Die Kuranten
The Dinstagishe un Fraytagishe Kuranten was the earliest known Yiddish language periodical, founded by Uri Phoebus Halevi (also known as Uri Fayvesh ben Aharon ha-Levi). It was a semi-weekly founded in Amsterdam in 1686, that was published on Tuesdays (Dinstag) and Fridays (Fraytag) and it lasted for little over one year. It covered local news and news from other Jewish communities, including those as far away as India. Issues of the paper were discovered in 1902 by the librarian David Montezinos. Die Kuranten is considered the oldest Jewish newspaper as it was the first publication not only published by the Jews, but addressed to and for the Jewish community, unlike the Spanish-language Gazeta de Amsterdam, which was not explicitly Jewish but had a predominantly Jewish readership, first published in 1672. Background
Uri Faybesh Halevi (1626–1715) was the grandson of the rabbi Moses Uri Halevi, who had emigrated to Amsterdam from Emden, Germany. Uri Halevi and his son, Aron, were the first Jewish teachers of the New Christians from Spain and Portugal. Uri Faybesh Halevi initially joined the High German (Ashkenazi) congregation, then switched to a small Polish congregation, and finally became a member of the Sephardic congregation. This was verboten of Ashkenazi Jews but because of the standing of his grandfather and father, he was permitted to join. Halevi founded a printing house in 1658 and became one of the leading Jewish publishers in Amsterdam. He was admitted to the Amsterdam Guild of Booksellers, Bookprinters, and Bookbinders as a member in 1664 under the name Philips Levi. Halevi was at the intersection of Ashkenazi, Sephardic, and Christian printing through his own background, his membership at the Sephardic synagogue, and his non-Jewish in-laws, as his wife's father, David Pastes, had converted to Judaism. Amsterdam Jewish community 
The Amsterdam Jewish community at the time of Die Kuranten's publication was divided between the more settled, wealthier Sephardic Jews who had fled from Spain to Portugal to Amsterdam. Newer arrivals were Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews from Germany who had arrived following the breakout of the Thirty Years' War, followed by further Yiddish-speaking Jews who had fled pogroms in Poland (1648–1650), and Polish and Lithuanian Jews fleeing wars between Poland, Russia, and Sweden. This group, on the whole, tended to be poorer and have more limited employment opportunities; the wealthier Sephardim repeatedly tried to encourage the Ashkenazi arrivals to re-emigrate to their home countries, without success. It is estimated that the number of Ashkenazi Jews in Amsterdam during this time period, who would have likely composed the majority of the Die Kuranten readership was between three and four thousand. The number of translations from Dutch to Yiddish, in the views of historian Marion Aptroot, suggests that many Ashkenazi Jews were only able to read and speak Yiddish. It is also possible that the paper had a readership outside of what was then the Dutch Republic. Shlomo Berger was stated that the paper was circulating in Central and Eastern Europe during its brief publication. History 
The first issue was published on 9 August 1686. It was printed by Halevi from the first issue until 3 June 1687, when publishing was taken over by David de Castro Tartas, a Sephardic Jew and one of Halevi's competitors. Single issues published by Halevi were called Kuranten (a plural noun), whereas a single issue published by Tartas was called Kurant. The issues usually appeared twice a week, but from certain periods, e.g. 6 December 1686 to 14 February 1687, it was published only weekly, on Fridays. From 8 August 1687 until the final issue, it was published weekly. The news published in the periodical, which came from around the world through other Dutch newspapers, was edited and translated by the Jewish convert Moshe bar Avraham Avinu. Originally from Nikolsburg, bar Avraham Avinu's first language was most likely German, which made learning Dutch relatively easier. As a ger, who likely converted to marry his wife, bar Avraham Avinu would have had to learn Hebrew and likely Yiddish. As a compositor and translator, his and other compositors' role in the Jewish and publishing worlds would have been extremely important. He continued to work on Die Kuranten after the transfer from Halevi to Tartas in 1687. The final known issue of the paper was published on 5 December 1687. Although nothing about the issue indicates it was the final publication of Die Kuranten, bar Avraham Avinu began working for the most influential Ashkenazi family in Amsterdam, the Gomperts, under the printer and businessman Cosman Gomperts in 1688. It is unlikely the publication of Die Kuranten continued beyond this point. By 1694, bar Avraham Avinu had left Amsterdam and set up a print house in Halle. Discovery 
