A femoral hernia occurs when the intestine enters the canal carrying the femoral artery into the upper thigh. Femoral hernias are most common in women, especially those who are pregnant or obese. In an umbilical hernia, part of the small intestine passes through the abdominal wall near the navel.
Parathyroid hormone is the most important endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid. This hormone is secreted from cells of the parathyroid glands and finds its major target cells in bone and kidney.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), and tuberoinfundibular peptide of thirty-nine residues (TIP39) are endogenous ligands for the parathyroid hormone type 1 and 2 parathyroid hormone receptors. PTH is a classic endocrine hormone essential for mineral homeostasis [43]. It is synthesized as a pre-pro-protein by chief cells of the parathyroid gland. Its secretion is regulated by plasma calcium levels via a calcium-sensing receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Mature PTH is an 84 residue polypeptide.