Water Storage Tanks, Cisterns, Aquifers, and Ponds

For Domestic Supply, Fire and Emergency Use Includes How to Make Ferrocement Water Tanks by Art Ludwig Water Storage do-it-yourself guide to designing, building, and maintaining your water tank, cistern or pond, and sustainably managing groundwater storage. It will help you with your independent water system, fire protection, and disaster preparedness, at low cost and using principles of ecological design. Includes building instructions for several styles of ferrocement water tanks and design details for rainwater harvesting. On this page: Reviews

Introduction

Thinking about water

Ferrocement tanks

Table of Contents

Sample Figures

References

Index

Introduction Traditional clay water vessel in Michoacan, Mexico Water Storage describes how to store water for home, farm, and small communities. It will help you design storage for just about any use, including fire safety and emergency, in just about any contexturban, rural, or village. This book includes: general principles to help you design, construct, and use any water system

a look at common mistakes and how to avoid them

how the different kinds of storage can serve youtanks, groundwater, and ponds

how to determine the optimum amount of storage for your needs

how to determine the best shape and material for your storage

how to manage aquifers sustainably for inexpensive storage of water in the ground

plumbing details for inlets, outlets, drains, overflows, access, etc.

storage accessories and gadgets such as automatic shut-off valves, remote level indicators, ozonators, and filters

how to build your own high-quality tank from ferrocement

original design innovationspublished here for the first timeto improve the quality of stored water, increase water security, make maintenance easier, and reduce environmental impacts

real-life examples of storage designs for a wide range of contexts This book offers underlying design principles as well as design specifics. If you run into a situation not specifically covered, there's a good chance you'll be able to use these general principles to figure it out yourself. 3500 gallon ferrocement rainwater storage urn Installed water storage typically costs fifty cents to three dollars or more a gallon ($60-200/m3). If you've got this book in your hands, you're probably on the verge of making decisions about hundreds or thousands of dollars worth of storage. On an average water system, this book could pay for itself a hundred times over in savings on construction and maintenance. Most of the information otherwise available on water storage comes from vendors. Oasis Design doesn't sell water storage hardware, so you don't have to worry about being steered towards stuff you don't need. Rather, we make our living by providing information to help people have a higher quality of life with lower impact. ^ Top ^ | Reviews | Introduction | Thinking About Water | Ferrocement tanks | Table of contents | Figures | References | Index |Water Storage Extras

Chapter 1: Thinking About Water To achieve your design goals for a water system, it is helpful to know what your goals are. The first order of business is to consider: Why Store Water? Nearly all water systems include some form of storage, most commonly a tank. Storage can be used to: cover peaks in demand

smooth out variations in supply

provide water security in case of supply interruptions or disaster

save your home from fire

meet legal requirements

improve water quality

provide thermal storage and freeze protection

enable a smaller pipe to serve for a distant source We're going to consider each of these reasons to store water, then look at design principles to help you frame the goals for your project. Cover Peaks in Demand The most common function of water storage is to cover short-term use flows that are greater than the flow of the water source. For example, a tiny, one gallon-per-minute spring supplies 1440 gallons a day. This is several times more than most homes use in a day. However, almost every fixture in the home consumes water at a faster rate than 1 gpm while it is turned on. Even a low-flow shower head uses about 1.5 gpm. By using water stored in a tank, you can supply water to the shower faster than it is flowing from the spring. On completing the shower, the water will be coming in faster than it is going out, and the tank level will rise back up. If you had a 10,000 gal tank, you could run a 100 gpm fire hosecreating the kind of blast used to bowl over hostile crowdson the stored water from this tiny spring, for an hour and a half! Hopefully the fire would be out by then, as the tank would take several days to refill. Short on Water By 2025 at least 3.5 billion peopleabout half the world's populationwill live in areas without enough water for agriculture, industry, and human needs... Worldwide, water quality conditions appear to have degraded in almost all regions with intensive agriculture and in large urban and industrial areas. World Resources Institute, October 2000 Smooth Out Variations in Supply In some circumstances, your storage needs will be affected by variations in the water supply. For instance, if the supply is rainwater, you will need enough storage to make it through the intervals between rainfalls. A six-month, rainless dry season requires a heck of a lot more storage than the most common kind of variable supplya well pump that cycles on and off. If you have a well that taps stored groundwater, a tank will save wear and tear on your pump, because the pump won't have to switch on and off every time you open a tap. Provide Water Security in Case of Supply Interruptions or Disaster In many places, the water supply chain from source to tap is long and made of many delicate links. If a cow steps on the supply line, a pump breaks, a wire works loose, the electricity goes out, the city misplaces your check, or there is a natural disaster, your water flow could stop. By locating your storage as few chain links away as possible from your use point, a large measure of security is added...

