set of word class with 13 types:  According to the three basic elements consisting of dependency relation: governor, dependent and dependency type, the tagset of Chinese dependency type is built.


This approach is based on the assumption that if two words in different languages have similar contexts, it is most likely that they are mutual translations.

bilingual Named Entity Extraction is important to some cross language information processes such as machine translation (MT), cross-lingual information retrieval (CLIR), etc.


In (10b), sensei is the subject of yonda and the subject of kaita is omitted.

in this case, the type π r π for dake is inappropriate.


Furthermore, Buszkowski formally proved that grammars based on free pregroups are context-free [1].

we will prefer the alternative analysis in which we assign the new type π rs s l to the topic marker wa, as in (1c), such that the resulting sentence is of types, that is, a topicalized sentence.


Their algorithm to define a term needs concept semantic knowledge and other knowledge, and segmented and tagged texts.

in Chinese texts bilingual LWPs can be classified as follows: A：complete About this type interpretation, we designed a module to process.


In the second part, the CES sentence category is explained, and the third part gives out the result of chunk share in CES sentence.

moreover, we explain the data preliminarily.


As the chunk with its own construction, it is necessary to think over the chunk share from another view, the whole and part.

it probes into the problem of sentence semantic chunk share based on the sentence category expression of HNC theory.


Again, there is no doubt the milk is liquid food in the literal interpretation.

fourthly, we show how the derived generalizations can be applied in deep linguistic account.


Kim ([11]) assumes that the first clause is a subordinate clause only when it does not bear an explicit tense marker as in (1a).

if we are going to account for the tense phenomenon in (5a) with reference to the marker -ø past , we would need to posit another null form tense marker, i.e.


We saw why such ambiguity arises and figured out the differences between the two types of clauses concerned.

the first clause in sentence (1a) can be an adjunct when it does not contain any tense marker.


As we can see in (11), -ko as a subordinate marker cannot combine with a verbal stem containing a tense marker.

the sentence is actually ambiguous between a past tense and a present tense reading when it does not have the adverb 2 .


for instance, many verbs share the [..PP V NP] structure.


We first describe in Section 2.1 the DTW algorithm used by Church and Gale in [1].

we then detail the results of the Arcade II evaluation campaign [2], for which we took part to two tasks: alignment between 5 european languages, and alignment between French and 6 languages not based on the latin alphabet.


They are (gh), (ddh), (dh), (bh), (dzny), (dzh).

it is necessary to set up principles in advance while compiling a dictionary.


documents re-ranking is a method to sort the initial retrieved documents without doing a second retrieval.


It is convenient to find out the possible Eg candidates which contain the 'v' concept according to the knowledge-base.

the eigen semantic chunk (EK) is not only constituted of the verb, but also the noun and other words.


Generally the Eg roots in the head verb.

according to the denial rules, some 'v' concepts are rejected as Eg candidates.


In some applications of opinion mining in text, it is important to distinguish what an author is talking about from the subjective stance towards the topic.

we totally collect 86 popular film terms from the corpus and online film glossary 3 .


Now, it has been extensively used in text filtering, public opinion tracking, customer relation management, etc.

the proper nouns, such as titles of films are not included in the targets.


Overall, the resulting method is able to produce the correct underlying forms of the surface forms of 96% of the tokens in the test data, having a 4% error which is due to the d-r alternation rule.

the resulting method is able to produce the correct underlying forms of the surface forms of 96% of the test data, having a 4% error, which is attributed to d-r alternation.


The monophthong formants were measured using LPC method.

this is believed to be caused by acoustic model of monophthongs.


From the observation of three subjects, tone acquisition order accords with previous researchers and TS rules acquisition order are TS3/TS4>TS2>TS1, which shows that the order of TS acquisition is influenced by tone acquisition.

two decades after Chao's work, Li and thompson (1977) conduct the first systematic study in acquisition of tone of Mandarin.


Furthermore, because this correction was applied only to the all-adverb group, there was no change in the number of tagged adverbs.

adjectives were chosen that had affirmative and negative characteristics to become a seed, and they were used to extract other adjectives that co-occurred to judge the subjective characteristics of each in view of the co-occurrence.


20wf We distinguish well-formedness values from activation values since we assume that the former is necessary for gaining the whole well-formedness of phrases and this is not altered once the value is obtained, while the former is changed by the conditions in (6).

to capture the linear-order effects, we formulate a memory-based model that predicts fine-grained degrees of acceptability.


In our memory-based model, (1b) is predicted to be unacceptable for the reason outlined in the end of section 4.

the function g is defined so that, with an auxiliary assumption, we would be able to model the degree of deactivation through the passage of time.


The parser synt provides a command line interface, which is suitable for all forms of batch processing.

the third source of information for VerbaLex is the syntactic lexicon of verb valencies denoted as BRIEF, which originated at FI MU Brno in 1996 [17].


Since the project is exposed to these risks by its design, a priority for the project members is therefore to tackle this issue from the very beginning.

we consider that a step further could consist in identifying more precisely the nature of these "associations".


We have increased the entries of our dictionary from 33,438 entries to 120,769 entries.

from a total of 217,913 unique names, they give 619 distinct family names and 75,581 distinct given names.


In [5], some pruning steps have been applied to delete some false unknown words.

we need to extract more words to be added to the dictionary.


would become Whole BNF descriptions are collections of named rules.

there are four components making up the BNF: (i) terminal symbols, e.g.


For the calculation in the natural language on line, it is necessary to introduce several formulas as follows:  σ 1) W2(σ 2) …Wk(σ k) We now describe an example to illustrate the application of Theorem 1. δ is defined as follows:  In this paper, we have considered some basic probabilistic models of computation by inputting strings of words, and some new conclusions have been discovered.

a major issue to decide upon is how to represent the BNF syntax as a data structure.


the largest clustering algorithm applicant templates training process, to speed up the pace of Hmm parameters optimized, through reference extensive documentation that the largest clustering only have a greater impact on the first iterative process, but follow that the iterative accelerate effects are not obvious, on the contrary, an increase of the complexity and fewer training data may increase errors.

isolated word speech recognition system, with broad application prospects, such as computer control, industrial control orders, family services, banking services, personal information identification, personal items such as mobile communications, the application of this technology will greatly facilitate the daily lives of people.


Secondly, the questions in training set are numbered, so they cannot cover all kinds of query way.

if a word has two different first sememes at least, the different first sememe belongs to different classification.


we have evaluated the presented new approaches using an English-Arabic parallel corpus.


Then word probability which represents the probability of selecting a target word among all other target words in the same sense division is computed [2].

an automated approach is presented for resolving target-word selection, based on "word-to-sense" and "sense-to-word" source-translation relationships, using syntactic relationships (subject-verb, verb-object, adjectivenoun).


Let's take "工" as example and add E-HowNet definitions for each class, shown as table 1: Table 1.

morphology of Chinese allows new words to be generated by compounding and affixation.


For instance, for the sense class of "labor|工人", there are three different definition patterns lead by the features of "telic", "gender", and "age" in the same class.

the definition can be glossed as: "a sound recorder is a machine which functions as the instrument of sound-recording activity".


According to the opinion of semantic network, the words with concrete concept has the largest concept differentiation, the next comes the synthesis concept between concrete concept and abstract concept.

they are at the bottom of differentiation level graph of concrete concepts, for reason of it has the least differentiation.


For example，the phrases of positive-sequence, such as "长| 兔 毛 "," 高 | 鞋 跟 "belong to the combination of Modificatory Combination firstly and Noun Conglomeration Combination secondly.

the concept of individual person is the person concept except the concept of aggregate person.


The above paragraph can be summarized as rule 1 below.

the example of inverted sequence, such as "金 丝猴"、"长颈鹿"、"高跟鞋"belong to the category of new words and these facts negate the rule of decreasing differentiation.


In constructing n-gram models, we always face two problems.

for specific domains, n-gram models usually suffer from the data sparseness problem, because large amounts of domain-specific data are usually not available.


The experimental result is acceptable and conforms to human's intuition.

4：When father nodes of all concept nodes are found, we can easily describe the relationship of the sememes through concept-sememe tree.


3：The method of searching the father node from concept nodes of the second type: to any concept node (Node(i)), find the nearest colon j which is ahead of Node(i), if the number of the symbol "{" is one more than the number of "}" between the area of Node(i) and colon j, so the concept node which is ahead of colon j is the father node of Node(i).

associated words usually have no similarity such as the word pair "吃 (eat)" and "食物(food)" etc.


We'll refer the phrase "target text" below to the text currently being segmented.

is the probability of character which is estimated by the total occurrences of the word normalized by N, namely: equation 5 is represented as follows: 3 WS under Chinese Sign Language Environment In the course of WS, efficiency will be reduced gradually with the increase of the length of sentence, so it performs the preprocessing to the target text got from the Web.


Consider the following sentence: (6) watasi-ga nihon-e iku toki-ni purezento-o katta.

the subject word hana and the topicalized word zoo have a part-whole relation.


For each text, the precision and recall are computed to evaluate the quality of the summary.

our calculation of importance of a sentence also depends on these two components.


