In the hypothesis testing approach of Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson, a null hypothesis is contrasted with an alternative hypothesis, and the two hypotheses are distinguished on the basis of data, with certain error rates. Proponents of each approach criticize the other approach.
In geography, relief refers to the highest and lowest elevation points in an area. Mountains and ridges are typically the highest elevation points, while valleys and other low-lying areas are the lowest. Relief is essential to understanding the topography of an area.
Relief energy, which may be defined inter alia as the maximum height range in a regular grid, is essentially an indication of the ruggedness or relative height of the terrain. Geomorphology Geomorphology is in large part the study of the formation of terrain or topography.