I see it as it always &quot;human-in-the-loop&quot; since the beginning of computing. Human using spreadsheet to do accounting is a human-in-the-loop operation with human deciding what to add, and computer doing the adding. The key difference with AI is that it&#x27;s now more difficult for the human to understand what the &quot;smart&quot; computer is doing and how to cooperate with it. For e.g., how do the self-driving take over control from and hand over control to human&#x2F; How to visualise and give directions to complex algorithms &#x2F; how gain business insight from data.