<i>the hub and spoke layout means almost everyone needs to transfer and trips are often circuitous</i><p>I don&#x27;t know how well it works in practice, but ever since I saw the map[1] for the Moscow Metro I&#x27;ve always liked it. Especially the ring that presumably? keeps people from needing to go thru the core. It probably works better than most systems. E.g. NYC&#x27;s subway doesn&#x27;t do well if you&#x27;re trying to get from outer borough to outer borough. Many such trips involve going thru Manhattan.<p>[1] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;upload.wikimedia.org&#x2F;wikipedia&#x2F;commons&#x2F;2&#x2F;2c&#x2F;Moscow_metro_map_en_sb.svg" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;upload.wikimedia.org&#x2F;wikipedia&#x2F;commons&#x2F;2&#x2F;2c&#x2F;Moscow_m...</a>