Immune system diseases (If you have kidney disease due to lupus, your doctor will call it lupus nephritis.) Long-lasting viral illnesses, such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Pyelonephritis, a urinary tract infections within the kidneys, which can result in scarring as the infection heals.
By Dr Ananya Mandal, MD. Nicotine has strong mood altering effects and can act on the brain as both a stimulant and a relaxant. Once within the bloodstream, nicotine may circulate around the body until it reaches the brain.
6.3 Psychoactive effects of nicotine. In addition to the physical effects outlined in the previous section, nicotine also has acute effects on a smoker's mental state. Nicotine has biphasic brain effects, that is, it can improve alertness by stimulating brain function and also produce a feeling of relaxation by depressing functioning.