Liu Han, ex-head of mining conglomerate Sichuan Hanlong Group, was charged with his brother Liu Wei and 33 others.
His gang, active since 1993, were being charged in connection with nine murders, Xinhua news agency reported.
It described the gang as one of the largest criminal organisations in China to be prosecuted in recent years.
Liu Han has been detained since March last year.
The Xianning People's Procuratorate in Hubei province in central China filed the charges on Thursday, state media said.
In addition to murder and intentional assault, the defendants were also accused of illegal detention, extortion and casino crimes, Xinhua reported. Police seized 20 guns and three hand grenades, it added.
According to prosecutors, "the defendants also did everything possible to entice and corrupt state officials, to seek their protection, and to consolidate and widen their influence on society", Xinhua added.
Liu Han was ranked 148th on Forbes' list of the richest Chinese businesspeople in 2012.
His former company, Sichuan Hanlong Group, has tried to take over Australian miner Sundance Resources Ltd in the past.
Liu Han was previously a delegate of Sichuan's political advisory body.
Several Sichuan-linked officials have been investigated by the authorities in recent months, including Ji Wenlin, the vice-governor of Hainan province, and Li Chongxi, who was chair of Sichuan's Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

The front of the note will continue to feature Scottish novelist and poet Sir Walter Scott alongside The Mound in Edinburgh.
The Glenfinnan Viaduct will remain on the reverse of the design.
However, it will now feature a steam locomotive hauling a heritage tourist train.
The locomotive is a Stanier "Black 5", which was designed for London, Midland and Scottish Railway and often seen on the West Highland line.
The new note, which was designed by banknote manufacturer De La Rue, is slightly smaller than the existing paper version in circulation.
It includes security features incorporated in the bank's new polymer £5 note, which entered circulation in October.
They include an anti-counterfeit "window effect", built into the windows of the image of The Mound, and metallic ink which changes colour as the note is moved.
There is also a new "tactile emboss", created by a series of raised dots, which is designed to aid the visually impaired.
All existing paper Bank of Scotland £10 notes will be gradually withdrawn following the issue of the new note.
However, they will continue to be accepted at shops, banks and cash payment machines.
Mike Moran, director at Bank of Scotland, said: "Bank of Scotland has been issuing bank notes for more than 320 years, evolving our designs to pay homage to our heritage.
"The new note retains our much loved design of Sir Walter Scott with the famous Glenfinnan Viaduct pictured on the back and we've evolved the design by introducing the popular heritage tourist train crossing the bridge.
"With polymer notes being cleaner, more secure, and more durable than paper notes, I'm sure our new £10 note will prove popular across Scotland."
A Chinese court has charged a tycoon with crimes including murder, intentional injury and organising a "mafia-style gang", state media report.
[NEXT_CONCEPT]
Bank of Scotland has unveiled the design of its new £10 polymer note, which is due to enter circulation in the autumn.