[mÌ¥ÉÌÅ]) are an ethnic group from the mountainous regions of China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. Hmong are also one of the sub-groups of the Miao ethnicity (èæ) in southern China. Hmong groups began a gradual southward migration in the 18th century due to political unrest and to find more arable land.
In this way a DNA molecule is similar in structure to a ladder in which the sugar and phosphate groups make the uprights and the nitrogen base groups the rungs. There are four types of nitrogen bases or base groups. 1  Adenine (A). 2  Thyamine (T).3  Cytosine (C). 4  Guanine (G).he nucleotides in the DNA molecule are linked in series from one phosphate, to the next sugar, to the next phosphate and so on. The DNA molecule can be considered as a ladder with the phosphate and the sugar molecules making up the uprights and the bases making up the rungs.
Using research from many sources, including chemically accurate models, Watson and Crick discovered how these six subunits were arranged to make the the structure of DNA. The model is called a double helix because two long strands twist around each other like a twisted ladder. The rails of the ladder are made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules. The steps of the ladder are made of two bases joined together with either two or three weak hydrogen bonds. Nucleotides The basic building block of DNA is called a NUCLEOTIDE. A nucleotide is made up of one sugar molecule, one phosphate molecule and one of the four bases. Here is the structural formula for the four nucleotides of DNA. Note that the purine bases (adenine and guanine) have a double ring structure while the pyrimidine bases (thymine and cytosine) have only a single ring.