Glomerulonephritis is a type of kidney disease and causes swelling, abnormal urine, fever, achiness, and more. Gonorrhea is an sexually transmitted diseases and can cause painful urination and penile discharge. Interstitial cystitis is a condition that causes pain in the bladder or pelvic area, and frequent urination.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A futile cycle, also known as a substrate cycle, occurs when two metabolic pathways run simultaneously in opposite directions and have no overall effect other than to dissipate energy in the form of heat.
Synonym Discussion of hopeless. despondent, despairing, desperate, hopeless mean having lost all or nearly all hope. despondent implies a deep dejection arising from a conviction of the uselessness of further effort despondent about yet another rejection.