&gt; I don&#x27;t think any humans are going to be fooled by this procedure, so what algorithm do people use to classify? There must be other algos out there that are more plausible as explanations for what humans (and animals) use?<p>Well that&#x27;s the thing, it&#x27;s a bit of a philosophical paradox&#x2F;conundrum actually :)<p>See, you can subtly tweak these images up to the point where an artificial neural network is <i>really</i> sure that it&#x27;s a vulture and not a panda. It scores real high on &quot;vulture&quot;, not just slightly over the threshold, it&#x27;s possibly to push it far into &quot;most definitely a vulture&quot; score.<p>And--someone correct me if I&#x27;m wrong--I think I remember from other research that if you tweak an image into another category using the gradients of one neural net, it <i>still</i> scores very high on that other category if you try to classify it with a different neural net.<p>While our own biological neural network ... well, as you look at the image, you&#x27;re <i>really</i> sure that it&#x27;s a panda and not a vulture.<p>Now imagine the opposite. Let&#x27;s assume we <i>can</i> fool our own biological neural networks in a similar manner. What would this experience be like?<p>Imagine you observe an image that to your eyes (or visual cortex) most <i>definitely</i> looks like a panda. Except it &quot;actually&quot;, &quot;really&quot; is a picture of a vulture.<p>The question then becomes, if it looks like a panda to our biological&#x2F;human neural networks, who or what is the authority that can say &quot;no you are mistaken, this is <i>actually</i> a picture of a vulture, it just seems like a panda to your brain&quot;?<p>Because it will fool human neural networks, most people will agree &quot;yup looks like a panda to me&quot;.<p>So if all the humans are wrong, who gets to say what it &quot;really&quot; is a picture of? Maybe an artificial neural network? :-) Because we already have one of those. It&#x27;s in the article. There&#x27;s that picture that to our puny mistaken human neural nets definitely looks like a panda. But the artificial neural net in the article sees the &quot;really real truth&quot; and tells us that no, it <i>really</i> is a picture of a vulture, really, with mathematical certainty. (&quot;wake up sheeple!&quot;, etc ;-) )