&gt;&quot;<i>For example inventing patents and copyrights as tradable property.</i>&quot;<p>Those are elements of a state-enforced monopoly (over patents&#x2F;copyrights). Either way, the latter example you cite is (I&#x27;d argue) just as prominent as the former. It&#x27;s called value-creation (or addition?), and is the core of a supply-chain.