Arepa
Arepa () is a type of food made of ground maize dough stuffed with a filling, eaten in northern parts of South America since pre-Columbian times, and notable primarily in the cuisine of  Venezuela and Colombia, but also present in Bolivia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Panama. Initially, arepa flour was made by grinding maize at home. In the 1950s, precooked arepa flour was invented by Luis Caballero Mejías, a Venezuelan engineer, and became an instant success. Arepa is commonly eaten in those countries and can be served with accompaniments, such as cheese, cuajada (fresh cheese), various types of meat, avocado, or  (deviled ham spread). It can also be split to make sandwiches. Sizes, maize types, and added ingredients vary based on preparation. It is similar to the Mexican gordita, the Salvadoran pupusa, the Ecuadorian , and the Panamanian  or . Origins 
The  is a pre-Columbian dish from the area that is now Colombia, Panama and Venezuela. Instruments used to make flour for the , and the clay slabs on which they were cooked, were often found at archaeological sites in the area. Although it has not been specified in which country an  was cooked for the first time, it has been possible to define the oldest dates of the presence of maize in Colombia and Venezuela. For example, in Colombia, the first record of the existence of corn dates from about 3,000 years ago, while in Venezuela, the estimate is about 2,800 years ago. Throughout its history, the  has stayed mainly unchanged from the  that pre-Columbian native peoples would have consumed, making the  one of the few pre-contact traditions that have remained popular in the years since colonization. The name  is related to , the word for 'cornbread' in the Cumanagoto language. Characteristics 

The  is a flat, round, unleavened patty of soaked, ground kernels of maize, or—more frequently nowadays—maize meal or maize flour. It can be grilled, baked, fried, boiled, or steamed. The characteristics vary by color, flavor, size, and the food with which it may be stuffed, depending on the region. Simple  are filled with butter or cheese and baked. Depending on the meal, more filling varieties can be added with combinations of ingredients like beans, meat, avocados, eggs, tomatoes, salad, shrimp, or fish. Fried  are often consumed in northern South America, filled with white cheese on top and served with fried eggs. Sweet fried  are another variety often prepared with sugarloaf () and anise (). Venezuelan white cheese is another topping for fried arepas that can be combined with feta cheese. Production 
Initially,  flour was made by grinding maize at home. In the 1950s, precooked  flour was invented by Dr. , a Venezuelan engineer, and became an instant success. The flour is mixed with water and salt, and occasionally oil, butter, eggs, and/or milk. Because the flour is already cooked, the blend forms into patties easily. After being kneaded and formed, the patties are fried, grilled, or baked. Some varieties of  are made with "peeled" corn using the nixtamalization process; they are known as arepa pelada. flour is specially prepared (cooked in water, then dried) for making  and other maize dough-based dishes, such as hallacas, bollos, tamales, empanadas, atole and chicha. The flour may be called , , , or . The most popular brand names of maize flour are Harina PAN and Harina Juana in Venezuela, Areparina in Colombia, and Goya elsewhere. Regional varieties

Bolivia 
Bolivian  are made from corn. There are different ways to prepare , but one of the most traditional is the Cotoca recipe. Several varieties of  can be found in the country, such as the Cruceña and Andina varieties. Colombia 

In Colombia, the first record of the existence of corn dates from about 3,000 years ago

