I love Clayton Christiansen.  I believe his real contribution was to identify the properties of bureaucracies that make it difficult for them to deal with changing business conditions.  Everybody who has worked in a big company has seen the behaviors he describes like feature overshoot and chasing high margins to the detriment of emerging markets.  What&#x27;s amazing is how well he put the pieces together into a cohesive model.<p>Given that he&#x27;s talking about institutions in general it&#x27;s not surprising there are many cases where the model does not work.  Start-ups are an obvious example because they can shift strategy quickly.  However even large companies like Microsoft in the 1990s that have &quot;Napoleonic&quot; leadership can react very quickly to changing business conditions.