There are four main financial statements
The balance sheet summarises the financial position of a company for a specific point in time. The P&L (profit and loss) statement shows revenues and expenses during a set period of time.
The journal is a book where all the financial tractions are recorded for the first time. The ledger is one which has particular accounts taken from the original journal.
Yes. There are two examples :
Net Present Value (NPV) is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows. NPV is used in capital budgeting to analyse the profitability of a projected investment or project.
You need to be very careful in wering this question. As a financial analyst, following the stock market proves to be beneficial. Also, always be up-to-date with the stocks.