There isn&#x27;t really a research exemption in the US.  From your cited article, citing <i>Madey v. Duke University</i> (2002):<p><pre><code>    The court did not reject the defense, but left only a &quot;very
    narrow and strictly limited experimental use defense&quot; for
    &quot;amusement, to satisfy idle curiosity, or for strictly
    philosophical inquiry.&quot; The court also precludes the
    defense where, regardless of profit motive, the research 
    was done &quot;in furtherance of the alleged infringer’s 
    legitimate business.&quot; In the case of a research university
    like Duke University, the court held that the alleged use
    was in furtherance of its legitimate business, and thus
    the defense was inapplicable.
</code></pre>
Practically speaking, it&#x27;s difficult to sue a university or an individual for patent infringement when they are conducting research without looking like a monster.  Considering the costs of litigation, time wasted, hit to PR, nebulous damages to recover, etc., it doesn&#x27;t sound very worthwhile.  Legally speaking, one would appear to have case law on their side.