Humans cannot synthesize astaxanthin in the body, nor does it appear to act as a pro-vitamin for Vitamin A (retinol) in mammals under normal conditions although it appears that in states of Vitamin A deficiency astaxanthin (in rats) can be forced into a provitamin role.
Annual Running Cost (Â£) = Cost per mile x Average mileage /100. The Renault Clio takes about 40 litres to fill up and travels 400 miles on a full tank, giving it a respectable MPG of 45. This equates to around 10.5p/mile assuming that the Price of Petrol is around 105p per litlre. For a Renault Clio.
The 30-kWh pack isn't available on the base Leaf S, so buyers must pay a minimum of $35,050. With the 107-mile range allowed by the larger pack, that works out to $327 per mile. In comparison, a base Leaf S with an 84-mile range starting at $29,860 has a per-mile cost of $355.