10 iv) The acceptability of the sentences with 'caki' was not much influenced by grammaticalstructural factors.

'caki' bound by a c-commanding antecedent and by a non-ccommanding antecedent did not differ from each other in their acceptability (c-commanding antecedent: mean = 3.37, non-c-commanding antecedent: mean = 3.32; [t(29) = .628, p < .535, not significant]).


iii) Hypothesis C agrees with Hypothesis A that 'caki' is a core anaphor with a larger GC (no SSC or TSC), but differs from it in that it allow 'caki' to be exempt-when it is unbound or unc-commanded.

it predicts that 'caki' can be unbound/un-c-commanded.


The first method focuses on expanding the ontology using existing resources, and the second method focuses on constructing new ontologies.

constructing the ontology using a mass corpus begins with automatic extraction of semantic relations.


(2005), we assume that final scope determination requires two elements: formulae with epsilon terms like (9) and scope statements in the form of Scope(S<x<y), where S is interpreted as some temporal index.

the scope interaction is defined from the pair scope statement, formula with an -term (or -terms) .


It can be shown that the realization space of natural language expressions is highly sparse, and arguably, any natural language consists of far less variations in terms of expression types than its grammar allows.

natural language is conservative in its degree of allowance for truly new expressions.


We need to admit that there is no simple answer to either of them.

the VMT faces difficulties with respect to the important aspects of human memory performances: people can and do remember many things in a very short time (perhaps on the scale of (milli)seconds).


It is observed that if an array has more than seven segments, the ratio of [useful patterns/useless patterns] drops drastically.

the current implementation of the PL theory is only useful to capture the "local" dependencies.


In traditional text classification tasks, a text T (e.g., document, sentence) are modeled as one bag-of-words and the input vector of the text is constructed from weights of the words (also called terms) 1 ( ,..., ) In this paper, we focus on document-based sentiment classification.

the terms are possibly words, word n-grams, or even phrases extracted from the training data, with N being the number of terms.


Instead of considering a text as a bag-of-words, we propose a new text modeling approach which considers a text as two bags-of-words.

a text T, either for training or testing, is partitioned into two sub-texts: sentiment-reversed part re T and sentiment-non-reversed part non T .


(2007) to collect more data involving data in our experiments.

we totally collect 5 domains of reviews from Amazon.cn, namely Book, Camera, HD (Hard Disk), Health and Kitchen.


To achieve that, we use some CVSs to classify those segmented sub-sentences into two categories: sentiment-reversed and sentiment-nonreversed.

negatives are used to recognize the negation sentences and the connectives of 'but' and 'however' are used to recognize contrast transition sentences.


In this paper, we propose an approach for incorporating sentiment reversing information into machine learning based sentiment classification system.

we consider two kinds of linguistic phenomena: negation and contrast transition, which are popularly used to reverse the sentiment polarity.


The study results imply that four common moves employed by all advice writers in advice columns regardless of the kinds of issues they dealt with, namely the moves of advice giving, assessment, explanation, and general information.

speaking, the advice writers devote themselves to employ the move of advice the most with the supportive move of assessment, followed by explanation and general information.


During the training of our ME-based WTC model, all direct hyponyms of a synset constitute the outcome space of the classification model, and features, as we will describe in detail later, are derived from instances in TL's.

the association between a direct hyponym (an outcome) of a synset and the translation f is governed by the conditional probability as (  procedure PropagateTranslation(e, Sense, f) (1) Synset = GetSynset(e, Sense) (2) Cnt = GetTagCount(e, Sense) where outcomes is a set of all direct hyponyms of the synset, feature i is a binary-valued function, and λ i is the weight of the feature function feature i .


HM: The translation is classified using only hierarchical WTC models.

the filtering threshold θ and the number of allowed translation synonyms N are both set to zero.


For example, fast in a fast typist does not denote a typist who is also generally fast apart from typing, but specifically a typist who is fast at typing.

fast does not modify the typist himself, but it does modify the way that the typist types, i.e., fast modifies the event argument of the TELIC (purpose) quale of the noun typist-to type.


For example, in (20) below, the person referred to as the intern could have been a hard-working intern in the past or at present-the present intern who was a hard-working person when he was not an intern yet.

the time argument of the intern can refer to the past time or the utterance time.


Rather, it refers to the appearance of a park during an evening visit; yugatano "evening's" locates the referent of the park into certain time period.

evening's modifies the referential content of the park in the extended GL.


However, with regard to the scope relation of the two quantifier phrases in (i) and (iib), it is unambiguous for the authors of this paper.

the scope of dareka-ga 'someone' is wider than the one of minna-o 'all' [∃ > ∀], as is discussed in the literature (e.g., Hoji (1985)).


On the other hand, husinsya da 'is a suspect' in (17) concerns the speaker's judgment.

he recognizes sihuku keekan 'the plainclothes policeman' at first, then judges the man to be a suspect.


Namely, I argue against the widely held assumption that (thematic) wa has a uniform function, say topic-marker or ground-marker, and propose that wa marks a topic only when it is associated with certain grammatical functions (GF's), such as direct object, while it merely indicates groundhood (givenness) when it is associated others, including subject.

i propose that what has been traditionally called thematic wa is an amalgam of 'topic-marking wa' and 'ground-marking wa'.


( 3)a. focus: informative and newsy material; material that completes an open proposition provided by ground and/or the discourse context b. ground: non-informative and expected material; material that provides an open proposition to be completed by focus c. topic: an entity presented as something the message is 'about'; an entity that the hearer is expected or directed to give attention to as the location of information update d. tail: the complement of the topic in the ground (i.e., tail = ground − topic) e. comment: the complement of the topic in the utterance (i.e., comment = link + focus) An utterance may consist of focus only, focus-tail, focus-topic, or focus-tail-topic; it is impossible, on the other hand, for an utterance to consist of ground elements only.

an utterance may be topic-less or ground-less, but cannot be all-ground.


There have been two major lines of analyses on the so-called thematic use of wa: (i) the topichood-based analysis: 'Wa marks a topic' (e.g., Mikami 1963;Kuno 1973;Noda 1996;Portner and Yabushita 1998) and (ii) the groundhood-based analysis: 'Wa marks given/old information' (e.g., Martin 1975;Ono 1978;Makino 1982;Fiengo and McClure 2002).

4 a major portion of existing analyses of wa amount to the following, two competing hypotheses.


8 6 Lambrecht (1994) takes the view that not all topics pass the as for-test, while those expressions that pass it can be safely regarded as a topic.

he does not adopt the stronger, biconditional version of the as for-test, i.e.


This approach also confronts the same situation, arbitrariness.

it is not clear when TP selects FocP as a complement.


All constraints mentioned above put together, pseudogapping in coordination structure can be described as follows; (32) contains the new constraint 'R 2' → R 2'' ' which indicates R 2'' can be remnant only when R 2' is remnant.

this prevents (27b) -AP is a unique remnant -from being predicted grammatical and allows (27a) to be judged as grammatical sentence, even though it sounds awkward.


This causes many recognition errors, so Speech Recognition Research 2.0 gets users to correct the errors, thereby enabling recognition of a wide variety of speech data on an unlimited range of topics.

users cooperate in the preparation of full-text transcriptions as a form of annotation that can be used when searching for speech data.


In this way, we can use the wisdom of crowds to achieve a better user experience (step (iii) in Figure 1).

speech Recognition Research 2.0 can be described as an approach whereby a web service based on speech recognition that is permanently in beta version (perpetual beta) is launched and then improved by inviting users to use it on the web, thereby advancing the research.


PodCastle supports three functions -searching, reading, and annotating -to satisfy all the points of Speech Recognition Research 2.0 listed in Table 1 and set the positive spiral of Figure 1 into motion.

the searching and reading functions let users better understand the speech recognition performance regarding podcasts (step (i) in Figure 1), and the annotating (error correction) function allows them to contribute to improved performance (step (ii)).


In the latter case, the person experiencing the event is included in the event.

western view detaches human from nature and sees the world as an object while Eastern view puts human in the nature and experience the world.


Pronominals are a universal component of human languages and are considered basic vocabulary of any given language.

personal pronouns are generally closed-class and are unaffected by borrowing or code-switching.


We propose the use of fine-grained part-of-speech (POS) tags as discriminatory attributes for automatic genre classification and report empirical results from an experiment that indicate substantial accuracy gain by such features over the conventional bag-of-words approach through word unigrams.

this paper reports our research to investigate the performance of a fine-grained tag set when tested with the British component of the International Corpus of English.


So, one solution to this unbalanced class distribution is to split the 'non-emotion' (emo_ntrl) class into several subclasses effectively.

given a POS tagset POS, we generate new emotion classes, 'emo_ntrl-C'|C Є POS.


In our model, we assume that an EPP feature can be a subfeature of a feature, along the lines of Pesetsky and Torrego (2001).

a '[+Feat:X]' feature (5b) can have an EPP subfeature that forces an element with a matching unvalued feature to Merge directly with the element containing the '[+Feat:X]'.


The (in)definiteness of the NP is interpreted, dependent upon the context.

the context provides a clue to its definiteness: Property 2: Indicative and characteristic determinants cannot be repeated.


Even though the appearance of determiners is optional, they are controlled by certain ordering restrictions when they appear.

as we have seen, indicative determinants such as ku 'the' or ce 'that' cannot be repeated; they cannot follow a numeral like twu 'two' as in *twu ku salam 'two the men'.


Even though there is no definite or indefinite article, the grammar needs to offer a way of interpreting bare NPs.

we need to project such bare NPs as saturated ones.


the interrogative expression is an indefinite determinant when not closing off the noun phrase.


As we have noted earlier, phrasal elements like relative clauses and possessive NPs can also function as a prenominal expression.

observe the following: These simple data indicate that the possessive NP can select either a full NP or an unsaturated NP, as quantificational determinants.


