The muscles of the foot, along with a tough, sinewy tissue known as the plantar fascia, provide secondary support to the foot. The foot has internal muscles that originate and insert in the foot and external muscles that begin in the lower leg and attach in various places on the bones of the foot.
A haplogroup is a genetic population group of people who share a common ancestor on the patrilineal or matrilineal line. Haplogroups are assigned letters of the alphabet, and refinements consist of additional number and letter combinations.NPs are locations on the DNA where one nucleotide has mutated or switched to a different nucleotide. Because a haplogroup consists of similar haplotypes, it is possible to predict a haplogroup from the haplotype.
Haplogroup R1b (R-M343) is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe and the most common haplogroup in the genetic genealogy databases.R1b1a2 (R-M269) is the dominant branch of R1b in Western Europe.When you take a standard Y-chromosome DNA test with a company such as Family Tree DNA you will be given a base haplogroup assignment such as R1b1a2 (R-M269).YS492, which is found in Family Tree DNA's 38-67 marker panel, is a good predictor for U106 status. Mike Maddi reports that over 90% of the men in the R1b-U106 project have DYS492=13, but the very strong modal (well over 90%) of R1b-P312 and its subclades is DYS492=12.