The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, over the succession of the French throne.
Plague, famine, and recurrent wars decimated the population. Feudal governments and papacy struggled against mounting chaos. Failures in institutions led to Western people fixing said institutions. Population dropped to an all time low, but by the 1500's had a more productive economy and more powerful technology. Overall a period of death and failure that led to revitalization and improvement.
The Italian Renaissance (Italian: Rinascimento [rinaʃʃiˈmento]) was the earliest manifestation of the general European Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy during the 14th century and lasted until the 16th century, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe.
More secular than Italian Renaissance
New monarchs gained power and made their countries stronger by distracting the nobility with wars or not relying on them. Italy was not centralized, leading to the prince
Time of questioning the catholic church, and taking the trend into politics and social change. Led to counter reformation
The European wars of religion were a series of religious wars waged in Europe from 1524 to 1648, following the onset of the Protestant Reformation in Central, Western and Northern Europe. The conflicts ended with the Peace of Westphalia recognizing three separate Christian traditions in the Holy Roman Empire: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism, otherwise known as the Reformed tradition.
Time of great scientific advances and incorporating science into religion
Revitalized catholic church
Legitimized the Jesuit order
Time of human rational thought, social rights and contracts, and natural rights
Textile industry improved vastly and created jobs and urbanization
Overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond.
Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815.
Army officers want to have a change in government because they cant rise up because they're not nobles. It fails, prequel to 1830 revolutions
More focused on steel and production of bigger machines
More colonies, but European superiority belief and Social darwinism gave more justification
citizens want democratic rights, Czar fires on people then gives the citizens
War between triple alliance and Triple Entente, Austria's prime minister assassinated, issue ulitmatum to serbia and cash german blank check, France gets taken and Germany loses. Treaty of Versaiis issued and german war guilt
Hitler invading other countries leads to second World War, Blitzkrieg used to take land quickly, led to disillusionment and anti-facist movement
An intellectual war between America and Russia, the two super powers. Led to space race, many indirect wars and eventually the fall of communist russia
Populations across western Europe lost a about a third of their population, driving costs down and creating the need for more jobs
The specialized agriculture brought prosperity to the land-owning nobility, but also to dwellers, lawyers, bureaucrats, and wealthy peasants began to invest in land in the countryside. These people made considerable profits and gave rise to a new middle class called the Gentry
Brutal persecution of females, on the basis of being witches
Men and women worked in separate but complementary tasks
Renaissance and reformation led to questions of women's role
Delayed marriage and childbearing
Peasants' War, (1524–25) peasant uprising in Germany. Inspired by changes brought by the Reformation, peasants in western and southern Germany invoked divine law to demand agrarian rights and freedom from oppression by nobles and landlords.
Most widespread revolutionary wave in European History, Communist manifesto shook up middle calss
Emphasis on leisure time, consumerism led to the middle and upper classes mixing so they're almost indistinguishable from one another
Women during World War I had worked in factories and did the jobs of men and they started believing they were equal and fought for voting rights
Book written by Simone Beauvoir that explained women's role throughout history.
Women started fighting for more equal rights in the workplace and posed questions about their body and the idea of abortion and birth control pills.
Polish dock workers revolted for more voting rights
In addition to inspiring nationalism, the defeat of the Spanish Armada gave England the practical freedom it needed to begin large-scale colonizing missions. Without the Spanish threat on the sea in the years after 1588, British ships could ply the waters between Europe and America to bring colonists and supplies to the new lands and return with the products of colonial labor. The event also had implications for the Protestant Reformation. A Protestant country, England, prevailed against the more powerful navy of a Catholic country, Spain.
The fact that a big part of the English defeat derived from bad weather gave some weight to the Protestant claim that their cause was supported by God. The loss of the money used to build the huge fleet of 130 ships in the Armada also weakened the Spanish ability to project power in its new colonies. Many historians view the failure of the Spanish Armada as the beginning of a long, slow decline of Spanish power that eventually resulted in a total loss of its vast empire.
Granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time. Henry IV signed it, and said the famous quote, "Paris is worth the mass"
Great protestant leader and phenominal military leader dies, huge blow against prodestants
Caused by animosity between parliment and the monarchy. The first time a king was executed for treason.
