Thanks for the explanation.<p>Last I tested, Berkeley DB issues only one fsync per transaction commit (after writing to the log).  (Although Berkeley DB screws up even this, by writing unaligned log entries of arbitrary size, which means e.g. SSDs have to perform expensive read-modify-writes.)<p>The interesting case for LSM isn&#x27;t random read or sequential insert, it&#x27;s random insert (which the 20&#x2F;80 update&#x2F;read load doesn&#x27;t really cover).  While it&#x27;s good to see that LMDB outperforms LevelDB in the former two cases, one would be foolish to use a LSM database if random insert (and&#x2F;or delete) weren&#x27;t important to them.  (Of course the world has no shortage of fools.)<p>Throw a larger-than-RAM rotary-disk-backed random insert workload at LevelDB vs. LMDB.  I would expect LevelDB to perform at around 1&#x2F;4 the disk&#x27;s write bandwidth (probably ~2k IOPS with 4 KiB items; same as for sequential insert), and LMDB to perform at the disk&#x27;s seek rate (~100 IOPS).<p>Please note I&#x27;m <i>not</i> trying to bash LMDB, or claim that LevelDB or LSM in general is superior for anything but random insert workloads.  But you made an extraordinary claim, that LMDB is leaps and bounds better than <i>any</i> other data storage system! – as someone whose job it has been to wrangle extreme performance out of certain databases, it behooves me to ask for extraordinary evidence :)