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When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing proppants (either sand or aluminium oxide) hold the fractures open. Hydraulic fracturing began as an experiment in 1947, and the first commercially successful application followed in 1950.
Wooden pipes and gutters were used for some purposes around the oil wells in the earliest years of the first decade of oil (1860's) and at least one pipeline proposal in Oil Creek Valley planned to use wood (1861). Wood pipe was used at a very early date in the natural gas industry.