Victoria Louise-class cruiser
The  class of protected cruisers was the last class of ships of that type built for the German Imperial Navy. The class design introduced the combined clipper and ram bow and the blocky sides that typified later German armored cruisers. The class comprised five vessels, , the lead ship, , , , and . The ships were laid down in 1895–1896, and were launched in 1897–1898 and commissioned into the fleet over the following year. The first three ships were  long and displaced  at combat load;  and  were a slightly modified design. They were  long and displaced  at full load. All five ships were armed with a main battery of two  guns and eight  guns. The first three ships had a top speed of ; the last two were slightly slower, at . Problems with the Niclausse boilers installed on  prompted the Navy to standardize boiler types in future warships. The ships of the class served in various units in the German fleet, including on the America Station, in the East Asia Squadron, and with the home fleet. and  participated in the suppression of the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900, and  was involved in the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903. All five ships were modernized between 1905 and 1911, after which they served as training ships for naval cadets. They were mobilized into V Scouting Group at the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, but were quickly withdrawn from front-line service. They served in various secondary roles for the rest of the war. After the end of the conflict,  was converted into a merchant ship, but was broken up in 1923. The other four ships were scrapped in 1920–1921. Background
In the mid-1880s, the German  (Imperial Navy) had begun a program of construction to modernize its cruiser force, beginning with the  of protected cruisers of 1886, followed the  unprotected cruisers in 1886–1887 and  in 1888. By the end of 1888, Admirals Alexander von Monts and Friedrich von Hollmann had become the chiefs of the  (Imperial Admiralty) and  (RMA—Imperial Naval Office), respectively. At the time, naval construction in Germany was marred by a sense of strategic confusion; the navy was at the same time building the four s—necessary for an offensive strategy—and the coastal defense ships of the  and es—which belied an inherently defensive orientation for the fleet. At the same time, many elements of the naval command espoused the commerce raiding strategy of the French  (Young School). Hollmann submitted a memorandum to the  (Imperial Diet) to request funding for a new construction program. He called for a total of seven new cruisers over the following three years to replace the old screw corvettes that still made up the bulk of the cruiser force, arguing that the old screw corvettes were no longer suitable as warships, owing to the proliferation of modern unprotected and protected cruisers in even minor navies around the world, along with the advances in marine steam engines, which propelled merchant vessels to speeds at which the corvettes could not catch them. The 's budget board decried what it viewed as the limitless demands of the navy. Instead of the three ships Hollmann had requested for the 1890/1891 fiscal year, the  authorized just two, which were given the provisional designations "J" and "K". The former became the unprotected cruiser , but a minor scandal in 1891 over "K"—the navy had not finalized the design for the new ship by the time it had asked for the second installment of funds for her construction—angered the , which revoked funding for the new ship. Attempts to secure the return of funds for "K" continued over the next three years, and included efforts in 1892 by the  (Chancellor) Leo von Caprivi to convince the parliament to authorize construction. The navy tried yet again for the 1893 fiscal year, but the Imperial German Army had significantly increased its own budget that year, which left no additional funding for the fleet. In fiscal year 1894, the navy made no attempt to secure funding for "K". By this time, the strategic confusion that marked the 1880s had come to a head; Alfred von Tirpitz had recently become the chief of staff at the  (Imperial Naval High Command), and he was finalizing his famous memorandum, , which laid out his plans for the future development of the navy. Tirpitz's projections were at odds with the leadership in the RMA; he sought a combination of 1st- and 3rd-class cruisers with the sole purpose of strengthening the fleet in home waters, while the RMA still favored a mix of 1st-, 2nd-, and 4th-class cruisers optimized for commerce raiding. To make matters worse, RMA was responsible for designing new warships, but they had no input on strategic objectives or war plans, which were the high command's remit. Design

