Ferres took over from Richard Wright in July and has cited an inability to push through initiatives as the reason for his departure.
"As chief executive I believe I have a moral obligation to everyone associated to the Tigers," he said.
"Since the board is not in a position to support the multitude of changes I believe must take place, I feel I have no option but to offer my resignation."
We look to the future and a real opportunity now exists for somebody new to come into the chief executive's role and drive the club forward
He added: "I would like to thank the fans for their fantastic support and indeed the staff for their hard work in implementing the new membership scheme.
"The club requires significant investment in order to continue and I truly hope the board can secure the necessary financial support in the coming months."
Castleford chairman Jack Fulton said in a statement: "I would like to thank Steve for his efforts during his time at the club and wish him well for the future.
"For over 20 years I have supported this club financially to a substantial amount with the aim of keeping it going as a Super League club ready for the day when it can support itself.
"While disappointed by Steve's resignation, this position remains unchanged. We look to the future and a real opportunity now exists for somebody new to come into the chief executive's role and drive the club forward."
The Tigers have started the new Super League season with one win and two defeats from their opening three matches.

Rory McWhirter has admitted collecting identity details from people he had deceived into applying for fake jobs at a Glasgow hotel.
He used the details to obtain their marriage certificates before using them to register the fake births.
McWhirter, 29, then used the birth certificates to claim benefits.
He claimed tax credits amounting to £14,222, child benefits of £19,658 and a Sure Start maternity grant of £500.
McWhirter, from Edinburgh, will be sentenced on 21 March.
Dundee Sheriff Court was told that McWhirter was caught after returning to the scene of one of his early false birth registrations at Aberdeen registry office where he was recognised by staff.
Around the same time, an "organised attack" on HMRC's computer systems - which showed that about 350 requests had been received for tax credit application forms from an address in Dundee and others in Campbeltown linked to McWhirter - triggered other alarms.
Depute fiscal Vicki Bell told the court that McWhirter presented letters to registrars at various offices throughout Scotland purporting to be from doctors confirming the births of children at home.
During the meetings he acted as if he was the male named on the marriage certificate while registering the birth, the court was told.
Miss Bell said: "Four of the names used as claimants were traced and they advised they didn't make the claims.
"They had all, however, applied for the same job for front-of-house staff at a four-star hotel in Glasgow advertised on Gumtree on March 2015.
"The ad required a CV and a national insurance number.
"It was then discovered that 14 claims for tax credits had been made by persons residing in Perth Road, Dundee, and in Campbeltown at flats related to the accused's company."
After being traced, McWhirter said he considered the registration system in Scotland "archaic and easy to create false registrations."
McWhirter admitted a charge of fraud committed between 1 June 2014 and 22 October 2015 at addresses across Scotland.
His solicitor John McLeod told the court his client was under no illusion that imprisonment was likely to be "at the top of the list".
Castleford chief executive Steve Ferres has resigned with immediate effect.
[NEXT_CONCEPT]
A businessman travelled around Scotland to register the births of 26 non-existent babies as part of a benefit fraud scheme, a court has heard.