William of Orange invaded England with a Dutch fleet and took power without any bloodshed
Fought between France and Austria over the spanish throne, Phillip took throne but renounced throne in France. First introduction to balance of power
War between britain and france in the Americas, featuring significant impacts of native americans. Britain then tried to take sugar colonies, against France and Spain. Also in Inda. British won all of them. First global war
Meeting that reaffirmed conservative power and promoted balance of power, anti nationalistically
Romantic nationalist revolutions in 1830, ex. Poland, Portugal, France, Belgium, Italy
German states excluding Austria unified under one crown, inspires nationalism
France feared the new power unified germany would have, fought war over balance of power
Regulated European colonization and trade in Africa, Germany emerges as an imperial power
Ottomans systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians
Overthrow Czar Nicholas, Duma created. Then Lenin sent in, overthrows duma and institutes communism, get out of WW1, then Stalin takes power
Treaty that levied heavy war raperations on Germany, screwed them over with inflation, Germany in chaos
Meeting between Stalin and Truman, said that Communism and Capitalism cant coexist
Russians sent in tanks to literally squash protests
Political liberilization in Czechoslovakia, put down by russians
Union between Europeans for mutual defense and economic help
Francesco Petrarca, commonly anglicized as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, who was one of the earliest humanists. His rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Renaissance. He is also known as the Father of Humanism.
an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Boccaccio wrote a number of notable works, including The Decameron and On Famous Women. He wrote his imaginative literature mostly in the Italian vernacular, as well as other works in Latin, and is particularly noted for his realistic dialogue which differed from that of his contemporaries, medieval writers who usually followed formulaic models for character and plot.
First printing press invented, spurred spread of information and revitalized religion due to the printing of the bible
First book supporting the heliocentric theory, question the humanist belief that man was at the center of the universe
Established foundations for international law, based on natural law
A book that outlined the ideal monarch in an era where Italy desperately needed to centralize to survive
Invented best instrument for observing the stars before the telescope
English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, and author. He served both as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England. Father of scientific method
Invented the telescope, and proved the heliocentric theory. Also discovered new laws of gravity
Father of western philosophy and geometry
Published theories on gravity and how it relates to astronomy. Believed that the world was rational and believed in a divine clockmaker type god
Renaissance artist, Created another david
Ideal renaissance man, inventor and artist. Painted mona lisa, last supper, vetruvian man
Influential renaissance artists, created David, Creation of man, Risen Christ
Style that replaced plague era paintings with more realistic, accurate paintings
Sweeping brushstrokes of mostly religious views, meant to revitalize interest for the church and inspire religious zeal and emotion in who viewed it
Henry the navigator discovered Africa, Marking the beginning of a new era of exploration and colonization
Use of gunpowder lead to its defeat
Rise of mercantilism pushes exploration, desire of new reasources like spices, luxury goods, and gold
America revolting against Britain and gaining independence because of taxation without representation
British international trade organization that trades spices and other luxury goods from India and Asia
The Dutch created a monopoly on trade and were the strongest trading empire. Brought much well to the Dutch and Amsterdam.
The first modern bank that brought much wealth to Amsterdam.
Book about how capitalism was the best form of economy because peoples own interests line up wit hthe interests of the goverment
Time of Economic ruin in Europe and America, led to rise of many facist leaders
American stock market crashes, starting Great depression
Systematic expulsion or forced conversion of all non-Christians in Spain to create a religious monotony in Spain
French control over religion was not totally catholic, so allowed religious freedom
The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power of Indulgences are a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, led to people questioning the church and the start of the Reformation, started Lutheranism, and inspired peasant revolts
Holy roman empire invades and sacks rome, forces pope to relocate
Catholics lead a counter to the reformation and try to fix their mistakes, but barely anything changes besides the influence of Jesuits.
John created Calvinism and the main belief was predestination. People believed god already decided everyone's path in life
Augsburg, Peace of, 1555, temporary settlement within the Holy Roman Empire of the religious conflict arising from the Reformation . Each prince was to determine whether Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism was to prevail in his lands
The French Wars of Religion, or Huguenot Wars of the 16th century, are names for a period of civil infighting, military operations and religious war primarily fought between Roman Catholics and Huguenots (Reformed Protestants) in the Kingdom of France.
A religious war between Catholics and Prodestants in Western Europe. At the end of the war, the rise of strong centralized authority made political power the prize instead of religious power.
Ended the thirty years war, turning point into centralizing power