The muscles of the foot, along with a tough, sinewy tissue known as the plantar fascia, provide secondary support to the foot. The foot has internal muscles that originate and insert in the foot and external muscles that begin in the lower leg and attach in various places on the bones of the foot.
A haplogroup is a genetic population group of people who share a common ancestor on the patrilineal or matrilineal line. Haplogroups are assigned letters of the alphabet, and refinements consist of additional number and letter combinations.NPs are locations on the DNA where one nucleotide has mutated or switched to a different nucleotide. Because a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, it is possible to predict a haplogroup from the haplotype.
Haplogroup R1b (R-M343) is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe and the most common haplogroup in the genetic genealogy databases.R1b1a2 (R-M269) is the dominant branch of R1b in Western Europe.When you take a standard Y-chromosome DNA test with a company such as Family Tree DNA you will be given a base haplogroup assignment such as R1b1a2 (R-M269).n November 2012 Tim Janzen analysed a file of 1089 SNP-tested R-U106 haplotypes and 701 SNP-tested R-P312 haplotypes. He found that the modal (most common) allele values at 37 markers were the same for both R-U106 and R-P312 with the exception of these markers: DYS390, DYS576 and CDYa.