&gt; what was the equivalent of HTML&#x2F;CSS&#x2F;JS in the 80s?<p>Depends what are looking as an equivalent. Browsers didn&#x27;t exists but markup languages have been around since the 70&#x27;s (mentioned for first time in late 60&#x27;s)[1]<p>Maybe an equivalent to express GUI as resources? yeah, we called it RAD back in the day and they were quit popular among some circles. Does somebody remember Hypercard? Or even the first versions of Visual Basic?<p>[1] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Markup_language#History" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Markup_language#History</a>