The UK oil giant has said that fraud and false compensation payments are behind the escalating costs it faces.
But Judge Carl Barbier ruled that there was no "credible evidence of fraud" or that the compensation process was tainted by conflicts of interest.
BP said it continued to believe that the compensation system was being abused.
Former FBI director Louis Freeh is investigating allegations of misconduct in the claims program.
The oil company insists that the payouts should be suspended while Mr Freeh carries out his probe.
In an emailed statement to Bloomberg on Wednesday, BP said: "As we await the completion of this broad investigation [by Mr Freeh], we continue to believe a temporary pause in payments is warranted.
"BP is reviewing its options with respect to the district court's decision today."
The Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion killed 11 workers and released an estimated four million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico.
BP set up a compensation fund, initially estimating the cost of the settlement at $7.8bn (£5.03bn). The company has since raised the estimate to $9.6bn.

Officers found Matthew Williams, 34, attacking Ms Yemm in the Sirhowy Arms Hotel in Argoed, Caerphilly county on 6 November 2014.
He was stunned with a Taser and arrested at the scene but later died.
Healthcare Inspectorate Wales is looking at the mental health support Williams received before the killing.
Williams was known to mental health services at Aneurin Bevan, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg and Cardiff and Vale University health boards.
The health watchdog said its independent review would investigate the care, medical history and events surrounding the killing in a bid to "provide an understanding and background to the fatal incident".
The review will try to identify any change in Williams's behaviour, look at documents including risk assessments, assess how different agencies worked together and and interview staff involved in Williams's care.
It has published the terms of reference for the independent review, which was ordered by the Welsh government.
Inquests into Williams's and Miss Yemm's deaths are due to be held in the autumn.
BP has lost a second attempt to suspend compensation payments over the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil rig disaster.
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A report to ensure "lessons are learnt" after a homeless prison leaver killed 22-year-old Cerys Yemm is to be published in early 2016.