Arseny Avraamov
Arseny Mikhailovich Avraamov () (1884, Novocherkassk, Russian Empire - 1944, Moscow, USSR) was an avant-garde Russian composer and music theorist. He studied at the music school of the Moscow Philharmonic Society, with private composition lessons from Sergey Taneyev. An avowed Communist, he refused to fight in World War I, and fled the country to work, among other things, as a circus artist. Returning in 1917, he was appointed Culture Minister for the People's Commissariat for Education. Allegedly, one of his first acts was to ask Vladimir Lenin if he could burn all the pianos in Russia. On 7 November 1922 - the five-year anniversary of the October Revolution - he conducted the inaugural performance of Symphony of Sirens (Гудковая симфония, Simfoniya gudkov), for which he is best remembered. Performed in Baku, with Avraamov conducting from a rooftop by waving two red flags, the piece involved navy ship sirens and whistles, bus and car horns, factory sirens, cannons, the foghorns of the entire Soviet flotilla in the Caspian Sea, artillery guns, machine guns, hydroplanes and renderings of Internationale, Warszawianka and Marseillaise by a mass band and choir. The performance also featured the magistral – an instrument invented by Avraamov which consisted of 50 steam whistles attached to pipes, which could be operated independently like the keys of a piano. Symphony of Sirens was attempted just once more, a year later in Moscow, though at a much-reduced scale. His other notable achievements were the invention of graphic-sonic art, produced by drawing directly onto the optical sound track of film, and an "Ultrachromatic" 48-tone microtonal system, presented in his thesis, "The Universal System of Tones," in Berlin, Frankfurt, and Stuttgart in 1927. His microtonal system predated the creation of the Petrograd Society for quarter-tone music in 1923, by . Avraamov was also the sound designer for the first Soviet sound film, Abram Room's The Plan for Great Works (1930). Avraamov was friends with Leon Theremin and the pair were part of a team representing the USSR at the 1927 International Exhibition of Music in the Life of Nations held in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Following the death of Lenin and the appointment of Stalin as leader of the USSR, Avraamov lost his influence. He died in poverty and obscurity and it was only in 1990s that his work began to be redisovered and reappraised. Due to his work with graphical sound, he is considered one of the progenitors of electronic music. Sources
Edmunds, Neil, ed. Soviet Music and Society Under Lenin and Stalin. London: Routledge Curzon, 2004. Lobanova, Marina. “Avraamov, Arseny Mikhaylovich.” Grove Music Online ed. L Macy (Accessed 10 June 2008), http://www.grovemusic.com . Sitsky, Larry. Music of the Repressed Russian Avant-Garde, 1900-1929. London: Greenwood Press, 1994. References

Russian male composers
1886 births
1944 deaths
Graphical sound
20th-century Russian male musicians