This occurs because excess nutrients can fuel the growth of algae blooms that block sunlight from reaching underwater grasses and, during decomposition, rob the water of oxygen that plants and animals need to survive. Certain species of algae that are common in bodies of water plagued by eutrophication can also contaminate shellfish. When consumed by humans, these diseased aquatic invertebrate cause paralytic shellfish poisoning: a potentially fatal disease. Unfortunately, though there are many drawbacks and negative effects on the water quality in the Bay, no real benefits are found in the water when agricultural pollution is present. The most destructive components of agricultural pollution are livestock manure, poultry litter, and chemical fertilizers.
The coral provides a protected habitat for the zooxanthellae and the zooxanthellae provide nutrients that the coral utilizes to survive and thrive. Fertilizer runoff occurs when fertilizer flows over the surface of the land and is carried by rain water into streams, rivers, lakes, and the ocean. Once in the ocean, the nitrogen found in fertilizer is absorbed by algae resulting in large algal blooms and excess macroalgae growth; this process is known as eutrophication (Kroon 1987). The overabundance of algae negatively affects zooxanthellae, and thus coral, because the algae and zooxanthellae compete for resources such as space and sunlight and zooxanthellae need sunlight for photosynthesis (Bell et al., 364). When zooxanthellae do not obtain an adequate amount of sunlight they become stressed and either leave their coral shelter or die (Bell et al., 364).
The huge numbers of algae can block the pores on sponges, block light penetration through to the zooxanthellae living within the corals, and decrease the its resistance to coral diseases. Pollutions such as sewage outflow, the use of fertilizers from both urban and agricultural have huge impacts on coral reefs. These wastes contain high concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus which are toxic to the reef ecosystem. The large content of phosphorus and nitrogen from animal waste and fertilizers are lethal to coral polyps. The excess nutrients may induce pathogen and provide the elements required by the pathogen to proliferate or become directly toxic to the coral making them more susceptible to the disease.The imbalance in the exchange of nutrients between the zooxanthellae and the host coral reduces light penetration to the reef due to nutrient-stimulated phytoplankton growth, and, most harmful of all, may bring about proliferation of seaweeds (Dubinsky, 1996).Nevertheless, the study had discovered that the coral capable to recover and revive once the nutrients supplies stopped.
Other invasive plants are Melaleuca, Old World climbing fern, Australian Pine, Brazilian Pepper, and Seaside Mahoe. Power plants released mercury to the atmosphere and fell to the water as rain. Phosphorus and mercury caused water pollution and negatively affected many animals and the ecosystem. Many panthers were found dead. We have to improve the water quality in the Everglades otherwise more animals are going to die.
This impacts our well being because, according to the website: The Mekong River- Survival for Millions, the water from rivers are the source of most of our drinking water. Eutrophication causes an abundance of bacteria to form in the river. If there is too much bacteria in the water, it will cause sicknesses and negatively impacts our health. However, if there is too much manure in the water, it will contaminate the water and negatively affect our health as well. This is why we should use animal manure in moderation.
This acid impairs sensory abilities that some marine animals have. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Recent studies have shown that decreased pH levels affect the ability of larval clownfish to locate suitable habitat” (2016). Therefore, impairing the chemosensory ability to distinguish a predator from their own species (NOAA,2016). Furthermore, the decrease of oxygen in ocean water will cause poisonous algal species to flourish (WHOI, 2018). Algal blooms will “reduce light availability, which often leads to losses in submerged aquatic vegetation which are important nursery habitats for many finfish and shellfish species” according to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (2018).
products such as nitrogen and phosphorous released from the agriculture sector, and also the mineral deposition from industry. Ozone layer is depleted due chlorofluorohydrocarbons and some other chemicals released into the atmosphere, which permits penetration of ultraviolet light, which can be detrimental for biological organisms such as marine plankton communities (Sivasakthivel and Reddy, 2011). Introduced species / biological invasions Globally, impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) are the major threats to biological diversity. To understand the impact of biological diversity one should know the definition of biodiversity. Biodiversity is composed of three major features, namely, functional, compositional and structural diversity
Mining requires the removal of topsoil containing valuable organic matters. The removal of topsoil causes the land to be barren which are unsuitable for cultivation and unproductive, which is a kind of land pollution. Due to urbanization, many construction activities are taking place. Waste materials such as wood, metal and plastic often being left at the construction site. When deforestation is committed, the green cover which helps in balancing the atmosphere is reduced and it leads to natural disasters such as global warming, flash floods and green house effect.
aquatic organisms and disturb the integrity of the ecosystem (Mester and Tien 2000; Puvaneswari et al., 2006) by alters the pH, increases the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD).Dyes industries have also a serious role in environmental pollution. Dyes mainly used in paper, textile and leather industries. Pollutant released from these dyes industries cause water and soil pollution. Water and land pollution by dyes industries affect large numbers of people and environment. These pollutants affects in many forms.
The global production of animal products aids in the destruction of water quality worldwide. FAO (2009) mentions that the water quality is tainted through the release of nitrogen, phosphorous, pathogens and other substances which goes into water ways and groundwater mainly from manure production in intensive livestock. Accordingly, poor manure management results in the pollution of surface and ground water. Air quality is also impacted by meat production; meat production contributes to the level of ammonia, which is released from manure and urine, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide and other harmful substances. Samer (2016) refers to hydrogen sulphide as “an aggressive trace gas”, it is emitted in large amounts after manure is broken down anaerobically during sometime in storage.