&gt;  I had gotten the impression that the firmware vulnerabilities of USB flash drives had proven to be inherent, unavoidable, and utterly devastating<p>My understanding is that it requires cooperation from the kernel. USB itself does not automatically allow DMA, but a driver can instruct the host controller to handle packets via DMA.<p>So if you blacklist all device types (input devices) except the SD card and the driver for that card does not need DMA then everything should be fine because they check the signature of the key signing request. I assume they transfer it to local storage first before signing it so that a potentially malicious storage device can&#x27;t pull a switcheroo.<p>Long story short:<p><pre><code>    - they need a USB&#x2F;udev firewall
    - whitelist devices that don&#x27;t allow DMA through their drivers
    - verify the data *after* transferring it from USB.</code></pre>