FWIW, Hammer on DragonflyBSD can rebalance and dedup with little memory and doesn&#x27;t take long, but details matter and the comparison may not be fair. What&#x27;s rebalance in ZFS might be something much more trivial and less effective in Hammer, but I&#x27;ve deduped Hammer filesystems on machines with little memory compared to what ZFS requires for its data structures in memory.