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Quick Answer. Four muscles are used to chew food. They are the masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid. These muscles are responsible for the chewing action, moving the mandibles from side to side, grinding teeth and even helping us speak. They are also referred to as muscles of mastication..
The motor nerves for the muscles of facial expression come from the facial nerve (CN VII). The muscles of mastication (the ones that move your mouth and jaw when you eat) are innervated by the mandibular nerve (motor fibers of CN V).