I agree with everything you&#x27;ve said. jitpy is not so much competing in the numeric space (although it&#x27;s not far from it), since Numba is as you say really good there.<p>You do need to be able to build an abstraction boundary, such that complex classes never cross it, but nothing prevents you from instantiating a PyPy class and communicating to it though function calls.<p>You&#x27;ll probably want some way to share references across them, but that should be as simple as having a global mapping and a `Ref` class that cleans it up on destruction. Should be a few dozen lines of code.