Duckett, 21, is in England's winter tour squad to Bangladesh after scoring 1,338 Championship runs this summer.
Chris Woakes was named England Test Player of the Summer and Tammy Beaumont was voted Women's Player of the Summer.
Duckett said the awards are "probably the highlight of my summer".
He added: "I got my England call-ups and so many other things have happened. If someone had said at the start of the season that all this would happen I wouldn't have believed it.
"What makes the PCA awards so special is that you are voted for by your peers. People who you play against vote for you and that means a lot to me. I can't keep the smile off my face. I wasn't expecting this."
Beaumont scored centuries in her three England one-day internationals against Pakistan and helped Kent complete a Championship and T20 double.
She beat Natalie Sciver and Lauren Winfield to the award, voted for by her fellow England players.
"It's been a bit of a breakthrough summer for me. I hadn't really cemented my place before so to have a season like that was unbelievable," Beaumont said.
Team of the Year
Adam Lyth (Yorkshire), Keaton Jennings (Durham), Ben Duckett (Northamptonshire), Joe Root (c) (Yorkshire & England), Jonny Bairstow (Yorkshire & England), Liam Dawson (Hampshire & England), Tim Bresnan (Yorkshire), Chris Woakes (Warwickshire & England), Keith Barker (Warwickshire), Toby Roland-Jones (Middlesex) and Jeetan Patel (Warwickshire)
Sixes Award
Colin Ingram (Glamorgan)
One-Day Cup Player of the Year
Graeme White (Northamptonshire)
T20 Blast Player of the Year
Colin Ingram (Glamorgan)
PCA Special Merit Award
Marcus Trescothick
ECB Special Award
Mike Selvey
Overall PCA County MVP
Jeetan Patel (Warwickshire)
Harold Goldblatt Award for the PCA Umpire of the Year
Michael Gough
PCA England Masters MVP
Mal Loye

In 2015, a coroner ruled Cpl James Dunsby, L/Cpl Corporal Edward Maher and L/Cpl Craig Roberts died as a result of neglect on the 16-mile march.
The report, commissioned by the Ministry of Defence, said failures at multiple levels led to the deaths.
The MoD said recommendations in the report were being addressed.
The report has been published by the independent watchdog, the Defence Safety Agency, which monitors the MoD on its behalf.
It concluded: "These reserves currently remain vulnerable to a further incident in the future."
The soldiers had been taking part in a recruitment exercise on what was the hottest day of 2013.
The report said the officers in charge did not plan for the weather, and health and safety guidance was inadequate.
A combination of "cultural drift" and uncertainty about the role of the reserves in general meant that no-one questioned whether the gruelling training was appropriate for part-time soldiers, it said.
The report echoed concerns raised in investigations by a coroner and the Health and Safety Executive which, in March 2016, said the MoD would be censured - the highest action the HSE can take.
An MoD spokesperson said: "Our deepest sympathies remain with the families of all three soldiers and, with all the recommendations from this report having been or being addressed, we are committed to doing all we can to ensure such a tragic event cannot happen again."
Cpl Dunsby, from Trowbridge, Wiltshire, L/Cpl Roberts, from Penrhyn Bay, Conwy, and L/Cpl Maher, of Winchester, Hampshire, had been on course to complete the exercise within the allocated time but were found in three separate locations at different times.
An inquest found they died after suffering the effects of hyperthermia - or overheating.

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27 August 2015 Last updated at 00:00 BST
That's the good news. The bad news is that the Zano drone which the company hopes to start sending to backers next week will not at first deliver what was promised last year.
BBC technology correspondent Rory Cellan-Jones travelled to Pembroke Dock to find out just how challenging it is to deliver on the promises you make in a crowdfunding project.
Northamptonshire opener Ben Duckett has become the first cricketer to win the Professional Cricketers' Association Player of the Year and Young Player of the Year awards in the same year.
[NEXT_CONCEPT]
A new report into the deaths of three soldiers during an SAS exercise in the Brecon Beacons in 2013 has concluded it could happen again.
[NEXT_CONCEPT]
Europe's most successful Kickstarter project is finally ready to deliver the tiny drone that won more than Â£2.3m in backing last November.