Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978 film)
Invasion of the Body Snatchers is a 1978 American science-fiction horror film directed by Philip Kaufman and starring Donald Sutherland, Brooke Adams, Veronica Cartwright, Jeff Goldblum, and Leonard Nimoy. Released on December 22, 1978, it is based on the 1955 novel The Body Snatchers by Jack Finney. The novel was previously adapted into the 1956 film of the same name. The plot involves a San Francisco health inspector and his colleague who over the course of a few days discover that humans are being replaced by alien duplicates; each is a perfect biological clone of the person replaced, but devoid of empathy and humanity. Released in the United States over the Christmas weekend of 1978, Invasion of the Body Snatchers grossed nearly $25 million (equivalent to $ million in ) at the American box office. It initially received varied reviews from critics, though its critical reception has significantly improved in subsequent years, receiving a 92% on Rotten Tomatoes and also being hailed as one of the greatest remakes ever, as well as one of the best science-fiction horror films of all time. Plot
A gelatinous parasitic alien race abandon their dying planet and travel to Earth, taking the form of small seed pods with pink flowers. Elizabeth Driscoll, a laboratory scientist at the San Francisco Health Department, brings a flower home. She awakens the next morning to find her boyfriend, Geoffrey, being cold and distant while putting debris into a garbage truck. She confides to her colleague and friend Matthew Bennell that Geoffrey has changed and that she fears he is an impostor. Matthew advises Elizabeth to talk to his psychiatrist friend, David Kibner, who is promoting his new book at a bookstore. While driving there, a hysterical man warns Elizabeth and Matthew of danger as a mob pursues him. He is then killed in a hit and run, surrounded by emotionless onlookers. At the book promotion event, Kibner reassures Elizabeth and another woman who shares similar misgivings about their significant others. Matthew's friend, Jack Bellicec, an eccentric aspiring writer, calls him to investigate when a mysterious embryonic adult-body resembling Jack is found in the mud spa he runs with his wife, Nancy. Matthew goes to warn Elizabeth, but discovers a semi-formed duplicate of her near the bedroom where she is sleeping. Matthew rescues Elizabeth and alerts the police, but when they arrive, Jack and Elizabeth's duplicates have disappeared. Elizabeth deduces that the flowers are somehow involved and examines one at the health department offices. She finds no records of plants matching its description, while Matthew unsuccessfully attempts to alert several government agencies. They encounter several people who have been replaced by duplicates, while children around the city are being taken to also be duplicated. Matthew, Elizabeth, Jack, and Nancy nearly incur the same fate while hiding out in Elizabeth's apartment. After destroying their embryonic replacements, Matthew calls the police, but realizes duplicates have taken control. The "pod people" – extraterrestrials emerging from later-stage pods that have taken the forms and memories of sleeping humans as the originals disintegrate – pursue Matthew's group. Jack and Nancy create a distraction and Matthew while Elizabeth escape back to the city and take refuge at the health department. They each take speed to remain awake. Jack and Kibner's duplicates ambush and inject them with sedatives while Kibner's duplicate explains the aliens' plan to replace humanity with serene, emotionless duplicates. Matthew escapes with Elizabeth after killing Jack's double and locking Kibner's in a freezer. Matthew and Elizabeth find Nancy, who has evaded the pod people by hiding her emotions. This works until Elizabeth screams seeing a dog-human duplicate amalgam, the mutant-byproduct of a damaged pod. In the commotion, they get separated from Nancy and board a truck delivering plants to Pier 70, where pod people are processing them. They hide near the pier where Matthew declares his love for Elizabeth while trying to keep her awake. A nearby ship is being loaded with pods to populate centers overseas. Elizabeth falls asleep and disintegrates in Matthew’s arms. Horrified and enraged, Matthew flees her duplicate, breaks into the dock warehouse, and burns down the building, destroying several plants and killing many pod people. He hides underneath the pier as pursuers search for him, confidently asserting that he will inevitably fall asleep. Later, Matthew is about to enter the health department with the duplicated employees, including Elizabeth. Schoolchildren are being taken for duplication while more pods are being prepared for distribution to other West Coast cities. Nancy approaches and calls out to Matthew. He points at her and emits the duplicates' high-pitched scream. Cast
