Tangent but: I doubt the rate raise will stick. They&#x27;ll probably have to cut it again. I see a &quot;planet Japan&quot; scenario in which global central banks are zero-bound for decades, if not &quot;forever&quot;. Rapid growth is over. There are no more frontiers and birth rates are stabilizing. From an ecological point of view the stabilization of birth rates is good, but it basically breaks all the economic assumptions of the past 250+ years. A heavily leveraged credit economy does not work without fairly rapid growth, and until the economy is fundamentally restructured toward something built for a more steady-state mode of operation we&#x27;ll have to hack it by constantly printing money to prevent deflationary collapse.<p>The only thing that might change this is something like the opening of the final frontier-- space. But in that case I&#x27;m not sure if it would... distances between say Earth and Mars are so vast that any Martian economy would effectively be a separate entity. It might experience rapid growth but I&#x27;m not sure if that would translate over here. The Homeworld might still be like Japan-- a zero-bound no-growth economy.<p>I suppose an AI explosion that wasn&#x27;t destructive might change things too by creating a lot of new non-corporeal economic entities, but we&#x27;re well off into sci-fi land here.<p>Edit: I don&#x27;t necessarily mean that all forms of &quot;growth&quot; are over. We could still have tremendous growth in knowledge, technological capability, standard of living, and some amount of economic growth. But heavily leveraged inflationary credit economics requires <i>crazy exponential growth</i> in an absolute sense. Without crazy growth it breaks, and the only way to keep it nominally running is to pump money into it to prevent cascading default.<p>In a sense I think the &quot;pop Austrians&quot; are right that the present system is broken, but they&#x27;ve historically had the failure mode exactly wrong. The failure mode is not hyperinflation-- it&#x27;s hyper<i>deflation</i> that&#x27;s permanently held at bay by money printing (&quot;Japan&quot;). That&#x27;s because pop Austrians don&#x27;t get the money multiplier. Almost all money in circulation is credit&#x2F;debt, not M1. You&#x27;d have to print <i>absurd</i> amounts of money and make sure it&#x27;s distributed more widely than banks to cause a non-localized hyperinflation in a credit economy. (Localized hyperinflation is possible due to bubbles but these usually collapse.)<p>Of course another way of keeping the illusion alive is to pump up localized credit bubbles repeatedly. These give the illusion to certain sectors or regions that the economy is still growing the way it should... for a while. But then they pop and you need another round of money printing to prevent hyperdeflation. Rinse and repeat. Meanwhile these bubbles distort the price structure of the economy, such as by making housing ridiculous or driving certain commodities crazy.