2022 Leicester unrest
In August and September 2022, Leicester, England, saw a period of religious and ethnic tension between predominately British Hindus and British Muslims of South Asian origin. The unrest saw rioting, protest marches, sloganeering and ethnic violence between the two populations. It was also preceded by social media campaigning, misinformation and hate propaganda. Muslim apprehensions of what they regarded as "Hindutva fascism" entering their neighbourhoods was evidently the main driver behind the unrest. Community leaders and analysts point to the Indian celebrations following the India–Pakistan 2022 Asia Cup match on 28 August as a catalyst, which saw a reaction from Pakistani fans. Background 

Like most British cities, Leicester has significant and growing South Asian British populations. Leicester is known for its diversity, and is one of three cities in England where the White British population are a minority. Since the end of the Second World War, the city has welcomed successive waves of migration, with immigrants from the Indian sub-continent arriving in the 1960s, followed by Asians arriving from Kenya and Uganda in the early 1970s. By 2011, the Asian population of Leicester stood at 37.13%, with the city having notable Muslim and Hindu communities, at 18.63% and 15.19% respectively. Muslims predominantly live in eastern Leicester (LE5 postcode), with particular concentration in the Spinney Hills and North Evington neighbourhoods. Hindus live in north Leicester (LE4 postcode), mainly in the Belgrave area. The ‘spatial polarization’ developed since the 1970s, with the Belgrave area (a former working class neighbourhood) becoming home to affluent East African Hindus and 'denying access' to the 'sub-continentals in Highfields’ who were from peasant backgrounds. The two  mosques in the Belgrave area in 1995 were run not by small Pakistani community, but by East African Gujarati Muslims. Scholar Ayesha Siddiqa points out the growing extremism among British Muslims, owing to several factors such as the Tory governments encouraging communal education since the 1990s, the British welcome given to Muslim clergy as a partner in the Afghan wars, and the geopolitical developments that brought various extremist ideologies to congregate in Britain. The growing economic disparity between Hindu and Muslim communities had also been a cause for resentment and anxiety among the Muslims. The Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) that came to power in India, along with prime minister Narendra Modi, is expected to have had high levels of support among the Hindus in UK. The British party politics is seen to have caused polarisation between the two communities, with Muslims siding with the Labour Party and Hindus siding with the Conservatives. The 2019 general election was not only a "Brexit and NHS election", but also a "Kashmir election" according to the Guardian columnist Sunny Hundal. This was a reference to the Modi Government's decisive action in integrating Kashmir into India in 2019, and the corresponding backlash in Pakistan. These developments had reactions in British Hindu and Muslim communities. Rutgers University's Network Contagion Research Institute (NCRI), which has investigated the online trends between 2019 and 2022, noted a wide dispersion of anti-Hindu and anti-India slurs and tropes during this period. Anti-Hindu memes accompanied by pejoratives such as "pajeet" (slur for Indian or Hindu), "streetshitter", "poojeet", "scamming" (dishonest), "mong" (unintelligent) etc. have been doing the rounds depicting Hindus as dirty, Islamophobic and barbaric. Locally in East Leicester, a large batch of immigrants belonging to the Daman Hindu community, carrying Portuguese passports, are said to have arrived in Leicester in the recent years. They settled in the LE5 postcode area, which was otherwise predominantly Muslim. The celebration of Hindu festivals and public consumption of alcohol by the new arrivals were considered disruptive by Muslims living in the area. Leicester East MP Claudia Webbe stated that friction between the two communities had been "simmering for months". At least one major incident of communitarian violence has been reported from May, where it was alleged that a Muslim man was surrounded by around 25–30 masked men, and beaten with bats and poles to such an extent that he was hospitalised. The incident was reported to the police, but the Muslim community felt that the police were failing to act, with the result that the perpetrators were still at large and continuing to harass the Muslim community. The Muslim community labelled these perpetrators "Hindutva RSS thugs" and believed that they were from among the recent arrivals from India. According to Majid Freeman, a former aid worker and a key social media influencer, "Muslims had made their presence known in the streets" by August and the "troublemakers had disappeared". Initial clashes

