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The main reason for elevations of glucose in the urine is, not surprisingly, diabetes mellitus. This disease causes such overwhelming hyperglycemia that the kidney's capacity to reabsorb the filtered glucose (a maximum of about 180 mg/dL) is breached, leading to glucose excretion in the urine.
A complete blood count as well as a blood chemistry profile will help the vet to determine if there are other potential illnesses present that could cause an elevated glucose level. An urinalysis also is helpful because when a cat's glucose level is higher than 240 mg/dL, sugar is present in the urine.