As the RMA began work on another proposal for "K" in early 1894, Kaiser Wilhelm II interjected himself into the discussions, submitting his own proposal for a 2nd-class cruiser that was clearly inspired by contemporary French cruisers in June. The RMA decided that the new cruiser would be, at a minimum, the same size as , with roughly the same price. Wilhelm continued to submit his ideas for consideration, including two different 3rd-class cruisers. One of these vessels, submitted in October, incorporated lessons from the First Sino-Japanese War, then being fought between Japan and China. The Battle of the Yellow River appeared to show the superiority of protected cruisers armed with large quick-firing guns over larger ironclad battleships armed with larger but slower-firing guns. As a result, Wilhelm included two  quick-firing guns into his proposal in October. Hollmann drew up a list of requirements for "K" in November, including fully enclosed and armored gun turrets for the 21 cm guns, a secondary battery of  guns, but other critical components were left undecided. The question remained open as to whether to retain the traditional two-shaft propulsion system or repeat the three-shaft arrangement pioneered with . Wilhelm approved the parameters that month, and the Chief Constructor, Alfred Dietrich, prepared a more detailed proposal in line with them, which the Kaiser approved on 31 December. After failing to secure budgetary approval for the new ships from the  in 1892, 1893, and 1894, the  finally authorized construction of three ships for the 1895–1896 budget year. The RMA's proposal was chosen and three 6,000-ton cruisers were begun in 1895. Two more vessels were authorized for 1896–1897. Compared to ,  had a displacement that was about six percent less, though she carried a much heavier armament The resulting design were smaller scale versions of the contemporary s; they featured the same fore military mast and pole mainmast and a combination of gun turrets and casemates for the secondary battery. As was common practice in the German fleet in the 1890s, the five ships employed different types of water-tube boilers for evaluation purposes. The ships' design set a precedent for later armored cruisers, with large, bulky sides and a combined clipper bow and ram. General characteristics

The first three ships of the  class—, , and —were  long at the waterline and  long overall. They had a beam of  and a draft of  forward and . These ships displaced  as designed and  at full load. and  had slightly different dimensions; they were  long at the waterline and  overall. Their beam was  and drew  forward and  aft. Their displacement was also higher than the first three ships, at  as designed and  at combat load. The ships' hulls were constructed with longitudinal and transverse steel frames; a single layer of wood planks were used for the hull. A layer of Muntz metal sheathing extended up to  above the waterline to protect against fouling of the hull. This sheathing was later removed from , , and . The hull was divided into twelve watertight compartments, which were later reduced to eleven, with the exception of . The hull also incorporated a double bottom that extended for 60 percent of the length of the hull. The ships' standard crew was 31 officers and 446 enlisted men, with an additional 9 officers and 41 enlisted while serving as a second command flagship. After their reconstruction into training ships, the crew was substantially enlarged to incorporate the trainees, with 26 officers and 658 sailors, 75 of whom were naval cadets and 300 others were cabin boys. The ships carried a number of smaller boats, including three picket boats, one launch, one pinnace, two cutters, two yawls, and three dinghies. After their modernization, the boats were significantly revised; the number of picket boats was reduced to one, a barge and a launch were added, the dinghies were removed, and five more cutters were added. The ships were good sea boats; they had an easy motion and were dry as a result of their high forecastles. They had a tendency to pitch when steaming downwind, however, and made severe leeway in heavy winds because of their large superstructures. They were difficult to maneuver without the center shaft engaged. Steering was controlled with a single rudder. They lost only around ten percent speed in a head sea or with the rudder hard over. In addition, as the lower coal bunkers were emptied, the ships became increasingly unstable; with empty bunkers, the ships could heel over as much as fifteen degrees in a hard turn. The modernization of the ships between 1905 and 1911 rectified this problem. They had a transverse metacentric height of . As built, the ships were very hot, and ventilation had to be improved before they were commissioned. Machinery
The propulsion system of all five ships consisted of three vertical 4-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines built by AG Vulcan. Steam was provided by twelve coal-fired water-tube boilers from different manufacturers, with the exception of , which received eighteen boilers. and  had boilers from Dürr AG,  had Niclausse boilers, and  had Belleville boilers. was equipped with eighteen transverse Belleville boilers. The Niclausse boilers in  proved to be particularly troublesome, which led the Navy to use only Schulz-Thornycroft or Marine-type boilers in future vessels. The boilers were ducted into three funnels, though after their modernization between 1905 and 1908, they were trunked into two funnels. The ships' engines were rated at  for a top speed of  for the first three ships and  for the last two vessels. As built, the ships carried up to  of coal, which gave them a cruising range of  at a speed of . The more efficient Marine-type boilers installed in 1905–1911 increased cruising range to  at the same speed. and  were equipped with four electricity generators with a combined output of  at 110 Volts; the last three ships had three generators with a total output of  at 110 V.

