Police, councils and the NHS recorded scores of missing items, including computers, mobile phones, Blackberries and USB data sticks.
The call for action came from the Lib Dems who obtained the information.
The Scottish government said public services were responsible for storing their own information.
The Lib Dems said that between December last year and June, seven NHS areas recorded a range of missing equipment, including patient files and details of more than 100 people on a needle exchange programme.
Greater Glasgow and Clyde NHS board reported the theft of eight laptops, six hard drives and three PCs.
This included two laptops stolen from the paediatrics department at Yorkhill Hospital in March of this year and a PC stolen from the X-ray viewing room at the Western Infirmary in April.
Meanwhile, Strathclyde Police reported an unencrypted USB stick containing investigation files as missing.
Lost or stolen equipment among local authorities included five laptops from a children and families establishment in Edinburgh which contained the details of 10 people.
West Dunbartonshire Council also lost 60 personal computers from schools.
Most equipment missing from councils was either encrypted or contained no personal details.
Last January, the Lib Dems called for an urgent review into data loss after reporting that scores of laptops, PCs and memory sticks containing confidential data had been lost by councils and health boards in recent years.
The party said that while almost all files were encrypted, the public would be rightly worried that their personal data was at risk.
Lib Dem justice spokesman Robert Brown said: "Central government, local councils, NHS boards and the police hold a great deal of information on all of us. Our data is in their hands and we need to know they are taking this responsibility seriously.
"The government is not in control of the situation. They need to get a grip on this right now."
A Scottish government spokesman said it took data security "very seriously" and had set robust standards for the storage and transmission of data.
He added: "We expect the same high standards of public sector bodies. However, it remains the responsibility of individual police forces, local authorities and health boards to ensure that personal or sensitive information is stored securely."

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Buatsi, 23, won by knockout against Uzbek Elshod Rasulov - his second consecutive stoppage in Rio. He faces Abdelhafid Benchabla of Algeria next.
"I wasn't expecting to knock him out." Buatsi said.
Fellow Briton Pat McCormack progressed in the light-welterweight category, but Josh Kelly was eliminated from the welterweight category.
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Birtley boxer McCormack won his preliminary bout in the men's light-welterweight by split decision against Kazakhstan's Ablaikhan Zhussupov at Riocentro Pavilion 6.
McCormack was awarded both of the opening two rounds, eventually winning two rounds to one in the eyes of the judges.
"When they said split, my heart dropped a bit," McCormack said. "I was thinking they can't have given it to him.
"I thought I won very well but it is what it is - as long as I got the win. That's all that I've come for."
He faces the tournament number two seed - Yasniel Toledo of Cuba - in the last 16.
However Josh Kelly's Olympic Games are over after he was soundly beaten by unanimous decision by top-ranked Daniyar Yeleussinov, of Kazakhstan, in the welterweight division last 16 by unanimous decision.
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There are no British fighters in action in Rio on Friday, but Joe Joyce begins his Olympic super-heavyweight campaign against Cape Verde's Davilson dos Santos Morais at 23:00 BST on Saturday.
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Scottish ministers have been told to "get a grip" of data control as new claims emerged of equipment being lost or stolen from the public sector.
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British boxer Joshua Buatsi has reached the quarter-finals of the men's Olympic light-heavyweight competition.