Rank-width
Rank-width is a graph width parameter used in graph theory and parameterized complexity, and defined using linear algebra. It is defined from hierarchical clusterings of the vertices of a given graph, which can be visualized as ternary trees having the vertices as their leaves. Removing any edge from such a tree disconnects it into two subtrees and partitions the vertices into two subsets. The graph edges that cross from one side of the partition to the other can be described by a biadjacency matrix; for the purposes of rank-width, this matrix is defined over the finite field GF(2) rather than using real numbers. The rank-width of a graph is the maximum of the ranks of the biadjacency matrices, for a clustering chosen to minimize this maximum. Rank-width is closely related to clique-width: , where  is the clique-width. However, clique-width is NP-hard to compute, for graphs of large clique-width, and its parameterized complexity is unknown. In contrast, testing whether the rank-width is at most a constant  takes polynomial time, and even when the rank-width is not constant it can be approximated, with a constant approximation ratio, in polynomial time. For this reason, rank-width can be used as a more easily computed substitute for clique-width. An example of a family of graphs with high rank-width is provided by the square grid graphs. For an  grid graph, the rank-width is exactly . References

Graph minor theory
Linear algebra