During the whole of the 1950's, Mandela was the victim of various forms of repression. He was banned, arrested, and imprisoned. For much of the latter half of the decade, he was one of the accused in the mammoth Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961.
Bolam test. A test that arose from English tort law, which is used to assess medical negligence. Bolam holds that the law imposes a duty of care between a doctor and his patient, but the standard of that care is a matter of medical judgement.
J Warren Jones. 1  Negligence was not recognised as a separate tort (wrong) until 1932. 2  Case law has allowed the development of a duty of care to include healthcare professionals. 3  The Bolam test which was formulated by a high court judge in 1957 has guided the courts as to the standard of care in medical negligence cases.