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Quick Answer. Four muscles are used to chew food. They are the masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid. These muscles are responsible for the chewing action, moving the mandibles from side to side, grinding teeth and even helping us speak. They are also referred to as muscles of mastication..
The Act of Chewing. The constant chewing on gum has structural implications as well, due to the overuse of the cartilage in the jaw and the facial muscles. The overuse can not only lead to pain and damage to the cartilage, but also causes stress on the muscles which can lead to intermittent headaches.