You do see the irony in criticizing a study for its imperfection when you yourself rely on nothing more than your personal guesstimate of what &quot;most people&quot; think and a just-so story about the possible influence of an obscure biblical interpretation, right?<p>I agree with your general point, many of these kinds of psychological studies lack all external validity (they don&#x27;t measure what they think they measure). It just surprised me that instead of &quot;you know, I have my doubts&quot; your original post went straight for &quot;this empirical research is wrong because my unsubstantiated theorizing is right.&quot;