Immune system diseases (If you have kidney disease due to lupus, your doctor will call it lupus nephritis.) Long-lasting viral illnesses, such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Pyelonephritis, a urinary tract infections within the kidneys, which can result in scarring as the infection heals.
By Dr Ananya Mandal, MD. Nicotine has strong mood altering effects and can act on the brain as both a stimulant and a relaxant. Once within the bloodstream, nicotine may circulate around the body until it reaches the brain.
This test quantitatively detects the presence of nicotine and two nicotine metabolites (cotinine and 3-hydroxycotinine), in serum. Nicotine acts as a central and peripheral nervous system stimulant. In addition, nicotine is highly addictive and is associated with short term adverse health effects, including elevated blood pressure, heart rate, and blood glucose levels.