1 Ghrelin is a fast-acting hormone that plays a vital role in meal initiation and contributes to weight gain. 2  Leptin mediates long-term regulation of energy balance and suppresses food intake, thereby inducing weight loss.  Both hormones can be controlled naturally, primarily though exercise and stress management.
Surgical retractors. A retractor is a surgical instrument with which a surgeon can either actively separate the edges of a surgical incision or wound, or can hold back underlying organs and tissues, so that body parts under the incision may be accessed. The two are each available in many shapes, sizes, and styles.
A discectomy is the surgical removal of an injured or herniated disc from the spine. A herniated disc is a disc that has ruptured and is consequently pushed out of its normal place. The procedure is generally performed by an orthopedic surgeon in a hospital setting with the patient under general anesthesia.