A new volcanic arc forms at the site of the easternmost transform, and many complications develop in SE Asia (Philippines, etc.) because of transforms turning into arcs, and various subduction-flips as thick (plateau-type) ocean crust refuses to subduct. A new subduction zone develops north of Australia.
Some of the causes of the European voyages of exploration were: 1  Alternate trade routes: Europe was dependent on Middle East countries for the import of spices and was looking for alternate trade routes to Asia and Africa to obtain spices (ginger, nutmeg, clove, cinnamon, etc.) and luxury goods (silk, gold, ivory, etc.) cheaply.
 * It is also faster   The disadvantages of surface mining are:   * That it destroys the landscape and environment  * Effects the habitats of fauna potentially effecting the existing ecosystem in that area  * Flora is destroyed  * Causes noise, air and water pollution.t has also caused pollution in the mining areas. The rivers and lakes are being polluted. The pollution has caused danger to wildlife and human beings that inhabit the mining regions. Mining is definitely a controversial issue and the advantages and disadvantages should always be weighed.