 Donald Sutherland as Matthew Bennell
 Brooke Adams as Elizabeth Driscoll
 Jeff Goldblum as Jack Bellicec
 Veronica Cartwright as Nancy Bellicec
 Leonard Nimoy as Dr. David Kibner
 Art Hindle as Dr. Geoffrey Howell
 Lelia Goldoni as Katherine Hendley
 Kevin McCarthy as Running Man (McCarthy starred in the original 1956 version as Dr. Miles Bennell)
 Don Siegel as Taxi Driver (Siegel was the director of the 1956 film version)
 Tom Luddy as Ted Hendley
 Stan Ritchie as Stan
 David Fisher as Mr. Gianni
 Tom Dahlgren as Detective
 Gary Goodrow as Boccardo
 Jerry Walter as Henri, Restaurant Owner
 Maurice Argent as Chef
Philip Kaufman's wife Rose Kaufman played Outraged Woman, who argues with Jack at the book party, while Robert Duvall appeared as an uncredited priest on a swing, and Kaufman himself has two uncredited cameos, one as the man who bothers Bennell in a phone booth, and another as the voice of one of the officials whom Bennell contacts. Production
Director Philip Kaufman had been a fan of the 1956 film, which he likened to "great radio", although he had not read the novel until after he agreed to direct the film. "I thought, 'Well this doesn't have to be a remake as such. It can be a new envisioning that was a variation on a theme'," he said on the film's 40th anniversary. The first change he anticipated was filming in color; the second was changing the location to San Francisco. "Could it happen in the city I love the most? The city with the most advanced, progressive therapies, politics and so forth? What would happen in a place like that if the pods landed there and that element of 'poddiness' was spread?" Cinematographer Michael Chapman worked with Kaufman to try to capture the film noir feel of the original in color, reviewing some classics of that genre before production. Some of the elements they borrowed were shots with light giving way to shadow and shooting from evocative angles. They used certain color tinges to indicate that some characters were now pod people. "When they're running along the Embarcadero and the huge shadows appear first, those are sort of classic film noir images", the director said. Sound editor Ben Burtt, who had helped create many of the signature sounds from Star Wars the year before, also added to the film's ambience. Natural sounds that mix with the city's more industrial noises give way to just the latter as the film progresses. Among them are the grinding noises of garbage trucks, a common urban sound that slowly becomes horrific as it becomes clear that most of what they are processing is the discarded husks that remain of pre-pod human bodies. Burtt also designed the shriek when pod people see a surviving human, a sound Kaufman said was composed of many elements, including a pig's squeal. All the special effects were created live for the camera. The scene at the beginning where the pods travel through space from their dead homeworld to San Francisco was one of the simplest. "I found some viscous material in an art store, I think we paid $12 for a big vat of it, and then [we dropped it] into solutions and reversed the film", Kaufman recalled. The dog with the banjo player's face included a mechanism whereby the creature appeared to lick itself. The film features a number of cameo appearances. Kevin McCarthy, who played Dr. Miles Bennell in the original Invasion of the Body Snatchers, makes a brief appearance as an old man frantically screaming "They're coming!" to passing cars on the street. Though not playing the same character, Kaufman meant McCarthy's cameo as a nod to the original movie, as if he had been "metaphorically" running around the country since the original film shouting out his warnings. While they were filming the scene, in the Tenderloin, Kaufman recalls that a naked man lying on the street awoke and recognized McCarthy. After learning that they were filming the remake of the original Invasion of the Body Snatchers, he told McCarthy that that film was better. "We were in the middle of shooting the film and we got our first review!" The original film's director, Don Siegel, appears as a taxi driver who alerts the police to Matthew and Elizabeth's attempt to flee the city. Robert Duvall is also seen briefly as a silent priest sitting on a swing set in the opening scene. Kaufman appears in dual roles both as a man wearing a hat who bothers Sutherland's character in a phone booth, and the voice of one of the officials Sutherland's character speaks to on the phone. His wife, Rose Kaufman, has a small role at the book party as the woman who argues with Jeff Goldblum's character. Chapman appears twice as a janitor in the health department. McCarthy and Siegel played a role in shaping the film's twist ending. Before filming, Kaufman had sought out Siegel for advice, and while the two were talking in the latter's office, McCarthy happened to come in. The topic eventually came around to the original film's ending, which they regarded as "pat". After coming up with the ending he used, he kept it a secret from everyone involved in the filming except screenwriter W. D. Richter and producer Robert Solo. Sutherland was only informed of the scene the night before shooting; Kaufman is not sure Cartwright even knew until Sutherland turned around to point and shriek at her. The studio executives only learned of it when a cut was screened for them at George Lucas's house. The film score by Denny Zeitlin was released on United Artists Records; it is the only film score Zeitlin composed. Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead recorded the banjo parts. Kaufman said of the casting of Nimoy, "Leonard had got typecast and this [film] was an attempt to break him out of that", referring to the similar quirks that Dr. Kibner and his pod double had in common with Spock, the Star Trek character that Nimoy was best known for. According to Kaufman, it was Mike Medavoy, then head of production at United Artists, who suggested the casting of Donald Sutherland. Sutherland's character had a similar curly hairstyle as that of another character he portrayed in Don't Look Now (1973). "They would have to set his hair with pink rollers every day", recalled co-star Veronica Cartwright. According to Zeitlin, Sutherland's character was originally written as an "avocational jazz player" early in development. The director encouraged his actors to fill the spaces between dialogue with facial expressions. "Often people on the set or at the studio are so worried about just getting content, and content is not necessarily going to make the scene full of humanity or feel compassion and amusement and humor", Kaufman told The Hollywood Reporter. He particularly singled out the way Adams rolls her eyes in opposite directions while she and Sutherland have dinner as something that a pod person could not and would never do. Release

Box office
Invasion of the Body Snatchers premiered in the United States on December 22, 1978, showing on 445 screens nationally. Between its premiere and December 25, the film had earned a total of $1,298,129 in box office sales. It went on to gross a total of nearly $25 million in the United States (equivalent to $ million in ). On the film's 40th anniversary, Kaufman believes the film may have seemed timely when it came out since the Jonestown mass suicide had occurred a month earlier and still dominated the news: "That was a case of a lot of people from San Francisco were looking for a better world and suddenly found themselves in pod-dom, and it was fatal. It could not have been a more pointed reason for watching the movie." Critical reception

Contemporaneous
The New Yorkers Pauline Kael was a particular fan of the film, writing that it "may be the best film of its kind ever made". Variety wrote that it "validates the entire concept of remakes. This new version of Don Siegel's 1956 cult classic not only matches the original in horrific tone and effect, but exceeds it in both conception and execution." Gene Siskel gave the film three stars out of four and said it was "one of the more entertaining films in what has turned out to be a dismal Christmas movie season". Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called it "a thoroughly scary success in its own right. Not literally a remake—it's more of a sequel, actually—this handsome, highly imaginative film generates its own implications from Finney's sturdy allegory of dehumanization and manages even to have some fun in the process." The film was not without negative criticism. The New York Timess Janet Maslin wrote that the "creepiness [Kaufman] generates is so crazily ubiquitous it becomes funny." Roger Ebert wrote that it "was said to have something to do with Watergate and keeping tabs on those who are not like you", and called Kael's praise for the film "inexplicable", while Time magazine's Richard Schickel labeled its screenplay "laughably literal". Phil Hardy's Aurum Film Encyclopedia called Kaufman's direction "less sure" than the screenplay. The film received a nomination from the Writers Guild of America for Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium. The film was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. It was also recognized by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films. Philip Kaufman won Best Director, and the film was nominated Best Science Fiction Film. Donald Sutherland, Brooke Adams, and Leonard Nimoy received additional nominations for their performances. Subsequent assessment
Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978) has been named among the greatest film remakes ever made, by several publications, including Rolling Stone. Film scholar M. Keith Booker posited that the film's "paranoid atmosphere" links it to other films outside the science fiction genre, and that it "bears a clear family resemblance to paranoid conspiracy thrillers like Alan J. Pakula's The Parallax View (1974)". Chris Barsanti, in The Sci-Fi Movie Guide (2014), praised the performances of Adams and Sutherland, but criticized some elements of the film, writing: "The subtlety of Donald Siegel's original gives way to gaudy f/x and self-consciously artsy camerawork ... the film is overindulgently long, too, though it certainly has its shocking moments." On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has received an approval rating of 92% based on 61 reviews and an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's consensus reads, "Employing gritty camerawork and evocative sound effects, Invasion of the Body Snatchers is a powerful remake that expands upon themes and ideas only lightly explored in the original." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 75 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". In a 2018 review published by Complex, the film was ranked among the greatest science fiction films of all time: "Invasion of the Body Snatchers is doubly impressive; it both improves upon the '56 film and Jack Finney's literary source material with a scarier disposition and more layered character development." Analysis
The German scholar Christian Knöppler wrote that the film was in many ways a lamentation for the end of the counterculture of the 1960s that was especially associated with San Francisco. Philip Kaufman has described the 1960s as a brief moment of time when Americans "woke up from the conforming, other-directed life" that he views as characteristic of American life. Both the characters of Matthew and Elizabeth appear to be "ex-hippies" who have abandoned their youthful utopian dreams sometime in the 1970s by going to work for the city of San Francisco as health inspectors, thereby becoming part of "the system", which foreshadows both characters' replacement by the pod people. Likewise, the Bellicecs are products of the counterculture of the 1960s. Jack Bellicec wears a shabby U.S. Army jacket and has a deep distrust of the U.S. government, which implies that he was involved in protest movements in the past, perhaps against the Vietnam war. Likewise, Nancy Bellicec believes in UFOs and has a fondness for pseudoscientific literature such as Immanuel Velikovsky's 1950 book Worlds in Collision, which strongly suggests that she believes "in some sort of New Age esotericism". Knöppler wrote: "For the Bellicecs, the revelation of an inhuman, all-encompassing  conspiracy that enforces mindless conformity is hardly a paradigm shiftit is the world they already live in. Consequently, the Bellicecs, Nancy in particular, adopt to the new situation rather quickly". Notably, Nancy's "esoteric UFO beliefs" allow her to be the first character to deduce the origins of the pod people and what they are doing, though in the end, the countercultural background of the Bellicecs only proves to a marginal advantage as "they cannot escape assimilation by the pods, they just see it coming". The film offers a strong critique of consumerism. The character of Geoffrey spends his free time mindlessly watching television commercials, a trait that is continued by the pod version of him. The pod version of Geoffrey tells Matthew and Elizabeth to accept being replaced because "nothing changes, you have the same life, the same clothes, the same car", a statement that implies that materialism is the only thing that matters in life, and which Geoffrey believes will entice Matthew and Elizabeth to accept being replaced. Likewise, the soulless, emotion-free life of the pod people is presented as an improvement by the pod version of Dr. Kibner who says "You'll be born again into an untroubled world. Free of anxiety, fear, hate". In the 1956 version, the equivalent statement was "You'll be born again into an untroubled world. Free of love, desire, ambition and faith", a change of emphasis that implies it is only unwanted emotions that are the issue in 1978 as compared to 1956. The film argues that people in 1970s San Francisco were already living in disengaged states, having shallow relationships with other people; instinctively seeking distance from any problems; and being so preoccupied with consumerism that this allows the pod people to take over San Francisco without much of the population noticing what is going on. Notably, when the running man tries to warn Matthew and Elizabeth, they shun him as a nuisance. When the running man is killed by the pod people, Matthew and Elizabeth do not stop their car and instead drive on to Dr. Kibner's party to avoid being late, blithely trusting that the authorities will handle the incident. At the party, Dr. Kibner tells Elizabeth "you want to shut your