Lochaline Mine
Lochaline Mine is a mine on the Morvern peninsula of the Highland area of Scotland. The mine works a white cretaceous sandstone to produce high grade silica sand (the purest grade in the United Kingdom) for glass and industrial use. It is one of only two underground mines in Scotland, and is the only underground sand mine in Europe. The mine was founded in 1940 due to a limited supply of high grade silica during the Second World War, and was briefly closed for four years between 2008 and 2012. Production ranges from  to  per year. History 
Lochaline was first recognised as a potential sand resource in 1895, but at that time, cheap imports of glass sand were delivered to the United Kingdom from Europe, so the site was deemed not economically viable. The mine is located near to the village of Lochaline on the Morvern peninsula, some  south-west of Fort William. The site was found to have a seam of white cretaceous sandstone some  thick extending north-westwards from Lochaline. The sand was deposited 135 million years ago and was saved from erosion by eruptions from the nearby Mull Volcano, which covered the sand in basalt. Due to the presence of the basalt (about  thick) above the sand deposits, it is worked as a mine rather than the normal method of quarrying. The method of working the deposit is to mine underneath the hard rock leaving a maximum of  sand as a room and pillar method to support the workings. The upper  has a greater rate of impurity and the middle section, extending from , is what is mined extensively as this has virtually no impurities. The mine was started in 1940 due to the scarcity of silica sand supply caused by the outbreak of the Second World War. Previously high quality silica was sourced from a site at Fontainebleau outside Paris, but the occupation of Frabce ceased this supply. During the war, the sand was needed for the glass contained within bomb aiming sights and submarine periscopes. Originally horses were used to transport the sand from the mine to the surface works and pier into the adjacent sea loch (Loch Aline). The horses were replaced quite soon afterwards by a railway (with rails from a captured German cargo ship) which operated between 1943 and 1963, when diesel lorries took over the operation. The mine has a dedicated pier and ship operation in the loch and exports its sand to ports in England (to destinations in Runcorn and Scunthorpe) and also to Europe. At Runcorn, the sand is used to make solar panels. It was closed by Tarmac in 2008, but revived in 2012 in a joint enterprise between Pilkington's and Gruppo Minerali Maffei, an Italian mining company, as Lochaline Quartz Sand. At its re-opening, the mine covered  accessed by  of tunnels, and  was estimated to have a working life of a decade and produce an average of  of sand per year. By 2021, it was producing  of sand per year and was expected to remain open for decades. The tunnels had expanded to a length of over  and the main working face was  below the surface. The site is the only underground sand mine in Europe. The mine produces a very high grade of silica with very low iron impurity; it was rated as being 0.0085 % ferric oxide (Fe2O3). In June 2022, it was announced that a new trail for public information would be opened, including the history of the narrow-gauge railway that served the mine. Owners 
Charles Tennant & Co, 1940–1972
Tilcon 1972–2001
Tarmac 2001–2008
Lochaline Quartz Sand, 2012–present

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External links 
YouTube video from Oban Times covering the re-opening of the mine in 2012

Morvern
Lochaber
Underground mines in Scotland
Mining in Scotland
1940 establishments in Scotland
2012 establishments in Scotland
2008 disestablishments in Scotland