That&#x27;s incorrect. The study identified the gender of the Github users twice. They got their &#x27;canonical&#x27; gender for users using your method (and removed from their sample users who could not be identified with this method,) but later to figure out whether a user&#x27;s gender was identifiable, they used the Github user&#x27;s own profile.<p>Non-Google+ users were not analyzed at all. That could possibly still influence the results, but not the way you are suggesting.