In 2010, Bill Gates praised books by Vaclav Smil, a professor emeritus of environment and geography at the University of Manitoba.[1]<p>It&#x27;s true that Smil&#x27;s books are packed with facts and ideas about ecology issues.<p>But much before Smil, Buckminster Fuller had urged every engineer to ask the question &#x27;How much does the structure weigh?&#x27; From that starting point, Fuller went on to design geodesic domes and other light weight structures of immense strength and no weight.[2]<p>Shortly after Bill Gates made Vaclav Smil famous as his go-to person on ecology, Wired got Smil’s take on the problems facing America and the world.[3]<p>From the Wired article,<p>&gt; WIRED: Let’s talk about manufacturing. You say a country that stops doing mass manufacturing falls apart. Why?<p>&gt; SMIL: In every society, manufacturing builds the lower middle class. If you give up manufacturing, you end up with haves and have-nots and you get social polarization. The whole lower middle class sinks.<p>The share of manufacturing in all jobs has been declining steadily in the US since 1950. The service sector has always had a larger share than manufacturing. The ability of poorly educated males in the US in the 1950s and 1960s was due to limited competition from other countries. Once other countries also built up their educated people, the US wage rates had to suffer, relatively speaking. It does not matter which sector these poorly educated people are employed in – the problem is that they are poorly educated but want high wages, and this is no longer competitive.<p>&gt; WIRED: You also say that manufacturing is crucial to innovation.<p>&gt; SMIL: Most innovation is not done by research institutes and national laboratories. It comes from manufacturing—from companies that want to extend their product reach, improve their costs, increase their returns. What’s very important is in-house research. Innovation usually arises from somebody taking a product already in production and making it better: better glass, better aluminum, a better chip. Innovation always starts with a product.
Look at LCD screens. Most of the advances are coming from big industrial conglomerates in Korea like Samsung or LG. The only good thing in the US is Gorilla Glass, because it’s Corning, and Corning spends $700 million a year on research.<p>Under Smil&#x27;s nose, Microsoft, Google and Apple and cellphones have changed the world – with hugely disruptive innovation almost equal to the invention of the printing press. But, if you are looking at the wrong place, you will not see innovation that has improved the lives of billions around the world.<p>&gt; WIRED: Can IT jobs replace the lost manufacturing jobs?<p>&gt; SMIL: No, of course not. These are totally fungible jobs. You could hire people in Russia or Malaysia—and that’s what companies are doing.<p>Not the IT innovation jobs. There’s no IT innovation coming from these countries.<p>&gt; WIRED: Restoring manufacturing would mean training Americans again to build things.<p>&gt; SMIL: Only two countries have done this well: Germany and Switzerland. They’ve both maintained strong manufacturing sectors and they share a key thing: Kids go into apprentice programs at age 14 or 15. You spend a few years, depending on the skill, and you can make BMWs. And because you started young and learned from the older people, your products can’t be matched in quality. This is where it all starts.<p>Again looking at the wrong place. The quality of Japanese cars beats almost any manufacturer in the price range. Toyotas are world-class – even beating VW.<p>&gt; WIRED: You claim Apple could assemble the iPhone in the US and still make a huge profit.<p>&gt; SMIL: It’s no secret! Apple has tremendous profit margins. They could easily do everything at home. The iPhone isn’t manufactured in China—it’s assembled in China from parts made in the US, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, and so on. The cost there isn’t labor. But laborers must be sufficiently dedicated and skilled to sit on their ass for eight hours and solder little pieces together so they fit perfectly.<p>Agreed – Apple could make huge profits even if the iPhone is assembled in the US. But, Apple would not pay them $30&#x2F;hour, which is what you need to support a lower middle-class life.<p>&gt; WIRED: But Apple is supposed to be a giant innovator.<p>&gt; SMIL: Apple! Boy, what a story. No taxes paid, everything made abroad—yet everyone worships them. This new iPhone, there’s nothing new in it. Just a golden color. What the hell, right? When people start playing with color, you know they’re played out.<p>Agreed that iPhone 5 is no innovation. But, iPhone and iPad did not come from Germany or Switzerland!<p>&gt; WIRED: Your other big subject is food. You’re a pretty grim thinker, but this is your most optimistic area. You actually think we can feed a planet of 10 billion people—if we eat less meat and waste less food.<p>&gt; SMIL: We pour all this energy into growing corn and soybeans, and then we put all that into rearing animals while feeding them antibiotics. And then we throw away 40 percent of the food we produce. Meat eaters don’t like me because I call for moderation, and vegetarians don’t like me because I say there’s nothing wrong with eating meat. It’s part of our evolutionary heritage! Meat has helped to make us what we are. Meat helps to make our big brains. The problem is with eating 200 pounds of meat per capita per year. Eating hamburgers every day. And steak.
You know, you take some chicken breast, cut it up into little cubes, and make a Chinese stew—three people can eat one chicken breast. When you cut meat into little pieces, as they do in India, China, and Malaysia, all you need to eat is maybe like 40 pounds a year.<p>Agreed, if this can be done. But, that’s not the world trend, Chinese per capita consumption of  meat has gone up many times in recent years.<p>[1] <a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.gatesnotes.com&#x2F;Energy&#x2F;Important-Books-About-Energy-by-Vaclav-Smil" rel="nofollow">http:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.gatesnotes.com&#x2F;Energy&#x2F;Important-Books-About-Energ...</a><p>[2] <a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Buckminster_fuller" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Buckminster_fuller</a><p>[3] <a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.wired.com&#x2F;2013&#x2F;11&#x2F;vaclav-smil-wired&#x2F;" rel="nofollow">http:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.wired.com&#x2F;2013&#x2F;11&#x2F;vaclav-smil-wired&#x2F;</a>