The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (Rics) said the slowdown last month was fuelled in part by uncertainty over the EU referendum.
It also cited the higher stamp duty in place on investment property purchases.
New buyer inquiries fell significantly across Scotland, with 21% more surveyors reporting a fall in interest.
This was the sharpest decline since 2012.
There was also a further fall in the supply of properties coming on to the Scottish housing market, and a decline in sales for a second consecutive month.
Survey contributors said they expected that trend to continue, with 9% more respondents anticipating a further drop in sales over the next three months.
The same trend was projected across the UK, with 12% more contributors expecting transactions to fall over the next 12 months - the weakest reading in four years.
Rics chief economist Simon Rubinsohn said: "Big events such as elections typically do unsettle markets so it is no surprise that the EU referendum has been associated with a downturn in activity.
"However, even without the build-up to the vote and subsequent decision in favour of Brexit, it is likely that the housing numbers would have slowed during the second quarter of the year following the rush in many parts of the country from buy-to-let investors to secure purchases ahead of the tax changes.
"Rics data does suggest that the softer tone to the market will persist over the coming months but the critical influence looking further is how the economy performs in the wake of the uncertainty triggered by the vote to leave.
"Respondents to the survey are understandably cautious, but with interest rates heading lower and sterling significantly so, it remains to be seen whether the concerns about a possible stalling in both corporate investment and recruitment are justified."

Perry, 19, made his first team debut in the Football League Trophy in August before playing in the 1-0 win over Grimsby in the FA Cup in November.
The Liverpool-born midfielder came through the Wanderers' academy and was a regular in the club's Under-23 side.
However, Bolton, who were promoted from League One last season, have released full-back Callum Spooner.
House prices across Scotland have continued to rise despite a marked drop in housing market activity, according to a report.
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Young midfielder Alex Perry has signed a first professional contract with Championship side Bolton Wanderers.