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A plain washer (or 'flat washer') is a flat annulus or ring, often of metal, used to spread the load of a screwed fastening. Additionally, a plain washer may be used when the hole is a larger diameter than the fixing nut.
Some washers have a ratcheting surface to fix the nut in a particular orientation. Some washers are thick in order to re-distribute the contact pressure and soften the damage to the clamped body. Some washers are there to separate dissimilar metals to avoid galvanic corrosion.