VideoCapsuleNet: A Simplified Network for Action Detection
The recent advances in Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) have shown extremely good results for video human action classification, however, action detection is still a challenging problem. The current action detection approaches follow a complex pipeline which involves multiple tasks such as tube proposals, optical flow, and tube classification. In this work, we present a more elegant solution for action detection based on the recently developed capsule network. We propose a 3D capsule network for videos, called VideoCapsuleNet: a unified network for action detection which can jointly perform pixel-wise action segmentation along with action classification. The proposed network is a generalization of capsule network from 2D to 3D, which takes a sequence of video frames as input. The 3D generalization drastically increases the number of capsules in the network, making capsule routing computationally expensive. We introduce capsule-pooling in the convolutional capsule layer to address this issue and make the voting algorithm tractable. The routing-by-agreement in the network inherently models the action representations and various action characteristics are captured by the predicted capsules. This inspired us to utilize the capsules for action localization and the class-specific capsules predicted by the network are used to determine a pixel-wise localization of actions. The localization is further improved by parameterized skip connections with the convolutional capsule layers and the network is trained end-to-end with a classification as well as localization loss. The proposed network achieves state-of-the-art performance on multiple action detection datasets including UCF-Sports, J-HMDB, and UCF-101 (24 classes) with an impressive ∼20% improvement on UCF-101 and ∼15% improvement on J-HMDB in terms of v-mAP scores.
The paper presents a method for video action detection. The proposed method extends the recently proposed 2D capsule networks to 3D. The proposed network consists of a 3D encoder (convolutional layers) followed by two capsule networks; the last of which is fully connected to C capsules (C the number of action classes). For localization, the wrong outputs of the capsules (the ones not belonging to the ground truth class) are masked out and the one remaining (that corresponds to the ground truth class) is first fed to a fully-connected layer and then to a series of transposed convolutions to produce the final pixel-level localization. The method is evaluated on three popular action localization datasets achieving state-of-the-art results.   The paper is well-written and easy to follow. It tackles the difficult problem of action detection, being able to localize actions not only with bounding boxes but also with pixel-wise localizations. The results of Table 1 show that using capsules really outperforms the state of the art for all datasets.   The method is mostly a simple extension of 2D capsules to 3D.  Besides this extension, the main difference from the original work is capsule pooling (Section 3.1). This seems a bit contradictory to the initial capsule works and to the whole idea behind capsules [7,11], where the authors state that pooling throws away information about the precise position of the entity within a region. If there was no memory limitation, do the authors think that the network without the pooling operation could perform better?   For capsule pooling, the authors use the mean of the capsules in the receptive field of each capsule type. Did the authors try to experiment with other types of pooling, such as max-pooling?   It would also be interesting to see where the remainder of the error comes from, eg. if it is due to incorrect localization and/or classification of the actions.   In lines 33-37 of the supplementary material, the authors attribute the low performance of some classes to different backgrounds or to cluttered scenes, which is not the case of other classes, such as cliff diving. It would be beneficial if the authors could comment on that. Moreover, It would be interesting to see what happens when there are multiple people in the scene, eg. ice dancing, with some examples or analysis maybe (given that Table 5 of the supplementary material shows that the proposed method achieves 100% video-mAP for this class).   The authors do not use any motion information. It would be interesting to see how the method would perform with optical flow as input, especially for the failure cases of RGB inputs, eg. cluttered background.   Minor: - line 78: work instead of works.  - line 263: contain instead of contains. - Section 5.3 should also mention that the results are reported in Table 2.  - A small part of the right side of Figure 2 is missing.   [About author feedback] The authors did not really explain the difference between f-map and v-map. Works like [2] and [4] also use multiple frames as input and the difference between their f-map and v-map is expected (temporally consistent detections vs per-frame detections). I am not convinced by the explanation provided by the authors. Regarding the “remainder of the error”: localization can mean temporal or spatial; hence, an explanation for this could be useful. Overall, I think that it’s a good submission and I stand by my initial score.