A new volcanic arc forms at the site of the easternmost transform, and many complications develop in SE Asia (Philippines, etc.) because of transforms turning into arcs, and various subduction-flips as thick (plateau-type) ocean crust refuses to subduct. A new subduction zone develops north of Australia.
Some of the causes of the European voyages of exploration were: 1  Alternate trade routes: Europe was dependent on Middle East countries for the import of spices and was looking for alternate trade routes to Asia and Africa to obtain spices (ginger, nutmeg, clove, cinnamon, etc.) and luxury goods (silk, gold, ivory, etc.) cheaply.
Sub-surface mines are dangerous for miners as tunnels can collapse and built-up gas can explode. They also create subsidence, meaning that the ground level lowers when the coal is removed. Surface mining, or strip-mining, causes erosion and water pollution and decreases biodiversity by reducing plant and animal habitats.