As mentioned in Section 2, this paper adopts the binary branching analysis in the computational implementations.

onset and nucleus form a core and that this core combines with coda in order to form a syllable in our implementations.


Since this word contains only vowels, the first rules for core and syllable are applied.

core contains only nucleus, and syllable contains only core.


Since this word has a syllable structure 'CVC+CVC', the second rules are applied for core and syllable.

core contains both onset and nucleus, and syllable contains only both core and coda.


We propose a new usage-based account of variable case marking that explains these asymmetries between focus subjects and focus objects in case ellipsis in terms of the usage probability of properties of arguments.

it is shown that both the degree of acceptability of case ellipsis on focused argument NPs in Korean and the strength of the influence of focus types on case ellipsis correlate with the frequency in which the argument NP accommodates new information.


We have proposed a new usage-based account of variable case marking that explains these asymmetries between focus subjects and focus objects in case ellipsis in terms of the usage probability of properties of arguments, i.e., asymmetry in the frequency in which the argument accommodates new information.

it has been shown that both the degree of acceptability of case ellipsis on focused argument NPs in Korean and the strength of the influence of focus types on case ellipsis correlate with the likelihood for the argument's referent to be new information.


The RAMCORP project aims to design and construct a telephony-based dialogue system that provides interactive dissemination of knowledge in a variety of domains.

it is intended for use by domain experts who are not native English speakers while engaged in dialogue with other domain experts.


Measures of lexical association examine first-order similarity between features (Grefenstette, 1994).

they determine the similarity of a pair of features by considering how likely they are to co-occur.


The performance of feature types and set sizes set-ups are considerably different in the relevance and classification tasks.

it seems that smaller feature sets are more effective when determining topic relevance.


It contains words of the target situation.

the vocabulary of the medium-scale DSSR consists of the union of each small-scale DSSR, such as a nurse's order DSSR and a patient's order DSSR.


In Section 2, we explain the basic idea of the multiple speech recognizer.

it is to select an output from each recognizer.


In the alignment process  of word pairs, we select pairs which have the minimum value of the edit distance.


On the other hand, the medium-scale DSSR is used for capturing the context in the target situation (a livelihood support robot in this paper).

it is a integrated DSSR of small-scale DSSRs.


we evaluated our method with 1000 utterances: 5 categories (4 DSSRs 1 and LVCSR) ¢ 20 utterances ¢ 10 test subjects.


The baseline in the table denotes our method without the medium-scale DSSR.

the method did not handle the dialogue log Ä ½ .


the verbs meaning 'kill' in English, Chinese and Thai.

it examines the possibility of these verbs to appear in two syntactic patterns in which English is used as the metalanguage: (A) X kill Y dead, and (ฺ B) X kill Y but Y not die.


It must appear after the resultative verb compound, which can be schematized as It is obvious that shā 'kill' in Chinese accepts both patterns (A) and (B).

an occurrence of the resulting event inherent in shā 'kill' can be confirmed explicitly in the form of the verb sǐ 'die' as in (5) and can be denied in the disclaiming clause as in (6).


The verb khâa in Thai is a more complicated case because it accepts pattern (A) but is marginal in pattern (B).

the occurrence of the resulting event of dying can be both confirmed and denied in a monoclausal structure but cannot be denied in a biclausal, coordinate structure.


We argue that when khâa, which expresses an accomplishment, appears in a serial verb construction, the accomplishment originally denoted by this verb is reconceptualized as an activity and the culmination phase is encoded as a separate achievement verb taay following khâa.

the serial verb construction serves to shift the aspectual profile of the entailed-result verb from an accomplishment to an activity.


Inter-sentential consistency applies the idea to neighboring sentences.

the same sentiment polarity (positive or negative) is usually expressed in a few consecutive sentences.


It should be noted that in example (9b, c), the experiencer, which is realized as a topic or dative adjunct, plays the role of agent in the causing sub-event.

"V-te-a-ru" constructions with a 'preparative' reading allow EXP-agent alternation: At the semantic level, e.g., in example (9c), experiencer [x], which can be realized as the topic, is an agent [y] in the causing sub-event [e 1 ], and the agentive process of sleeping causes the experiencer to have a physical state [e 2 ].


Thus, as shown in the above section, at the semantic level, the experiencer (which can be considered the topic) is also an agent causing the sub-event: the agentive process of sleeping causes the experiencer to enter an actual physical state.

example (9c) has two sub-events, which share the common individual "boku" I.


One of the problems in the focus of the discussion concerning complex demonstratives is the semantic status of the common noun CN.

most researchers are concerned with the question of whether the sentence of the form This CN VP, completed by speaker demonstration, expresses a proposition if the object demonstrated does not have the property expressed by CN.


Secondly, I want to apply some results from the generalised quantifier theory to deal with the problem of the semantic status of the common noun in the subject NP in which a demonstrative occurs.

i will use the distinction between sortally inherent and not sortally inherent quantifiers to deal with this problem (cf.


What is interesting, however, is the fact that in general they form proper sub-algebras of the algebra formed from the set of all relevant functions.

various types of quantifiers can obey some common general constraints which are of a non logical nature and which make them thus different from logically possible quantifiers.


If this being is intelligent then I can still express a true proposition, namely the one in (5), even if I am partially mistaken with the descriptions I attribute to the demonstrated being by using a particular demonstrative NP in subject position..

the truth of the proposition expressed by my utterance of (4a) does not depend solely on properties used in the subject N P .


The second class of work, which the current work belongs to, uses lexical patterns (Hearst, 1992) that reflect specific semantic relations between terms.

in order to estimate IS-A relation between terms A and B (e.g.


For example, a more sophisticated algorithms for hyponym construction can be used.

a bootstrapping algorithm (Kozareva et al., 2008) that starts from the seeding term and its hypernym and iteratively extends the set of term's candidates using the A, B and other Cs query.


In general, "ontology" is defined as follows (Gruber 1995): (5) An explicit specification of a conceptualization.

ontology is a formal (tree) structure which contains nodes of (language-neutral) concepts.


the default setup of the well known implementation of the models, GIZA++, is derived from (Och and Ney, 2003) and involves training the following models in sequence: IBM model 1, HMM-based model, IBM model 3 and IBM model 4.


Several papers point out that the scores designed for word alignment (alignment error-rate, Fscore) and translation (BLEU, NIST), are not heavily correlated.

(Fraser and Marcu, 2007) and (Ayan and Dorr, 2006) distinctly state that alignment error rate is a poor indicator of translation quality.


Our goal in this study of sense prediction is to generate solutions for lexical ambiguity in general.

we will look at words without lexically-assigned senses and try to predict the range of senses each word form may have.


In order to select particular clusters to examine their accuracy, the testing cluster sizes will be 1, 1.5, and 2 times that of the senses.

when examining the accuracy of the four target words in the character similarity clustering analysis, we will select the top 30 clusters, 45 clusters, and 60 clusters of the 100 clusters, 200 clusters and 300 clusters for chi1 "eat", respectively; the top 10 clusters, 15 clusters, and 20 clusters of the 90 clusters, 180 clusters, and 270 clusters for wan2 "play", respectively; the top 6 clusters, 9 clusters, and 12 clusters of the 70 clusters, 140 clusters, and 210 clusters for huan4 "change", respectively; and the top 15 clusters, 23 clusters, and 30 clusters of the 60 clusters, 120 clusters, and 180 clusters of shao1 "burn", respectively.


This is possible from the argument composition in accordance with the Head-Gen-SVC rule.

the rule allows us to compose the argument 'school-at' selected by the second verb 'go' with the object 'Mia' selected by the first verb 'look.for'.


We separate this kind of SVC case from the general cases with the following constructional constraint: 10 (17) Head-Obj-SVC: This rule refers to the GCASE (grammatical case) whose value is acc.

when both verbs in the SVC select an object whose structural case value is acc, the combination of these two verbs will then share this object ( 2 ) while the remaining complements are composed.


pDp describes whatever dependency parsing describes.


One of the many issues that arise in the comparative study of English and Japanese is to what extent the two languages are alike, despite their superficial differences.

we might wonder whether the example in (2c) can be likened to the English example in (1b) in that the wh-phrase appears in the same SpecCP position.


I argue that although Japanese and English wh-questions are alike in some respects, e.g., the scope of the wh-phrase is determined by the relation with a [+WH] C, the derivation and syntactic structure of Japanese wh-questions, including the one like (2c) that looks very much like the question in (1b), are not exactly like those in English.

i claim that overt syntactic movement of wh-phrases in Japanese is the result of scrambling, the same operation that applies to non-wh-phrases.


This point is particularly worth entertaining in light of the very similar syntactic distribution of wh-phrases and non-wh-phrases observed elsewhere.

it cannot be excluded that the whphrase in (7b) in fact occupies the same position as the o-marked non-wh-phrase in (7c), and the grammatical contrast between them is due to some other independent reason.


In Japanese, transitive verbs such as yaku 'bake' cannot be used ditransitively: (2) a. Anna-wa Anna-TOP In Japanese traditional grammar and in grammars for language learning, the unacceptability of (5) below is explained in terms of the mismatch between the benefactive interpretation construed by the construction and the concerned situation described by the object gomi 'garbage' (and the infinitive yaite 'bake'): (5) *Anna-wa Anna-TOP give-PAST 'Intended: Anna gave to Ken the benefit of incinerating garbage for him.'

(Anna's) baking a cake rather than incinerating garbage provides the benefit for Ken.


The dependencies are all binary relations.

a grammatical relation holds between a governor and a dependent.


The evidentials (such as doubt, not sure) in the context signals the uncertainty of the answer by the contributor himself and thus it is less possible to be considered as the best answer.

evidentials could play the role as an important context clue that provides us with further insights in locating the best answers.


By the comparison of diverse textual features and their combinations, the current study provides a useful insight into the task of detecting the best answer to a given question in CQA applications.

we incorporate the linguistic knowledge of evidentiality into the text representation framework for best answer detection.


