Economies of Scale and Long Run Average Cost (LRAC) 1  In the long run all costs are variable and the scale of production can change (i.e. no fixed inputs) 2  Economies of scale are the cost advantages from expanding the scale of production in the long run. The effect is to reduce average costs over a range of output. These lower costs represent an improvement in productive efficiency and can give a business a competitive advantage in a market.
Tiger sharks (pictured) are among the 17 species that appear to lack color vision. Sharks may be able to smell blood from miles away, but they probably don't know how red it is: New research suggests sharks are color-blind.
Great whites inhabit most seas and oceans, and average body size can also vary depending on where the population is found. Big mama. But Deep Blue wasn't just longer than the average great white; she was also very wide around the middle. Padilla pointed to her unusual girth as a sign of pregnancy. And being 50 and pregnant isn't a big deal for a shark.