Subsidence crater


A subsidence crater is a hole or depression left on the surface of an area which has had an underground (usually nuclear) explosion. Many such craters are commonly present at bomb testing areas; one notable example is the Nevada Test Site, which was historically used for nuclear weapons testing over a period of 41 years. Subsidence craters are created as the roof of the cavity caused by the explosion collapses. This causes the surface to depress into a sink (which subsidence craters are sometimes called; see sink hole). It is possible for further collapse to occur from the sink into the explosion chamber. When this collapse reaches the surface, and the chamber is exposed atmospherically to the surface, it is referred to as a chimney. It is at the point that a chimney is formed through which radioactive fallout may reach the surface. At the Nevada Test Site, depths of  were used for tests. When the material above the explosion is solid rock, then a mound may be formed by broken rock that has a greater volume. This type of mound has been called "retarc", "crater" spelled backwards. When a drilling oil well encounters high-pressured gas which cannot be contained either by the weight of the drilling mud or by blow-out preventers, the resulting violent eruption can create a large crater which can swallow a drilling rig. This phenomenon is called "cratering" in oil field slang. An example is the Darvaza gas crater near Darvaza, Turkmenistan. Gallery

See also
Underground nuclear weapons testing
Explosion crater
Chagan (nuclear test)
Sedan (nuclear test)
Camouflet
Glory hole (mining), specifically the subsidence crater produced by underground block caving. Subsidence (atmosphere) - the similar phenomenon observed in the air, upon cooling. Caldera

References

External links
DOE Image of NTS's many subsidence craters
 Crater at DOE site
 Low-Yield Earth-Penetrating Nuclear Weapons at FAS site

Nuclear weapons testing
Underground nuclear weapons testing
Explosion craters
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