Finally, we can observe that the phrase detection precision is typically higher than the dependency precision of the parsers (Kovář et al., 2009;Holan and Žabokrtský, 2006).

(and according to our expectations), the parsers perform better in phrases detection than in building dependency trees.


(Lee, 1986) 3 Davidsonian e/s-binding(constrainer), Topics and Indefinite Subjects In this paper, we attempt to explore the possibility that the so-called Davidsonian argument needs to be bound both in stage-level and individual-level predicates via adopting Chierchia's insight that both stage-level predicates and individual-level predicates are Davidsonian.

the socalled Davidsonian variable takes effect on the process of topicalization unless they are introduced into and get bound correctly via different means.


Therefore, sentences like 27  So far, we have shown that both the stage-level and individual-level predicates have the so-called Davidsonian arguments which will take effect on the process of topicalization after they have been bound correctly.

the existential Davidsonian argument in sentences with stage-level predicates functions as the stage topic, and the generic one in sentences with individual-level predicates is able to function as the generic situation topic.


In their work, syntactic path refers to the path of syntactic functions of one NP.

it is defined as concatenation of elementary syntactic functions tagged by Survey Parser.


For this reason, for a token labeled as either B, or I or E, and if it is also labeled as 1, this token will be combined with tokens immediately close to it to generate term candidates.

only tokens between the same group of B and E should be taken into consideration for combination.


Since the traditional study of terminology is widely described as the standardization of terminology, a concept is ideally referred to by a single term.

one single term unambigously designates one single concept.


The point is extension's effects on the accuracy of user identification.

when we use learning examples which were not used in cases of previous studies and extend the scope of target users, • how much the accuracy of identification may decrease, or • how many learning examples should be increased to maintain the accuracy.


TYPE I submissions are sometimes obscurer than TYPE II submissions because the standards of best answer selection differ with each questioner.

it is more possible to disrupt communications by TYPE II submissions than TYPE I.


As shown in Figure 4, the identifier developed by using training data (target category, 100 answers) had about the same accuracy as the identifier developed by using training data (non-target categories, 200 answers).

in this case, training data (non-target categories, 200 answers) can replace training data (target category, 100 answers).


In this paper, "nasty" is defined as insults and slander words and phrases that are directed toward another person.

slander that forms part of a story or that is used ironically, is not targeted.


If the threshold value is high such as 0.9 or 0.8, the proposed method is surely able to detect nasty comments.


As an alternative analysis, this paper has attempted to account for the kes-RC under Carlson's notion of stages.

this paper has proposed that kes-RCs are stages, which instantiates at the time of the main clause's event.


The results (Tables 8,9,10) show that for most between-group and within-group comparisons, there was no significant difference.

there are few effects of instructional order.


As for the effect of instructional order on the acquisition of the Korean imperfective aspect by Japanese learners, there were no significant differences observed except in the accuracy rate of the resultative marker -a iss-in the comprehension task.

the group who was taught the resultative first and the progressive later performed well on the comprehension of the resultative marker -a iss-.


We also noted a marked difference in 1st/2nd person correlations for the chat corpus, with unhappy smileys being far more "speaker-marked" than happy smileys which are more "listener-marked", in terms of personal pronoun use.

a chatter is more likely to say "I am sad :( and you are nice :)" than "I am nice :) and you are sad :(".


most specific) element if suffix arrays are used, but it depends on the frequency of all elements if inverted files are used.

suffix arrays have a least-frequency property for match combinations.


It should be noted that at the time of writing (August 2010) the ISOcat tag set is not yet complete and certain problems need to be discussed and overcome before the actual goal of ISOcat can be attained.

the problem of information that is lost in the translation from one tag set to another and its consequences of search results needs to be addressed.


Liaising with academics from various departments and schools within the humanities, we have been able to tailor our tools to several target groups and cater for corpus-based research and teaching needs in several disciplines and for several languages.

we have extended the functionality of our tools in the areas of statistics and tagging.


Also, the project is designed along the lines of what Seidlhofer (2002) terms "local learner corpora."

the texts that the project participants have themselves produced will be used as a resource for teachers and learners in their own classrooms.


It potentially implies that English learners tend to maintain CENTER in subject and object positions due to the lack of skills of "retaining" CENTER in possessor positions, or due to L1 transfer (J->E).

english learners place CeNTeRs in possessor positions as infrequently in their native language (4.7% in JNS data).


The semantic relation depends on the words' meanings so that words with more meanings are apt to build connections with other words.

g verbs are words with more senses and they appear more frequently in various context.


It is clear that the quantity of different verbs is higher in children group (3y, 5y,7y, 9y) than that in adult group.

children appear more creative in event description tasks while adults are confined in the conventional usage.


According to the Phi value in this table, only the data in plank-saw (f 16) has a correlation coefficient (0.612) greater than 0.5.

the correlation between S verb usage and age group is considered as significantly correlated in the one data set (plank-saw (f 16)).


This motivation is rather pertinently expressed in (Cooper, 2007): "The conjunction be delicious and take forever needs to require that its subject is both food and an event."

the strings and categories these words represent that appear in syntactic constructions are assumed to be injections into a set of types.


Objects can be manipulated by casting their type into an appropriate type or, as we want to argue here, by virtue of types that constitute that object.


However, it seems difficult to grasp the concept of an individual that would be both 'physical object' and 'information' (Cruse, 2000a).

it seems difficult to provide a definition for such an individual or its sort.


the famous Wittgenstein's objection in his Philosophical Investigations).

we can construct new sorts and objects just because our grammar allows us to do so.


Finally, in the third phase, the test phase, the participants were told twelve stories, including 6 test trials, 3 control trials, and 3 filler trials, and were asked to first paraphrase and then act out the action depicted in the story after listening to each story.

the participants were tested for their paraphrase and act-out of the extended verbs.


However, for seven-yearolds, children"s overall performances of Specified and Open verbs are significantly different from the other three verb types, but Control and Filler verbs are not significantly different from each other.

both Control and Filler scores the highest, Open the second, and Specified the last (i.e., C = F > O > S).


Taken together, in both age groups, a correct production is often a necessary condition for correct act-out, but the reverse is not true.

when children give a correct act-out response, they often also give a correct production response in the same trials, but the reverse is not true.


(1995) which states that "extension errors happened when children failed to recognize which semantic elements are conflated in the verb, so they extend on the basis of the overall shape of the main event."

the specification of instrument has not been ready for five-year-old children, and this absent of specification caused five-year-olds to resort to the overall shape of the action event, leading to extension errors.


It is argued that children know the difference in Specified verbs and Open verbs from age five.

it seems that the specification of instrument has been there for five-year-old children.


If Mary's presence is building tension then Mary's presence has built tension.

imperfective paradox disappears because there is no telicity involved any more.


Kongwon-uro il mail-ul tali-ess-ta 'ran 1 mile towards the park' means (she) traversed the one mile initial part of the path to the park.

kkaci 'up to' implies an entire path to the Goal.


Note that two trucks in the object position in (17c) as a derived Theme is quantized but the same NP in the PP in (17a) as a Goal is not for telicity.

consider the Figure of numeral measure expression in the PP: (23) ?


Subsequently, the syllable chain was subject to sub-syllabification considering the difference in phonotactics between English and Chinese.

chinese syllables have no complex onsets and only allow nasal consonants for codas.


Different from other tasks, language model is incorporated under a log-linear framework in SMT.

for each source sentence f , we search for the final translation e * among all possible candidates under the following equation: P (e * |f ) = arg max e P r(e|f ) Under log-linear model, the posterior probability P r(e|f ) can be decomposed as: for others.


Figure 1 shows the relation between the BLEU score of the test datasets and the corresponding LM weight.

speaking, each point (x, y) in the figure means that under new LM weight x * baseline-LM -weight, the BLEU score of test dataset under new weight changes y points compared with baseline.


Then we compute their cross-entropy after translating both datasets under current weight.

speaking, for a dataset X that contains multiple sentences, we obtain its cross-entropy according to the following equation: in which, X j i denotes the j th best translation or reference for the i th sentence in the dataset.


From the results in table 3, we find that the cross entropy usually changes according to the ratio of cross-entropy of development and test datasets.

the cross entropy of test dataset increases as LM weight decreases, as shown in figure 2, in which we use the same dataset pairs as in section 3.


The idea behind (16) is that a parser tries to reduce λ-operators as soon as a verb shows up in Japanese.

by (16) the NPs that immediately precede a verb are interpreted as arguments of that verb as long as the NPs' case information is compatible with the verb's argument structure.


To test the API library of FilSuRe, Booklat, a Filipino version of the Picture Books (Hong et al., 2009) story generator system, was developed.

the realization phase of Picture Books was revised to use FilSuRe as its surface realizer instead of simpleNLG, in order to generate story text in the Filipino language.


A major problem encountered in the integration is related to insufficient inputs needed by the different API, which are not available in the abstract story tree provided by the story planner to the realization module.

these are the parameters needed to generate the correct verb inflection.


The negation can trigger alternations of the modality or the proposition of modal sentences.

the negator does not necessarily negate the meaning of the modal sentence in a corresponding manner.


In Wei's research, the complements in verb-complement potential constructions are all transitive verbs.

type A construction is contracted by two subclauses : the position of O is not concerned with any movement.


Wang (2005) proposes that the modern usage of the construction hen4-bu4-de2 (恨不得) 'to itch to' undergoes such a reanalysis whereby a syntactic structure has become a lexicalized item.

the source construction and the innovative one are shown below: hen4-bu4-de2 (恨不得) 'to itch to' experiences the process of lexicalization which is a linguistic change that "results in the production of new lexical/contentful items" (Brinton and traugott 2005:96).


However, the semantic logic interpretation is "¬□p" instead.

(20) expresses the idea that "it is not necessarily the case that this is true and it is possible that this is not true" (Radden 2007:226).


