During the whole of the 1950's, Mandela was the victim of various forms of repression. He was banned, arrested, and imprisoned. For much of the latter half of the decade, he was one of the accused in the mammoth Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961.
Bolam test. A test that arose from English tort law, which is used to assess medical negligence. Bolam holds that the law imposes a duty of care between a doctor and his patient, but the standard of that care is a matter of medical judgement.
The basic metabolic panel (bmp) is a panel of blood tests that serves as an initial broad medical screening tool. The bmp provides a rough check of kidney function and electrolyte and fluid balance. The bmp is an smaller version of the comprehensive metabolic panel (cmp), which also includes liver tests.