It is propounded that a general nongap topic has certain semantic linkage with a comment and thus is theta-marked and occupies an A position.

when an overt pronominal like ta 'it' is substituted for the EC (e i ) in (1), the acceptability of the sentence seems to be lower.


Kappa statistics is used to check the inter-rater agreement between human annotators (Cohen 1960, Carletta 1995.

the context contains keori which is ambiguous among 'street' and 'distance' and contains collocations that occurs in both sense of keori.


The well-known Distributional hypothesis (Harris 1964) claims that a sense of an ambiguous word is dependent on collocations around it.

the Kappa value of our experimental results is 0.88 which proves the reliable agreements.


The four dictionaries produced by four different companies who claim that the dictionaries they produce include authoritative dictionaries like Oxford and Longman.

we cannot simply assume that dictionaries 3 and 4 are better than the Longman one.


Our approach is based on large-scale bilingual corpora, and the computation is implemented by applying the theories of VSM and lexical mutual information to traditional IR.

it is always a tough job to build a large-scale high-quality bilingual corpus.


It is important to note that DLRs can similarly be type-based, such as wordnets or precision grammars, or token-based, such as treebanks or sensebanks.

systems generally employ tagging and/or parsing to form token-level subcategorisation frame hypotheses, based on manually-constructed templates.


For the substructures for temporal entities and relations, ISO-TimeML already has a partial formal semantics including a small set of translation rules into ITL, which can be reused adapting them to the use of events rather than temporal intervals (except when temporal entities are to be interpreted).

for ease of reference we have labelled the relevant substructures in the example in boldface.


For a singleton set {a} we have the obvious correspondence: SR'({a}) = SR(a) for every semantic role predicate SR.

the distributivity and relative scopes of quantified NPs in a sentence is nearly always only partially specified by the sentence and even not even fully by information from the context in which the sentence is used.


It needs to be repaired, and repairs cost.

any given process, that is, any sequence of events linked by change relations, is a scale whose partial ordering is induced by the predicate change.


In this paper, to avoid an overgrowth of notation, I will write where, strictly speaking, I should, in the ontologically promiscuous notation of Hobbs (1985a), write change(e 1 , e 2 ) ∧ p (e 1 , x) ∧ q (e 2 , x) This says that there is a change from the situation of p being true of x to the situation of q being true of x.

we decompose this goal into two subgoals-containing the coffee in the cup and moving the cup.


A person's salary at a particular point on the money scale: John's salary reached $75,000 this year.

a very common pattern involves a change of location: there is a change from the situation of x being at y in s to x being at z in s. Here, at is the abstract figure-ground relation, so any domain conceptualized in terms of that automatically inherits the vocabulary provided by a theory of change.


Chelswu-Nom what movie watch-Q 'What movie does Chelswu watch?'

the same contrasts are found in Korean,as in (15).


S. Lee (2006) proposes that bare NPs without Acc markers are more restricted or "marked" from the perspective of neo-Gricean pragmatics, utilizing Levinson's (2000) pragmatic Case, on the other hand, gives rise to "hard" semantic/pragmatic effects such as specificity, definiteness, D-Linking, and the like.

long.time-at M.-Nom a/a.certain man-(Acc) meet-Past-Dec '(Long time ago) Mary met a man.'


(6) a. Mary-ka Chelswu-∅ manna-ss-e. Mary-Nom Chelswu meet-Past-Dec 'Mary met Chelswu.'

in this case, a speaker uses ka-marked nominal X in order to convey the following meaning: the meaning of 'X (and only X) ...' or 'it is X that ...' the nominal with -ka is generally a discourse-new information.


In this case, additional morphology is required in order to achieve the specific interpretation.

it is naturally expected that malfunctioning items will be returned to the store within a warranty period.


The current system, without a dictionary, is fairly successful in parsing texts transcribed wherever applicable by Joyo Kanji (frequently used Chinese characters), but it is not able to parse successfully sentences containing successive phrases transcribed in Hiragana, because it recognizes the beginning of a phrase by finding a character that is not a Hiragana.

in addition, it resorts to another feature characteristic of Japanese (a head-final language) that the functional part is located at the end of a phrase.


At present, the current system is equipped with a heuristic means of handling verb phrases, for instance, by listing each possible form.

it fails to parse correctly such texts as those found in books for young children that are written without using Chinese characters.


It is also important that as the size increases, the precision also increases.

semantic orientation syntactic piece any phrase ⇒キレイ (beautiful) any phrase ⇒使い-やすい (easy to use) any phrase ⇒美味しい (good taste) 飲み-やすい (easy to drink) ⇒any phrase any phrase ⇒良い-ない (no good) any phrase ⇒使い-にくい (hard to use) any phrase ⇒まずい (bad taste) いまひとつ (unattractive) ⇒any phrase 不具合-が (trouble) ⇒any phrase negative Table 6: An example of the generalized dictionary positive Table 7 shows the results of each domain using extended dictionary.


Actually, even though we used general corpus consists of weblog, precision and recall have increased.

we think that this is an encouraging result since there is an possibility to further extend the dictionary with keeping this precision high, according to the discussion above.


Adding to that, all linguistic translation aids are suggested automatically and simultaneously in "proactive" behavior.

this paper has described the two levels of functionality in the experimental computer-aided translation environment BEYtrans.


A first experimental version of BEYTrans has been completed and deployed on the Web (BEYTRANS, 2007).

to them in an asynchronous and "proactive" manner.


From the basic types we build simple types by taking adjoints or repeated adjoints.

the typing in the pregroup formalism assumes that the verb is the central point of the sentence.


For customization of our POS tagger, we tuned about 6,000 lexical and about 1,500 tri-grams.

it means that about 87.60% of all translations were understandable.


The POS tagging module of English-to-Korean patent machine translation system is based on lexicalized HMM (Pla & Molina, 2005).

the number of the sentence that were rated equal to or higher than 3 points was 438.


Methods One calculates the position of (w, z) where it is of shortest distance from (0, 0).


For example, in expressing potential forms, we use a modal representation to modify the head, which is a verb: (  The meaning of a modal differs when occurring in different relative positions with the negation marker.

for example, the word 小子 xiaozi 'lad' refers to someone who is young.


The complete inventory of modal meaning representations is as follows: In the following table we give an example for each modal meaning:  Some words have modal representation in E-HowNet simply because they are modals.

a word in E-HowNet can be defined with simple concepts, sememes, or a mixture of simple concepts and sememes interacting with features.


An examination of this corpus showed that the corpus also contained documents in languages that are closely-related to the identified minority language.

these documents are used as inclusion and exclusion terms for the query.


Sets of relevant and non-relevant documents are taken as initial inputs.

the terms that were selected by the query generator for the relevant set are most likely unique to each of the target languages.


as shown in (22b) and (23b), long 'always' appears to c-command bo 'not' so that long is structurally higher than bo .


First I induce core grammatical functions and semantic interpretations of SFPs.

a feature-driven approach is not favored.


This situation is not preferred by the system.

if a sentence lacks a major part such as an NP or a VP, the Syntactic Refiner will combine it with its adjacent sentences.


A well-known syntactic property of V-e-kata compounds is the intervention of other morpho-syntactic elements.

a possible solution is some sort of backward operation from syntax to the lexicon.


Furthermore, these verbs are particularly important from the perspective of lexical semantics, in that they all have the meaning component of MOVE or GO which is the foundation of all motion events in Talmy's (2000) cognitive theory of lexical semantics.

such elements as a topic marker, delimiters like -man 'only' and -to 'also', plural/manner markers, and even a case marker can intervene between the V-e and -kata (K-H Kim 1996, C-S Suh 1996, C-H Lee 2006).


1 the semantic relation not exist rel selects possibility as its ARG1 value.

their combinatorial possibilities with respect to the complement and predicate types call for a much finer-grained syntax.


The possible revised lexical rule would contain (6) as the VP specification as the value of COMPS.

others include passive constructions and topicalized structures.


For example, in Prolog the normal binary tree structure is often implemented recursively: is the well-known Prolog notation for the tree diagram in which S goes to NP and VP.

in order to process Japanese sentences efficiently we need to take into account when lexical rules are applied together with transition rules.


In many works on reduplication patterns, CR has been unfairly regarded as a subclass of mere repetition or lexical duplications that simply function as an intensifier.

zimmermann's (2006) Contrastive Focus Hypothesis characterizes contrastivity in the sense of speaker's assumptions about the hearer's expectation of the focused element.


pragmatic approach to focus makes no specific reference to linguistic patterns.


Because of the high degree of world immanence, eventualities are available to immediately subsequent with ta 1 .

as far as the adjectives are concerned, only intransitive adjectives are observed, for examples, wu 2 liao 2 boring, chi 2 duen 4 slow (in thought or action), za 2 complicated, bu 2 iao 4 lian 3 shameless, bu 4 shuang 3 angry, wue 2 xian 3 dangerous, jin 3 zhang 1 nervous.


Moreover, the motivations for the change are also another issue which deserve further research.

the adequacy of the assumption needs further study.


It is not specific that the motion verb denoting to "arrive at" becomes an excessive structural particle because there are many southern dialects displaying such a phenomenon.

since we failed to find dao's use as an extent marker in ancient Mandarin, it might be until this modern time it is used to indicate excessive extent.


