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Glucose on the sugar side chains of proteins keeps unfolded proteins in the ER. Mannoses on sugar side chains act as a timer for protein folding. Unfolded proteins in the ER are threaded through a retrotranslocon into the cytosol where they are ubiquitylated and digested. IRE1, ATF6 and PERK sense the amount of unfolded protein and generates several responses to reduce the effects and amount of unfolded protein.
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding int