RS4 Codici
RS4 Codici is a train protection system used in Italy. The term is an abbreviation of Ripetizione Segnali a 4 codici (signal repetition system with 4 codes). It is a simple cab signalling system, displaying the aspect of the next (and, in some cases, the next but one) signal. It helps the driver to reliably determine the aspect of the next signal even in poor visibility and at high velocities. The information is conveyed via amplitude modulation of a 50 Hz alternating current of the Blocco Automatico a Correnti Codificate (BAcc) in the rails. Receiver coils in front of the first axle of a locomotive or control car are used to detect the signal. The frequency of the modulating signal encodes the signal aspect:

The driver must acknowledge a code change by pressing a button labeled RIC within three seconds, otherwise the system will apply emergency brakes. As trains got faster an additional set of codes sent with a 178 Hz carrier were added. The new system was backward compatible with the old 4-code system as trains unable to receive the 178 Hz codes would be relegated to a slower speed. The five additional codes are as follows:

References

Sources
 http://www.segnalifs.it/it/bl/N_barsc.htm

Railway signalling in Italy
Train protection systems