Comparing with the great number of papers about de, there is no considerable amount of studies regarding the excessive structural particle dao, possibly because of the lack of long history.

dao could appear independently as a final particle (see section 5).


Each dialogue consists of one speaker's turn that includes at least one utterance expressing the speaker's anger 2 , and its preceding and following turns that support the fact that the utterance expresses the anger.

these expressions do not affect the informative meaning of the utterances but convey additional emotional meanings or attitudes along with it.


The speech signals for anger and joy have quite similar pitch and intonation.

as a preliminary result from the user study, we constructed patterns of sentences and their speech acts carrying particular emotions.


Such associative information is apparently sufficient to support system users in improving their associative thinking and creativity by encouraging them to move beyond literal, direct and superficial aspects to richer, freer, and more inspired conceptual associations.

also in contrast to the aCD, which only examined nouns, the JWaD is surveying words of all word classes.


The Japanese standard word order is "渋谷でのキャンペーン" ("渋谷"=Shibuya (location name)), "での"=in, "キャンペーン"=campaign), "けいばとは何" ("けいば"="horse race", "とは"=be, "何"=what), and "えひめへようこそ" ("えひめ"=Ehime(location name), "へ"=to, "ようこそ"=welcome), respectively.

adjectives (40 types, 64867 tokens in total) adverbs (5 types, 23258 tokens in total) Prepositions (6 types, 1816 tokens in total) Verbs (3 types, 741 tokens in total)


Using only katakana expressions, we compiled a list of expressions in order of frequency (Tables 3 and 4).

the adjectives and adverbs may be special expressions.


The answer is the list of nes of quadruples in L. If related-to of a question is 'of', we also search for quadruples whose object is embedded in category (case (d) as discussed in Section 3.2).

these two conditions are used in the pattern generation procedure as described in Figure 5.


Occurrences: An occurrence of a 〈person, category〉 tuple is defined as a 4-tuple: where middle is a string surrounded by person and category.

a middle of an occurrence is not necessarily reliable, (Nguyen and Shimazu) proposed a method to retain reliable ones based on two criteria: repetition and diversity as follows: Repetition of a middle (repetition(middle)) is the number of times the middle appears between the person and category of (person, category) tuples of same person.


Syntax parsers can benefit from speakers' intuition about constituent structures indicated in the input string in the form of parentheses.

many syntactic boundaries may well fall within a group.


With regard to multiple subjects, a number of linguists, e.g.

the derivation in (1c) allows the NPs to compose non-standard constituent cluster, as shown in (2b): (2) In this paper, we discuss the nature of non-standard constituent cluster in Japanese.


Long-distance dependencies (LDD) are resolved on f-structures using LDD path frequencies acquired from the f-structure annotated treebank and automatically acquired subcategorization frames (O'Donovan et al.

table 2 shows the numbers of the core arguments in the Gold Standard f-structures and the numbers of zero pronouns of each core argument (SUBJ, OBJ, OBL).


The experiments show that the morphology-based approach and the probability-based approach improve the f-scores of the annotation algorithm in terms of the pred-only f-scores of the sentence as a whole.

the results of zero pronoun identification for OBL are lower than that for OBJ, because of the ambiguity of "ni" marked NPs.


The communication of the sentence analyzer, which uses the CGI (Common Gateway Interface), is to send the sentence to the analyzer and receive the result of it.

for expert users, our system adopts hot keys for every function to improve the efficiency, for example, CTRL-I for insertion of a morpheme or a chunk.


*Mary-ka nuwkuwnka-eykey [John-i etten umsik-ul -Nom someone-to -Nom some food-Acc cohahanta-ko] malhayss-ciman, kunye-nun [nuwkuw-eykey like-Comp] said-but -Top whom-to etten umsik-inci] kiekhaci mos hanta which food-Q remember not do 'Mary said to someone that [John liked some food], but Mary cannot remember to whom which food.'

the fact that the locality restriction holds even in rightward movement-forbidding languages does not provide a direct argument against Lasnik's account for the restriction in English.


In other words, it can take cyclic movement which consists of QR followed by wh-movement.

when we suppose that examples like (4) in English are genuine multiple sluicing which is derived by deleting a TP after multiple wh-fronting occurs out of it, an immediate problem facing us is why the example without TP deletion as in (6) is ungrammatical: (6) *They didn't tell me [which] [for which] got something The following pair also makes the same case.


There are, however, the multiple sluicing constructions where two indefinite expressions in the antecedent clause are apparently existential, as in (38), which is cited from Lasnik (2007) If existentially quantified expressions can take freer scope than universally quantified ones as argued by Pesetsky (1987) and Reinhart (1997), the unacceptability of (38) with the complex TP deleted is unexpected, which raises a problem with our proposed analysis.

we will investigate whether examples like (4) are analyzed on a par with corresponding examples in Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian.


Nonetheless, the strength dynamic has an added benefit in terms of the lexical category information.

speakers control the prosody of an utterance in order to signal linguistic and affective information.


Lastly, Thai sentences sometimes contain discontinuous sentence constituents in their construction.

in addition, we utilize a prosodic encoding scheme that integrates both syntactic and rhythmic constraints.


The duration of a foot will differ somewhat depending upon the phonetic structure of the syllables comprising it.

while a noun, the head of a noun phrase, always precedes its modifying adjectives and determiners, the verb phrase exhibits less consistency.


Multiple sentence hypotheses are thus processed simultaneously by pruning the network through the propagation of various constraints.

the naturalness issue can be attributed to the lack of sophisticated prosody-generating scheme.


(2003), Culotta and Sorensen (2004), Bunescu and Mooney (2005).

among the three different instance representations except CPT, the T-CPT (highlighted in bold font) achieves slightly better performance of 2.0/0.4 units in F-measure than the other two representations B-CPT and E-CPT respectively.


There are many metrics to evaluate summaries but precision and recall measures are used extensively in ideal summary based evaluation of summarization systems.

we reviewed some ideas about making this construction task automatic.


NMF is a dimensional reduction method and an effective document clustering method, because a term-document matrix is high-dimensional and sparse, from Xu et al.

by the sign of the i-th value of y, we can judge whether the i-th data element belongs to cluster A or b. y D z 2 / 1 = Note that Eq.4 is the object function when the number of clusters is two.


Furthermore, the matrices V and U are obtained by a simple iteration, from Lee (2000), where the initial matrices and are updated.

it is impossible to find the optimal initial value.


We used data sets that had less than 5,000 data elements.

(2005) show the equivalence between spectral clustering and NMF.


LSI constructs orthogonal space from document space.

in addition, the accuracy of the obtained clustering result was higher than those of NMF, CLUTO and Mcut.


Regarding the object function, initial accuracy must be improved.

as shown in Table 2, there are some data sets for which the clustering accuracy of NMF-rfn is worse than that of Mcut.


In asymmetrical constructions, the first complement of the mother-category is co-indexed with the first complement of V1.

(2) nanwu-e mek-ta 'divide and eat', kkulhi-e mek-ta 'boil and eat', mandul-e mek-ta 'make and eat', cap-a mek-ta 'catch and eat', cip-e mek-ta 'pick up and eat', ssip-e mek-ta 'chew and eat', kwu-e mek-ta 'broil and eat', ppal-a mek-ta 'suck and eat',… The purpose of this study is to provide an overall picture of KSVCs within the framework of the unification-based grammar 2 , in particular, Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) 3 .


I treat the construction like (4c) as KSVCs on the ground of this difference.

17 constraints have been built, which support the type hierarchies for Korean serial verb constructions.


The name might not be important for an analysis, the reference system of the origin however hints on identities communities maintain.

reference systems and references, as opposed to textual or editorial annotations, constitute a conceptual framework for corpus annotation which are important for cross-cultural and cross-linguistic comparisons.


The references to time on the tombstone, for example, can be used to analyze historical developments in the form and content of tombstones.

for some researchers looking at tombstones, neither the exact date (which we will call reference), nor the exact wording (which we will call meaning) of a date might be interesting, but instead what kind of calendar is used.


The finding that the SEP is not distinguished from the SEB regarding TTR or D, indicates that prime ministers refer to a similar diversity of political content and in a similarly balanced way in the two types of addresses.

the results indicate that the SEP has a significantly larger N than the SEB, and the two types of addresses are not distinguished by D. 9 In Figure 3, the solid line represents the mean value of ttR of the SEP, the dashed line represents the mean value of ttR of the SEB and dotted lines represent 95% confidence intervals of ttR of both types of addresses, incremented by 500 tokens constructed by Monte Carlo simulations.


He succeeded politically partly because he was able to attract people by his way of speaking (Otake, 2006).

table 1 shows the number of addresses, the number of tokens and the number of types of the SEP and the SEB after 1953.


An analysis was conducted of the learners' differential choice of modal markers for each block of 10 questions that required each modal marker as the correct answer from the viewpoints of L1 transfer and the development of interlanguage.

this implies that the global cue is the core/common meaning between two usages as the monosemic approach stated.


We divided the data into three equal-sized folds in the same manner as the previous work (Pang et al., 2002).

the values are determined from the results obtained from training data by using each classifier constructed from it.


