The Big Two of Roman-era philosophy—Stoicism and Epicureanism—tackled these issues without relying on god(s). Now, one may find their arguments unconvincing or their premises unjustified, but if the alternative is religion then they&#x27;re likely <i>at least</i> as strongly supported and well reasoned as what you&#x27;ll find there.<p>And it&#x27;s not like no other systems&#x2F;schools have attempted similar feats in the last 2000 years. Just pointing out that this isn&#x27;t a new problem.