And digging deeper, the Hotspot VM has ~250k lines of C&#x2F;C++. This provides:<p>1) Class loader<p>2) Bytecode interpreter<p>3) 2 JITs<p>4) 3 Garbage collectors<p>5) High performance synchronization primitives<p>My understanding is that the aim of Graal is to replace the JITs, that Truffle will replace (1) and (2) and the Substrate VM will replace (4) and (5).<p>So most of the C&#x2F;C++ should disappear. (I don&#x27;t know what the substrate VM is written in, but it is much smaller regardless)