Boosting is one of the most famous techniques in ensemble learning methods (Freund and Schapier, 1996).

we obtained knowledge that the misclassifications of each classifier are often different, that is exclusive misclassifications.


Currently, Wikipedia is available in 252 languages.

an NE candidate is first input to the Korean Wikipedia, and the title of the matched article's Chinese version is treated as the NE's translation in Chinese.


Hence, it substantially improves the performance of KCIR.

our method's performance on KCIR is over five times better than that of a dictionary-based translation system.


This phenomenon makes Korean-Chinese information retrieval more difficult because reporters usually use one or two common translations to write articles.

these examples show that there may be many Chinese translations for a Korean name.


In contrast to the traditional analyses, all of these studies base their arguments on spoken data beyond sentence level, making their analyses more convincing.

the use of demonstratives as filled pauses (FPs) has been sensed by many linguists.


Furthermore, both Li and Chang have argued that a grammaticalizational effect concerning semantic shift is demonstrated in the use of Taiwanese proximal deixis.

in addition, a careful scrutiny of the transformation in its syntactic distribution or semantic content also supports the idea that hitlo is undergoing a grammaticalizational effect.


When used to refer to an object in an extralinguistic situation, demonstratives often accompany gestures or eye contact.

previous studies relating to Taiwanese demonstratives frequently restrict their analyses to syntactic patterns or semantic diversities.


Also, still some other common functions which demonstratives can serve such as an anaphoric usage are not investigated in this paper.

as for the age effect, there was no clear evidence shown in the overall comprehension scores.


To interpret NPs on non-subject position one extends the domain of type <1 > quantifiers: they are treated as reducers of arity of their arguments, that is as functions which when applied to n-ary relations give (n-1)ary relations.

this sentence can mean, at least theoretically, either (2a), the co-referential reading of reflexive, or (2b), the bound reflexive: (2a) Only Leo washed Leo.


Biotech L.L.C., Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS), Azacitidine, Lifezar 50 mg & 100 mg Tablet).

the researchers' analysis proceeded from the assumption that advertising English should be represented as a continuum of text functions fluctuating between "informing" and "manipulating" in accordance with the idea that advertising is an example of covert communication.


Because they refer to the company (GenAsia) or product (Losartan), (9) and (10) make use of NPs (e.g.

the absence of subjects and auxiliaries may make these ads more relevant to the reader because less processing effort is expended when reading them (Wilson and Sperber, 2004).


With respect to distinguishing between glossing and translation, meaning is assigned to the text through glossing only indirectly through the unavoidable fact that the ID-gloss, which is primarily intended to identify a sign, actually uses an English word that bears a relationship to the meaning of the sign.

generally speaking, transcriptions are usually created as reference points for, or stages in, linguistic analysis, such as in the creation of scripts for writing systems, for phonological analysis, or for grammatical analysis.


Annotators log in to a special researchers' reference view which includes much more information than in the public view (including the ID-gloss), as well as many more additional signs (e.g., variant signs and newly identified signs).

the ID-gloss is still not intended as a translation.


Consider the logical contrast of contradiction involving PA in (25a) and the compatibility between the negative pair of opposite gradable adjectives in (25b): (25) a.

the following conjunctions/discourses with PA type conjunction/DM are not acceptable: haciman swusek-un mot haysse 'But she didn't ace the exam').


In addition, our system also made use of the HMM/NN hybrid phone recognizers provided by the Brno University of Technology (BUT) 2 .

we interpret the acoustic sound classes to represent some general vocal tract configurations in producing various speech sounds.


One might claim that this job is too big to be practical, but efforts of even greater size have happened once people realize a need (wikipedia for example), and join together on community projects.

we use wordNet as our English lexicon (Fellbaum, 1991).


In the above example, what is presupposed in the traditional approach applies to (20), which share exactly the same property as the hp.

this analysis, building upon the scalar model proposed by Fillmore, et al (1988) and Kay's (1990) analysis of even, extends Shudo's analysis (1998, 2002) of mo and claims that even behaves like scalar mo and to.


The Creator has limited time and resources and thus prioritizes the creation of resources that are deemed relevant.

any resource that is a tool that supports the creation of language resources is also defined to be a language resource.


We propose that there are six necessary and sufficient conditions for the use of a language resource.

the sustainability of language depends in part on the sustainability of the language resources that contribute to language development, which will lead to the production of new language resources that can in turn enable further development, and so the cycle of sustainability continues.


It checks if the verb_phrase object contains an input string that matches a causative suffix, instantiates, when a matching string is found, a causative suffix object in the Suffix class, and registers the suffix object as a component of the verb phrase object, before returning to the system the verb phrase object with the added information.

when it has been found and registered, that means a suffix that may appear before the inflection has also been recorded in the verb phrase instance.


For instance, "書かした" (/kakasita/ with the meaning of having caused someone to write) is a combination of /kak/ meaning writing, /as/ indicating causation, and /ta/ representing the past inflection, but it is incorrectly parsed as illustrated below: Basic form The meaning of causation contained by this string is not regognized in this analysis, and it would be difficult to obtain the real meaning of "書かした" (/kakasita/ with the meaning of having caused someone to write) from this analysis.

the system can be embedded in a larger system, and be used when the larger system starts parsing verb phrases.


Both entropies appear to address the issue of occurrence concerning CCB JJD and CCB JJD NNC.

klein(2005) experimented with a combination of the said context-constituency model and a dependency model klein and Manning(2004), which was then applied to English, German, and Chinese.


In sentence (13), the role of the non-subject actor Lisa is determined by the matrix verb binalak 'planned' although the actor verb sumayaw 'dance' occurs closer to this argument.

although the argument of the linked core 'sumayaw 'dance' does not appear in the clause syntactically, we can conclude that the semantic role of this argument will be absolutive as assigned by its verb.


(4) Three-way ANOVA showed a significant main effect in S1 [F(1, 69)=5.29, p<0.05], indicating that words filling up semantic gaps are different in their log normalized ratios from those not filling up a gap.

secondly, as unobtrusiveness, in fact, explains for various levels of factors, including phonology, morphology, semantics, and foreign borrowings, its operational criteria would also involve different levels of information in the hope that the scores would be close to the original model's prediction.


Moreover, storing the actual statements used will provide consistency in the generated text should the user choose to revisit the same object.

it is applicable to all categories and subcategories.


It is possible that speakers of Mandarin are implicitly sensitive to this property of -zi and that -zi could function as a cue to individuation.

experiment 2 then examined how adult speakers interpret both -zi and ge by contrasting them with bare nouns in two word learning tasks.


If they selected neither, they were asked to describe in writing what kind of entity the noun could denote.

syntactic cues to individuation may emerge much later in Mandarin than in English One problem in comparing classifiers to count syntax is that whereas count syntax specifies only individuation, classifiers also encode item-specific conceptual information, such as the shape, animacy, etc.


The sense means Korean translation word for the ambiguous English word.

the discussion of the previous sections will be summarized in the concluding section 6.


The context information was converted to sense vectors.

we needed a new step for semi-automatic tuning of translation engine modules to cut tuning time.


Finally, the classifiers are combined together with the three different weighted voting schemes.

frequently occurring words are rarely NEs.


For example, less fluent sentences that are shorter were assigned higher ranks than the longer fluent ones.

the same set was also ranked by three language modelers using the different versions of Language Evaluation.


n-gram language modeling is a popular statistical language modeling (SLM) technique used to improve performance of various natural language processing (NLP) applications such as speech recognition (SR), machine translation (MT), and information retrieval (IR).

the initial results showed that the thresholds were not effective in its purpose such that only an insignificant amount of proxy trigrams were being filtered out.


The classification of Hanzi semantic symbols Under "telic" and "participating," we add a column for "related semantic symbol" to show and link the related deriving concepts.

in conclusoin, our study of four hoofed anminals support our original thesis that the basic concepts as conventionalized by radicals represents a domain ontology of a cluster of concepts derived and marked by that radical.


An adjective tall now means a set of degrees which the individual x has on the scale of tallness.

the only criteria which distinguish adjectives from verbs and nouns could be whether they appear in comparative construction or not.


As mentioned above, a simple adjective cannot construct a predicate in Chinese.

degree abstraction is lexical in Japanese-type languages as argued in Beck et al (2004).


System performance for SENSEVAL-4 (Task 17) is based on the average results on individual target words from all systems, as well as results from two individual systems (System 1 and 4, both using Support Vector Machines), reported in Pradhan et al.

we must also look into concreteness at the sense level in order to study its impact on the information demand of individual words in wSD, and hence varied information susceptibility (Kwong, 2005).


Three human judges were asked to rate the words and senses in the sample on a 7-point scale of concreteness, with 1 for highly abstract, and 7 for highly concrete.

looking at the predominant sense, a similar situation to SENSEVAL-1 data was found, i.e., those with the first sense at either end of the continuum are better disambiguated.


In Korean, there are two groups of lexical items which realize coherence relations.

for the test we collected such cue phrases from different sources.


At first, we can divide coherence relations into 'cause' and 'addition' according to the 'source' notion.

we collected the items from the tagged corpus 'Sejong corpus'.


