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When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing proppants (either sand or aluminium oxide) hold the fractures open. Hydraulic fracturing began as an experiment in 1947, and the first commercially successful application followed in 1950.
It is estimated that of the existing wells in the United States hydraulic fracturing has been performed in more than 70% of them. There were more than 493,000 active natural-gas wells across 31 states in the U.S. in 2009, almost double the number in 1990. Around 90 percent have used fracking, according to the drilling industry. In 2013 the WSJ looked at data from over 700 counties in 11 gas-producing states, and found at least 15.3 million Americans have a natural gas well within one mile of their home that has been drilled since 2000.