I&#x27;m skeptical that the culprit is mainly to be found in specific features of the FAA, and the article doesn&#x27;t seem to provide much causal evidence of that (though I recognize that it&#x27;s hard to prove that kind of causality). Major upgrades&#x2F;replacements&#x2F;migrations either failing or coming in a decade late and billions over budget is the norm in Fortune 500 companies, too, which leads to a hypothesis that it&#x27;s a more general problem with big rewrites of safety&#x2F;business-critical systems in large organizations.