Its basic idea is to utilize the distinct distributions of terms and non-terms in different corpora to facilitate term extraction.

each ordinance can be regarded as a sub-corpus for a "field", e.g., "Public Finance Ordinance", "Forest and Countryside Ordinance", "Hospital Authority Ordinance", and "Marriage Ordinance".


Terms are linguistic representations of domain specific concepts to encode our special knowledge about a subject field.

a term candidate may get a negative score from (1) above, which will, unreasonably, weaken the total sum of scores from the comparison to all other background corpora.


{not(a,b) ∧ property(b,VAR1)} The hypernym axiom (Table 5) is designed for nouns and verbs.

we adopt this approach and extend it with some post-processing of the semantic representations with a suite of axioms.


These semantic representations are designed to abstract away syntactic variations, allowing sophisticated automated processing of Indonesian texts.

the complex machinery described in the last three subsections essentially plays one role: to abstract away the syntactic variations from paraphrases that essentially convey the same thing.


The antonym axioms (Table 4) assert new literals explicitly stating the negation of the opposing concept of adjectives appearing in the semantic representation.

it asserts event(e2,memakan), agent(e2,a), and patient(e2,p).


Using Hoppes and Thompson's (1980) transitivity hypothesis and Dixon's (1994) syntactic-semantic primitive cited in Adeva's (2005) study, the results revealed that in actor focus, two affixes (mi-/ni-~m-replesive) were evident and three affixes (i-, -un, -an) were evident in goal the focus.

hence, a study on semantic change of Cebuano words should be conducted.


To validate the reason in using a metaphor in writing Cebuano literature such as short stories and feature articles, five (5) informants were asked about their personal reasons in using a metaphor in writing short stories and feature articles.

a study on the semantic change of Cebuano words should be conducted to fill this gap.


Note that the verbalized predicates in (10b) and (11b) show the difference in passivizability.

another question here is why (11b) cannot be passivized as shown in (12b) while (13b) can as shown in (13a).


in their analysis, reviews almost always include the attitude, nominative and object.


We form lexicons from syntactic pieces (Aoki and Yamamoto, 2007).

we regarded a blog as being an emotion-blog when it satisfied both requirements 1 and 2. e This section constructs the emotion classifier model.


A syntactic piece is the minimum unit of syntactic structure of an expression.

most blogs fail to fulfil the two requirements.


We found that messages that were categorically assigned to the true positive group all contain several technical keywords that also occurred in the anchor document; we initially assumed that the presence of these keywords is the primary reason why these messages were classified as relevant.

this characteristic can also be observed in most messages that contained technical discussions.


Though trend scores of words are updated whenever new documents arrive, 6 v (the vector of d 6 ) is never updated even if the new documents contain same words in d 6 .

moreover, ( ) The first term For simplification, we regard the current (t=t n ) difference bet een two curves in Figure 2 as one.


This layer expresses a pack of POS tags in each bunsetsu.

the double-headed arrows denote the link between a node and a sub-graph enclosed with a dashed line.


In addition, we change the value of n in each step of the bootstrap approach.

in this paper, we proposed a method of sentiment sentence extraction based on a graph-based approach, called Hierarchical Directed Acyclic Graph (HDAG).


(2006) have proposed methods for opinion extraction.

also they have proposed a method for building lexicon for sentiment analysis (Kaji and Kitsuregawa 2007).


Also we evaluated our method with 5 recognizers.

the vocabulary file defines words with its pronunciations (i.e., phoneme sequences) for each category.


To apply the method in related work (Utsuro et al.

2004) and to extract similar word pairs (Komatani et al.


And the output of the process is the word clusters wherein words with similar senses are grouped into a cluster.

to the size of the corpora and lexicon used, the system used significantly smaller sized corpora (100K for source and 300K for target), versus the resources used in the related literature, wherein the smallest corpora resource used was 39M (Sadat et al., 2003) and the lexicon resource was 16,380 (Rapp, 1999).


Analogously, pronoun j3 also co-refers with i1 1 , and pronouns j2 and j4 both co-refer with i2: Scientists i1 know that the phenomenon i2 occurs once every three to seven years i3 : they j1 can detect when it j2 is coming, they j3 perceive when it j4 is going away.

in order to select the most useful features for solving the problem at hand we started by taking the entire set of 20 learning features into account.


As we are still in the process of defining which precise features are applicable to the task at hand, our investigation is currently based on the training data set only, leaving the test data reserved for future use.

the above confusion matrix is to be interpreted as follows: 2141 instances (being 311 coreferent and 1830 non co-referent) were correctly classified (89.47% success rate); 125 coreferent instances were misclassified as non co-referent (5.22%), and 127 non co-referent instances were misclassified as co-referent (5.31%.)


(2001), McCarthy and Lehnert (1995) and Ng & Cardie (2002).

results of a standard decision-tree induction algorithm using the new features are presented in Section 4.


In addition to that, as we do not intend to explicitly write any anaphora resolution algorithms or rules (but rather induce them automatically) our work is mainly related to machine learning approaches such as Soon et.

it should be pointed out that when building the present training data, the annotators were selective in the choice of training instances of anaphora to be addressed.


ten-fold cross-validation decision-tree induction (Quinlan, 1993).

ly, our work does not include instances of reference to compound antecedents (e.g., "The boy and the girl" referred as "They"), which may partially explain the higher success rates 3 .


For a rule-based MT, ambiguitiesresolving rules seem to play important roles, whereas for a statistics-based MT, rather the rules that normalize the source expressions so that the decoding can be performed more easily seem to play more important roles.

most of the efforts to bring out the off-the-shelf products into the market have failed mainly due to the difficulty in Korean syntactic parsing and the failure in the domain adaptation.


The short message is characterized by informal, highly interactive and other features of oral Chinese.

analysis of short message corpus is an important foundation for research of automatic short message processing technology.


And also some statistical analysis are made on the manually processed results.

it has many differences with the normal oral Chinese.


We show that this approach is robust when applied to other texts.

we propose a measure of top-bag-of-word similarity for comparing the language variants contained in Chinese GigaWord corpus.


If the score computed by expression (1) is a positive number, the syntactic piece occurs frequently in trouble reports.

in this section, we construct the trouble dictionary.


Troubles has a higher score because it occurs more often in trouble reports.

we think that if we can connect Basis (2) and Basis (1) pieces, Basis (2) pieces can be called troubles.


In this paper, we provide alternative methods to cope with those problems within our user interaction environment.

the customization process includes construction of translation resources specialized in scientific papers, modification of the engine to reflect the linguistic characteristics of academic papers.


That is, BE refers to the objective property while BE/FEEL requires experiencer as its argument and refers to one's psychological state.

the Fourth characteristic of the conceptual structures in (13) is that (13a) and (13c) differ from each other with respect to the functions that take ([X] Last, the subscripts on the function FEELING helps to capture the further difference between property/evaluation adjectives and psychological state adjectives.


The state of research on sign language linguistics shall also present challenges.

by bringing the Deaf into active partnership with academe, scientists, engineers, there shall be further validation of this language community.


Sign language recognition systems need to examine five elements: gross arm movement, hand location, hand shape, hand orientation, and non-manual signals (NMS) which include facial expressions and body posture.

it is an important thrust based on the fact that "creative-sector occupations in science and technology… have grown since 1980 from 12 percent of the work force to between 30 and 40 percent in most advanced countries today…" and at the same time, "…disturbing that the poorest countries and regions around the world continue to export more than half of their scientific and engineering talent to advanced economies" (Florida, 2006).


Then, we used the K-means clustering method with 16 clusters because the size of the tag set that was used to annotate the test set is 16.

several points remain for our future work as follows: A further analysis of the classification results would be useful.


The works presented here explored the use of learning algorithms to automatically extract templates from training examples provided by the user.

in P4, the "house-wall" relationship is missing because "wal" is not found in Unisyn to produce the word "wall".


In case that there is relative clause, we subtract the number of relatives from the number of main verbs.


They recognize coordinate structures in a Japanese sentence by constructing a similarity matrix between bunsetsus and searching a path with the highest parallelism in the similarity matrix using a dynamic programming method.

the final parsing result is produced by parsing the whole sentence, with the recognized coordinate structure substitued by that node.


It should be noted that the testing was just a single-pass because the lexicon is not yet fully functional.

then the result is subjected to the EVAL function, where the output of the GEN function is checked against the two lexicons (root and affixes) and subjected to some constraints to be able to get the right root of the verb.


If you consult a dictionary, you will find that its English translation is "to die," which is the intended meaning.

our proposed system uses the morphological analyzer developed in (Roxas, 1989), which is being extended to cover more possible verb conjugations.


In HowNet the range of attribute types of relations is constrained by their attribute-values|屬性 值.

we claim that all word interpretations involve two types of sense: relation sense and content sense.


the K means, Expectation-Maximization, spectral clustering, Information Bottleneck, Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis, cost-based pairwise clustering (Brew and Schulte im Walde, 2002;Schulte im Walde, 2006;Korhonen et al., 2008;Sun and Korhonen, 2009;Vlachos et al., 2009).

after providing a short introduction to the basic principles of manual verb classification, this paper reviews recent research in automatic classification -particularly focussing on work conducted in English -and discusses then the various current challenges that need to be met for substantial further advances.


