&gt; You are comparing across industries.<p>That&#x27;s the whole point. The argument is that Apple is pivoting into a different industry.<p>% of revenue spent on R&amp;D would not tell you much here. If a company with $10m revenue spends the same % revenue on R&amp;D as VW, does that mean it&#x27;s possible for it to bringing out a new line of cars? Setting up to manufacture a car costs a large amount of absolute $, so comparing absolute spend makes sense here.