Treaty 45
Treaty 45, referred to variously as the Manitoulin Island treaty, the treaty of Manitowaning, or the Bond Head treaty, is a treaty that, by its terms, converted the whole of Manitoulin Island, then in Upper Canada, into a reserve. Treaty 45 was negotiated in August 1836 between 16 leaders of the Odawa and Ojibwe and Francis Bond Head, as a representative of the British Crown. An entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia suggests that as opposed to "negotiation", what happened instead was simply that Bond Head "collected the signatures" of these leaders on the treaty document. Bond Head had travelled to Manitoulin Island in part for an annual exchange of presents with his Indigenous counterparts; according to historian Robert J. Surtees, he "took more decisive action" in negotiating the treaty once there. The English-language document memorializing the treaty is in the collection of Library and Archives Canada. The treaty's conclusion was memorialized on Manitoulin Island in August 2011. The term "Manitoulin Island treaty" may also refer to a treaty negotiated in 1862. Notes

Sources

External links 
 Transcription of the text of Treaty 45, dated 9 August 1836, via Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada

1836 in Upper Canada
Treaties of Indigenous peoples in Canada
Treaties of Upper Canada