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Glucose on the sugar side chains of proteins keeps unfolded proteins in the ER. Mannoses on sugar side chains act as a timer for protein folding. Unfolded proteins in the ER are threaded through a retrotranslocon into the cytosol where they are ubiquitylated and digested. IRE1, ATF6 and PERK sense the amount of unfolded protein and generates several responses to reduce the effects and amount of unfolded protein.
Structural proteins are the main constituents of our bodies e.g. collagen, which is found in bones, tendons and ligaments, and keratin, the protein of nails, hair and feathers. Biologically-active proteins catalyze biochemical reactions in cells. These are the enzymes at the heart of Novozymes' business.