Cailean Property. Cailean Property are a local independent firm specializing in property Sales and letting, covering Dunfermline Glenrothes Kirkcaldy, Perth, Dundee, Edinburgh, Falkirk, Stirling, Fife and the surrounding areas.We are a highly focused and driven company with a passion to keep improving our business in every aspect.f youâre a landlord in Dunfermline Kirkcaldy, Glenrothes, Perth, Dundee Edinburgh Falkirk Stirling, we can help you with our range of letting and financial services.
Texas banned affirmative action in 1996, when the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in Hopwood v. Texas that using race in the college admissions process violated the Constitution (a decision that was reversed in 2003).
Affirmative action as a practice was upheld by the Supreme Court's decision in Grutter v. Bollinger in 2003. Affirmative action policies were developed in order to correct decades of discrimination stemming from the Reconstruction Era by granting disadvantaged minorities opportunities.ome policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of Gratz v. Bollinger.