Appendix D: How to Make Ferrocement Tanks Ferrocement tanks consist of an armature (framework) of steel reinforcing, which is then covered with a sand-cement plaster. They offer complete flexibility in shape. They have a long life, are cost-competitive when contractor-built, and are owner-buildable in both industrialized and non-industrialized countries. This section describes how to build ferrocement tanks with various techniques, to a variety of standards and sizes from 250-30,000 gal (1-115 m3). With the aid of an engineer you could adapt the plans up to a 100,000 gal (380 m3) tank. For more on the advantages and characteristics of ferrocement tanks, see Tank Materials/ Ferrocement p. 41. Heavy-duty ferrocement tank (section) The existing literature on ferrocement tanks is sparse, and each document is narrowly focused: one particular size of one design, or a variety of designs but all for the context of non-industrialized nations. The heavy-duty ferrocement construction technique described herewhich is suitable for large tankshas not been described in the literature before to my knowledge. This appendixpractically a book in itselfis unique in that it describes the full range of ferrocement techniques in one place, and reconciles some enormously disparate opinions and techniques into a coherent formulary. From procedures for ultra-light duty tanks that use the absolute minimum of material, to tanks buildable by native women with no construction experience, to detailed procedures for building large tanks to last a lifetimeyou can glean the best approach for your context. In the do-it-yourself, innovative spirit of ferrocement, this appendix gives you not only recipes but numerous variations and ideas for promising innovations, so that you can follow a recipe or concoct your own to suit: Plans for Jumbo Thai Jar, an 800 gal (3 m 3 ) light-duty cistern, which can be adapted to make containers of this shape from 250-800 gal (1-3 m 3 ).

) light-duty cistern, which can be adapted to make containers of this shape from 250-800 gal (1-3 m ). Description of ultra light-duty ferrocement for cisterns up to 3000 gal (11 m 3 ) in size in the non-industrialized world.

) in size in the non-industrialized world. Plans for light-duty ferrocement 10,000 gal (38 m 3 ) cistern, adaptable for inexpensive, non-industrialized nation-style cisterns from 500-10,000 gal (1.9-38 m 3 ).

) cistern, adaptable for inexpensive, non-industrialized nation-style cisterns from 500-10,000 gal (1.9-38 m ). Construction photos of medium-duty, urn-shaped, ferrocement cistern of 3500 gal (13 m 3 ), which can be used in conjunction with the heavy-duty ferrocement construction plan to guide the construction of medium-duty construction cisterns from 500-15,000 gal (1.9-57 m 3 ). These also illustrate how ferrocement can be used to make creative shapes and details.

), which can be used in conjunction with the heavy-duty ferrocement construction plan to guide the construction of medium-duty construction cisterns from 500-15,000 gal (1.9-57 m ). These also illustrate how ferrocement can be used to make creative shapes and details. Detailed plans for heavy-duty ferrocement construction of a 30,000 gal (110 m3) cistern, which can be adapted to tanks from 3000-30,000 gal (11-110 m3) capacity, and with the aid of an engineer, tanks up to 100,000 gal (380 m3).

Contents Chapter 1: Thinking About Water Why Store Water?

Cover Peaks in Demand  Smooth Out Variations in Supply  Provide Water Security in Case of Supply Interruptions or Disaster  Save Your Home from Fire  Meet Legal Requirements  Improve Water Quality  Provide Thermal Storage and Freeze Protection  Enable a Smaller Pipe to Serve for a Distant Source

Design Principles

Water System Design  Performance and Security Standard  Running Water People, Still Water People  Separate Handling for Different Qualities of Water  Design Horizon  Design for Failure, Design for Change  Where the Stuff in Water Ends Up  What Do You Have? What Can You Find?

How Water Quality Changes in Storage

Ways to Improve Water Quality in Storage  Hazardous Disinfection Byproducts Effects of Heating  Bacterial Regrowth  The Problem of Leaching  Water Age  How to Test Stored Water Chapter 2: Ways to Store Water Source Direct (No Storage)

Store Water in Soil

Store Water in Aquifers

How Water Gets into and Moves through Aquifers  How to Increase the Amount of Water in Your Aquifer  Conjunctive Use  Sustainable management of groundwater  Overdrafting, Mining Fossil Groundwater  Protecting Groundwater Quality

Store Water in Ponds

Types of Man-Made Ponds and Where to Put Them  Pond Water Sources  Evaporation  Pond Size  Pond Depth  Pond Shape  Pond Inlets and Outlets  Pond Liners  Levee Construction  Wildlife and Ponds  Sport Fish in Ponds  Pond Maintenance

