Stationary phase approximation
In mathematics, the stationary phase approximation is a basic principle of asymptotic analysis, applying to functions given by integration against a rapidly-varying complex exponential. This method originates from the 19th century, and is due to George Gabriel Stokes and Lord Kelvin. It is closely related to Laplace's method and the method of steepest descent, but Laplace's contribution precedes the others. Basics

The main idea of stationary phase methods relies on the cancellation of sinusoids with rapidly varying phase. If many sinusoids have the same phase and they are added together, they will add constructively. If, however, these same sinusoids have phases which change rapidly as the frequency changes, they will add incoherently, varying between constructive and destructive addition at different times. Formula 

Letting  denote the set of critical points of the function  (i.e. points where ), under the assumption that  is either compactly supported or has exponential decay, and that all critical points are nondegenerate (i.e. for ) we have the following asymptotic formula, as :

Here  denotes the Hessian of , and  denotes the signature of the Hessian, i.e. the number of positive eigenvalues minus the number of negative eigenvalues. For , this reduces to:

In this case the assumptions on  reduce to all the critical points being non-degenerate. This is just the Wick-rotated version of the formula for the method of steepest descent. An example

Consider a function

. The phase term in this function, , is stationary when

or equivalently,

. Solutions to this equation yield dominant frequencies  for some  and . If we expand  as a Taylor series about  and neglect terms of order higher than , we have

where  denotes the second derivative of . When  is relatively large, even a small difference  will generate rapid oscillations within the integral, leading to cancellation. Therefore we can extend the limits of integration beyond the limit for a Taylor expansion. If we use the formula,
. . This integrates to

. Reduction steps

The first major general statement of the principle involved is that the asymptotic behaviour of I(k) depends only on the critical points of f.  If by choice of g the integral is localised to a region of space where f has no critical point, the resulting integral tends to 0 as the frequency of oscillations is taken to infinity. See for example Riemann–Lebesgue lemma. The second statement is that when f is a Morse function, so that the singular points of f are non-degenerate and isolated, then the question can be reduced to the case n = 1. In fact, then, a choice of g can be made to split the integral into cases with just one critical point P in each. At that point, because the Hessian determinant at P is by assumption not 0, the Morse lemma applies. By a change of co-ordinates f may be replaced by

. The value of j is given by the signature of the Hessian matrix of f at P. As for g, the essential case is that g is a product of bump functions of xi. Assuming now without loss of generality that P is the origin,  take a smooth bump function h with value 1 on the interval  and quickly tending to 0 outside it. Take

,

then Fubini's theorem reduces I(k) to a product of integrals over the real line like

with f(x) = ±x2. The case with the minus sign is the complex conjugate of the case with the plus sign, so there is essentially one required asymptotic estimate. In this way asymptotics can be found for oscillatory integrals for Morse functions. The degenerate case requires further techniques (see for example Airy function). One-dimensional case

The essential statement is this one:

. In fact by contour integration it can be shown that the main term on the right hand side of the equation is the value of the integral on the left hand side, extended over the range  (for a proof see Fresnel integral). Therefore it is the question of estimating away the integral over, say, . This is the model for all one-dimensional integrals  with  having a single non-degenerate critical point at which  has second derivative . In fact the model case has second derivative 2 at 0. In order to scale using , observe that replacing  by 
where  is constant is the same as scaling  by . It follows that for general values of , the factor  becomes

. For  one uses the complex conjugate formula, as mentioned before. Lower-order terms 
As can be seen from the formula, the stationary phase approximation is a first-order approximation of the asymptotic behavior of the integral. The lower-order terms can be understood as a sum of over Feynman diagrams with various weighting factors, for well behaved . See also
 Common integrals in quantum field theory
 Laplace's method
 Method of steepest descent

Notes

References
 Bleistein, N. and Handelsman, R. (1975), Asymptotic Expansions of Integrals,  Dover, New York. Victor Guillemin and Shlomo Sternberg (1990), Geometric Asymptotics, (see Chapter 1). . Aki, Keiiti; & Richards, Paul G. (2002). "Quantitative Seismology" (2nd ed. ), pp 255–256. University Science Books, 
Wong, R. (2001), Asymptotic Approximations of Integrals,  Classics in Applied Mathematics, Vol. 34. Corrected reprint of the 1989 original. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), Philadelphia, PA. xviii+543 pages, . Dieudonné, J. (1980), Calcul Infinitésimal, Hermann, Paris

External links

Mathematical analysis
Perturbation theory