Great links, thanks. I sometimes noodle with a faster printf for Java, mostly for giggles. I also found these:<p>Dragon4 and Grisu3: Algoritms to Display Floating Point Numbers<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.clarusft.com&#x2F;dragon4-and-grisu3-algorithms-to-display-floating-point-numbers&#x2F;" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.clarusft.com&#x2F;dragon4-and-grisu3-algorithms-to-di...</a><p>&quot;Printing Floating-Point Numbers Quickly and Accurately with Integers&quot; by Florian Loitsch<p><a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.cs.tufts.edu&#x2F;~nr&#x2F;cs257&#x2F;archive&#x2F;florian-loitsch&#x2F;printf.pdf" rel="nofollow">http:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.cs.tufts.edu&#x2F;~nr&#x2F;cs257&#x2F;archive&#x2F;florian-loitsch&#x2F;pr...</a><p>And its implementation in C<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;github.com&#x2F;google&#x2F;double-conversion" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;github.com&#x2F;google&#x2F;double-conversion</a><p>Here&#x27;s a Java implementation of Grisu2 algorithm.<p><a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;github.com&#x2F;jnordwick&#x2F;zerog-grisu" rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;github.com&#x2F;jnordwick&#x2F;zerog-grisu</a>