Syscalls are hugely expensive. Not for those reasons, but because of the way they trash the cache, causing reduced performance for a long time after returning control to userspace. This is why to really achieve the performance the hardware is capable of, both for nvram ssds and for high speed network interfaces, you need to bypass the kernel completely. You can do a little better using calls that amortize the costs of the syscalls over multiple units of work, but even with the best optimizations it&#x27;s still an order of magnitude less than what the hardware is capable of.