A femoral hernia occurs when the intestine enters the canal carrying the femoral artery into the upper thigh. Femoral hernias are most common in women, especially those who are pregnant or obese. In an umbilical hernia, part of the small intestine passes through the abdominal wall near the navel.
Parathyroid hormone is the most important endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid. This hormone is secreted from cells of the parathyroid glands and finds its major target cells in bone and kidney.
Consequently osteo-active cytokines and growth factors produced by cancer cells may influence the tropism of certain tumours for metastasis to bone, and offer an advantage in the genesis of bony secondaries. Parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP) is a protein with N-terminal homology to PTH (Guise et al, 1997).It is able to bind to and activate the PTH receptor and is consequently a potent stimulant of osteoclasts and osteoblasts (Abou-Samra et al, 1992).he co-expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide and its receptor suggest that autocrine parathyroid hormone-related peptide mediated stimulation may be a mechanism of escape from normal growth regulatory pathways.