Yeah, except are you sure that the way you parse a sentence maps 1:1 to what you learned as &quot;parts of speech&quot;? I think an equivalent understanding, one that seems to be more intuitive to the way my own brain works (if I can believe introspection), is that &quot;punched&quot; is to be read by default as &quot;--punched--&gt;&quot;, and &quot;was&#x2F;is punched by&quot; pattern-matches to &lt;--punched--&quot;. Arrow denotes who&#x27;s punching whom.