After the periodical folded, its existence and history was largely unknown in the Netherlands until 1902, when David Montezinos (1828–1916), the librarian at the Portuguese Synagogue, bought a book from a street peddler. The book contained 100 issues of Die Kuranten. Other Yiddishists, such as Sigmund Seeligmann, Jacob Shatzky, and Max Weinreich, also wrote about and described Die Kuranten; Weinrich described the paper as the "grandmother of Yiddish press" (di bobe fun der yidisher prese) in 1920. In 1935, Montezinos' assistant and successor at the Portuguese Synagogue library, Jacob da Silva Rosa published an article about Die Kuranten in Nieuw Israëlietisch Weekblad delineating the differences between Die Kuranten and the Gazeta. Where the Gazeta was targeted at the Spanish-speaking Jewish community that had settled in Amsterdam as New Christians, Die Kuranten was for a Jewish readership that was largely unable to read Dutch newspapers. In da Silva Rosa's opinion, which was challenged by Shatzky in a later editorial, the Gazeta was the basis for Die Kuranten. Shatzky instead postulated that the model for Die Kuranten was Haarlemse Courant, a gentile paper published concurrently. Disappearance 
During World War II, the library of the synagogue, including the book containing the issues of Die Kuranten was transported to Germany. They were returned to the synagogue in 1946. In 1969, it was displayed as part of an exhibit on the history of the Yiddish-language press in Germany and the Netherlands at the Anne Frank House. Following its one and only public display at the Anne Frank House, the volume went missing in the 1970s and has never been found. It is possible that the book was stolen from the library directly, or that it was lost when the contents of the library were shipped from Amsterdam to Jerusalem in 1978. Photographs and photocopies of the paper exist and are preserved at the Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana in the University of Amsterdam, and microfilms are kept in the Amsterdam city archives, along with several other libraries in the Netherlands and internationally. Content 
Like other, smaller papers published in Amsterdam at the time, Die Kuranten did not employ its own correspondents or have sources, but rather used the articles of larger publications as sources. Most Dutch-language papers were published thrice weekly; as Die Kuranten was published, at most, twice a week, it gave the publishers more time to collect, translate, and edit these stories. Per comparisons of leading papers published concomitantly, the most common sources were the Oprechte Haerlemse Courant, the Amsterdamse Courant, and the Ordinaire Leydse Courant. The paper mainly published international news from a Dutch perspective, adapted for a "Jewish perspective", and rarely concerned itself with local news from the Amsterdam Jewish community. The articles that were about Jewish issues were also taken from the larger Dutch press and written at a distance, rather than from an insider perspective. Format 
The pages of the paper, per the book found by Montezinos, were  by ; each page was divided into two columns, separated by a line, and each column contained 38 lines. According to Seeligmann, the Kuranten was printed on double octavo sheets. The type was set in the cursive, run-on font that was used most commonly for publications in Yiddish between the 16th and 19th centuries. When Tartas took over the paper, he included the Amsterdam coat of arms between the words Dinstagishe/Fraytagishe and Kuranten. The Jewish year also became included as part of the header of each issue. Legacy 
After Die Kuranten folded, a Yiddish-language periodical was not published until January 1781 with the printing of Vokhentlikhe Berikhtn. References

Sources
Liptzin, Sol, A History of Yiddish Literature, Jonathan David Publishers, Middle Village, NY, 1972, . Ashkenazi Jewish culture in the Netherlands
Jewish Dutch history
Jews and Judaism in Amsterdam
Kuranten
Yiddish culture in the Netherlands
Publications established in the 1680s