feelings off, withdraw. Maybe make believe it wasn't happening, because then you don't have to deal with it", a diagnosis that she admits is an accurate summary of her issues with Geoffrey. It is not clear if Dr. Kibner is a pod duplicate or not at this point in the film, and accordingly it is impossible to judge if this is a sincere statement or an attempt to keep Elizabeth from learning the truth. Regardless, the film does argue that a trend towards "emotional disengagement and apathy" was already prevalent in San Francisco that prefigures the state of being a pod person, who have no feelings at all. Though the pod people are aliens, the film maintains that the state of being a pod person is merely pushing present trends in American life to their logical extremes. By the 1970s, there were concerns about the decline of the nuclear family and with it traditional American values. Early on, Dr. Kibner states that "the whole family unit is shot to hell", which explains the dysfunctional lives of many Americans. Despite the film's sympathy for the counterculture, Knöppler wrote that the film does seem to express some approval of this thesis, as notably the married Bellicecs seem more happy than Elizabeth does with her common-law relationship with Geoffrey. The character of Dr. Kibner, a successful author of vapid self-help books, satirizes many of the pop-psychiatry "self-help gurus" who were popular at the time. Before any evidence of the pod people has emerged, Jack has only already accused Dr. Kibner of trying to "change people to fit the world", a description that equally fits with the pod version of Dr. Kibner. The film expresses much distrust of psychiatrists such as Kibner, who are portrayed as seeking to limit the human experiences and with promoting a deracinated consumerism. Unlike the 1956 version, where the U.S. government is presented as a benign force, which once alerted to the pod invasion, promptly takes action by organizing a quarantine of the pod-infested small town of Santa Mira  (though this happy ending was added at the insistence of the studio), the government is presented as a far more sinister and malign force in the 1978 version. The pod people have appeared to taken complete control of the state, and ruthlessly use the power of the state to complete their conquest of the earth. Even the few civil servants who have possibly not been replaced appear as ineffective. Knöppler argued that the change in the view of the government from 1956 to 1978 reflected the legacy of the Vietnam war and the Watergate scandal, which caused many Americans to have a jaundiced view of their government. Home video
Invasion of the Body Snatchers was released on VHS and DVD in the United States, Australia and many European countries. The film was released on Blu-ray Disc in the United States in 2010 by MGM Home Entertainment. Then released once more on Blu-ray in 2013 by Arrow Video in the United Kingdom, and Shout! Factory in the United States and Canada in 2016, using a new 2K scan of the interpositive in addition to new and legacy extras. The Shout! release has since been out of print. A Native 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray was released on November 23, 2021, through Kino Lorber who also released a remastered Blu-ray on February 1, 2022. Legacy
The Chicago Film Critics Association named it the 59th-scariest film ever made. The 1992 Darkwing Duck episode "Twin Beaks" features mutant cabbages who try to replace all living being on Earth. The plot of the episode is inspired by the movie. The film was parodied in the 2012 SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Planet of the Jellyfish" featuring characters from Bikini Bottom being replaced by alien clones in their sleep. A brief scene involving SpongeBob’s pet snail Gary having his clone hybridized with a houseplant is a direct reference to the 1978 remake's dog hybrid. In 2018, Starkid Productions made a musical named The Guy Who Didn't Like Musicals,  heavily based on this film. See also
 List of science fiction horror films
 List of science fiction films of the 1970s
 List of American films of 1978

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1978 films
1978 horror films
1970s science fiction thriller films
1970s dystopian films
1970s psychological thriller films
Alien invasions in films
American psychological horror films
American science fiction horror films
Apocalyptic films
Body Snatchers films
1970s English-language films
Films directed by Philip Kaufman
Films set in San Francisco
Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area
Films shot in San Francisco
Horror film remakes
Science fiction film remakes
Films with screenplays by W. D. Richter
United Artists films
1970s science fiction horror films
Remakes of American films
Films about extraterrestrial life
Films about plants
1970s American films