This theme focuses on the interactions between nations that affected North American history in the colonial period, and on the influence of the United States on world affairs.
In the model-based lifetime projections, the risk of ESRD was highest among persons in the youngest age group, particularly among young blacks. The 15-year observed risks after donation among kidney donors in the United States were 3.5 to 5.3 times as high as the projected risks in the absence of donation.
Depending on the level of severity, chronic renal failure may be treated with dialysis and possibly by kidney transplantation. Over time, chronic renal failure can lead to a permanent and irreversible loss of renal functioning, known as end stage renal disease (ESRD).