Cricket match brawl 

After the 28 August India–Pakistan Asia Cup cricket match, which India won, Indian cricket fans poured onto streets in the Belgrave area to celebrate, waving Indian flags, honking car horns and dancing to dhols. An altercation eventually occurred at the corner of the Shaftsbury Avenue and Melton road. According to a local business owner, "someone anti-India" stamped on an Indian flag, and the Indian fans thought he was a Pakistani and got infuriated. A video of this incident is available and the man is reported to be a Sikh. The altercation developed into a brawl, a video clip of which went viral on social media the next day. The clip shows a group of India fans shouting "Pakistan murdabad"
and walking to the clash site. A police officer is seen arresting a man, and another group is seen beating up a man, and ripping off his t-shirt. The incident eventually led to eight arrests, including one man arrested at the scene for assaulting an emergency worker. Build-up 
The following day a twitter user with handle "tragicBud", whose user description included the phrase “fuck them pajeets” (anti-Hindu slur), uploaded the video clip of the brawl, along with an interpretation claiming "Nazi" and "Hindutva" objectives of the participants. This was the beginning of "malicious narratives", as the NCRI researchers described it, interpreting an ordinary cricket match brawl as a "Nazi-like Hindutva" ideology. It led to a steady escalation of tensions in Leicester. A slogan of "death to Muslims" was also alleged, but the Leicester police did not find any verifiable evidence for it. The video clip uploaded by "tragicBud" was widely shared on social media networks, amplified by Majid Freeman, Ian Miles Cheong, Sunny Hundal, Pat McGinnes and several British conservative participants. Sunny Hundal's forwarding comment, "extreme Hindutva groups go on the rampage in Leicester", gave journalistic respectability to the anti-Hindutva narrative. The Muslim news site "5Pillars UK" announced that Muslim residents of Leicester were being attacked. British comedian Guz Khan, with 100,000 followers on twitter, called on "mandem" ("gang") to sort out the "Modi weirdos". Other reputed organisations that address Islamophobic incidents also joined in, interpreting the video clip as representing Islamophobia. The original tweet of tragicBud received 2,037 retweets and the video clip 305,000 views. Further clashes 

Between 4-6 September, anti-Hindu attacks began to be reported from Leicester. On 4 September, the date of another India–Pakistan match which Pakistan won, a Hindu home celebrating  Ganesh Chaturdhi (a Hindu religious festival) was allegedly attacked, eggs thrown into the house, a Hindu male attacked, and his aunt punched in the nose. The next day, there were report of British Pakistani mobs targeting Hindu neighbourhoods, some with weapons, with chants of "Modi kutta, Hindustan murdabad" ("Modi dog, Death to India"). Videos circulated of gangs roaming through the streets and police trying to block them. Hindus started feeling scared in their homes and writing to the local MPs for help. On 5 September, there was a meeting about the incidents attended by over 300 people along with police representatives. After the meeting, a group of Muslims conducted a march through Leicester to show their "presence". It was reported that clashes and stand-offs with the police lasted till 11 pm. On 6 September, Leicester Police were authorised to use dispersal (Sections 34 and 35) and stop-and-search (Section 60) powers. They continued to patrol the areas, but further disturbances also continued. By 11 September, 19 people had been arrested for incidents in East Leicester, one of them for threats to kill. The Muslim social media accounts continued to propagate misinformation and the branding of Leicester Hindus as "RSS Hindutva thugs". A Muslim author Riaz Khan, with 25,000 followers, linked the incident from May to the cricket match brawl and described the participants of the latter as the same "thugs". Another user with 600,000 subscribers, advised the India fans in the UK to "humble themselves" because the Pakistani gangs over here "go a bit nuts". The most virulent misinformation came from Majid Freeman, who claimed that there was a kidnap attempt of a  Muslim school girl by three Hindu men. He claimed that he had spoken to the girl's family and that the police had "confirmed" it. The police denied it quite emphatically. Also related was a Majid Freeman post, showing a picture of a man standing in front of a car, and claiming that he was an "RSS man" targeting Muslims, Sikhs, women and children. A British Pakistani influencer called "Dutch Raja" (Norman Khan from Birmingham), who had 150,000 followers, posted the picture along with a poll asking, "Shall we go Saturday [to] teach these guys a lesson? "; 95% of the respondents voted yes. Thus, Saturday the 17th April was set as the date for Muslim mobilisation. The Hindus that were targeted as "RSS or BJP" men started fearing for their well-being. Some temporarily relocated to other locations; others refrained from going out for fear of being attacked. Some reported receiving stab wounds from the attacks during 4–6 September. One victim's mother told a TV reporter that she had experienced better Hindu–Muslim relations in Daman and Diu in India than she was finding in Leicester. Weekend disorder 

