&gt; The paper never refers to hubs, the necessity of a handful of entities routing payments a-la Visa has never been part of the design.<p>Yet in person the opposite is true.  I&#x27;ve heard Tadje refer to large hubs plenty of times.<p>As for your comment about CS understanding, curious to know, what are your credentials?  What&#x27;s your background in algorithms, networks and software engineering?  There is no biographical data on the Lightning network website.