Steven Van de Velde, 21, admitted three counts of rape against a child he met after travelling from Amsterdam in August 2014.
The girl was raped near Furzton Lake and at an address in Milton Keynes.
Van de Velde returned to the Netherlands, but was extradited and arrested in January.
He appeared at Aylesbury Crown Court via a video link for sentencing after admitting all three offences last month.
The court heard he was aware of the girl's age, having had conversations on various social networking sites.
He went to the girl's home when her mother was out and had sex with her, taking her virginity.
Sentencing him, Judge Francis Sheridan said: "You were a potential Olympian. You had the possibility of a stellar future representing the Netherlands.
"She was a child aged 12. You were fully aware of that fact."
Van de Velde - of Cornelis De Wittlaan, Den Haag - travelled from Amsterdam on 2 August 2014, having booked a return ticket with EasyJet that day.
Prosecutor Sandra Beck said: "She had got very close to him via Facebook and spoke regularly. He made her feel very special.
"He is a member of the national volleyball team and she liked what she saw."
Mitigating, Linda Strudwick said: "There is genuine remorse. He has lost a stellar sports career and has been branded a rapist. Plainly it is a career end for him. "

The 44-year-old Scot beat 16-time world champion Phil Taylor 7-6 in a thrilling final in January.
Taylor will play Japan's Keita Ono or Filipino Alex Tagarao in the first round, while world number one Michael van Gerwen has been drawn against Thanawat Gaweenuntawong or Rene Eidams.
A field of 72 players will compete for £1.5m in prize money from 17 December.
Boulton, ranked 73 in the world, was runner-up in Monday's PDPA Qualifier in Coventry meaning he will face Laursen in the preliminary round at Alexandra Palace.
Ricky Evans, who beat Boulton in the final at the Ricoh Arena, goes straight into the first round to play Australian Simon Whitlock.
Paul Lim, the first player to hit a nine-dart finish in the BDO World Championships - in 1990, will play Russia's Aleksandr Oreshkin in the preliminary round with the winner facing Mervyn King.
Elsewhere, five-time world champion Raymond van Barneveld meets fellow Dutchman Dirk van Duijvenbode, world number four Peter Wright will play former world youth champion Keegan Brown and Adrian Lewis, champion in 2011 and 2012, will take on Jan Dekker.
The final takes place on 3 January.
First-round draw in full:
Wes Newton v Cristo Reyes
John Henderson v Darren Webster
Mervyn King v Aleksandr Oreshkin/Paul Lim
Peter Wright v Keegan Brown
Vincent van der Voort v Loz Ryder
Kevin Painter v Kim Viljanen/Sven Groen
James Wade v Warrick Scheffer/John Michael
Stephen Bunting v Jyhan Artut
Robert Thornton v Alan Norris
Mark Webster v Qiang Sun/Mick McGowan
Jamie Caven v Michael Rasztovits/Rob Szabo
Gary Anderson v Andy Boulton/Per Laursen
Benito van de Pas v Max Hopp
Jelle Klaasen v Joe Cullen
Jamie Lewis v Daryl Gurney
Ian White v Dimitri Van den Bergh
Phil Taylor v Keita Ono/Alex Taragao
Simon Whitlock v Ricky Evans
Dave Chisnall v Rowby-John Rodriguez
Brendan Dolan v Kyle Anderson
Justin Pipe v Christian Kist
Michael Smith v Jeffrey De Zwaan
Adrian Lewis v Jan Dekker
Michael van Gerwen v Thanawat Gaweenuntawong/Rene Eidams
Raymond van Barneveld v Dirk van Duijvenbode
Kim Huybrechts v David Pallett
Dean Winstanley v Ronny Huybrechts
Steve Beaton v Koha Kokiri
Andrew Gilding v Gerwyn Price
Terry Jenkins v Darin Young
Mensur Suljovic v Jermaine Wattimena
Andy Hamilton v Joe Murnan
A Dutch international volleyball player who raped a 12-year-old British girl he met on Facebook has been jailed for four years.
[NEXT_CONCEPT]
PDC world champion Gary Anderson will start the defence of his title against Denmark's Per Laursen or Andy Boulton.