Furthermore, while m5-sii2 (毋使) indicates '¬□p (not necessary)', the linguistic form of m5-zo3 (毋做) does not have the modal function.

m5-sii2 (毋使) predominates in the usage of '¬□p (not necessary)'.


Zo3-ded4 (做得) and zo3-m5-ded4 (做毋得) dominate in Taiwanese Hakka usage.

the members of zo3 (做) types are in predominance.


Though it seems that the members of sii2 (使) types may suffer the situation of fading out, only m5-sii2 (毋使) can express the sense of 'it is not necessarily the case that this is true' or 'it is possible that this is not true'.

zo3 (做) types and sii2 (使) types occupy different functional statues in TH modality.


And we can also see from the table 4 that, when using the method 4 to make corpus selection, selecting only 50% of the bilingual corpus will generate near result with selecting 60%~100% of the whole corpus.

when using more than 50% of the whole corpus, it does not obtain significant improvement.


A thorough analysis of the outputs of four of the major E-H MT systems reveals the fact clearly.

the problem becomes more prominent when the VPCs take the structure verb + preposition.


the tagger behavior confirms the hypothesis of a very limited parallelism in language processing.


The methods and models used in such studies must then deal with different uses in order to be general and reusable, which is not the case with current difficulty models.

evaluating automatically difficulty parameters means tools able to process non canonical or even ill-formed sentences.


The results of these two tests indicated that the performance of the subjects, both adults and children, is better for some noun classes compared to others.

phonological cues were reliable for some of the noun classes and facilitated gender choice, but this was not a reliable or unique cue, and led us to study the distribution of nouns into gender classes in Marathi.


Shirai and Andersen, 1995) argues that children make particular associations based on input frequency.

it suggests that associations in acquisition are based on a skewed distribution of such combinations in input, which was supported by analyzing input data of mother-child interaction in English(Shira and Andersen, 1995).


We verified that the results of our automatic evaluation method are consistent with that of human evaluation for each question, and clarified that our method can be used for error analysis of grammatical items.

by visualizing the scores for each grammatical item on a graph, valuable information related to the characteristics of each MT system became visible.


The model is based on a distributional representation of meaning that draws on work on automatically clustering similar words (Lin, 1998) that has been incorporated into tools used by lexicographers to identify word senses (Kilgarriff and Tugwell, 2002).

this method measures the similarity of two lexico-syntactic representations of the aggregated contexts of a target word; these two representations would typically come from different corpora representing, for example, different time periods.


In this section we use Senseval data to create synthetic examples of words which have undergone semantic change, and evaluate our model on these items.

we simulate words taking on a novel sense.


One assumption we make throughout this work is that the same basic word class distinctions are invariant across different styles, genres and registers (such as spoken vs. written) of a given language.

a conclusion on word class distinctions drawn based on written data should apply equally to spoken data, for example.


The prefix mem-AV simply tells us that the agent is the subject, which would be true for both examples above.

these examples satisfy the semantic predictability criterion stipulated by the Compositionality requirement.


The morphological patterns are collated from the output of the morphological analyser.

we do not just note which suffixes are appended to each stem, but we look at each word form in its entirety, i.e.


The framework for WSD consists of the step of neighborhood knowledge building and the step of word sense disambiguation.

the neighborhood knowledge context is obtained by applying the similarity algorithm on the article.


To the best of our knowledge, collaborative techniques have been never applied in WSD task.

applying neighbor sentences to improve single sentence WSD has not been investigated yet.


Due to the strict chronological ordering, we can of course access content previously delivered to the visitor, and personalise the summary to ensure "content diversity", akin to result diversification in personalised web search (Radlinski and Dumais, 2006).

we can reduce redundancy in the information presented to the museum visitor by explicitly dispreferring sentences similar to those the visitor has already seen.


Based on these similarity values, we clustered the summarisation configurations using "oblivious" hierarchical agglomerative clustering over the three attributes of summarisation algorithm (binarised into the individual algorithms), pronoun filtering and content diversification.

we calculated the single attribute which leads to the (weighted) purest partitioning of the data at each level of the dendrogram in a bottom-up fashion.


Algorithm 1 Learning Algorithm of ListNet method (cited from the paper of (Cao et al., 2007)) Input: Set of training instances: Parameter: iteration number T and learning rate η Initialize parameter ω for t = 1 → T do for i = 1 → m do Input x (i) to Neural Network and Compute score list Compute gradient ∆ω using equation 3Update ω = ω − η × ∆ω end for end for Output: Neural Network model ω ∆ω is computed using the following formula: (3) In previous models, they only determine how good a candidate antecedent is relative to the anaphoric NP, but not how good a candidate antecedent is relative to other candidates.

they fail to answer the question of which candidate antecedent is the most probable.


If using this criterion, we saw that we got the highest F-score for the latest proposed BLANC metric in all three languages.

our proposed system got the state-of-the-art performance for coreference resolution task in multiple languages.


This paper systematically explores the effectiveness of dependency and constituent-based syntactic information for anaphoricity determination.

this paper proposes two ways to combine dependency and constituent-based syntactic information to explore their complementary advantage.


Figure 4 illustrates the dependency-driven constituent parse tree (DCPT) of the example sentence (2-1) with the focus NP "a popular entertainer".

for simplicity, this paper only adopts a simple linear kernel to equally combine a dependency-based tree kernel K dep and constituent-based tree kernel K con with normalization we use the composite kernel to combine the dependency-based representation DRT and the constituent-based representation DET.


LP can assign labels to the vertices that are connected to labeled vertices on the graph.

if the graph is well-connected, we need a few labeled data to provide a label to a large amount of unlabeled data.


Whatever sanctions the movement of the object past the verb, the same will sanction leftward movement of the object to any other clause-internal position.

if the object can make the first move, then it can make the subsequent move.


Early research efforts have been devoted to design the knowledge-based measures, in which word synonym set in thesaurus plays an elementary role to word similarity calculation.

wordNet (Fellbaum, 1998) has been widely adopted in word similarity measures for English due largely to the hierarchically organized synsets for English words.


Hence, in our experiments, the rejection rates for "Eq2+Eq1", "Eq3+Eq1", and "Eq4+Eq1" became zero.

our systems responded to all test cases when we used these combined methods by allowing all methods to recommend up to k candidates.


Bèiduōfēn yīnyuèhuì 'Beethoven concert' is a concert which plays the music composed by Bèiduōfēn 'Beethoven'.


In contrast, (4c) and (5c) become acceptable only if the SDC and the UPC are satisfied.

for (4c) and (5c) where two delimiters delimit one event, we can add a verb denoting a new (sub)event so that each delimiter delimits only one (sub)event.


Following Gruber (1965), Tenny points out that a second delimiter is allowed only when it is to further specify the endpoint denoted by the first delimiter.

when the first delimiter specifies a change of location and the resultant location can be "refined or elaborated upon" (Gruber 1965: 82, cf.


This study shows that although further study is necessary for the inconsistency between the SDC/UPC and English data, Mandarin Chinese conforms to these constraints in that a verb can have only one delimiting expression.

the event denoted by the verb can only have one endpoint or endstate.


However, unlike English, in addition to the delimiter that further specifies the endpoint/endstate, Chinese allows another type of delimiter to follow an existing delimiter and function to reinforce the attainment of the endpoint/endstate denoted by first delimiter.

the two delimiters in a clause provide the same degree of specification of an endpoint/endstate.


The general improvements in the posttest demonstrate the effects of having explicit instructions during figurative language learning process.

the improvements on mean scores of the tests give positive evidence of beneficial effects on cognitively-based instructions, including CM and MM instructions.


Even though the MM group did not achieve higher average scores than the CM group, the results of the comparisons indicate that the MM-group participants did gain significantly higher overall improvements.

the participants of the MM groups might have made more consistent progress on the posttest, and thus the variances of the changes resulted in significance in Table 2.


Here, p and h2 have greater weight, but it is obvious that p and h1 must have more weight based on the definition of bilexical dependency probability.

the dependency weight should be purely dependent on the bilexical dependency probability, not on the ratio.


If the branching entropy on the left is greater than the one on the right, it means that there is more uncertainty on the left context of the marker, i.e., the connection of the marker to its left context is weaker.

the marker is more tightly connected to its right context so that it should be grouped as a chunk with its right context, rather than its left context.


This formalization reduces to the counting of number of symbol occurrences and the computation of edit distances.

: where |A| a stands for the number of occurrences of character a in string A and δ(A, B) stands for the edit distance between strings A and B with only insertion and deletion as edit operations.


(2008;2009) have developed systems that can provide support at the word and phrase levels.

the given Japanese parts in the mixed English-Japanese sentences can be words or phrases.


where x j and x e are respectively the Japanese and English word n-grams, f (x j ) and f (x e ) are respectively the appearance frequencies of x j and x e in the parallel corpora, and f (x j , x e ) is the frequency of x j and x e co-occurring in the same pairs of Japanese-English sentences.

the similarity between the Japanese and English word n-grams in each pair extracted in step (1) is computed, and a pair is considered a pair of parallel translation expressions if the similarity is larger than a threshold value.


Thus, the English words used are usually different to the translations of the Japanese words obtained from the Japanese-English dictionary, and the expressions in correct parallel translations might be judged as incorrect and removed from the final extraction results.

the parallel translation expression {J: [(1) chiu masao zaiseibuchou, (2) chiu paul finance minister], E: finance minister paul chiu}, for example, could be extracted with the Rule and should be regarded as a correct one.


The scaling factors adjust the difference in scale between V N (d) and DF (w, d).

the α parameter determines the best ratio between V N (d) and DF (w, d) for every used dataset; a higher (lower) α means that a larger (smaller) number of types are included in h. We select the α that gives the highest inter-quartile range (iqr), from 0.1 to 3.0 incremented by 0.1, because large variances between documents are desirable for our purposes.


