An absorbing dynamometer acts as a load that is driven by the prime mover that is under test (e.g. Pelton wheel). The dynamometer must be able to operate at any speed and load to any level of torque that the test requires.
While some causes are obvious, such as hurricanes and snow melt, many are not. Heavy Rains: Cresting rivers, backed-up storm drains, or saturated ground can cause significant floods. Heavy rains can contribute to flash floods, which are the number one weather-related killer in the United States. A flash flood is a rapid flooding of low-lying areas in less than six hours. Heavy rains also increase the chance of mudflows, rivers of liquid, and flowing mud.
1 Dry soil can produce flooding when very intense rainfall occurs. 2  In the West, most canyons, small streams and dry arroyos are not easily recognizable as a source of danger. 3  A wall of water 10-15 feet high can scour a canyon suddenly. 4  Ice jams and snowmelt can help cause flash floods.