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Glucose on the sugar side chains of proteins keeps unfolded proteins in the ER. Mannoses on sugar side chains act as a timer for protein folding. Unfolded proteins in the ER are threaded through a retrotranslocon into the cytosol where they are ubiquitylated and digested. IRE1, ATF6 and PERK sense the amount of unfolded protein and generates several responses to reduce the effects and amount of unfolded protein.
A protein is a functional biological molecule that is made up of one or more polypeptides that are folded/coiled into a specific structure. Proteins are important macromolecules that serve as structural elements, transportation channels, signal receptors and transmitters, and enzymes.he quaternary structure of a protein is the overall structure that is the result of the addition of these polypeptide subunits. The individual polypeptides are called protein subunits, which means different polypeptides folded separately.