Humans cannot synthesize astaxanthin in the body, nor does it appear to act as a pro-vitamin for Vitamin A (retinol) in mammals under normal conditions although it appears that in states of Vitamin A deficiency astaxanthin (in rats) can be forced into a provitamin role.
Annual Running Cost (Â£) = Cost per mile x Average mileage /100. The Renault Clio takes about 40 litres to fill up and travels 400 miles on a full tank, giving it a respectable MPG of 45. This equates to around 10.5p/mile assuming that the Price of Petrol is around 105p per litlre. For a Renault Clio.
The average EV uses about 300 watts in the summer and 400 watts in the winter per mile. That means a 10 mile drive will use about 3kW to 4kW. Multiply that by how far you drive per year and your electric rate and you'll know your cost. For example at $0.12 per kW, 10 miles would cost between $0.36 and $0.48.ust as with gasoline cars, some are more efficient than others, but the average EV needs about 30 kWh of electricity to power the vehicle for 100 miles. For example, the EPA rating for the Nissan LEAF is exactly 30 kWh per 100 miles.