The results using IPSJ keywords are not stable as will be shown in Section 5.2.2., however, the results are consistent with the characteristics of the three subfields, CS and IE include standard and traditional subfields, thus they are represented by low-expertise, but standard keywords in information sciences, but FR includes many new topics, thus they are not represented by these types of standard keywords either.

fR includes various topics, thus it is not represented by any type of keywords lists.


According to Goldberg, the semantic meaning of (5) can only be derived by taking into account of the entire construction.

to address the PP attachment issue in sentences like (5), we need to take into account of a third possible structure in addition to a binary choice from verb-or nounattachment.


Keywords will be used to retrieve documents and paragraphs that are estimated to contain answer to the question.

wrong keywords can result in not retrieving document that contains the answer.


From a typological-theoretical point of view, the voice type exhibited by Indonesian adds to the richness of voice, and any theory should be able to account for this.

our theory should be such that it is able not only to capture the English type of voice, but also to predict the Indonesiantype voice with its expected properties.


In addition, the causative-applicative derivation by -i/kan further adds to the complexity of the voice system in Indonesian.

a verb can have voice morphology as well as -i/-kan, which constrains alternations.


We want to have the applicative with -i applied first before the passive with di-as in (6)a.

the locative argument is first introduced into the second position by .


(The linking mechanism picks up the most prominent argument from the a-str list as SUBJ.)

applicative and voice derivations must be applied in that order.


The pattern seen in (26) serves as evidence for the analysis that CCCs involve syntactic argument sharing.

the two arguments ('controller' and 'controlee') must be of the same type syntactically.


It is a semantically based control relation (Foley and Van Valin 1984;Sag and Pollard 1991).

with the orientation verb mau 'want' and commitment verb coba 'try', the controller/doer of the action wanted or tried is the wanter/trier.


the influence type such as suruh 'ask', would have a different specification, namely OBJ control.

in the 'asking' event, it is the 'askee' (OBJ) that is the controller/doer of the action being asked.


An OBJ-actor is not possible in Indo-European languages like English.

while we use the same GF labels such as OBJ, their exact grammatical space across languages is not the same.


Unlike in the crossed-control reading in (31), the wanter saya (tag 4) is syntactically the matrix thematic SUBJ of mau, as well as SUBJ of the SVC controlling the embedded SUBJ, the kissee.

there is no raising of the XCOMP SUBJ to a nonthematic position in the ordinarycontrol reading.


As shown, the grammar correctly analyses the subject of the matrix verb dia (tag 4) as a non-thematic SUBJ of the verb coba, placed outside the angle brackets in the f-str.

dia is not the trier; rather, it is the SUBJ/patient of the embedded verb bunuh, raised to the matrix SVC's SUBJ.


The grammar can capture this analysis as intended, as seen in the f-str parse output in (34).

the matrix SUBJ teman (tag 6) is the trier/actor, controlling the SUBJ of the embedded verb membunuh 'kill'.


and prepositional arguments (PIV) have almost as high an expression rate simply because most verbs have alternative valency frames of lower order (intransitive or monotransitive accusative) that the tagger would have chosen in the absence of a PIV argument.

pIV arguments are strong sense markers, and their absence will sooner lead to false-positive senses of lower valency-order than to pIV-senses without surface pIV.


In an [N 1 + bsài 'competition'] compound, N 1 specifies the subject of the competition.

it signifies the process on which people are judged or the product that people create in a competition.


This can be depicted below: Telic role for shujio bsài 'dumpling competition': R ĺ [ĳ] win R: rules For shujio bsài 'dumpling competition', [ĳ] is competing by eating or making or tasting.

shujio 'dumpling' can be coerced to any of the three events.


zúqiú bsài 'football competition' has a strong convention of occurring in the sports domain, so the most possible reading comes from the telic role.

a competition of playing football rather than producing a football.


In contrast, Similarity Filtering is similar to Target Only when the source and target data are not similar to each other and it is similar to Random Sampling when the source and target data are sim-ilar to each other.

the DA method Similarity Filtering is intermediate between Random Sampling and Target Only and is similar to either of them in some way.


A more in-depth and accurate analysis of the corpus can be expected to result in a better understanding of the syntax and semantics of the language.

because the linguistic generalization of this study has to be drawn relying on the occurrence of functional tags (e.g.


The verb and its argument(s) would be one of the representative categorical pairs that display Selectional Preferences clearly.

the classes of nouns that function as objects have been studied in many ways and in many languages because resolving objects performs a significant role in ambiguity resolution as well as syntactic parsing.


Different from previous approaches that mostly apply handcrafted rules or co-occurrence patterns, we propose an approach using probabilistic models and domain knowledge.

we first utilize encyclopedia to construct a domain knowledge base, and then develop a sentence simplification model to simplify complicated sentences we meet.


Due to the sparseness issue in handcraft rules, pattern-based methods aim to construct comprehensive rules automatically (Hearst, 1992).

they are based on the duality of relationships, and usually adopt bootstrapping paradigm.


To construct a knowledge base, we need to extract food and disease entities and relation words.

we first extract food and disease entities from three original data sources: Wikipedia Chinese version, Baidu Baike, and Hudong Baike.


In relation-bearing sentences, relation words are usually verbs, verb or prepositional phrases, such as "prevent", "reduce mortality" and "with the increased risk of", etc.

we use extraction patterns like "<F verb D>"; "<F verb phrase D>" and "<F prepositional phrase D>" to extract relation words.


We use two types of word features: unigram and bigram as learning features.

we first remove stop words and then extract every single word as unigram feature and every two adjacent words as bigram feature.


As relation words are mainly verbs, prepositional and verb phrases, part of speech might also play an important role in contributing to relation extraction.

we adopt Stanford tagger 3 to produce part of speech features.


We use Dataset 1 to evaluate food and disease entity extraction performance.

we randomly select 50% as training data and the rest as testing data and repeat the experiment 10 times.


Our work differs in that we make use of the currently available bilingual corpora, without exploiting extra bilingual data to improve machine translation quality.

we employ pivot translation strategies to improve the performance of SMT systems.


1 One issue that immediately arises is whether no in (1, 2, 3) should be treated uniformly.

does no in (1, 2, 3) form a single item or are there two nos one of which appears in (1, 3a) and the other of which appears in (2, 3b)?


The initial state of semantic tree growth is specified by the AXIOM, which sets out an initial node to be subsequently developed.

?t is a requirement that this node be of type-t. DS tree growth is goal-driven, the goal being to construct a type-t formula.


Berlin and Kay (1969) once address the relationship between color lexicons and cultural and technological development as follows: "Color lexicons with few terms tend to occur in association with relatively simple cultures and simple technologies, while color lexicons with many terms tend to occur in association with complex cultures and complex technologies" (104).

the number of color lexicons proportionally indicates the complexity of cultural and technological developments.


Thus our annotation principle separates basic subjective expressions from subjectivity of a whole sentence.

unlike the MPQA, we explicitly annotate subjectivity or objectivity of the sentence.


Following the MPQA, we specify nested sources from left to right.

<w-Tom-Mary> means that writer states Mary's speech event through Tom's eye.


In a case of a SEED tag affecting the subjectivity of the whole sentence, usually the original source of the subjectivity indicated by the SEED tag is the writer of sentence.

there is no nested-source except the writer: nested-source="w".


Here is an example:  Jones, 2002Jones, , 2006Jones and Murphy, 2005).

the co-occurrence of chengshi and bu chengshi helps to signal another contrast in the context, i.e., whether the speaker wants to make friends with someone.


On the other hand, the semantic difference between bu hefa and feifa is not so substantial as that between bu chengshi and xuwei/xujia/jiaohua, and neither is that between bu zhijie and jianjie.

bu chengshi is more useful than bu zhijie and bu hefa in communicative terms.


As manifested in discourse data, the boundary between bu and chengshi is less clear than that between bu and zhijie and that between bu and hefa.

buchengshi may become psychologically real if its lexicalization process continues, and it may eventually become a listed unit memorized by speakers in their lexicon (Di Sciullo and Williams, 1987;Hoosain, 1992).


To compensate for the erroneous topic boundaries due to the equal split, we used a variant of the sliding window approach.

we also include the last 10% of dialogues from the previous split document, resulting in each document partition containing approximately 11% of the whole document.


In all books except Deuteronomy, gains over the baseline came from improvement in the precision.

the dependency information was able to discount name pairs that simply happen to be in the same sentence but do not concern one another.


According to him, phonological deaccenting is formed with a falling intonation.

(27b) is ruled out due to the fact that the QE cannot have a falling intonation because of the lack of a wh-phrase to its left.


The best accuracy of our approach is achieved in the OTHER and LOCATION answertype, both 0.83, whereas the worst accuracy is for the TIME-typed questions, 0.45.

our  approach performs exceptionally well in the 'OTH-ER' type.


This paper argues against the view that Japanese indirect passives are restricted with respect to the base verb that they take.

it argues that, despite its initial plausibility, the oft-proposed generalization that unaccusatives cannot appear in indirect passives is too strong and the alleged distribution is a tendency at most, albeit a strong one.


Of the many issues brought up by these two types of passive, it is sometimes proposed that indirect passives are restricted with respect to the base verb they take.

researchers such as Dubinsky (1985Dubinsky ( , 1997, Kageyama (1993Kageyama ( , 1996 and Washio (1989-90) argue for what we refer to as the unaccusative restriction, which bans unaccusatives from appearing as the base verb of the indirect passive.


(Kageyama, 1996 with minor changes) This paper attempts to shed some light on Japanese indirect passives by placing special focus on the unaccusative restriction.

i will make the following two claims: first, the restriction is empirically too strong and it is at most a tendency, not a solid descriptive generalization; second, pragmatic inferences derive the purported cases for the unaccusative restriction, which in turn proves to be illusionary and superfluous.


