1 Ghrelin is a fast-acting hormone that plays a vital role in meal initiation and contributes to weight gain. 2  Leptin mediates long-term regulation of energy balance and suppresses food intake, thereby inducing weight loss.  Both hormones can be controlled naturally, primarily though exercise and stress management.
Surgical retractors. A retractor is a surgical instrument with which a surgeon can either actively separate the edges of a surgical incision or wound, or can hold back underlying organs and tissues, so that body parts under the incision may be accessed. The two are each available in many shapes, sizes, and styles.
[arthro- + G. desis, a binding together]. /arÂ·throÂ·deÂ·sis/ (-deÂ´sis) the surgical fixation of a joint by a procedure designed to accomplish fusion of the joint surfaces by promoting the proliferation of bone cells; called also artificial ankylosis.oints are denuded of cartilage, then shaped to conform to each other at the optimal angle; bone grafting is often used, as is some form of fixation, either internal (screws, rods, plates) or external (e.g., with a cast or external fixator).