Glomerulonephritis is a type of kidney disease and causes swelling, abnormal urine, fever, achiness, and more. Gonorrhea is an sexually transmitted diseases and can cause painful urination and penile discharge. Interstitial cystitis is a condition that causes pain in the bladder or pelvic area, and frequent urination.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A futile cycle, also known as a substrate cycle, occurs when two metabolic pathways run simultaneously in opposite directions and have no overall effect other than to dissipate energy in the form of heat.
It is a theoretical cycle consisting of five steps: 1  Shock, denial: This short phase of mourning occurs when one finds out the loss. 2  Anger: This phase is characterized by a sense of outrage due to the loss. 3  Bargaining: Phase of internal bargaining and negotiation.