* Taroo Moreover, the contrast in (8) below between the causative and inchoative forms may also help elucidate what the restriction is intended to capture: as (7) shows, while both the causative and inchoative alternants are fine in the active, they show a stark contrast when indirect passives are formed from them.

unlike indirect passives based on causatives, as in (8)a, those based on inchoatives are quite awkward and marked in acceptability, as shown in (8)b.


(Perlmutter and Postal, 1984) Second, these verbs are variable in syntactic behavior, depending on the syntactic context where they appear.

they show unergative behavior in some syntactic contexts and unaccusative behavior in others, but not both at the same time.


Here I assume that they are also properties that are inferred for the satisfaction of the I-Principle.

they can contribute to pragmatic meaning as well as lexical semantic meaning.


If the present approach is on the right track, it is predicted that unaccusative-based indirect passives are felicitous when they best satisfy both the Qand the I-Principles.

they should be possible if the following two conditions are met: (i) there should be no contextually salient agent in the embedded event; (ii) the individual introduced by the indirect passive morpheme must be adversely affected by the embedded event for which its dative subject argument is responsible.


Quantity-based cue words: (one, two, several)/(first, second, nth) Cardinal or ordinal numbers in the given product name (e.g., (4) and (5), respectively) may also work as good clues for the membership in the temporal class.

ordinal numbers may also suggest temporal orders among several product names as shown in Example (5).


Another decision that has to be made, both during the manual annotation of the corpus and the design of the grammar is, given two (or more) words syntactically related, which word determines the correct gender and number.

if we find for example a masculine determiner followed by a feminine noun (or a singular determiner followed by a plural noun), we know that there is a disagreement but we also want to know which is the correct gender (or number) from the native point of view.


Instead of enumeration, we design a back-off strategy that select subtrees by attempting to leave out nodes that are far away from the subtree's root and keeps those that are nearby.

after extracted the first subtree of a node, we vary the three boundaries (the left, the right and the bottom boundary respectively) from their original positions to positions that are closer to the root of the subtree, such that it tightens up the local window.


In our observation, a complete span functions as a relatively independent and complete semantic structure in the parse tree, we thus believe that it can provide sufficient information to decide the head of a subtree without looking at any larger context.

for each node in a candidate parse, its sibling subtree features is the collection of all 3-tuples: where h represents the word form, the Part-of-Speech tag, or the combination of the word form and the Part-of-Speech tag of the head node of m; s is the nearest sibling node of m in-between h and m; and the expression ( ) represents the feature encoded on a trimmed subtree in the set ( ), such that the trimmed subtree is the one extracted within the local window .


Conventional rule-based machine translation system suffers from its weakness of fluency in the view of target language generation.

when translating English spoken language to Korean, the fluency of translation result is as important as adequacy in the aspect of readability and understanding.


Comparing two approaches, they have opposite features.

rule-based approach is better than statistical approach in the aspect of translation accuracy.


It is very helpful to achieve high translation accuracy.

in the case of language pairs which are very similar in the sense of linguistics (for example, Korean-Japanese), rule-based approach has showed good translation performance.


However, the problem of RBMT system is its poor fluency compared to SMT system.

in translating spoken language sentences, such features are outstanding.


The second, on the other hand, is some different in that source sentence was well translated to target sentence without the loss of meaning.

the only problem is that in the aspect of the command of Korean, RBMT result is not so natural.


To evaluate this measure we run system with 1000 loops to answer one question before computing total running time and divided by total of loops.

it is defined by t 1000 (t is total running time 1000 times).


The task defined in this paper as discussed in the above is a much more difficult disambiguation task than the one in (Hatori and Suzuki, 2011).

a Chinese character seldom has multiple pronunciations, but the same pronunciation may refer to quite a lot of Chinese characters, usually, dozens of characters.


Hence, the answer to a sub-question must be regarded instead as a set of answers as in list questions, several of which may be correct rather than being one correct answer to that subquestion.

a sub-question can vote for multiple candidates rather than just one.


Otherwise, there is a need for a further way to rank these answer candidates to produce the most likely as the answer.

if there is more than one non-empty intersection with the same maximum votes, we do the expected thing of taking into account the original ranking of answer to the subquestions (in most QA systems, the answer candidates are ranked according to their plausibility).


Direct Answer Retrieval enables a direct approach to Cross-passage Evidence Questions: There is no need for any special method for question factoring.

with respect to an answer document, a possible answer is already associated with all the distributed pieces of evidence about it in the corpus: CEQs are exactly the same as SEQs.


With the proposed scheme, we can annotate only those pronoun which are required in the referent span as shown below : <fs name='NP6' ref='NP2' refmod='NP1' > If in some case, both the modifiers are required for the interpretation of the pronoun than both the modifiers can be included in 'refmod' attribute as follows : In view of the computational efficiency, as discussed in section 4.1(Sequential annotation), we adopt chain marking for anaphora annotation in this scheme.

if an entity is referred by more than one pronouns or has repeated mentions in a discourse, then for each pronoun, we annotate the last mention of the corresponding referent-entity as the antecedent.


are found to relate to such interactions in one way or another, the nature underlying such interactions, which points to the lexical sensitivity issue of WSD, is still somehow under-explored.

more qualitative analysis is needed for disambiguation results, possibly from an interdisciplinary perspective, for a better understanding of the issue.


And so is the case for the first person pronoun I used in the embedded clause of the first person belief report 'I believe that I am smart'.

in this case, both I's can be understood as referring to the speaker in the context directly, and neither is dependent on the other.


6 We find that in Chinese SVCs, V2 is much more often suffixed with aspectual markers that are indicators of head, whereas V1 is more often suffixed with aspectual markers that are indicators of non-head.

the finding suggests that Chinese SVCs tend to have V2 as the head.


However, we argue that despite the possibility of appearing in either V1 or V2 position of an SVC as in (6)-(8) and Table 1, Chinese aspectual markers do not have an even distribution in SVCs; but rather, le and zhe, which are indicators of headedness, are more frequently suffixed to V2, whereas the non-head marker zhe is more frequently found with V1.

although Chinese SVCs can have either V1 or V2 as the head, it is more likely for V2 to be the head.


With the understanding of the restrictor and the nuclear scope, it is proposed that the difference between (23) and (24) in interpretation corresponds to where the content of the nominal construed with the quantifier, okyaku 'customer' is entered, the nuclear scope or the restrictor.

it is proposed that dare-mo has the content of the nominal entered into the nuclear scope, which is necessitated by the absence of the restrictor while dáre-mo, into the restrictor.


In contrast, the CAF filter outperformed the CAF filter except the case when BIGRAM was used for machine learning in Table 4.

the CAF is superior to the CF in Table 3, i.e., the precision of the strict evaluation, but the CF was superior to the CAF in Table 4, i.e., the precision of the looser evaluation.


In addition, to overcome the data dependency of the keyword feature, we proposed new features using the distribution of terms over dialogue acts.

we computed the term frequency (TF) of each term over the 14 dialogue acts in the training data, and accumulated TF from all terms in the target utterance into a 14 × 1 vector to represent the feature for the target utterance.


From the results above, we observed that the results over both datasets are similar.

while analyzing the errors over library forum chats, we found that the majority of errors are from pairs of dialogue acts such as REQUEST → STATEMENT, STATEMENT → RESPONSE-ACK, REQUEST, RESPONSE-ACK → STATEMENT, and YES-ANSWER → RESPONSE-ACK.


denote a place where an event take place without location change [PPs with at, on, in, in front of, above] The paper will show that the above semantic typology forms a coherent hierarchy among the different locative types, and further claims that the semantic hierarchy is closely linked to the syntactic hierarchy of the locatives.

the closer semantically is a locative to an event of a 1 Nam (1995) calls them "symmetric" since the relation between source and goal is symmetric with respect to the reference object (landmark), thus symmetric locatives do not specify an inherent direction between the two regions.


Nam (2009) claims that the three formal structures form a syntactic hierarchy in terms of the degree of constituency as follows: Verbal affixes > Locative PPs > PPs.

the higher one is more closely united to the main verb than the lower one is.


Thus we have the following correspondence between the two hierarchies: We can identify their close correspondence from Table-1, so we get the following typological implications: (35) (i) If Goal locatives can be expressed as a PP in L, then Source/Stative locatives can, too.

<Goal, PP>  <Source, PP> and <Stative-L, PP> (ii) <Goal, Locative V>  <Source, Locative V> and <Sym-Path, Locative V> (iii) <Stative-L, Applicative>  <Source, Applicative>  <Goal, pplicative> The correspondence of (iii), for instance, states that the goal argument is easier to take an applicative structure than the stative or source argument, and further implies that the applicative affixes are more closely united to the head verb than a locative verb or a PP.


In this paper, we proposed a CRFs-based multiplepass labeling approach to Chinese punctuation prediction.

we have explored features for punctuation prediction at three levels, namely words, phrases and functional chunks, and thus examined their respective effects on Chinese punctuation prediction through experiments on the Tsinghua Treebank.


The proposed method (in solid line) with exclusive and sibling relations outperformed other baselines.

the proposed method improved the precision from Espresso by 4.4 percents (with 4305 instances) and 2.1 percents (with 6765 instances).


In cause 2, although semantic drift does not occur in Espresso, the proposed method filtered out some positive instances.

the proposed method removed correct instances more than incorrect ones.


Communication through a text should satisfy this principle.

each sentence of a text, for example, conveys roughly the same amount of information.


Let p(x) and q(x) be two probability distributions of a random variable X.

the relative entropy of these distributions is defined as: D(p||q) is an asymmetric measure that considers the number of additional bits needed to encode p, when using an optimal code for q instead of an optimal code for p. : D(p||q) measures how much one probability distribution is different from another distribution.


Among these approaches, the Constituent Context Model (CCM) (Klein and Manning, 2002;Klein, 2005) is a simple but effective generative model for unsupervised constituency grammar induction.

the sequences (the contents enclosed by spans) and contexts (the preceding and following words) are directly modelled in CCM.


