The muscles of the foot, along with a tough, sinewy tissue known as the plantar fascia, provide secondary support to the foot. The foot has internal muscles that originate and insert in the foot and external muscles that begin in the lower leg and attach in various places on the bones of the foot.
A haplogroup is a genetic population group of people who share a common ancestor on the patrilineal or matrilineal line. Haplogroups are assigned letters of the alphabet, and refinements consist of additional number and letter combinations.NPs are locations on the DNA where one nucleotide has mutated or switched to a different nucleotide. Because a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, it is possible to predict a haplogroup from the haplotype.
Welcome to the mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U4 project! Haplogroup U4 (Ulrike) is a small Indo-European haplogroup that is particularly prevalent in Finland and Russia.It is found at low frequencies throughout Europe, North America and Asia.he project is open to everyone who has taken a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) test with Family Tree DNA, the Genographic Project or one of the FTDNA partners (e.g., IGENEA, DNA Worldwide), and whose results show that they belong to haplogroup U4 or one of its subclades.