Perdido (oil platform)
Perdido (Spanish for lost) is the deepest floating oil platform in the world at a water depth of about 2450 meters (8040 feet) operated by the Shell Oil Company in the Gulf of Mexico. The platform is located in the Perdido fold belt which is a rich discovery of crude oil and natural gas. The Perdido spar began production in 2010 and its peak production is 100,000 barrels of oil equivalent (ca. 16,000 m3/d) and 200 million cubic feet of gas per day (ca. 5.7*106 m3/d). Construction and assembly

The spar and the topsides of the Perdido were constructed separately and then assembled in its final position in the Gulf of Mexico. The Perdido's hulk or spar was constructed by Technip in  Pori, Finland. A barge shipped the 22,000 tonne spar 13,200 kilometres (8,200 miles) from the Baltic Sea to the Gulf of Mexico. After floating the spar, it was towed to its final home above the Alaminos canyon 320 kilometres (120 miles) from the shore. The spar was rotated by the Balder from a horizontal to a vertical floating position by pumping water through hoses attached to the spar. It was then anchored by the Balder to piles in the seafloor. The platform has three decks or topsides which support the oil and gas processing units, a drilling rig and living quarters for the workers. The topsides were designed by Alliance Engineering and constructed by Kiewit Offshore in Corpus Christi, Texas. The temperature difference between Finland and Texas posed a challenge in assembling the pieces as the components built in cold of northern Europe expand in the heat of the Gulf of Mexico. Computer-guided lasers marked out the measurements to ensure precision. After the decks were constructed, in March 2009 the Thialf lifted the 9,500 tonne topsides onto four posts on the spar and slotted it into position. The Perdido has the ability to adjust the tension of the mooring cables which allows it to move around in the area of a soccer field. This is used to be placed - if needed - directly above one of the 22 wellheads on the seafloor. Operation

Operated by Shell, with  JV partners  Chevron (37.5%) and BP (27.5%), the spar acts as a hub for and enables development of three fields Great White, Tobago, and Silvertip. The oil and gas fields beneath the platform lie in a geological formation holding resources estimated at 3-15 billion barrels of oil equivalent according to a report by the BSEE, formerly known as the MMS. At peak production, Perdido processes 100,000 barrels of oil equivalent a day, and 200 million cubic feet of gas. Perdido extracts oil from 35 of subsea wells, of which 22 lie beneath the spar, while  13 wells are located eight miles west of the platform. These are connected via a 44 kilometre (27 mile) network of pipelines on the ocean floor the manifold below the platform, where the oil is pumped upwards in five flexible pipes called risers. This complicated subsea installation is needed, as the reservoir pressure is rather low which means the transport from the seafloor to the ocean surface needs pumps, the number of which had to be minimized. A workforce of 172 people keep it up and running. They work in 12-hour shifts for 2 weeks followed by 2 weeks off back on land. Safety

The platform has extensive safety equipment to protect workers in this remote location. It has the largest rescue boat used on any Shell facility, which has room for 24 people. The living quarters are blast-resistant. Perdido's helipad can accommodate two Sikorsky S-92 helicopters that can carry 19 passengers each. Notes

References
Inside Perdido, Shell.com
Assembling one of the deepest offshore hubs, Shell.com
Living on a platform, Shell.com

External links
Excell, Jon, Shell's Perdido platform will be world's deepest The Engineer, 2 November 2009
 Clanton, Brett, Shells Perdido blazes a deep water trail. Houston Chronicle, April 18, 2010

Fahey, Jonathan, Deepwater oil rig work takes a certain attitude, NBC news, 1/3/2012
 Information on Perdido published on the official Shell Global website, retrieved 28/03/2013 
 Scale diagram in the Skyscraper page

Oil platforms
Structural engineering
Petroleum production
2009 establishments in the United States