Here are the present-day guidelines for using periods, question marks, and exclamation points. More About Periods, Question Marks, & Exclamation Points: 1  End Punctuation! 2  Punctuation Matters: A Dear John Letter and a Two Million Dollar Comma.
Shaft (1971 film) Shaft is an 1971 American blaxploitation action-crime film directed by Gordon Parks and written by Ernest Tidyman and John D. F. Black. The film revolves around a private detective named John Shaft who is hired by a Harlem mobster to rescue his daughter from the Italian mobsters who kidnapped her. The film stars Richard Roundtree as John Shaft, Moses Gunn as Bumpy Jonas, Charles Cioffi as Vic Androzzi, and Christopher St. John as Ben Buford. The major themes present in Shaft are the Black Power
Arthur C. Clarke wrote the novel. He developed it concurrently with the film version and published it in 1968, after the film's release. The Lost Worlds of 2001 (1972) elaborates on Clarke and Kubrick's collaboration.t is a part of Clarke's Space Odyssey series. Both the novel and the film are partially based on Clarke's short story  The Sentinel , written in 1948 as an entry in a BBC short story competition, and  Encounter in the Dawn , published in 1953 in the magazine Amazing Stories.