HARMONIZING MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD WITH GANS FOR MULTIMODAL CONDITIONAL GENERATION
Recent advances in conditional image generation tasks, such as image-to-image translation and image inpainting, are largely accounted to the success of conditional GAN models, which are often optimized by the joint use of the GAN loss with the reconstruction loss. However, we reveal that this training recipe shared by almost all existing methods causes one critical side effect: lack of diversity in output samples. In order to accomplish both training stability and multimodal output generation, we propose novel training schemes with a new set of losses named moment reconstruction losses that simply replace the reconstruction loss. We show that our approach is applicable to any conditional generation tasks by performing thorough experiments on image-to-image translation, super-resolution and image inpainting using Cityscapes and CelebA dataset. Quantitative evaluations also confirm that our methods achieve a great diversity in outputs while retaining or even improving the visual fidelity of generated samples.
The paper proposes a modification to the traditional conditional GAN objective (which minimizes GAN loss as well as either L1 or L2 pixel-wise reconstruction losses) in order to promote diverse, multimodal generation of images. The modification involves replacing the L1/L2 reconstruction loss -- which predicts the first moment of a pixel-wise gaussian/laplace (respectively) likelihood model assuming a constant spherical covariance matrix -- with a new objective that matches the first and second moments of a pixel-wise gaussian/laplace likelihood model with diagonal covariance matrix. Two models are proposed for matching the first and second moments - the first one involves using a separate network to predict the moments from data which are then used to match the generator’s empirical estimates of the moments (using K samples of generated images). The second involves directly matching the empirical moment estimates using monte carlo.
The paper makes use of a well-established idea - modeling pixel-wise image likelihood with a diagonal covariance matrix i.e. heteroscedastic variance (which, as explained in [1], is a way to learn data-dependent aleatoric uncertainty). Following [1], the usage of first and second moment prediction is also prevalent in recent deep generative models (for example, [2]) i.e. image likelihood models predict the per-pixel mean and variance in the L2 likelihood case, for optimizing Equation 4 from the paper. Recent work has also attempted to go beyond the assumption of a diagonal covariance matrix (for example, in [3] a band-diagonal covariance matrix is estimated). Hence, the only novel idea in the paper seems to be the method for matching the empirical estimates of the first and second moments over K samples. The motivation for doing this makes intuitive sense since diversity in generation is desired, which is also demonstrated in the results.
Section specific comments:
- The loss of modality of reconstruction loss (section 3.2) seems like something which doesn’t require the extent of mathematical and empirical detail presented in the paper. Several of the cited works already mention the pitfalls of using reconstruction loss.
- The analyses in section 4.4 are sound in derivation but not so much in the conclusions drawn. It is not clear that the lack of existence of a generator that is an optimal solution to the GAN and L2 loss (individually) implies that any learnt generator using GAN + L2 loss is suboptimal. More explanation on this part would help.
The paper is well written, presents a simple idea, complete with experiments for comparing diversity with competing methods. Some theoretical analyses do no directly support the proposition - e.g. sections 3.2 and 4.4 in my specific comments above. Hence, the claim that the proposed method prevents mode collapse (training stability) and gives diverse multi-modal predictions is supported by experiments and intuition for the method, but not so much theoretically. However, the major weakness of the paper is the lack of novelty of the core idea.
=== Update after rebuttal:
Having read through the other reviews and the author's rebuttal, I am unsatisfied with the rebuttal and I do not recommend accepting the paper. My rating has decreased accordingly.
The reasons for my recommendation, after discussion with other reviews, are -- (1) lack of novelty and (2) weak theoretical results (some justification of which was stated in my initial review above). Elaborating more on the second point, I would like to mention some points which came up during the discussion with other reviewers: The theoretical result which states that not using reconstruction loss given that multi-modal outputs are desired is a weaker result than proving that the proposed method is actually effective in what it is designed to do. There are empirical results to back that claim, but I strongly believe that the theoretical results fall short and feel out of place in the overall justification for the proposed method. This, along with my earlier point of lack of novelty are the basis for my decision.
References:
[1] Kendall, Alex, and Yarin Gal. "What uncertainties do we need in bayesian deep learning for computer vision?." Advances in neural information processing systems. 2017.
[2] Bloesch, M., Czarnowski, J., Clark, R., Leutenegger, S., & Davison, A. J. (2018). CodeSLAM-Learning a Compact, Optimisable Representation for Dense Visual SLAM. CVPR 2018.
[3] Dorta, G., Vicente, S., Agapito, L., Campbell, N. D., & Simpson, I. (2018, February). Structured Uncertainty Prediction Networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.