Immune system diseases (If you have kidney disease due to lupus, your doctor will call it lupus nephritis.) Long-lasting viral illnesses, such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Pyelonephritis, a urinary tract infections within the kidneys, which can result in scarring as the infection heals.
By Dr Ananya Mandal, MD. Nicotine has strong mood altering effects and can act on the brain as both a stimulant and a relaxant. Once within the bloodstream, nicotine may circulate around the body until it reaches the brain.
Nicotine also augments both glutamate release, which facilitates the release of dopamine, and Î³-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release, which inhibits dopamine release. With long-term exposure to nicotine, some nicotinic cholinergic receptors become desensitized but some do not.