Before beginning treatment for<unk> , careful differential diagnosis must be performed to rule out secondary causes. The acute treatment of a<unk>  episode of bipolar disorder involves the utilization of either a mood stabilizer (carbamazepine, valproate, lithium, or lamotrigine) or an atypical antipsychotic (olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, aripiprazole or cariprazine). The use of antipsychotic agents in the treatment of acute<unk>  was reviewed by Tohen and Vieta in 2009. When the<unk>  behaviours have gone, long-term treatment then focuses on prophylactic treatment to try to stabilize the patient's mood, typically through a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. The likelihood of having a relapse is very high for those who have experienced two or more episodes of<unk>  or depression. While medication for bipolar disorder is important to<unk> ge symptoms of<unk>  and depression, studies show relying on medications alone is not the most effective method of treatment. Medication is most effective when used in combination with other bipolar disorder treatments, including psychotherapy, self-help coping strategies, and healthy lifestyle choices. Lithium is the classic mood stabilizer to prevent further<unk>  and depressive episodes. A systematic review found that long term lithium treatment substantially reduces the risk of bipolar<unk>  relapse, by 42%. Anticonvulsants such as valproate, oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine are also used for prophylaxis. More recent drug solutions include lamotrigine and topiramate, both anticonvulsants as well. In some cases, long-acting benzodiazepines, particularly clonazepam, are used after other options are exhausted. In more urgent circumstances, such as in emergency rooms, lorazepam, combined with haloperidol, is used to promptly alleviate symptoms of agitation, aggression, and psychosis. Antidepressant monotherapy is not recommended for the treatment of depression in patients with bipolar disorders I or II, and no benefit has been demonstrated by combining antidepressants with mood stabilizers in these patients. Some atypical antidepressants, however, such as mirtazepine and trazodone have been occasionally used after other options have failed.
Mania
Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome  Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome  1
Dyssomnia
Orthosomnia
Anotia
Ergotism
Parasomnia
Insomnia