The Ninth Amendment states that the list of rights enumerated in the Constitution is not exhaustive, and that the people retain all rights not enumerated. The Tenth Amendment assigns all powers not delegated to the United States, or prohibited to the states, to either the states or to the people.
Many of our standardized tests in psychology use interval scales. An IQ (Intelligence Quotient) score from a standardized test of intelligences is a good example of an interval scale score. IQ scores are derived from a lengthy testing process that requires the participant to complete a number of cognitive tasks.
Because the two samples are independent, you must use the 2-sample t test to compare the difference in the means. If you use the paired t test for these data, Minitab assumes that the before and after scores are paired: The 47 score before training is associated with a 53 score after training. A 92 score before training is associated with a 71 score after training, etc.