At the same time, in either in English or Japanese, it seems undeniable that even resultative phrases expressing a predictable result are not totally productive.

collocations of particular verbs and resultative phrases are to some extent conventionalized, or idiomatic, and expressions of imaginable results are not always acceptable: for example, *hutatu-ni kowasi-ta 'broke into two pieces' is not acceptable while konagona-ni kowasi-ta 'broke into pieces' in (1) and mapputatu-ni kowasi-ta 'broke into exact halves' are.


While it is the expression of the product, ana 'hole', as the object NP that brings about the derived creation sense of the verb in (10b), the example in (10a) demonstrates that obviously, the resultative phrase huka-ku 'deep' is sufficient to derive the creation sense of the verb and implies the product of digging as the (unexpressed) semantic subject.

the semantic contribution of the resultative phrase in (10a) brings about a FORMAL quale similar to that in (12), a predicate of a hole.


Rather than attributing this difference to the different lexicalization of nouns in these two languages, this paper argues that it is due to the difference between hou and after.

hou is weaker in its coercion force than after because of its polysemy.


It is because hou coerces the NP into obtaining an event denotation, one which is available from the NP's qualia structure.

an event reading such as 喝完三杯马提尼后 he wan san bei matini hou 'after drinking three martinis' can be reconstructed.


In English the primitives that carry event information are extensively incorporated into individual lexical forms, but in Mandarin Chinese they are sent directly to syntactic computation.

it is because nouns in Mandarin Chinese don't have sub-lexical event information that complement coercion doesn't work.


Hou is weaker in its coercion force than its English equivalent after.

after is a temporal connective referring to time sequence and means "later in time than".


hou, however, can be either a temporal connective or a locative connective.

it is polysemous and has at least two senses.


*[apeci-ka so-lul phal-a kkwu-/ ilh-/ father-Nom ox-Acc sell borrow-/lose-/ cwup-un] ton find-Adn money 'the money that father borrowed/lost/ found by selling an ox' In (24a) the cause-effect relation indirectly holds between the causing event so-lul phala 'selling an ox' and the following additional verb kaph-'pay.back' by the mediation of the verb pel-'earn,' as illustrated in (25).

the agentive quale of the noun head ton 'money,' namely, the verb pel-'earn,' is consistent with the verb kaph-'pay.back' conjunctively as a following event, so this verb can follow the verb licensed by the agentive quale defined above.


They are possible worlds in which the second disjunct of the stronger alternative holds, regardless of whether the first disjunct holds.

the SI has the overall effect on the information state, regardless of whether the first disjunct holds or not.


3 Then the net effect of the SI only applies to the possible worlds in which John did not break all glasses.

it eliminates possible worlds in which John broke not all but more than just some glasses.


Her and Hsieh (2010) and Her (2012b) demonstrate that, while C/M belong to the same category, they differ semantically.

while M is semantically substantive, C is semantically null, in the sense that it does not contribute any additional semantic information to N that N does not already have.


The discussions thus far indicate that Cs and PMs are two typological choices serving the same cognitive function of highlighting the discrete or count nature of a noun.

the existence of C/PM in a language entails a count/mass distinction in that language.


However, the notion of 'count' only requires the concept of individual via the notion of one (Yi, 2009:219).

the notion of exact quantity above three is not a necessary condition for either the conceptual or the linguistic distinction between count and mass.


In this work, we narrow our attention down to the social scientific papers and try to generate their abstracts automatically.

we put weight on three points: important keywords, readability as an abstract, and features of social scientific papers.


With the difference between summaries and abstracts in mind, we attempt to propose a new method to generate abstracts for social scientific papers in this paper.


In this paper, we first describe our proposal in Section 2, 3, 4 and 5.

section 2 gives a brief introduction on the necessary language resources for the development of the subsequent modules.


A cohesive relation indicates a strong relation lying between two sentences.

we use the following four patterns to match two sentences where cohesive relations exist in between.


We propose here in this paper a thorough modification to a previous work to address this problem.

we introduce an automatic utterance generation in consideration of the embedded structure of sentences based on the principle of nominative maintenance.


Here we propose a strategy to cope with this issue.

we incorporate some restrictive rules to improve this situation by limiting the total number of words or characters contained in the generated utterance.


A snippet which contains a complement sentence indicator is considered unsuitable for generating brief utterances.

when we try to put a restriction on the length of a snippet, we can remove the part containing a complement sentence indicator from the snippet.


In this study, we combine the advantages of the above two works, and propose a new method to infer emotions based on Predicate-Argument Structure.

we collect an emotion trigger corpus from the Web in a similar way Tokuhisa et al.


This might indicate the turning point of data sparseness.

400,000 or more emotion triggers are likely to be sufficient for machine-learning based emotion classification.


In this paper, we propose some significant improvement-strategy to a previously developed non-task-oriented conversation system.

we introduce an automatic utterance generation in consideration of the embedded structure of sentences and the principle of nominative maintenance.


However, it is not a definite unit which is constraint to perform in a fixed pattern because it is able to vary along with the context.

move functions as a communicative role between each transition of the rhetorical structure.


CARS model is divided into three moves, including establishing a territory, establishing a niche, and occupying the niche (Swales, 1990).

move 1: establishing a territory can be commensurate with "goal" and "current capacity," synthesizing the research aim with the previous research (Swales, 1990, p. 142).


2 However, much of the research was conducted in the regular curriculum setting while the relevance of the issue in a writing-for-publication context has largely been overlooked.

disciplinary experts' perspectives concerning textual borrowing have not been explored in-depth.


(1) Extract new word candidates of singlecharacter schema As we discussed above, a new word of singlecharacter schema is made up of two or more continuous characters in segmented fragments.

given a segment fragment T = Given three strings of single-character schema, A, B and C, if there is A = B +C, and the lengths of B and C are smaller than or equal to 2, A is viewed as the parent string of B and C and both B and C are viewed as two sub-strings of A.


We thus loosen the constraint that a suffix cannot stand alone as a word in this paper to cover more such characters.

if a character tends to locate at the end of various words, it is regarded as if it plays the role of a suffix in those words.


Besides the 1-3, 2-1, 2-3, 3-2, 3-4, 4-2 and 4-3 patterns of  pseudo-words, 1-2, 2-1, 2-3, 3-2, 3-4, 4-2 and 4-3 patterns of real words also received higher mistake rates than average.

7 kinds of patterns were included in both the pseudowords and the real words.


They mistook these five patterns the most in both perception and pronunciation.

the 3-1 pattern of the pseudo-words and 1-3 pattern of the real words were the most difficult for the subjects in the listening test.


Verbs and adjectives have their own mass of associations, but most of the time they are more strongly associated to nominal concepts.

paradigmatic relations may be more salient for nominal concepts, whereas syntagmatic relations, especially nounverb and noun-adjective associations, are more significant for the learning and memory of verbs and adjectives.


Second, while collocational responses still occupy a large share for concrete verb stimuli, their importance for concrete noun stimuli is taken over by thematic associations.

concrete words tend to elicit more thematic responses, and this is particularly true for nouns.


Similarly, Stein and Albro (1997) suggested that causal reasoning is required to organize content and structure coherently.

causal relation is regarded as a basic mechanism for integrating episodic and thematic information.


Research has shown that causal networks provide explanations for variance in story recall (Trabasso et al., 1984).

compared with measures of story grammar, causal networks were found to be a more reliable predictor of story recall (Trabasso and van den Broek, 1985).


1 The necessity was tested by using counterfactual argument of the form: If not A then not B.

if event A had not happened in the story, then event B would not have happened.


Following this line of research, the present study looks at the clausal packaging of PATH of motion in typologically different L1 and L2 languages, to understand learners' emerging grammar of motion and whether L1 Mandarin strongly affects the acquisition of L2 Russian and that of Spanish.

the present study investigates the morphosyntactic patterning of PATH and the concatenation of the lexical and adverbial expressions of PATH in L1 and L2 languages.


Once the relationships between these variables are understood, administrators and teachers can identify the key grade levels where extra support should be given to students.

the main focus of this study is to answer the following questions: •  , and others not specified (n=43).


Shift limitations -the application of the shift operation is limited to cases where it is enforced by the correctness preserving principle of AR.

shift operation can be applied only in those cases where a simple deletion would result in a sentence with erroneous word order and a shift (word order modification) can correct it, as in sentence (1).


Reduction of non-projective dependencies is not allowed.

6 a dependent word in a distant position cannot be deleted (with the only exception of limited technical non-projectivities caused, e.g., by prepositions).


A partial comparison between these functions and functions denoted by (simple and complex) reflexives is draw.

it is shown that both types of function are predicate invariant (in a generalised sense).


Consider first the function given in (31): (31) RF L-RECIP (R) = {Q : Informally, this function can be considered as the denotation of an anaphor like each other or oneself or themselves.

it does not make a priori a distinction between "purely" reflexive and "purely" reciprocal interpretation, as apparently it happens in many languages.


• In contrast to most formal theories, HPSG is not a syntax-driven framework.

there is no central syntactic component from which a Phonological Form and a Logical Form is derived.


2 The mother node has a non-empty C-CONT feature which specifies the semantic relation between the two events.

the RELS feature inside of C-CONT accommodates a relation of the type svcrelation, which has the subtypes causative, purpose, manner-or-instrument and consecutive.


RM D-C is the case where the RM-D of a Vb-H candidate exists in a CT but not in GT.

a RM-D candidate was parsed wrongly on its head.


how the meaning of reduplicated forms are encoded and computed with the given meaning from the base forms.

this paper argues that reduplication denotes a summation function that adds up arguments (be they object-, event-or degreearguments) and return a collection of the elements.


Also, adding up two instances of reading would also be interpreted reading.

atelic predicates such as tai2 syu1 'read book' in Cantonese are cumulative.


