&gt; Where was the proof presented for this?<p>The evidence presented is fairly poor, and consists of:<p>(1) failure rates of university first courses in programming for majors (which could indicate how hard it is to learn programming -- or how poorly designed university first courses for majors in the field are for the audience they attract.)<p>&gt; I don&#x27;t think programming itself is hard.<p>Actual coding isn&#x27;t all that hard, once you have the foundations. But structured problem solving is a key foundation, and isn&#x27;t all too often deliberately and effectively taught outside the context of programming (and, unfortunately, often isn&#x27;t effectively and deliberately taught <i>with</i> programming, either, but programming seems to be the most common context where it is taught.)<p>&gt; Most people program.<p>I don&#x27;t think that&#x27;s even approximately true. Most people do <i>not</i> plan out detailed step-by-step process from inputs to desired outputs that are expected to be successfully implemented by an execution agent that is perfectly literal and exact and exercises no independent judgment and has no ability to fill in the blanks and do what you probably meant given their understanding of the desired outcome even though you failed to specify it.<p>Even preparing step-by-step procedures for <i>human agents</i> is hard, not done a lot by most people, and done <i>poorly</i> by most people who do it, because most of them do so without good training.<p>System&#x2F;process analysis skills that underlie both programming and procedure development may not be hard, but they are not skills that most people are taught effectively.