The costs per ton mile were computed by dividing the 2002 data for the total costs of shipping freight in each of the four modes by the total ton miles shipped for each of the four modes. The total costs for shipping freight in 2002 are provided in a Department of Transportation study. Click here to go to this study.
Scandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21. A silvery-white metallic d-block element, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanoids. diagonal relationship exists between the behavior of magnesium and scandium, just as there is between beryllium and aluminium. In the chemical compounds of the elements in group 3, the predominant oxidation state is +3.
When alloyed with iron and nickel, it produces an alloy known as nichrome which is resistant to high temperatures and used to make heating units, ovens, and other appliances. Thin coatings of chromium alloys are used as platings on auto parts, appliances, and other products. These are given the name chrome plated.