Title
Active learning (AL) integrates data labeling and model training to minimize the labeling cost by prioritizing the selection of high value data that can best improve model performance. Readily-available unlabeled data are used for selection mechanisms, but are not used for model training in most conventional pool-based AL methods. To minimize the labeling cost, we unify unlabeled sample selection and model training based on two principles. First, we exploit both labeled and unlabeled data using semi-supervised learning (SSL) to distill information from unlabeled data that improves representation learning and sample selection. Second, we propose a simple yet effective selection metric that is coherent with the training objective such that the selected samples are effective at improving model performance. Experimental results demonstrate superior performance of our proposed principles for limited labeled data compared to alternative AL and SSL combinations. In addition, we study an important problem -"When can we start AL?". We propose a measure that is empirically correlated with the AL target loss and can be used to assist in determining the proper start point.
This paper proposes a semi-supervised active learning method to reduce the labeling cost. In the proposed method, a selection criterion to better integrate AL selection mechanism in SSL training framework is designed. The simple metric that aims to measure the inconsistency across a certain number of meaningful perturbations. It considers N perturbed samples of the original input data x, which can be obtained by standard augmentation operations (e.g. random crops and horizontal flips for image data). Then the variance is adopted to quantify consistency.  In this way, the proposed method prefers data samples with high values, which may possess varying level of difficulty for the model to classify. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, several baseline methods are compared on several benchmark data sets, and the proposed method has achieved better performance. Meanwhile, to deal with the “cold start” problem, a measure that is found to be empirically correlated with the AL target loss is proposed, and this measure can be used to assist in determining the proper start size. However, there are some minor concerns:
[1] The consistency of a sample is measured based on the perturbed samples. How to generate these perturbed samples may have a great influence on the query results. In the paper, it said that these samples are generated by standard augmentation operations (e.g. random crops and horizontal flips for image data). This representation is hard to follow in the experiments. If possible, it is better to show in details.
[2] In the uncertainty of active learning, the samples are selected from different distributions in the unlabeled data, for example, the marginal sampling selects the samples around the classification hyperlanes (Settles, Burr. "Active learning." Synthesis Lectures on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 6.1 (2012): 1-114.). Can you show which samples may be selected in the unlabeled data. In this way, the proposed criterion can be followed more easily.
[3] In the experiments, whether the proposed method can select a batch of samples at each iteration. How about the influence of the batch size.