Countryman Gary Hunt, 32, retained the Best High Diver of the Year award after a second successive World Cup success.
Hungary's Katinka Hosszu, 27, who won three Olympic golds, was Best Female Swimmer for a third year in a row.
American Michael Phelps, 31, who retired after Rio with a record 23 Olympic golds, won the men's award.
Phelps' 19-year-old compatriot Katie Ledecky, who won four gold medals in Brazil, took the female Olympic performance award from swimming's world governing body.
Peaty, 21, clocked 57.13 seconds to win gold by more than 1.5 seconds and become Britain's first male Olympic swimming champion for 28 years.

The authority said relocating the station could generate up to 6,500 more jobs and bring in hundreds of millions of pounds in business rates.
The figures emerged after a Freedom of Information request by BBC Look North.
An HS2 spokeswoman said the Meadowhall site provided "significantly better connections to more people and places".
Figures show that the council spent £78,090 on an assessment of the case for a city centre station, £25,525 on "understanding the economic impact relocating the station and £6,000 on a business breakfast with HS2 representatives.
A Sheffield City Council said: "The differences in predicted economic impact between a city centre or an out-of-town parkway location are vast.
"A city centre station will help connect Sheffield to Leeds and Manchester to help create the 'Northern Powerhouse'. An out-of-town parkway station will be a massive economic opportunity lost. "
It was announced in 2013 that a new station linking Sheffield with London and Birmingham via the HS2 high-speed rail network would be situated at Meadowhall shopping centre.
Katherine Button, of HS2 Ltd,  said: "The Sheffield Meadowhall station is the best location to serve the wider South Yorkshire region.
"We have scrutinised other options including a city centre site, but Meadowhall provides significantly better connections to more people and places across the region and at a lower cost, and provides the quickest onward journey times to Leeds, Newcastle and Scotland.
"That is why the majority of Sheffield City Region authorities, as well as Leeds City Region and East Midlands authorities support Meadowhall, and are keen to see faster progress in the coming months.
"The final decision will come from the Government and we anticipate an announcement will be made later this year."

Around 5,000 people were evacuated when the blaze broke out under a pavement in Holborn on 1 April.
Since then work has been underway to repair the damage caused to a number of road tunnels.
The Strand Underpass will be the first to reopen to traffic. From 12 June buses and taxis will be allowed to use the northbound tunnel of the Kingsway.
All the roads affected should be fully reopened within the next few weeks.
Workers have been operating in confined spaces to shore up the tunnels with wood and repair the brickwork.
London Fire Brigade said investigations were still going on into the exact cause of the fire, which took 36 hours to extinguish.
Fire crews were called when smoke was seen coming out of an inspection cover on Kingsway.
Firefighters worked day and night to put the fire out and stop it spreading to buildings in the area.
Several performances at the Lyceum, Duchess and Aldwych theatres were cancelled and 1,900 customers in the area were left without electricity.
Britain's Adam Peaty won Fina's Olympic Performance of the Year award for his world record-breaking 100m breaststroke final win at Rio 2016.
[NEXT_CONCEPT]
Sheffield City council has spent £190,000 lobbying for a proposed HS2 station to be moved from Meadowhall to the city centre, it has emerged.
[NEXT_CONCEPT]
A major highway which has been closed since an underground fire in central London will reopen on Wednesday.