CapProNet: Deep Feature Learning via Orthogonal Projections onto Capsule Subspaces
In this paper, we formalize the idea behind capsule nets of using a capsule vector rather than a neuron activation to predict the label of samples. To this end, we propose to learn a group of capsule subspaces onto which an input feature vector is projected. Then the lengths of resultant capsules are used to score the probability of belonging to different classes. We train such a Capsule Projection Network (CapProNet) by learning an orthogonal projection matrix for each capsule subspace, and show that each capsule subspace is updated until it contains input feature vectors corresponding to the associated class. We will also show that the capsule projection can be viewed as normalizing the multiple columns of the weight matrix simultaneously to form an orthogonal basis, which makes it more effective in incorporating novel components of input features to update capsule representations. In other words, the capsule projection can be viewed as a multi-dimensional weight normalization in capsule subspaces, where the conventional weight normalization is simply a special case of the capsule projection onto 1D lines. Only a small negligible computing overhead is incurred to train the network in low-dimensional capsule subspaces or through an alternative hyper-power iteration to estimate the normalization matrix. Experiment results on image datasets show the presented model can greatly improve the performance of the state-of-the-art ResNet backbones by 10 − 20% and that of the Densenet by 5 − 7% respectively at the same level of computing and memory expenses. The CapProNet establishes the competitive state-of-the-art performance for the family of capsule nets by significantly reducing test errors on the benchmark datasets.
This paper introduces an alternative to CNN based architectures being inspired by the recently proposed capsule networks. The authors proposed to replace the last layer of ResNet variants by a capsule projection network, thereby getting promising results on the CIFAR and SVHN datasets. However, the motivation for using a capsule projection layer is unclear even though the technique is straightforward and easy to implement with minor computational overhead.  The main idea of the capsule projection layer is to project the input feature vector to some learnt capsule subspaces (one for each class in classification setting), which are then used to distinguish between the different classes in classification. The authors also show that this projection technique leads to computation of gradients which are orthogonal to the learnt subspace, enabling discovery of novel characteristics leading to improvement of the learnt subspace. They have also shown interesting visualizations indicating separability of the samples for every classes. The quantitative results in this paper are encouraging when compared with the baselines used.  Strengths : 1. Straightforward idea which is easy to implement with minimal computational overhead. 2. Promising experimental results with interesting visualizations.  Weaknesses: 1. The motivation or the need for this technique is unclear. It would have been great to have some intuition why replacing last layer of ResNets by capsule projection layer is necessary and why should it work. 2. The paper is not very well-written, possibly hurriedly written, so not easy to read. A lot is left desired in presentation and formatting, especially in figures/tables. 3. Even though the technique is novel, the contributions of this paper is not very significant. Also, there is not much attempt in contrasting this technique with traditional classification or manifold learning literature. 4. There are a lot of missing entries in the experimental results table and it is not clear why.  Questions for authors: Why is the input feature vector from backbone network needed to be decomposed into the capsule subspace component and also its component perpendicular to the subspace? What shortcomings in the current techniques lead to such a design? What purpose is the component perpendicular to the subspace serving? The authors state that this component appears in the gradient and helps in detecting novel characteristics. However, the gradient (Eq 3) does not only contain the perpendicular component but also another term x^T W_l^{+T} - is not this transformation similar to P_l x (the projection to the subspace). How to interpret this term in the gradient?  Moreover, should we interpret the projection onto subspace as a dimensionality reduction technique? If so, how does it compare with standard dimensionality reduction techniques or a simple dimension-reducing matrix transformation? What does "grouping neurons to form capsules" mean - any reference or explanation would be useful? Any insights into why orthogonal projection is needed will be helpful. Are there any reason why subspace dimension c was chosen to be in smaller ranges apart from computational aspect/independence assumption? Is it possible that a larger c can lead to better separability?  Regarding experiments, it will be good to have baselines like densenet, capsule networks (Dynamic routing between capsules, Sabour et al NIPS 2017 - they have also tried out on CIFAR10). Moreover it will be interesting to see if the capsule projection layer is working well only if the backbone network is a ResNet type network or does it help even when backbone is InceptionNet or VGGNet/AlexNet.