Lorenzo Scupoli
Francesco Scupoli ( – 26 November 1610), better known by his religious name Lorenzo Scupoli, was a Neapolitan Roman Catholic priest, most notable for his authorship of The Spiritual Combat (), an important work in 16th century Catholic spirituality. Life
Scupoli was born in Otranto, Kingdom of Naples around 1530. In 1569, he joined the Theatines, officially beginning his novitiate on 1 January 1570. Sometime between 1572 and 1573, he was made a deacon and on 25 December 1577 he was ordained as a priest in Piacenza, Duchy of Parma and Piacenza. Scupoli travelled to Milan in 1578 to participate in a diocesan reform and later began ministering, caring for patients of the Plague around 1581. For reasons that are still unclear, in 1581, Scupoli was accused of an "atrocious crime" and removed from the priesthood sometime prior to 1585 and sentenced to one year in prison in Rome. His sentence was reviewed and upheld three years later in 1588. Scupoli moved to Venice in 1589, where he published The Spiritual Combat. Between 1589 and 1591, he made several trips to Padua, where he likely encountered his most well-known admirer, Francis de Sales. In 1599, while still in Venice, he published a treatise  The Way of Consolation and Helping the Sick to Die Well ()  and later was invited back to Naples. Ultimately, his sentence was relieved in April 1610 and he was able to resume his priestly duties, allowing him to "be able to say Mass, notwithstanding the time he has left for the sentence of his condemnation." Scupoli died on 26 November 1610 in Naples. The Spiritual Combat

While living in Venice, Scupoli published the first edition of The Spiritual Combat in 1589. It was written as a practical manual for spiritual living. At first, it teaches that the sense of life is incessant fighting against egoistic longings and replacing them with sacrifice and charity. The one who does not do this loses, and suffers in Hell; the one who does it, trusting not in his own, but God's power, triumphs and is happy in Heaven. Scupoli analyses various usual situations and advises how to cope with them, preserving a pure conscience and improving virtue. It emphasizes also the boundless goodness of God, which is the cause of all good; what is bad originates from the human who rebels against God. The book was immediately popular, being republished nearly 60 times during Scupoli's lifetime and was translated into dozens of languages, including German, Latin, French, and English within ten years of its original publication. Despite the book's popularity, Scupoli originally published it anonymously, attributing the authorship only to a "servant of God", leading to several false attributions. It was not until after his death in 1610 that the book's true authorship was revealed in a 1610 Bolognese edition. The Spiritual Combat was held in extremely high regard both during Scupoli's lifetime and for several centuries after. Francis de Sales reportedly kept it as a pocketbook. In the 19th century, Russian monk Theophan the Recluse extensively revised it, writing Unseen Warfare, a book which was influential in the Eastern Orthodox Church. References

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External links

 
The Spiritual Combat in the original language 
The Spiritual Combat in English
The Spiritual Combat in French

1530s births
1610 deaths
People from Otranto
Catholic philosophers
Catholic theology and doctrine
16th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
Italian philosophers
Theatines
People from the Kingdom of Naples