&quot;refers&quot; got their start in chicago, when george h. hammond patented a refrigerated rail car design in 1868 [0].<p>although the technology was initially used to transport meat via rails, hammond&#x27;s company (and the rest of the meat trust) quickly adapted the technology for transatlantic shipping (circa 1875) [1].<p>[0] <a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.chicagotribune.com&#x2F;bluesky&#x2F;series&#x2F;chicago-innovations&#x2F;chi-meatpacking-top-chicago-innovations-bsi-series-story.html" rel="nofollow">http:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.chicagotribune.com&#x2F;bluesky&#x2F;series&#x2F;chicago-innovat...</a><p>[1] <a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;library.buffalo.edu&#x2F;pan-am&#x2F;exposition&#x2F;food&#x2F;health&#x2F;meatpacking.html" rel="nofollow">http:&#x2F;&#x2F;library.buffalo.edu&#x2F;pan-am&#x2F;exposition&#x2F;food&#x2F;health&#x2F;mea...</a>