The weekend 17–19 September, which was reserved for the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II, witnessed a large number of incidents which were described by the British press as "violent disorder". Saturday, 17 September, began with a peace march organised by Hindus to show solidarity with the victims of the violence in the preceding weeks. The march began on Belgrave Road (which continues on to Melton Road) and followed on to Green Lane Road in East Leicester. The march is said to have been conducted on foot paths, and was overseen by the local police. Despite it being a supervised march, Muslims in East Leicester said they were intimidated and felt threatened. According to the police, a second "unplanned protest" was formed after this, by "groups of young men" (apparently Hindus, numbering about 200), proceeding towards Highfields. According to Leicester Mercury, "an opposing group also gathered". Police said it numbered 600–700 men (apparently Muslims). The police scrambled about 100 officers to keep the two groups apart. Both the sides shouted slogans, with British Hindus shouting "Jai Shri Ram" ("Hail Lord Ram") and "Vande Mataram" (patriotic slogan for India), and British Muslims shouting "Allah-o-Akbar" ("God is Great"). Social media influencers as well as the mainstream press, including The Spectator, The Guardian and Al Jazeera, referenced only the Hindu protesters and emphasised "Jai Shri Ram" as possible evidence of Hindutva extremism. According to The Times of India, the trigger for these events was a poster created in Birmingham (following on from Dutch Raja's post), calling on Birmingham Muslims to participate in a protest in Leicester. The Hindus were angered by the poster as well as the fake social media claims regarding a kidnapping attempt by Hindu youth. They marched down the Belgrave Road in protest. The two sides faced off somewhere on Belgrave Road, with the police trying to keep them apart. The police issued a dispersal order at some point, which caused the crowds to move to other locations. A number of breakout incidents then occurred, continuing through the night, with calm being restored only the next morning. Videos shared on social media showed various violent incidents, a temple flag being pulled down from a Shiva temple, cars being smashed up and turned over, a man at a vegetable stall being beaten up, and police trying to break up fights involving poles, rods, knives and wooden pieces. On Sunday, 18 September, the police got ready for handling further disturbances by recalling officers from Queen's funeral duties in London. An unauthorised protest was held by Muslims on this day, which is said to have been widely advertised on WhatsApp. Police oversaw the march, which apparently concluded without any incident. An Islamist preacher named Mohammed Hijab from London arrived in Leicester. He posted videos of himself inciting Muslims with anti-Hindu rhetoric and asking them to retaliate. The men agreed and chanted "Allah-o-Akbar". According to reports, the police dispersed their march, but once again, disorder broke out at other locations, this time in North Evington. Police put in place a temporary police cordon and arrested 15 people. On the whole, 47 people were arrested since the beginning of 28 August. Of these 11 people were reported to be from outside Leicester, one from Market Harborough, eight from Birmingham and two from London. Birmingham aftermath 
Tensions continued into the following week, with the unrest spreading from Leicester to the Birmingham area on Tuesday 20 September. Video footage showed nearly 200 Muslim men attempt to surround the Durga Bhawan Temple in Smethwick, a town where almost one-in-four residents are Asian, chanting "Allahu Akbar" in voicing their anger at the temple inviting the controversial Hindutva proponent, Sadhvi Rithambara, as a guest speaker, with one video showing a masked man with a Birmingham accent say "RSS speakers are not welcome in Birmingham, not welcome anywhere in the UK. None of your speakers, any of the hate speakers, we are going to turn up for all of them...we've got no issues with British Hindus, we grew up with them, we know all of them. But RSS, you'll be met by us every single time". Reactions 
The surge in violence took many by surprise, and senior representatives of Leicester's Muslim and Hindu communities urged calm. On Tuesday 20 September, President of the ISKCON Leicester Hindu Temple, Pradip Gajjar, said he was "saddened and heartbroken to see the eruption of tension and violence." Labour MP Jonathan Ashworth critiqued the events as "shocking scenes of unacceptable incidents of violence," and that all "are united in calling for calm, peace and harmony." Leicester East MP Claudia Webbe has called for cooler heads to prevail, urging strengthened "dialogue to repair community relations", while warning the violence "has the potential to spread to other areas...and has the potential to spread across the country". Rob Nixon, Acting Chief Police Constable for Leicestershire, has noted the investigation into the unrest will run for "several months" and that "the traditional community leaders, partners […] having a really detailed dialogue about some of these tensions, how we've got to where we are, and how we resolve them and take the issues forward." Studies 
The Network Contagion Research Institute (NCRI) associated with the Rutgers University analysed the social media traffic during the clashes and reported that malicious narratives played an essential role in instigating the attacks. A report commissioned by the Henry Jackson Society, which has been critiqued as having an anti-Muslim agenda along with being regarded as a British neo-conservative think tank, claimed that the social media instigators were "Islamist radicals". It named the alleged influencers and provided their background. Delhi-based Centre for Democracy, Pluralism and Human Rights (CDPHR) produced a fact-finding report and zeroed in on the issue of "ethnic enclaves" in Leicester. It said that different religious groups were living in ethnic enclaves, with some ethnicities more "clubbed up" in some spaces more than others. The report claims that the ethnic enclaves gave rise to territorial tensions and localised majoritarianism. Their report was launched in the UK House of Commons. See also 
 South Asian British
 British Muslims
 British Hindus
 India–Pakistan relations
 Urban riots

Notes

References 

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2022 riots
Riots and civil disorder in England
Hindu nationalism
Pakistani nationalism
Anti-Muslim violence in Europe
Anti-Hindu violence
2020s in Leicester
Islamic nationalism
Indian nationalism
British Indian history
August 2022 events in the United Kingdom
September 2022 events in the United Kingdom
2022 crimes in the United Kingdom
Attacks in the United Kingdom in 2022
British Pakistani history
Religiously motivated violence in England
Diasporas in the United Kingdom
Ethnic riots
Cricket controversies