There are many ways to inject packets back to kernel. Tuntap, raw socket on loopback, &quot;dummy&quot; device, etc. So by this count you can always make packets reach the kernel.<p>There are two problems with doing the &quot;take over the nic&quot; techniques:<p>1) I don&#x27;t believe you can actually push, say 2M pps back to the kernel with any of this techniques. There is a reason RSS exists, and even if you can process 10M pps on one CPU, it doesn&#x27;t mean it&#x27;s easy to insert them back to kernel.<p>2) I don&#x27;t think putting a piece of custom code between CloudFlare kernel and network card is feasible on the architectural level. You really want to stand in the way and have to actively forward all these packets?