Cooperative coevolution
Cooperative Coevolution (CC) in the field of biological evolution is an evolutionary computation method. It divides a large problem into subcomponents, and solves them independently in order to solve the large problem. The subcomponents are also called species. The subcomponents are implemented as subpopulations and the only interaction between subpopulations is in the cooperative evaluation of each individual of the subpopulations. The general CC framework is nature inspired where the individuals of a particular group of species mate amongst themselves, however, mating in between different species is not feasible. The cooperative evaluation of each individual in a subpopulation is done by concatenating the current individual with the best individuals from the rest of the subpopulations as described by M. Potter. The cooperative coevolution framework has been applied to real world problems such as pedestrian detection systems, large-scale  function optimization and neural network training. It has also be further extended into another method, called Constructive cooperative coevolution. Pseudocode

 i := 0
 
 for each subproblem S do
     Initialise a subpopulation Pop0(S)
     calculate fitness of each member in Pop0(S)
 
 while termination criteria not satisfied  do
     i := i + 1
     for each subproblem S do
         select Popi(S) from Popi-1(S)
         apply genetic operators to Popi(S)
         calculate fitness of each member in Popi(S)

See also 

 Constructive cooperative coevolution
 Genetic algorithms
 Differential evolution
 Metaheuristic

References 

Evolutionary computation