Beyond surface similarities like an emphasis on data transformation over side-effects, I wouldn&#x27;t call Mathematica a functional language. It&#x27;s much better classified as a term rewriting language: <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Category:Term-rewriting_programming_languages" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Category:Term-rewriting_progra...</a>