When we check the top-5 and top-10 sentences, the acceptable rate rises to 80%.

as shown in Table 6, both of the scores are above 60, which means that the overall quality of the generated first sentences is acceptable.


By exploiting characteristics in Wikipedia, our approach is able to achieve high accuracy.

11,600,000 page counts) Celine Dion is not listed in WordNet, while Johnny Cash is listed as an instance of singer#n#1.


In Table 3, we can see that the distribution varies depending on attribute types.

for NER, the naïve approach is rule-based, but its big disadvantage is the difficulty of ruledesign (feldman, 2002) or rule-learning (Etzioni et al., 2005), which needs to handle various named-entity expressions.


This indicates this kind of information extraction needs more effort.

because those NER technologies mainly focused on news documents, it was so dependent on text information, such as capitalization information and corpus type, that their performance dropped much when working on web data because those cues are rather noisy.


These features are also probably more discriminative in French than in English, since it is morphologically richer.

6 The feature templates we used for designing our French tagging model is a superset of the features used by (Ratnaparkhi, 1996) and (Toutanova and Manning, 2000) for English (these were largely language independent).


12 Our baseline tagger significantly outperforms the retrained version of TreeTagger, with an improvement of over 10% on unknown words.

we performed a series of experiments by training MElt f fr on various subcorpora and sublexicons.


It predicts the POS tags based on feature information of words collected in a predefined window size while ME or CRF predicts them based on the information of the whole sentence.

a confusion matrix for an n-way classification task is an n-by-n matrix, C, where the cell C (x: y) contains the number of times (in percentage) an item with correct classification x was classified by the model as y with respect to the total number of errors during the classification task.


The sentence can be corrected as proposed.

in (Albert et al., 2009b), we present a system for classifying errors on the basis of syntactic criteria, i.e.


The project emerges from the simple observation that these writers often encounter lexical, grammatical, and stylistic difficulties which might hinder the comprehension of their message, as well as undermine their credibility and professionalism (Ellis, 1994).

with text editors, but in the spirit of tutoring systems, we want to leave Copyright 2009 by Marie Garnier, Arnaud Rykner, and Patrick Saint-Dizier decisions as to the proper corrections up to the writer, providing him/her with arguments for and against a given correction.


Moreover, our data format and data size are different from earlier research.

our entire 1324-sentence corpus consists of 1152 (87%) active sentences and 172 (13%) passive.


in practice, we can determine the best number of topics by drawing such a figure.


As a regression model, the discriminative information captured in the model can help find a topic space in which class labels can be generated with minimal errors.

distances among documents in the same category (intra-class variance) should be small while distances among documents in different categories (inter-class distance) should be large, and large-margin rules.


LogisticLDA is a supervised topic model for multi-class classification problems by extending LDA model.

we adopt an easier to compute algorithm proposed by T.P.


From the distance distribution statistics we find that the average distance of head-modifying words to the phrase boundary is only 0.75 when including phrase-internal relations, indicating that modifiers of the phrase are usually not far away.

in Section 6 we describe the features used in the experiments, and the pre-processing required.


Note that words may be repeated in a review article.

we attempt to distinguish sentences with these characteristics from those without.


Interestingly, the same thing happens with female corpus.

dubois and Crouch (1975:289), for example, criticized that her investigative method is introspective, asystematic, uncontrolled, and unverifiable observation.


Xiao and McEnery (2005:70) compared two reference corpora, the 100-million-word British National Corpus and the one million-word Freiburg-LOB Corpus, and achieved almost identical key word lists, thus concluding that the size of the reference corpus is not very important in making a key word list.

the results become a lot poorer as we go further down from Line d. Tables 5 and 6 show that in both cases the reference of similar size to the target corpus gives the best, or one of the best results, especially when the reference corpus is smaller than the target.


We will first consider the dispersion values of the female key words, focusing on those that appear in Lines b.~d.

it is necessary to measure how evenly the key words are presented in the list, namely, the dispersion.


We have also proved that the properties discovered from large n-grams are not in themselves sufficient: we must acquire 'clean' knowledge by effective confidence estimation and parameter tuning.

due to the noise produced from n-grams and the limited use of specific contexts, our method had more loss in precision.


Thanks to the global search over the whole dependency tree the graph-based models realized by MSTParser gain the best performance among the competitors on the English dataset.

the results on the development set indicated that the k-best (k>1) models did not surpass the 1-best one remarkably.


The method using uniqueness could not improve the ranking of sentences in the topic of metabolic syndrome, because expressions in an argument point of the topic are not diverse.

similarly, statements that are known as reasons support a user's judgment on the credibility of other statements corresponding to the conclusion.


In general, there are roughly two types of techniques for automatic summarization: sentence extraction and sentence compression.

as we assume that a noun is an argument point, the uniqueness of sentence  4.


we regard reasons and conclusions as hubs and authorities, respectively, and apply the iterative calculation between hubs and authorities to ones between reasons and conclusions.


The numbers in the topic "LASIK operation is painful" are 535 and 178 respectively.

the retrieved documents are segmented into passages, and some passages including various argument points are selected and inputted to the STATEMENT MAP generator.


Using semantic relations in the STATEMENT MAP, the system searches for passages representing situations that opposing statements can coexist according to the contrast structure between statements.

we assume that a user enters a statement, and he/she would like to verify its credibility, such as a query in information retrieval.


The sentences with Less Logophoric antecedents obtained an even lower score (mean = 3.26).

antecedents of exempt anaphors are optimal if they can be associated with a logophoric role.


Anaphors like Icelandic LDA in subjunctive complements, LD-bound Chinese 'ziji' (according to Liu 2001, though not Pollard andXue 2001) and English exempt anaphors fall into this category and show the following properties: 1) The LDA need not have c-commanding antecedent; 2) The LDAs have an antecedent outside the sentence; 3) Both sloppy and strict readings are allowed in VP ellipsis when the anaphor is LD-bound.

are genuine LDas also sensitive to logophoric factors when they are bound by LD antecedents?


If so, i) 'caki' will not require c-commanding antecedents and allow discourse antecedents; ii) 'caki' will not show a preference for either the strict or the sloppy reading in VP-ellipsis contexts; iii) 'caki' may not be sensitive to logophoricity.

unlike Type II anaphors, Type III anaphors behave like a core anaphor in a local domain.


In is-a relations, Case 1 could not adequately extract single patterns satisfying the seed term pairs from the mass corpus.

the reliable term pairs are selected by the reliabilities of term pairs, and these term pairs are used to extract new patterns.


Suppose that we have the prenex normal form (6a) and (6b) from interpretation (2a) and (2b), respectively.

among them, we will explore the use of epsilon terms as a syntactic counterpart of choice function, as proposed by Meyer Viol et al.


(2005), we assume that final scope determination requires two elements: formulae with epsilon terms like (9) and scope statements in the form of Scope(S<x<y), where S is interpreted as some temporal index.

(Abusch, 1993) Sentence (3) allows the intermediate scope reading, meaning that, for every professor x, there is a certain book y such that for every student z, x rewarded z who read y on x's reading list, in which some book takes scope over the preceding universally quantified expression every student in the matrix clause but still co-varies along with the choice of professor.


At rank 2, two superlexical patterns, [ , Bill, a letter] and [ , sent, , a letter], are relatively productive.

let me explain this using a concrete case.


Admittedly, such a view was not traditional either in linguistics or in related fields in cognitive science.


Recall that a pattern at rank k is the defined unification of patterns at rank k − 1.

the grammar-based models of language are free from such problems.


4 Notable exception is the phenetics-oriented phonology advocated by J. Pierrehumbert and her colleagues.


In addition, the causes of both jingya and zhenjing tend to involve non-motion events, and the experiencers do not usually participate in the cause events.

identifying the experiencer and the causes of an emotion is very challenging in NLP.


Though this present study has provided baseline information for researchers and language instructors with the move sequences and linguistic strategies to achieve discourse function by advice givers, there needs further exploration for comprehensive investigation.

the written discourse has been less discussed.


Distances between video clips is computed in a similarly than in classic DSM approaches.

this paper does not address on the later aspect of this work.


In the NGT model the search process can be modified with a scale factor that affects the frequency of outputs, or even the DA language model (similar to the scale factor of the HMM-based model).

with this enhancement, the NGT model keeps information on the DA history and is competitive with respect to the HMM-based model, as the results in Section 4 will show.


In case there is an available segmentation, the maximisation step is overridden and the values r and s r 1 are fixed to that provided by the segmentation.

dA sequences until turn t only affect the first t turns in the dialogue (i.e., Pr(W the terms in the product in Equation 2 are rewritten as: This model in Equation 3 can be simplified with some assumptions: the current dA depends only on the previous n − 1 dA and the sequence of words of the current segment depends only on the current dA.


The corpus was divided into 5 partitions to carry out a cross-validation approach.

the probability for the child node associated to e i = w i @u j is given by No change in the computation of the probability of the child node is produced when the output is empty (i.e., p(,@b|Yes)=0.7 p=0  p=0.0392 p=0.0392 p=0.0392 p=0.0392 .


