The Food Standards Scotland (FSS) board was set up in April.
It has recommended that Scots should increase their fibre intake to 30g per day and have no more than 5% of their total energy from sugar.
Previous dietary goals, including a target to have no more than 11% energy intake from sugar, have not been met.
The current intake of food energy from sugar is 14.4%, the FSS said.
It said 50% of the sugar consumed by Scots comes from discretionary foods, such as biscuits, cakes, confectionery, savoury snacks and sugar-sweetened drinks.
The FSS has published a situation report which collates and presents current evidence to provide information for policymakers.
The report says:
FSS chair Ross Finnie said: "The Scottish diet is not improving and the problem of diet-related ill-health is now spanning the generations.
"There is a disconnect between the scale of the problem and how healthy people believe their diet to be.
"We all need to recognise there is a problem and everyone including consumers, the food and drink industry, retailers, media and government has a part to play in finding a solution."
Public health minister Maureen Watt said:"We recognise that there are issues with the Scottish diet and that many of these are long-standing, however there are some indications of progress in recent years, for instance a reduction in the purchase of sugary drinks.
"We are working to ensure that everyone in Scotland has the opportunity, ability and confidence to access a healthy diet for themselves and their family."

Around 40 people were said to have been watching the stream at one point but nobody reported the incident to police.
A police spokesman said authorities first learned of what happened after the girl's mother approached the head of police as he was leaving a station.
Detectives have questioned several people but no arrests have been made.
The video has since been removed.
The girl, who had been missing for a day, has now been found by detectives and reunited with her family.
Her mother, whom the BBC is not naming, said her daughter appeared to be scared in the footage, adding "it's so disgusting".
"It's just terrible. I know they'll get their day coming," she said on Tuesday morning, before her daughter was found.
Chicago police chief, Supt Eddie Johnson, was said to be "visibly upset" after the girl's mother showed him screenshots of the video.
A relative of the girl, Reginald King, says he was the last to see her before the alleged attack, after the two attended church together on Sunday.
"Nobody deserves that. No human being deserves for that to happen to them," he told local media, adding that he suspects local "thugs" committed the attack.
After the girl was found, she was taken to hospital with injuries to her face, he told the Chicago Tribune.
A spokesman for Chicago police tweeted on Tuesday afternoon that police are "making good progress" in identifying the assailants.
"Interviews ongoing but no formal suspects named yet,", Anthony Guglielmi added.
"Crimes like this are hideous and we do not allow that kind of content on Facebook," a spokeswoman for the company said.
"We take our responsibility to keep people safe on Facebook very seriously and will remove videos that depict sexual assault and are shared to glorify violence."
In January, Chicago police arrested four people following a separate incident in which a man's alleged assault was live streamed, also on Facebook Live.
Scotland's new food standards body has recommended tougher targets for healthy eating after finding "little or no progress" over the past 15 years.
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The alleged sexual assault of a 15-year-old girl by five or six males was streamed on Facebook Live, according to Chicago Police.