Osman Batur
Osman Islambayuly Batur (; Kazakh: ; 1899 – April 29, 1951) was a Chinese warlord of Kazakh ethnicity. Biography
Batur was born in 1899 at Öngdirkara in the Köktogay region of Altay (Koktokay County, Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang, China) as Osman Islamuly. "Batur" is an honorific title that means 'brave'. He was the son of İslâm Bey, a middle-class farmer of the Altay Kazakhs. Some sources note that Osman Batur was considered a good rider and a master hunter before the age of 10 and learned martial arts from Böke Batur, a Kazakh whose service he entered at 12. However, other works have noted that Osman would have been four years old at the time in question, so these stories may be an attempt to give him a "heroic upbringing". In 1940, as the Chinese administration increased the pressure, Osman took his gun and went to the mountain alone. Osman began his struggle against the Chinese and Russians in 1941, aiming to liberate all Altai lands and East Turkestan from the Chinese and Russians. In World War II, with increasing pressure on the Turks in East Turkestan, the reaction movements gained strength and prepared the ground for the rise of Osman Batur. Osman Batur, who started to clean the Altays from the Chinese, reached his goal in 1943. In a ceremony held in Bulgun on July 22, 1943, the inn [clarification needed] of Osman Batur Altay Kazakhs was declared. By 1945, the Turks had taken control except for a few cities in East Turkestan. When the situation became intolerable and dangerous for the Chinese, their armies conducted harsh and intense regional operations. Although Osman Batur, who was removed from Targabatay and Altays, had started the fight with thirty thousand people, by 1950, this number was approximately four thousand. There was also a struggle between Alibek Hakim and his comrades. In Xinjiang, he led the Kazakh people to fight against PRC. He was captured in Hami (Eastern Xinjiang), circulated, and executed in Urumqi on April 29, 1951, and his hands and feet were cut off. His children were captured, tortured, and killed by the Chinese, and his wife lost her mind and drowned herself. After his death, many of his followers fled over the Himalayas. Afterwards, they were airlifted to Turkey and resettled there.. Conflict at Baitag Bogd 
The East Turkestan Republic was not united. There was a split in the government, and two groups fought. The leaders of individual districts and units showed separatism, notably one of the most striking "field commanders" of Ospan-Batyr (Osman-Batyr) of Islam. In the 1930s, he was a little-known gang leader. In 1940, Ospan became one of the leaders of the Kazakh uprising in the Altai district against Governor General Sheng Shitsai. The rebellion was caused by the decision of the authorities to transfer the pastures and watering places to the settled peasants – Dungans and Chinese. In 1943, Altai Kazakhs rebelled again due to the decision of the authorities to relocate them to the south of Xinjiang and place Chinese refugees in their nomadic lands. After Ospan met with Choibalsan, leader of the Mongolian People's Republic, weapons rebels supplied the MPR. In the spring of 1944, Osman Batyr was forced to retreat to Mongolia. Moreover, his unit's departure was covered by the air forces of the MPR and the USSR. In the fall of 1945, the Osman-Batyr detachment liberated the Altai District from the Kuomintang. After that, Ospan-Batyr was appointed by the government of the WTR Governor of the Altai District. Disputes immediately began between him and the WTR government. The Altai governor refused to comply with the instructions of the republic's leadership, and his troops did not obey the army's command. In particular, when the WTR army suspended military operations against the Kuomintang troops (the WTR leadership accepted the proposal to start negotiations to create a single coalition government in Xinjiang), the Ospan-Batyr detachments not only failed to comply with this instruction but, on the contrary, intensified their activities. At the same time, his gangs were smashed and plundered by the Kuomintang units and wagons and the villages controlled by the VTR. It was not for nothing that Stalin called the Ospan-Batyr "a social bandit." Ospan hatched plans to create the Altai Khanate, utterly independent of the WTR and China, hoping for support from Mongolia. This caused concern for Moscow. The head of the NKVD, Beria, turned to Molotov with a request to coordinate actions against this Kazakh Robin Hood with Marshal MPR Choibalsan. However, attempts by the command of the army and the leadership of the WTR, Soviet representatives, and personally Choibalsan to reason the rebellious commander failed. In 1946, referring to the disease, he left the post of governor and returned to the free life of the "field commander". They robbed the settlements that were part of the WTR. At the end of 1946, Ospan took the side of the Kuomintang authorities and received the post of a specially authorized Xinjiang government in the Altai District. He became one of the most dangerous enemies of the WTR and the MPR. At the beginning of June 1947, a detachment of Ospan-Batyr of several hundred fighters, with the support of Kuomintang army units, invaded the territory of Mongolia in the Baitag-Bogd region. Ospan's bandits destroyed the border outpost and invaded the depths of the MPR. On June 5, Mongol troops approached with the support of Soviet aviation and knocked out the enemy. Then the Mongols invaded Xinjiang but were defeated in the area of the Chinese outpost of Betashan. Subsequently, both sides exchanged several raids; skirmishes continued until the summer of 1948. After the Baitag-Bogd incident, Beijing and Moscow exchanged notes with mutual accusations and protests. Ospan remained on the side of the Kuomintang government, received reinforcements by people, weapons, and ammunition, and in the fall of 1947, fought in the Altai District with the troops of the World Trade Organization. He was even able to capture the capital of Shara-Sume County temporarily. The authorities of the republic had to carry out additional mobilization. Soon, Ospan-Batyr was defeated and fled east. In 1949, the Kuomintang in China was defeated. The Communists defeated and occupied Xinjiang. Ospan rebelled against the new government. In 1951, the rebellious leader was caught and executed. See also

 Kazakh exodus from Xinjiang

References

Citations

Sources

 Gülçin Çandarlıoğlu, Özgürlük Yolu, Nurgocay Batur'un Anılarıyla Osman Batur, Istanbul: Doğu Kütüphanesi, 2006 (Turkish)
 Halife Altay, Anayurttan Anadoluʹya, Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı, 1981 (Turkish)
 Halife Altay, Kazak Türklerine aid şecere, Istanbul, 1997 (Turkish)
 Hızır Bek Gayretullah, Altaylarda Kanlı Günler, 1977 (Turkish)
 Hızır Bek Gayretullah, Osman Batur,  (Turkish)
 Justin Jacobs, "The many deaths of a Kazak unaligned", American Historical Review 115.5 (2010), pp. 1291–1314. Lias, Godfrey, Kazak Exodus, London: Evan Brothers Limited (1956)
 
 Linda K. Benson and , China's Last Nomads: The History and Culture of China's Kazaks, New York: M.E. Sharpe (1998), pp. 72–87. Zordun Sabir, Anayurt, Almaty: Nash Mir, 2006 (Uyghur)

1899 births
1951 deaths
Chinese Muslims
Chinese military personnel
Islam in China
Ethnic Kazakh people
People from Altay Prefecture
20th-century executions by China
Pan-Turkists
Kazakhs in China
Chinese people of Kazakhstani descent
People executed for treason against China
Executed people from Xinjiang
Executed Republic of China people
People executed by China by firing squad