Armament and armor

The ships' primary armament consisted of two 21 cm SK L/40 C/97 built-up guns in single gun turrets, one forward and one aft. The turrets were C/97 type mounts, which were hydraulically operated and hand-loaded. The turrets had a range of elevation from -5 to 30 degrees, and at maximum elevation, they had a range of . Muzzle velocity was . The guns were supplied with 58 rounds of ammunition each; these were  shells. Eight 15 cm SK L/40 guns rounded out the offensive gun armament. Four of these guns were mounted in turrets amidships and the other four were placed in casemates. These guns fired armor-piercing shells at a rate of 4 to 5 per minute. The guns could depress to −7 degrees and elevate to 20 degrees, for a maximum range of 13,700 m (14,990 yd). The shells weighed  and were fired at a muzzle velocity of . The guns were manually elevated and trained. Two of the 15 cm guns were removed in the refit. For defense against torpedo boats, the ships also carried ten 8.8 cm SK L/30 naval guns, and an eleventh was added during the modernization. These were also mounted individually in casemates and pivot mounts. These guns fired  shell at a muzzle velocity of 590 mps (1,936 fps). Their rate of fire was approximately 15 shells per minute; the guns could engage targets out to . The gun mounts were manually operated. Three longer-barreled 8.8 cm SK L/35 naval guns were also added at that time. The gun armament was rounded out by ten  Maxim machine cannon, which were removed during the refit. The ships were also equipped with three  torpedo tubes with eight torpedoes, two launchers were mounted on the broadside and the third was in the bow, all below the waterline. These weapons were 5.1 m (201 in) long and carried an 87.5 kg (193 lb) TNT warhead. They could be set at two speeds for different ranges. At , the torpedoes had a range of 800 m (870 yd). At an increased speed of , the range was reduced to 500 m (550 yd). In 1916, all of the ships of the class were disarmed, with the exception of , which was re-equipped with a single 15 cm gun, four 10.5 cm SK L/45 guns, and fourteen 8.8 cm guns of both the L/30 and L/35 versions, for use as a gunnery training ship. Armor protection for the ships was composed of Krupp steel. The main deck was  thick with  thick slopes. The forward conning tower had  thick sides and a  thick roof. The aft conning tower was given only splinter protection, with just  thick sides. The 21 cm and 15 cm gun turrets had 100 mm thick sides and 30 mm thick roofs. The casemate guns were also given 100 mm worth of armor protection. The ships were also equipped with cork cofferdams. Construction

Service history

Victoria Louise

 served with the fleet for the first seven years of her career. During this time, she represented Germany during the funeral of Queen Victoria in 1901. In 1906, she was modernized and after 1908, used as a training ship for naval cadets. In 1909, she visited the United States, and at the outbreak of World War I, was mobilized into V Scouting Group. She was attacked unsuccessfully by the British submarine  in October 1914, and at the end of the year she was withdrawn from service. She was used as a minelayer and barracks ship based in Danzig for the rest of the war. was sold in 1919 and converted into a freighter the following year, though she served in this capacity until 1923, when she was broken up for scrap. Hertha

 served abroad in the East Asia Squadron for the first six years of her career; she served briefly as the squadron flagship in 1900. She contributed a landing party to the force that captured the Taku Forts during the Boxer Uprising in 1900. After returning to Germany in 1905, she was modernized and used as a training ship in 1908, following the completion of the refit. She served in that capacity for the next six years. At the outbreak of World War I,  was mobilized into V Scouting Group, but served in front-line duty only briefly. She was used as a barracks ship after 1915, and ultimately sold for scrapping in 1920. Freya

 served in the German fleet for the initial years of her career, unlike her sister ships, all of which served abroad on foreign stations. As a result, she led a fairly uneventful career in the fleet. After a modernization in 1905–1907,  was used as a school ship for cadets. While visiting Canada in 1908, she accidentally rammed and sank a Canadian schooner, killing nine sailors. At the outbreak of World War I,  was mobilized into V Scouting Group, but served in front-line duty only briefly. She was used as a barracks ship after 1915, and ultimately sold for scrapping in 1921. Vineta

 served abroad in the American Station for the first several years of her career. While on station in the Americas, she participated in the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903 and bombarded several Venezuelan fortresses. She returned to Germany in 1905 and was used as a torpedo training ship in 1908. She was modernized in 1909–1911, after which she was used as a school ship for naval cadets. In November 1912, she participated in an international naval protest of the First Balkan War. At the outbreak of World War I,  was mobilized into V Scouting Group like her sisters, but served in front-line duty only briefly. She was used as a barracks ship after 1915, and ultimately sold for scrapping in 1920. Hansa

 served abroad in the East Asia Squadron for the first six years of her career. Along with , she contributed a landing party to the force that captured the Taku Forts during the Boxer Uprising. In August 1904, she participated in the internment of the Russian battleship  after the Battle of the Yellow Sea during the Russo-Japanese War. After returning to Germany in 1906, she was modernized and used as a training ship in 1909, following the completion of the refit. At the outbreak of World War I,  was mobilized into V Scouting Group, but served in front-line duty only briefly. She was used as a barracks ship after 1915, and ultimately sold for scrapping in 1920. Notes

References

Further reading
 

Cruiser classes
 
World War I cruisers of Germany