&gt;  It can perhaps work for smaller programs in well-understood domains, and where the overall architecture is clear to everyone, but anything large, novel, or inherently difficult must be <i>designed</i>.<p>The disciplines of economics and biology might take exception to this.<p><a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;fee.org&#x2F;freeman&#x2F;i-pencil&#x2F;" rel="nofollow">http:&#x2F;&#x2F;fee.org&#x2F;freeman&#x2F;i-pencil&#x2F;</a><p>&gt; Actually, millions of human beings have had a hand in my creation, no one of whom even knows more than a very few of the others. Now, you may say that I go too far in relating the picker of a coffee berry in far off Brazil and food growers elsewhere to my creation; that this is an extreme position. I shall stand by my claim. There isn’t a single person in all these millions, including the president of the pencil company, who contributes more than a tiny, infinitesimal bit of know-how.