Store Water in Open Tanks, Swimming Pools

Store Water in Tanks Chapter 3: Water Tank Design Tank Components Overview

Situating Water Tanks

Elevation  Stability of Soil and Slope  Aesthetics, Sacred Spots  Security  Buried Storage

Sizing Water Tanks

Sizing a Tank For Demand Peaks which Exceed Flow  Sizing a Tank When You Have Limited Water Supply with Scheduled Use  Sizing a Tank to Cover Use During Interruptions in Supply  Sizing a Tank When Production Is Intermittent  Sizing a Tank for Firefighting  Size and Structural Integrity

Tank Shape

Tank Materials

Materials Situations to Avoid  Glass  Ferrocement  Galvanized Steel  Stainless Steel  Porcelain-Bonded Carbon Steel  Brass  Copper  Aluminum  Rock and Mortar  Concrete  Brick  Clay  Wood  Plastic  High Density Polyethylene (HDPE #2)  Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM)  Fiberglass (Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyester, GRP)  Epoxy-Coated Steel or Concrete  Masonry in and over Plastic  Galvanized Steel with Plastic Membrane  Interior Membranes for Repair  Plastic Bladders  Goat Bladders, Leather, etc.

Tank Footings and Floors

Tank Roofs

Water-Harvesting Roof

Tank Costs

Really Cheap Storage

Regulatory Requirements

Zoning  Architectural Guidelines  Building Department  Fire Department  Health Department

Hazards of Stored Water & How to Avoid Them

Drowning  Structural Collapse  Flooding  Pestilence  Toxic Contamination  Liability Exposure

Water Tanks for Special Applications

Pressure Tanks  Break Pressure Tanks  Hot Water Storage  Tanks for Transporting Water Chapter 4: Common Features of Water Tanks Inlet

Outlet

Service Access

Drain

Tanks with No Drain  Drain Location and Orientation

Overflow

Critter-Proofing

Air Vent

Sunscreen and Shade Chapter 5: Optional Water Tank Features Inlet Meter, Filter, Gauges

Inlet Float Valve

Inlet Combined with Outlet

Inlet Aerator

Inlet Diffuser to Improve Settling

Outlet Screen or Filter

Variable Height Outlet

Outlet Float

Water Hammer Air Cushion

Level Indicators

Ozonators

Drain Extension or Baffle

Outlet and Overflow Curves

Pump Controls, Alarms, and Switches

Sand Filter

Multiple Tank Management

Freeze Protection Chapter 6: Emergency Storage How Much Emergency Water Do You Need?

Emergency Storage You Already Have

Long-Term Storage in Small Containers

Protecting Stored Water

Systems for Firefighting Chapter 7: Examples of Storage Systems for Different Contexts Poor Surface Water Quality, Limited Groundwater

Only Stored Water in Dry Season, Hydroelectric in Wet Season

Creek Direct with Remote Storage and Sand Filtration

Very, Very Low Pressure

Simple Jungle Eden

Rural House with Well

Urban Apartment

Swank Suburban House Appendix A: Measurements and Conversions Appendix B: Tank Loads and Structural Considerations Appendix C: More About Plastics Appendix D: How to Make Ferrocement Tanks Ultra-Light Ferrocement over a Form: Jumbo Thai Jar Plans

Ultra-Light-Duty Ferrocement Description

Light-Duty Ferrocement Plans

Medium-Duty Shaped Ferrocement Photos

Heavy-Duty Ferrocement Plans

Tools  Materials  Labor  Design  Site Prep  Grade for the Floor  Drain  Floor and Inside Wall: Welded Wire Mesh  Floor and Wall: Rebar  Inlet, Outlet, and Overflow Hardware  Wall Outer Welded Wire Mesh, First Layer of Lath and Hardware Cloth  Lift the Whole Thing Up and Get Ready to Pour  Pour the Floor  The Roof, Cool Shapes, Ladder  Lath and Hardware Cloth  Plaster Prep: Roof Supports, Seal Door  Plaster the Whole Tank  Keep It Wet  Color and Seal It  Fill It Index

Sample Figures & Photos

Pond at the Institute for Solar Living

Ferrocement water tank shaped like a boulder

Common features of water tanks

Aquifer, Well, and Spring Types

Drain Option Construction Details Low tech drain and outlet for mortared stone water tank

Retrofit of a plastic tank with a sloped floor, sump, and dedicated drain

Multiple tank plumbing options Tank floor options Tank floor options (PDF 5mb, updated in 2007 printing) Fire safety Water for fire safety (PDF 0.5mb, updated in 2009 printing)