The recent work with Timebank has disclosed that six-class classification of temporal relations is a very complicated task, even for human annotators.

pT is a portion of parse tree that is enclosed by the shortest path between two event arguments.


On Timebank, AD polynomial composite kernel achieved the best result (i.e., over 6.2% improvement).

in some studies, several heuristics have been employed to resolve the low precision problem (Chklovski and Pantel, 2005;Torisawa, 2006).


Finally, we integrate the translation f into TL's of Synset and Hypernyms (Step (4) and (5)).

an interesting approach presented by Mihalcea (2005) describes how to apply a graph-based algorithm (i.e., random walk algorithm) and WordNet semantic relations to solve all-word WSD task.


models compared are described as follows: Baseline: For any given translation pair, the most frequent sense is returned.


For example, other potential features can be integrated into the classification framework, such as the translations of the glosses or the definitions of the word senses.

the association between a direct hyponym (an outcome) of a synset and the translation f is governed by the conditional probability as (  procedure PropagateTranslation(e, Sense, f) (1) Synset = GetSynset(e, Sense) (2) Cnt = GetTagCount(e, Sense) where outcomes is a set of all direct hyponyms of the synset, feature i is a binary-valued function, and λ i is the weight of the feature function feature i .


Selective binding works for some of the prenominal possessive modification in Japanese when NP 1 -no phrases modify one of the qualia of NP 2 , that is, selectively bind an event contained in the quale.

if the following noun is a non-relational common noun (CN) such as car, John's composes with car which is a regular (e, t) type predicate, namely, a function from individuals to truth-values (Montague, 1973), and the relation between John and car is contextually supplied (16a).


On the other hand, husinsya da 'is a suspect' in (17) concerns the speaker's judgment.

as a categorical judgment, this draws attention first to the neko 'cat', and then says of the neko that it is sleeping there.


I find it a defect of Kuno's analysis, as it seems quite unlikely for a language to have such a 'design flaw' in its expressive capacity.

4 a major portion of existing analyses of wa amount to the following, two competing hypotheses.


Pattern I: CANDIDATE INSTANCE (divided into) Pattern II: CANDIDATE INSTANCE (include) After extracting the hyponyms of a candidate instance using these two patterns, if many of these hyponyms exist in the goal semantic class's candidate instance set, this candidate instance perhaps is a collective instance.

the same candidate instance perhaps simultaneously exists in candidate set of the goal semantic class and that of an interference class.


Pseudogapping shares its characteristics with gapping and vP ellipsis.

dOM list was devised to allow elements in sentences to change their positions.


However, pseudogapping also occurs in subordination or comparative structures, as in (2) and (3).

according to Takahashi (2003), both (12a) and (12b) are grammatical.


And the latter has its own MODE value, INDEX value, and non-empty RESTR.

roughly, the definition of pseudogapping is generally assumed to be the deletion of vP except an auxiliary verb and a argument or arguments.


With RSS, updated episodes are automatically downloaded from the web and can be stored in any type of player.

with this function, as well as listening to a podcast the user can also view the text of the podcast.


In western languages, acquisition of nouns precedes acquisition of verbs.

this is where endo-system view is called for.


(9) Clitic-initial Phrases as (Wrong) Headwords: Nominal Entries ka-kyeyyak ('a provisional agreement'), kwu-ceyto ('the old system'), ki-sip (man wen) ('hundreds of thousands won'), nal-sayngsen ('raw fish'), no-kyoswu ('an old professor'), ta-mokcek ('multi-purpose'), pan-man (nyen) ('five-thousand years'), pemsahoycek ('pan-national'), pi-sayngsancek ('unproductive'), swu-chen (kay) ('several thousand pieces'), … The clitic words in (9) come before nouns and modify these nouns and, hence, can be categorized as adnominals.

not all sense units show the same degree of autonomy (Croft & Cruse 2004).


Then, we encoded each sense of the terms into the n-tuple format.

(6)) is registered as a headword, we have to register kakong and hata as well.


Since clitics are not phonologically independent, we can easily distinguish them from regular independent words.

the distinction is not always clear because the etymologically related meanings of a word can, over time, become so different that the original semantic relation can be obscured.


Among the headwords consisting of an independent word and a clitic word, some contain the clitic in the final position.

many scholars assume that they have to be concepts rather than senses.


The following section explains the grammatical functions of PL.

personal pronouns are generally closed-class and are unaffected by borrowing or code-switching.


Rik Fahimer kache Gargir biruddhe kOmplein koreche (Rik-Fahim-Gen-near-Gargi Gen-against-complain-did) 'Rik has complained to Fahim against Gargi.'


During SVM-based training phase, the current token word with three previous and three next words and their corresponding POS along with negation or intensifier were selected as context feature for that word.

the parsed results are used in the baseline and supervised systems.


The results on the development set are shown using confusion matrix in Table 7.

given a POS tagset POS, we generate new emotion classes, 'emo_ntrl-C'|C Є POS.


Section 5 describes different features that include contextual information of the words, several word-level orthographic features, semantic feature and various features extracted from the gazetteers.

experimental results also justify our assumption that MOO can perform superior to the single objective approach for voting combination selection.


In Kibrik 2010 is adopted a multi-factorial approach allowing to describe the integration of activation factors (that is called activation score, AS) in each moment of discourse stream.

c) RhD=3 Кто почувствовал, что засыпает?


Какой номер был у бригады скорой?

we claim that the differences can be explained by the specifics of Russian material.


This means that an EPP feature must be present in every phase head that intervenes between the base and scope positions of a wh-phrase in constructions such as (2-3a).

(b) Search for any subnumerations contained within the selected subnumeration.


The attachment of -er transforms hang into an agent noun.

a chain can receive some sort of justification if its elision can render a remnant viable, as in an answer fragment.


When GA converges to a local optimum, i.e., when f max − f decreases, µ c and µ m both will be increased.

the µ c and µ m will get lower values for high fitness solutions and get higher values for low fitness solutions.


Baseline 4: C[−3, +3], P re 4 , Suf 4 , and the features (iv)-(ix).

on termination, this location contains the best feature combination.


An example of such class is oodiikanaa (to wait).

further most of the attention is given to Punjabi which is written and spoken in India.


Since the positive sentiment of 좋 coh is not in fact an actual thing but rather the author's hope, the value of 좋 coh is weakened to +0.5 from +1.

one typical example is a contextual intensifier.


As noted earlier, these phrasal determinants are quite flexible in their distributional possibilities.

further examples clearly show this fact: i chayk-i [ku etten chayk-pota] cwungyo-hata this book-NOM the which book-than importance-do 'This book is more important than any book.'


It originates from [(S radical)-ta-ko ha-n-ta '-DEC-COMP say-PRES-DEC.

in this sense, the surprise marker -ney seems to be closer to evidential and the declarative ending -ta also may be considered in this respect, but not the assertive -e.


She offers a modal analysis of this typologically interesting evidential.

the following kind of S-initial reflexive anaphor caki is natural with an abstract higher semantic antecedent.


That is, core contains both onset and nucleus, and syllable contains only both core and coda.

this paper also employed the type nf to solve the ambiguity problems.


In this section, some actual implementation examples are shown.

the parser correctly selects the left syllable structure for the word 'nala'.


Bird and Klein (1994) was virtually the first paper which tried to implement phonological analyses in typed feature systems.

the syllable structure for this word is as shown in Figure 12.


Replacing focus and informational focus differ from selecting focus in that in neither case, the focused argument is previously mentioned or assumed as a possible value of the variable in the presupposed open proposition.

(in press) and found that speakers are less likely to mention the complementizer that when the complement clause is predictable.


this computer-Acc you-Nom fix-Pst-Int 'Did you fix this computer?'

unlike in the subexperiment on direct object, the main effect of the factor focus type did not reach significance in the subexperiment on subject (F1(2, 177) = 6.22, p = .538; F2(2, 57) = .733, p = .485).


We also evaluated the annotation quality of the corrected corpora, against ground-truth (OntoNotes does not include event answer-keys so we only focused on the ACE and carbon sequestration corpora).

for each novel event type, we identify relevant and salient sentences involving new event triggers, and then correct errors based on uncertainty estimation, and finally map semantic roles into event argument roles based on semantic frame descriptions.


Measures of lexical association examine first-order similarity between features (Grefenstette, 1994).

ruch (2006) developed a system to assign headings from the MeSH and the Gene Ontology.


For example, with respect to the utterance "Please pick it up" in Figure 1 (b), the system identifies that the word "it" in the utterance is the phrase "remote controller" which was recognized by the LVCSR in the previous utterance.

in the alignment process  of word pairs, we select pairs which have the minimum value of the edit distance.


The most critical problem of the anaphora resolution in speech understanding is insertion and deletion errors in dialogue logs, namely the existence of noise words and the lack of the antecedent.

extracting keywords and understanding an utterance using them reduce speech recognition errors (Bouwman et al., 1999;Komatani and Kawahara, 2000).


(2004) have obtained high accuracy by using some speech recognizers' outputs.

we used Julius as the LVCSR and Julian as the DSSR (Lee et al., 2001).


