I don&#x27;t think it&#x27;s nearly that black-and-white.  The doctor performed a procedure <i>he would have wanted performed on himself in the same</i> (exceedingly desperate) <i>circumstances</i>.  He was careful to fully inform the patients of the risks.  Above all, he had his patients&#x27; welfare at heart; he wasn&#x27;t doing it for money or fame or even knowledge.  What he did may have been illegal, but I don&#x27;t agree that it was clearly immoral.