How food and drink affect your sleep. What you eat and drink before bed can affect your sleep. For example, foods containing the amino acid tryptophanâa building block of the sleep-related chemical serotoninâcould potentially make you drowsy, although evidence is mixed as to whether the amount in food is enough to change your sleep.
The study estimates lifetime societal savings (net present value) of about $12 billion from the more than 600,000 total knee replacement surgeries performed each year in the U.S. These societal savings primarily accrue to patients and employers.
The study determined the average cost of a typical total hip or knee replacement for each of 64 BCBS markets, which encompassed nearly every state in the United States. The estimated cost of each procedure included all claims stemming from the primary surgery and any claims related to presurgical and postsurgical care.