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The Mexican Revolution began on November 20, 1910 as an attempt to overthrow the rule of Mexican President Porfirio Diaz, who had been in power since 1877. Diaz stepped down and submitted to exile in 1911.
On September 28, 1821, the first independent government was named with Iturbide at the head. Independence was followed by 30 years of great political turmoil, which included the Mexican-America War of 1846-1848 in which Mexico lost Texas, California, and New Mexico to the victors. Then came a period of reform, led by the educated of the country.