The  is an iconic food in Colombia, with some 75 distinct preparation forms. According to a study conducted by the Colombian Academy of Gastronomy, the  is part of the Colombian cultural heritage and can be considered a symbol of national gastronomic unity." In 2006, the  was named the cultural symbol of Colombia in a competition organized by Semana magazine with support from Caracol Televisión, the Ministry of Culture and 'Colombia is Passion'. In the Paisa region, the  is especially important to the local people and sometimes accompanies all meals of the day. In addition,  are strung into necklaces and placed around the necks of honored dignitaries as a sign of praise. In Colombia, the  is sold commercially in neighborhood stores, chain supermarkets, and market plazas and packaged with preservatives as a pre-molded white or yellow corn dough ready to grill or fry at home. It is also sold in the form of industrialized corn flour that requires hydration before preparation. In addition,  are sold by street vendors, in cafeterias, and in neighborhood stores. Restaurants of the Paisa Region offer a wide variety of , including a unique style of stuffed  that can be filled with eggs, meat, or cheese. Colombians in the Caribbean region commonly eat a breakfast variation called , which consists of a cooked  which has been split open, stuffed with a raw egg, and fried. The Colombian Arepa Festival is celebrated in Barranquilla, Bogotá, Bucaramanga, Cali and Medellín. Each city takes turns organizing the festival between August and December. Variations by region 
According to the Santa Marta City newspaper, El Informador, there are about 75 types of  around Colombia; among them is the  ocañera, consumed in the Department of Norte de Santander, characterized by the addition of  () and other types of meat. Some recipes for this type of  can contain  cheese and chicken. One of its characteristics is that it is relatively thin unlike other  and also has a toasted and golden colored shell. Another variation is the  boyacense, with the Municipality of Ventaquemada being one of the most outstanding in terms of its production. This type of  may contain butter, eggs, and cheese. It has a certain sweetness, and in some recipes, this  may have cuajada. There is also the  paisa, which is consumed in the Department of Antioquia. It is prepared with  (). This form most closely resembles indigenous cuisine. In addition, another  variation consumed in the Andean region of the country is the  santandereana, which contains cooked yuca and chicharrón. Costa Rica 
In the Province of Guanacaste,  are prepared in the form of large, toasted sponge cakes, seasoned with Bagaces type cheese. In Cartago, during colonial times,  were filled with pork. Puerto Rico 
In Puerto Rico, mainly in the San Juan area and beach sides,  are popular. They can also be found in some restaurants, almost always as . The Puerto Rican  is made with corn flour, coconut milk, coconut oil, baking powder, and sugar. They can be fried, baked, or cooked on a grill. Once done, the  is cut open and stuffed. There are countless fillings. Crab, shrimp, and octopus stewed in sofrito, lemon, coconut milk, and ginger, among other ingredients, are the most popular. Spain 

 are present in the Canary Islands due to population flow between the islands and Venezuela. They are found in the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and rarely in the archipelago's eastern islands. Many of the  consumed in the islands' bars and restaurants are fried. Some incorporate ingredients from local gastronomy such as soft cheese or Canary plantain. Venezuela 
The  is a symbol of Venezuelan gastronomy and one of the most common pre-Hispanic foods still popular in Venezuela. The first records of this dish are about 2800 years ago. According to a 2015 survey of the Venezuelan people, nearly 70 percent of the nation ate  regularly. It is common for Venezuelans to eat  throughout the day, both as snacks and as sides to meals, creating a culture where these corn products can be found almost everywhere and in specific restaurants called . The  is seen as a cornerstone of a Venezuelan diet; previous to the 2015 food shortages, it was estimated that each year the average Venezuelan consumed about 30 kilos of the corn flour used to make . Venezuelan  are commonly filled with a great variety of different fillings, from beef and avocado to cheese, varying widely by the location of where they are sold and the ingredients that can be obtained. In Venezuela's Andes region,  are made with wheat flour rather than cornmeal. These lighter  are generally eaten as a snack or an accompaniment to heavier meals. See also 

Cachapa
Gordita
Pupusa
 List of breads
 List of maize dishes

References

Further reading 

 Food and Agricultural Organization, United Nations. Maize in Human Nutrition
 Dr. Nelson Solorzano, a specialist in food and nutrition and Caribbean Region Culture. Socio-economic Development Planner specializing in Latin American Socio-economic Development History, Agriculture, and Culture. (CENDES-UCV), USA, May 2007. De los timoto-cuicas a la invisibilidad del indígena andino y a su diversidad cultural. Mariano Picón Salas. Pequeña Historia de la Arepa. Suma de Venezuela. Caracas, 1966. Bolivian cuisine
Canary Islands cuisine
Colombian cuisine
Costa Rican cuisine
Maize dishes
Panamanian cuisine
Puerto Rican cuisine
Street food
Tortilla-based dishes
Venezuelan cuisine