bonds between Oxygen and Hydrogen are polar covalent bond due to difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and oxygen while the one between the water molecules are hydrogen bonds due to high electronegativity of oxygen which where lone pair of electrons from an oxygen atom in a water molecule are donated to a partially charged proton (hydrogen atom with no electron) from another water molecule hydrogen bonds are much weaker than polar covalent ones
The type of liver fluke endemic to our area is called Fascioloides magna. These flukes are flat, elongated, oval, and look like âleechesâ. They are purple-gray in color and are found while cutting open the liver either in the packing plant or by a post-mortem examination.In the northern and northwestern regions of Minnesota the natural host of this fluke is the white-tailed deer making exposure control to this parasite difficult.hen the eggs hatch, they enter snails, which then become an intermediate host. Further development of the larvae (young flukes) occurs in vegetation until ingested by cattle. The larvae then migrate from the intestine to the liver. This migration pattern can sometimes cause massive hemorrhage or blood loss in cattle.
Diseases caused by liver flukes include fascioliasis, opisthorchiasis, and clonorchiasis. Cases of liver fluke infection have been reported in Europe and the United States, as well as the Middle East, China, Japan, and Africa. Diseases caused by lung flukes include paragonimiasis.