I don&#x27;t think anyone proves their hardware from basic physics[1], but hardware comes with specs and tolerances. If your software needs to operate in a high-radiation environment, you buy appropriate hardware and potentially take other countermeasures (e.g. multiple processors executing in sync).<p>[1] practically we resort to empirical testing to confirm that hardware conforms to its spec. But as your sibling says, that&#x27;s no excuse not to do better in the places where we can.