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Quick Answer. Four muscles are used to chew food. They are the masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid. These muscles are responsible for the chewing action, moving the mandibles from side to side, grinding teeth and even helping us speak. They are also referred to as muscles of mastication..
The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve is both a sensory and motor nerve, supplying the muscles that allow chewing, and sensation to parts of the jaw, mouth and tongue. It exits the central nervous system through the foramen ovale, an opening in the base of the skull.