Adjectival reduplication shows a similar pattern.

the reduplicated form denotes a cumulative and non-quantized predicate.


Despite being a result of summation from the bare adjective, the degree denoted by reduplication should be compared to the canonical positive assertion, but not the atomic bare adjective.

there is no contradiction between the summation formulation and the diminutive interpretation.


Thus, this paper takes up the issue by investigating data involving (2)k-(2)o in a different light, with the availability of idiomatic interpretations.

i will show that neither the causativization approach nor the anticausativization approach can be maintained even in cases where they initially appear to be plausible and thus that the common base approach should be taken all across the board, which in turn justifies postulating that some causative and inchoative morphemes are phonologically null.


The anticausativization approach predicts exactly the opposite to those made by the causativization approach.

it predicts that, if an idiomatic interpretation is possible with a causative, then it should be possible with its inchoative counterpart, as shown in Table 2 below.


Given, moreover, that it is implausible to derive the transitive from the ditransitive causative considering the morphological makeup, the common base approach is the only approach that is left to account for the contrast in (42).

the MIC in (41) is not formed with the ditransitive causative, which does not involve a transitive morpheme.


yi here means the number 'one' in Mandarin and its underlying high-level tone (Tone 1) undergoes respective changes according to its following morpheme being a classifier of a specific tone.

2 to say, yi sandhi requires matching phonological and morphological contexts.


The analysis will be carried out by applying Functional Data Analysis (FDA, Ramsay and Silverman, 2005;Gubian, 2013).

a functional t-test will be employed, which extends the rationale of the well-known t-test to the time dimension in a principled way (Cheng et al., 2010).


Standard smooth interpolation techniques were customarily applied at this stage.

we applied B-splines-based smoothing with roughness penalty (Ramsay and Silverman, 2005).


first derivatives of the F 0 curves, were computed directly from the analytical form of f(t) before the application of time normalization.

the values of v(t) curves are from the original un-normalised F 0 contours (and are thus in units of semitones per second) before themselves being normalised in time.


The small duration difference in the first syllable is not significant (p-value > 0.05).

the higher velocity of the F 0 contour towards the end of the first syllable in the T2T3 group is unlikely to be attributed to a longer duration.


The current study provides detailed acoustic profiles for the sites of initiating self-repair, extracted from comparative speech corpora of naturally occurred, face-to-face Mandarin and French interaction.

this study examines the sound profiles of the particular example of recycling repair (or disfluent repetitions, shortened as DR) which is defined as "a brief, sometimes a longer repeat or re-saying of part of the utterance occurring in a conversational turn", following Schegloff (1987: 71).


However, Sinclair underlines the encompassing roles of of.

nominalization structures (e.g., the effectiveness of the telescope; the importance of symoblisation) have drawn much research attention (e.g., Halliday & Martin, 1993;Kreyer, 2003;Quirk et al., 1985).


In a similar vein, Kreyer (2003) investigates corpus data which also allow for a possible alternation between genitive and ofconstruction (e.g., the chairman of the committee and the committee's chairman) and shows that processability and degree of human involvement are two crucial factors influencing speakers' selection of the constructions.

ofconstruction is more likely to be selected when the second noun phrase is pre-modified (e.g., the son of the Royal Bucks secretary) and when the semantic relationship between the two noun phrases is more objective, attributive and partitive.


Specifically, ofconstruction is more likely to be selected when the second noun phrase is pre-modified (e.g., the son of the Royal Bucks secretary) and when the semantic relationship between the two noun phrases is more objective, attributive and partitive.

in comparison with genitive constructions, of-constructions are hardly used when it comes to describing possessive, and kinship relations.


In sum, we would like to identify if the semantic relationships of N1 and N2 in ofconstructions (i.e., N1 of N2) would vary when associated with different neighboring words and if such semantic relationships can help us distinguish near-synonyms like demonstrate and show.

we want to compare the types of-constructions predicated in demonstrate N1 of N2 and show N1 of N2.


Although the field of NLP has a rather different aim from linguistics, one of the ultimate goals of NLP is to provide automatic processing of language in large portion.

the perspective taken in NLP studies needs to be comprehensive to facilitate various possibilities of linguistic forms.


The 'partitive' construction denotes categories including 'whole' and 'fractional numbers', 'aggregate numbers', 'dozen words' (e.g., dozen, ream, quire, gross), 'quantitative determiners ' (e.g., either, neither, each, some, all, both, half, many), 'container words ' (e.g., can, bag, bottle, spoon, tin), 'collection words', 'measure units' and 'indefinite amount ' (e.g., drop, pinch, dose).

the 'partitive' construction encompasses Sinclair's 'quantity/measure' and 'focus' noun groups.


(CFX439) The frequency of db-mN1 for demonstrate is as low as 4.5 percent, while that for show is 26.7 percent.

show tends to be used with all kinds of 'measure', 'focus' and 'support' nouns more often than demonstrate.


While both demonstrate and show incorporate more than 50% of double-headed ofnominals, the of-nominals of show tend to occur with modified N1 heads.

demonstrate are more likely to be used with information-heavy nominals and abstract notions.


Their meanings may be subject to the influence of the culturalspecific communities, thus lending themselves "semi-autonomous from and semi-dependent upon the conceptual space labeled by other spatial particles in the language" (Tyler & Evans, 2003, p. 108).

the contrast partners of the spatial particles along the same dimensions may not be straightforwardly oppositional.


The data was first collected from British National Corpus World Edition, one of the most representative balanced English corpora.

we focused on 13 spatial particles that have been widely discussed in the previous literature: after, before, in front of, behind, over, above, up, down, under, below, in, out, and out of.


This merging suggests that each spatial particle in the pair correlates with similar sets of covarying collexeme NPs in the English Preposition Constructions.

two cardinal spatial dimensions, i.e., the vertical (up/down, and above/below) and horizontal axes (after/before) demonstrates a clear tendency of symmetry in terms of their frequent co-occurring NPs in the English Preposition Construction.


Like what I talked about in this paper, CF markers and CFE markers need to be differentiated and CFs in Chinese are generally expressed through CFE markers.

cFs in chinese are not determined but reinforced by the appearance of the features which can be applied to enhance the hypotheticality i.e.


The global features are computed by using the labels of reviews that are already assigned with labels.

at the beginning of decoding, no global features are fired; more global features are fired as the labeling process proceeds.


The score of the review is computed in a different way depending on how global features are fired, as analogous to (Tsuruoka and Tsujii, 2005).

we prepare four classifiers, and those classifiers are used when 1 Next, we introduce a two-stage strategy (Krishnan and Manning, 2006), which has better scalability than easy-first strategy.


Along with these lines of research, a need for corpora annotated with rich information about opinions and emotions has emerged.

statistical and machine learning approaches have become the method of choice for constructing a wide variety of practical NLP applications.


Generally speaking, link discovery is a kind of semantic annotation (Kiryakov et al., 2004), which is characterized as the dynamic creation of interrelationships between concepts in knowledge base and mentions in unstructured or semi-structured documents (Bontcheva and Rout, 2012).

most existing monolingual semantic annotation (MLSA) approaches annotate documents with links to Wikipedia or DBPedia.


Although CLSA is a new task, efforts in MLSA could be adopted.

there are two conventional way to extend MLSA systems to the cross-lingual setting: the first one is applying MLSA method to link source language entity mentions to source language knowledge base concepts, and then link the source language knowledge base concepts to the corresponding target language knowledge base concepts.


In order to obtain topic-related and important terms, we leverage anchor strength and topic relatedness to rank key term candidates in this paper.

we extract all n-grams of size 1 to 5, because n-grams subsume most key term candidates, which could obtain a high recall.


In this paper, we compute the semantic relatedness between each key term candidate and the topic.

we first map the key term candidate to its corresponding concept, and then compute the semantic relatedness with the topic.


Finally, we illustrate how to use this knowledge graph to translate key terms.

the knowledge can be built in two steps: (1) Extracting mentions and concepts; (2) Extract concepts and corresponding translations.


After key term translation, we use the knowledge graph to select concept candidates for each mention and obtain a concept candidate set S. To identify the exact concept the key term refers, our system uses the weighted sum of similarities including lexical similarity, local context similarity and category similarity to determine which concept is the right one.

we adopt Levenshtein distance 7 based algorithm to compute lexical similarity between mentions and concepts' titles.


is 'There will be a {concert/wedding/meeting} in this hotel.'

the nominative NP denoting a location of an "individual" co-occurs with a PP headed by ni, while the nominative NP denoting a location of a "situation" co-occurs with a PP headed by de, as Nakau (1998) claims.


Basically, tp(S) need not to be used; however, when the source domain corpus S is similar to the combined corpus S+T, the topic feature tp(S) has benefit in domain adaptation.

when KL(S, S + T ) is only bigger than KL(T, S + T ), the topic features tp(S) have benefit in domain adaptation.


Table4 also shows that the effective methods depends on the domains.

it is thought that the effective use of the topic models in domain adaptation for WSD is determined from the target words and the domains.


if a rule is run earlier or later in the sequence.

rules with so-called C-conditions (asking for unambiguous context), may profit from another, earlier rule acting on the context tokens involved in the C-condition.


Newspapers are an important media from which people obtain a wide variety of information, ranging from contemporary political and economic issues to ordinary incidents.

in Japan, where newspapers delivery remains popular, many people read them in their own spaces and have continued to use them as popular information resources, even after the advent and spread of the Web.


'戦争' (war) and '終戦' (end of war) appear as the top two variables, representing the special topics that appear in Aug. 15 editorials.


We clarified the similarities and differences among newspapers, editorial dates and ideology types by textual characteristics.

our results showed that function words had rather important roles for these classifications.


It has been generally assumed that a violation of island constraints indicates that the relevant syntactic phenomena involves movement.

if what look like displacements violate island constraints but remain acceptable, this means that they should not be derived by movement.