Ever since David Hume[1], a couple of hundred years ago (and arguably long before him), causality has been recognized to stand on very shaky philosophical grounds.  It will be interesting to learn what statisticians can make of it.  Even if there is in fact a firm mathematical foundation on which causality can rest, that in itself is problematic because mathematicians themselves have mostly given up trying to find foundations for mathematics.<p>[1] - <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;David_Hume" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;David_Hume</a>