In this scoring, we set a small value to « as compared with ¬.

it needs to handle spontaneous speech utterances.


The data in this study is drawn from Tamil, German and English.

shā in Chinese falls in the implied-result verb category because it accepts both patterns (A) and (B).


Many sentiment words are not included in the current Chinese sentiment dictionaries.

we can see that the agreement between annotators is not high, this is because of some words are really ambiguous whether to express sentiment.


Typical existing algorithms for sentiment dictionary extension use patterns to construct a graph that reflects the relation between words, clustering algorithm is then applied on this graph to get positive and negative clusters.

the existing dictionaries in Chinese are insufficient, for example, the intersection rate of two popular Chinese sentiment dictionaries HowNet and NTUSD is less than 10%.


Thus, in these cases, no agent is explicit on the surface.

here, we note that the causing sub-event temporally precedes the result sub-event.


Regarding examples (3) and (4), "V-te-a-ru" also expresses an eventuality to be aspectually atelic.

parsons (1990) later presented an event semantics in which English sentences were analyzed as containing existential quantification over eventualities; agent and theme arguments were also introduced by independent predicates.


Even if the "V-te-a-ru" construction indicates some implicit agents, the agent cannot be overtly expressed as a subject, which takes the nominative case-marker "ga", i.e., the agent is excluded from subject positions as shown in examples (8a-c) 4 / 5 .

this kind of analysis might rest on the assumption that these sentences contain some hidden agents that are revealed in combination with the intentional active verbs.


(10) a. Boku -wa zyuken-benkyoo-ga/wo zyuubun-ni si-te-a-ru.

"V-te-a-ru" constructions with a 'preparative' reading allow EXP-agent alternation: At the semantic level, e.g., in example (9c), experiencer [x], which can be realized as the topic, is an agent [y] in the causing sub-event [e 1 ], and the agentive process of sleeping causes the experiencer to have a physical state [e 2 ].


(17) basically refers to an event template that is similar to (16) with the exception of the EXP-agent alternation, which is crucial to reconstruct the causing sub-event into an experiential sub-event.


They are useful for term boundary identification.

in FTL, a basic classification algorithm is required to construct C 1 and C 2 .


Many domain specific terms are descriptive and very long.

secondly, the applied classifier can cover more kinds of terms since different types of features are integrated in each classifier.


Equivalently F is conservative iff for any set X, Y we have F (X)(Y ) = F (X)(X ∩ Y ).

indeed it is easy to show that if D is intersective then D(S)(P ) is equivalent to D(S 1 )(S ∩ P ) for any S 1 such that S ⊆ S 1 .


The determiner Det denotes the function D which takes two sets, S and P as arguments and gives a truth value as result.

in the next section i show why and how the class of complex demonstratives should be extended.


For instance I suppose that the meaning of the demonstrative this is such that sentences in (8) can be considered as logically equivalent: (8a) This teacher is bald.

most researchers are concerned with the question of whether the sentence of the form This CN VP, completed by speaker demonstration, expresses a proposition if the object demonstrated does not have the property expressed by CN.


In philosophy it goes back to Ancient Greeks and refers to the study of nature, or more generally, to the study of what might exist (Smith, 2004).

even in the same language some terms can be treated differently.


It was found that if two terms A and B are in this relation then they occur in a context like A is a (kind of) B, so a search for such pattern may yield a list of possible hyponyms.

this is performed by means of statistical semantic similarity measurement and clustering.


on node 10, node 20, node 30 and node 40.

in addition, as the Japanese and Chinese kinship systems are different from that of Korean, and the Japanese and Chinese systems are not the same either, we have shown that the framework can handle the kinship systems of several different languages.


Denoual's (2007) experiments attempt to translate all unknown words in a Japanese-English task and have reported that translation adequacy (NIST score) improves but fluency (BLEU score) remains stable or is decreased.

mitigating problems in analogy-based EBMT with SMT and vice-versa have shown considerable improvement over the individual approach.


This approach, a type of analogical learning, was attractive because of its simplicity; and the paper reported considerable success with the method using various language pairs.

this is expected to work well with our current experimental setup.


'Now before moving orange candle in the paper bag, blue nail put in the jar.'

in our pilot developmental study on Russian material, twenty children (from 4 to 7 year-olds), twenty teenagers (from 12 to 15 year-olds), twenty students (from 19 to 25 year-olds), and twenty adults (from 40 to 50 year-olds) acted out the events of four complex adverbial sentence types that were less complicate than sentences for our main experiment described above, e.g.


In the temporal domain, the relevant features are 'Time', 'Simultaneous' and 'Prior'.

hence, sentences with 'Main-Sub' order are more difficult for understanding than sentences with 'Sub-Main' order.


I expect that implementation is feasible using a method of supervised machine learning such as SVM.

for every parse, all constants except for the anchor (usually on the diagonal) are abstracted by replacing them by labels such as S, O, V, and P. Replacement of constants c 1 , c 2 , .


Despite the a priori desiratum of assimilating the derivation and interpretation of wh-questions in Japanese to that in English, empirical evidence shows that overt displacement of wh-phrases in Japanese is not the same as overt wh-movement in English.

the examples in (6) clearly show that a non-wh-phrase object may be scrambled across the subject to a position other than SpecCP: (6) a. Dare-ga sakana-o tabeta no?


Moreover sentence information and discourse information are dealt with equally at the time of evaluation as providing binding information, which allows for their seamless integration.

here we adopt an hPSG-based syntactic parser (Miyao and Tsujii, 2008), because it offers wide coverage and high accuracy, and provides detailed syntactic information that is sufficient for SCT.


If these extra-syntactic mechanisms do not involve movement, they should also operate beyond LF in that LF movement is fundamentally a syntactic movement without phonological consequences.

the only cost accrued in the model is the presence of redundancy where earlier outputs are sometimes put back at a later level.


their categories remain S\S Q or S\S f oc and cannot be S\(S\S) which seems to reflect their semantics better.


In 18aand 18b, what is transferred to the RECIPIENT is the possession of a hole and the content of a song respectively.

3 the malefactive sentence is only a slightly special case of the benefactive sentence with the BENEFICIARY coinciding with the subject (i.e.


in another hand, links involving two or several languages are used to retrieve terms across those languages.


We have examined 6, 510, 554 sentences from the encyclopedia articles in the Japanese Wikipedia, and for characteristics such as usage of plain or polite forms, the writing style appears to be quite consistent, despite the open nature of Wikipedia.

the difference between the encyclopedia articles and the other two page types is that the first has no specified reader, while the content of the other pages is more personal and perhaps thought as meant for other editors.


To gain insight into the performance of individual feature, we first examine the experimental results using single features, as shown in Table 3.

since most of the existing researchers have focused on non-textual features, in this paper, we aim to explore the effectiveness of diverse textual features on the task of best answer detection.


Although CQA tries to help users come up with the best answers with its human-oriented strategy, the quality of user-generated answers is sometimes difficult to control (Gyongyi et al, 2008).

it is no surprise that Web 2.0 system is trying to seek improvement in information foraging.


(2009) also points to the fact that Japanese allows for some compound verbs which can encode both manner and path of motion, much like an equipollently-framed language, such as in (4a) below.

this differs from English in that Chinese allows for either manner or path of motion to be encoded in a sentence by simply adding one more particle, whereas an English preposition, which encodes path, cannot stand alone like a Chinese path of motion verb.


Ideally, such experimentation would include low, mid, and high level learners, and would hopefully deal with languages form at least two different geographical locations.

the use of such compound verbs is also rather limited, as only a limited number of verbs can be combined in this manner, as in the incorrect example (4b), and some combinations have meanings other than what might be expected, as in (4c).


In this case, we choose training to testing corpora of the ratio 9 to 1 to conduct following experiment to generate novel candidate list.

we use the linear chain form of CRF, in which x and y are the sequence texts and output labels respectively.


For the purpose of studying behavior of novel terms in a special period, i.e.

in such case, it would not be tagged as true term in testing corpora; therefore, this term would not be retrieved.


In their work, syntactic path refers to the path of syntactic functions of one NP.

the features they choose include surface word forms, POS tags, orthographic features and head-noun features.


The experiment for 10-folds cross validation is conducted 10 times on 10 sets of corpora.

it is defined as concatenation of elementary syntactic functions tagged by Survey Parser.


AMIRA (Diab et al., 2004) and its successor AMIRA 2.0 (Diab, 2009) are collections of tools for processing Arabic language based on supervised learning.. AMIRA 2.0 is a toolkit for processing Arabic text.

of omitting diacritics, complex morphology and peculiar orthographical rules, processing Arabic text is a difficult task whether performed using statistical or rule-based methods.


The threshold set is that words with frequency greater than or equal to 10 and appears in more than 1 document are chosen as the lexical entries.

in view of these criteria, only 1, 386 words out of 9,965 or 13.91% of the lexical candidates were chosen as the final lexical entries, 45 of which are proper nouns.


The process of building the corpus includes query generation, document sampling via google API and document classifier.

this study implemented an automated system that builds a language specific lexicon by using an open corpus or the World Wide Web.