Bensusan Restaurant Corp. v. King
Bensusan Restaurant Corp. v. King, 126 F.3d 25, is a 1997 United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit case that helped define the parameters of personal jurisdiction in the Internet context, specifically for passive websites that only advertise local services. The opinion, written by Judge Ellsworth Van Graafeiland, affirmed the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York's holding that defendant Richard B. King's Internet website did not satisfy New York's long-arm statute requirements for plaintiff Bensusan Restaurant Corporation to bring a trademark infringement suit in New York. The District Court's decision also likened creating a website to merely placing a product into the stream of commerce, and held that such an act was insufficient to satisfy due process and personal jurisdiction requirements. Background 
Bensusan Restaurant Corporation ("Bensusan") was a New York corporation that owned "The Blue Note," a jazz club in Greenwich Village, New York. Bensusan owned all trademark rights, title and interest in the federally registered "The Blue Note" mark. Richard B. King ("King") was a Missouri resident who owned "The Blue Note" club in Columbia, Missouri. In April 1996, King posted a website hosted on a computer server in Missouri that contained "general information about the club in Missouri as well as a calendar of events and ticketing information". In addition, King's website contained a disclaimer that stated "The Blue Note, Columbia, Missouri should not be confused in any way, shape, or form with Blue Note Records or the jazz club, Blue Note, located in New York. The CyberSpot is created to provide information for Columbia, Missouri area individuals only, any other assumptions are purely coincidental". Procedure
Bensusan brought suit in the Southern District of New York, asserting claims of trademark infringement, trademark dilution and unfair competition. King moved to dismiss the action for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Bensusan asserted that New York had personal jurisdiction over King based on two subsections of the New York Civil Practice Law and Rules - § 302(a)(2) and § 302(a)(3)(ii). Bensusan's primary argument was that because King's website was accessible in New York, King could have foreseen that it would be viewed in New York, and should have restricted access to only users in Missouri. The District Court looked both to the meanings of N.Y.C.P.L.R. § 302 and the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution in analyzing Bensusan's claim. The Court of Appeals only addressed the long-arm statutes in affirming the District Court's holding. Issues 
 Whether New York has personal jurisdiction over King pursuant to New York long-arm statute
 Whether exercising personal jurisdiction over King would be a violation of the Due Process Clause of the US Constitution

Holding 
The New York long-arm statutes do not permit personal jurisdiction over King. The District Court held that King's website did not constitute an offer to sell a product in New York pursuant to § 302(a)(2), and that King neither participated in interstate commerce nor expected for his website to have consequences in New York according to § 302(a)(3)(ii). The Court noted that "it takes several affirmative steps by the New York resident . . . to obtain access to the Web site and utilize the information there" because the website provided a Missouri box office phone number to reserve tickets, and required patrons to pick up the tickets in Missouri. Furthermore, because there was no proof that goods were shipped to New York, § 302(a)(2) did not authorize personal jurisdiction over King. With respect to § 302(a)(3)(ii), the Court found that King did not derive substantial revenue from interstate commerce, and King's knowledge that Bensusan's club was located in New York was insufficient to satisfy the statutory requirements to authorize personal jurisdiction. The Court of Appeals affirmed the District Court's findings, adding only that § 302(a)(2) required defendants to have committed a tort while present in New York state. Because King's website was created in Missouri, New York did not have personal jurisdiction over him. It would violate the Due Process Clause of the US Constitution if New York had personal jurisdiction over King. The District Court concluded that even if N.Y.C.P.L.R. §§ 302(a)(2), (a)(3)(ii) authorized personal jurisdiction over King, such an act would violate the Due Process Clause of the US Constitution. Due process requires a non-resident defendant to purposefully establish minimum contact with the state claiming jurisdiction, such that the suit does not offend "traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice." The Court found that King did not purposefully avail himself of any benefits that New York offered, and that the mere creation of an informational website was not an act that was purposefully directed at any one particular state. Specifically, the Court contrasted King's website and actions with those of the defendant in CompuServe, Inc. v. Patterson, where Ohio was authorized to exercise personal jurisdiction because the defendant targeted Ohio in subscribing to a network service and sending software to Ohio. The Court of Appeals explicitly declined to address the due process issue, because the long-arm statute did not confer personal jurisdiction. Further reading
Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc.: The United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania asserted personal jurisdiction over Zippo Dot Com, a California corporation that provided Internet services, based on the contacts that Zippo Dot Com made in Pennsylvania. The Court explicitly distinguished the case from Bensusan, on the grounds that "[Zippo] is not an Internet advertising case" and as such, the Court was not "being asked to determine whether Dot Com's Web site alone constitutes the purposeful availment of doing business in Pennsylvania". Zippo is notable for the creation of the "Zippo Sliding Scale" test for internet personal jurisdiction. Cybersell, Inc. v. Cybersell, Inc.: The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the United States District Court for the District of Arizona's holding that Arizona did not have personal jurisdiction over Cybersell, Inc., a Florida corporation. The Court examined the facts of Bensusan, and found instructive the notion that "'interactive' web sites present somewhat different issues" and that "unlike passive sites such as the defendant's in Bensusan, users can exchange information with the host computer when the site is interactive." References

United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit cases
United States Internet case law
2007 in United States case law
United States personal jurisdiction case law
United States trademark case law
Jazz clubs in the United States
History of Columbia, Missouri
20th century in Columbia, Missouri